16 MARKS QUESTION

UNIT - I

1. An advanced fighter engine operating at Mach 0.8 and 10Km altitude where, Ta=223.297K &
Pa=0.2649 bar has the following uninstalled performance data and uses a fuel with C.V=
42,800KJ/Kg:

Thrust = 50 KN
Mass flow of air = 45Kg/s
Mass flow of fuel = 2.65 Kg/s

Determine the specific thrust, thrust specific fuel consumption; exit velocity, thermal efficiency,
propulsion efficiency, and overall efficiency (assume exit pressure equal to ambient
pressure). 16

2. Find specific thrust and SFC of a simple turbojet engine, having the following component
performance at which the cruise speed and altitude are M 0.8 and 10000m. Select ambient
condition from the gas table.


Compressor pressure ratio 8.0
Turbine inlet temperature 1200K
Isentropic efficiency:
Of compressor
c
0.87
Of turbine
t
0.90
Of intake
i
0.93
Of propelling nozzle
j
0.95
Mechanical transmission efficiency
m
0.99
Combustion efficiency
b
0.98
Combustion chamber pressure loss P
b
4% of compressor outlet pressure.

C.V of fuel is 43,000 KJ/Kg, assume data if necessary, Cpa Cpg 16

3. (a) Explain with neat sketch operating principles of turbofan engine 8

(b) What is thrust augmentation? Explain any two methods of thrust augmentation with
sketches. 8

4. Compare the characteristics, advantages & disadvantages of turbojet, turbofan and turboprop
engine.

5. (i)Discuss the different methods of thrust augmentation. Draw T-S diagram for turbojet engine with
thrust augmentation. 8

(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches. 8

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6. A turbojet engine is traveling at 270 m/s at an altitude of 5000m. The compressor pressure
ratio is 8:1 and maximum cycle temperature is 1200K. By assuming the following data,
Ram efficiency 93%
Isentropic efficiency of compressor 87%
Pressure loss in combustion chamber 4%of compressor delivery pressure
Calorific value of fuel 43,100 kj/kg
Combustion efficiency 98%
Mechanical transmission efficiency 99%
Isentropic efficiency of turbine 90%
Propelling nozzle efficiency 95%
Ambient conditions at 5000 m are 0.5405 bar and 255.7 K.
Calculate the
(i) Specific thrust and
(ii) TSFC 16


7. (i) Define thrust of an engine and derive the thrust equation for a general propulsion
system. 8

(ii) Discuss the typical turbojet cycle performance with suitable sketches. 8

8. An ideal turbojet flies at sea level at a Mach number of 0.75. It ingests 74.83 kg/s of air, and
the compressor operates with a total pressure ratio of 15. The fuel has a heating value of 41,000
kj/kg, and the burner exit total temperature is 1389 K. Find the thrust developed and the TSFC.
Assume that the specific heat ratio is 1.4. 16

9. Air enters a turbojet engine at a rate of 12*10
4
kg/h at 15
0
C &1.03 bar and is compressed
adiabatically to 182
0
C & four times the pressure. Products of combustion enter the turbine at
815
0
C & leave it at 650
0
C to enter the nozzle. Calculate the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor, the power required to drive the compressor, the exit speed of gasses & thrust
developed when flying at 800 km/h. Assume the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is same as
that of the compressor and the nozzle efficiency is 90%.Assume the data required
suitably. 16

10. A jet propelled plane consuming air at the rate of 18.2 kg/s is to fly at Mach number of 0.6 at
an altitude of 4500m (Pa = 0.55 bar, Ta = 255K ). The diffuser which has a pressure coefficient
of 0.9, decreases the flow to a negligible velocity. The compressor pressure ratio is 5 &
maximum temperature in the combustion chamber is 1273 K. After expanding in the turbine, the
gases continue to expand in the nozzle to a pressure of 0.69 bar. The isentropic efficiency of
compressor, turbine and nozzle are 0.81, 0.85 & 0.915 respectively. The heating value of the fuel
is 45870 kj/kg. Assume Cp = 1.005 kj/kg-K, Cpg = 1.147 kj/kg-K. Calculate
(i) Power input to the compressor
(ii) Power output of the turbine
(iii) The fuel air ratio
(iv) The thrust provided by the engine
(v) The thrust power developed. 16
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UNIT-II

1. (i) Explain successive steps in the acceleration and over speeding of a one- dimensional
supersonic inlet with sketches. 8

(ii) Derive the relation between area ratio Amax/Ai and external deceleration ratio
ui/ua. 8


2. A supersonic inlet is designed with a two-dimensional conical spike (with two half-cone
angles 10
0
and 20
0
relative to the axial centerline, respectively). The inlet is to operate at a flight
Mach number of 1.9.The two standing oblique shocks are attached to the spike and cowl, and a
converging inlet section with a throat of area A* is used to decelerate the flow through internal
compression. Assume = 1.4 and internal diffuser pressure recover factor
r
= 0.97. Estimate
the overall recovery factor
d
on the assumption that the inlet starts (i.e., the normal shock is
swallowed). Also, find the required A*/A
1
.

3. What are the different modes of inlet operation? Explain with suitable sketches. 16

4. Air enters a two-dimensional supersonic diffuser at a pressure of 14.102 kPa, a temperature of
217 K, and with a Mach number of 3.0. The two-dimensional oblique shock diffuser has an
oblique shock angle of 27.8
0
, which is followed by a normal shock. Determine, assuming
constant specific heats.

(i) The velocity, total temperature and pressure of the air entering the oblique shock.
(ii) The Mach number, total pressure after the oblique shock.
(iii) The flow deflection angle.
(iv) The Mach number, total and static pressure and static temperature after the normal
shock.


UNIT-III

1. (a) What are the important factors affecting combustor design? 8

(b)Write down the methods of flame stabilization and explain with sketch. 8

2. (a)What are the three types of combustion chamber? Compare its advantages and
disadvantages. 8

(b) Name the material used for combustion chamber and discuss the special qualities of the
material used for combustion chamber? 8

3. (a)What are the factors affecting combustion chamber? Explain briefly? 8

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(b) With the aid of a simplified picture explain the operation of a flame holder. 8

4. (i) With a neat sketch explain the working of a combustion chamber. 8

(ii) Consider n-decane fuel, balance the chemical equation for the stoichiometric combustion of
this fuel in air and find the stoichiometric fuel-to-air ratio. 8





UNIT-IV
1. (a) Plot Mach number, static temperature, static pressure and static density variations along the
longitudinal axis of a convergent-divergent nozzle, when it flows full. Explain the
variations. 8

(b)A De Laval nozzle has to be designed for an exit Mach number of 1.5 with exit diameter of
200 mm. Find the ratio of throat area/exit area necessary. The reservoir conditions are given as
Po = 106 Pa, To = 20
0
C. Find also the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle. What will be
the exit pressure and temperature? 8

2. A converging-diverging is designed to operate with an exit Mach number of 1.75. The nozzle
is supplied from an air reservoir at 68bar (abs.). Assuming 1-d flow, calculate:

(i) Maximum backpressure to choke the nozzle. 4

(ii) Range of backpressure over which a normal shock will appear in the nozzle. 4

(iii) Back pressure for the nozzle to be perfectly expanded to design M. 4

(iv) Range of back pressure for supersonic flow at the nozzle exit plane. 4

3. (i) What are the types of nozzle? Explain various operating conditions of a C-D nozzle with
suitable sketch. 8

(ii) Write short notes on the following:

(a) Ejector and variable area nozzles 4

(b) Thrust reversing 4


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UNIT- V
1. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter of 60cm and runs at 15000rpm. If the actual
temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 30
0
C and 1.4 respectively.
(i) The power required to drive the compressor while delivering 57 Kg/s of air; assume
mechanical efficiency of 86 % and an initial temperature of 35
0
C.
(ii) The stage loading coefficient.
(iii) The stage efficiency and
(iv) The degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exits is 55
0
C.

2. (i) Explain the working of a centrifugal compressor and draw the velocity
triangles. 8

(ii) A centrifugal compressor has an impeller tip speed of 366 m/s. Determine the absolute
Mach number of the flow leaving the radial vanes of the impeller when the radial component of
velocity at impeller exit is 30.5 m/s and the slip factor is 0.9. Given that the flow area at impeller
exit is 0.1m
2
and the total-to-total efficiency of the impeller is 90%, determine the mass flow
rate. 8

3. (i) A sixteen-stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3. Tests have shown
that a stage total-to-total efficiency of 0.9 can be obtained for each of the first six stages and 0.89
for each of the remaining ten stages. Assuming constant work done in each stage and similar
stages fine the compressor overall total-to total efficiency. For a mass flow rate of 40 kg/s
determine the power required by the compressor. Assume an inlet total temperature of 288
K. 8

(ii) Discuss the factors affecting stage pressure rise of an axial flow compressor with suitable
sketches. 8

4. A stage of a radial compressor is to be analyzed. It rotates at 12,300 rpm and compresses
31.75 kg/s of air. The inlet pressure and temperature are 241.325 kPa and 306K respectively. The
hub and tip radii of the blades at the inlet are 7.62 and 13.97cm respectively. The exit radius is
27.94cm and the exit blade height is 2.54cm. The slip factor is unity. Flow enters the inducer
with no prewhirl and the impeller has straight radial blades. The efficiency of the stage is 88%.
The value of Cp and are 1.005 kj/kg-K and 1.397 respectively.
Find the following:

(i) Mean relative flow angle at the inlet.
(ii) The static pressure at the impeller exit.
(iii) The total pressure ratio for the stage,
(iv) The Mach numbers at the impeller inlet and exit.
(v) The required power for the stage. 16


5. An axial flow compressor stage is designed to give free-vortex tangential velocity distributions
for all radii before and after the rotor blade row. The tip diameter is constant and 1.0m; the hub
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diameter is 0.9m and constant for the stage. at the rotor tip the flow angles are as
follows: 16

Absolute inlet angle,
1
= 30
0

Relative inlet angle,
1
= 60
0

Absolute outlet angle,
2
= 60
0

Relative outlet angle,
2
= 30
0

.Determine,

(i) the axial velocity
(ii) the mass flow rate
(iii) the power absorbed by the stage
(iv) the flow angles at the hub
(v) the reaction ratio of the state at the hub

Given that the rotational speed of the rotor is 6000 rpm and the gas density is 1.5 kg/m
3
which can be assumed constant for the stage. It can be further assumed that stagnation enthalpy
and entropy are constant and after the rotor row.

6. The mass flow rate of flow at 288 K and 101.3 KPa at the inlet to the impeller of the
centrifugal-flow compressor is 1.814 kg/s. The inlet flow is in the axial direction. The impeller
eye has the minimum diameter of 3.81cm and a maximum diameter of 12.7cm and rotates at
35,000rpm. Assuming no blockage due to the blade, calculate the ideal angle at the hub and tip at
the inlet to the impeller. Draw velocity diagram at the hub and at the tip



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