CE4103DesignProject

PrecastConcreteTechnology
ProfessorTanKiangHwee
Dept ofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering
NationalUniversityofSingapore
KHTan 2
What is PrecastConcrete?
Concretethathasbeenpreparedforcasting,castandcuredina
locationwhichisnotitsfinaldestination
Precastconcretestructure anassemblageofprecastelements
which,whensuitablyconnectedtogether,forma3Dframework
capableofresistinggravitationandwind/earthquakeloads
KHTan 3
Why PrecastConcrete?
Lesslabour
Highquality&moreflexibledesign
Fasterconstruction
Lowmaintenance
Pricingknown
Maybedismantled&reused
KHTan 4
18wkconstruction
Wausau,WI,JeffersonSt.Ramp
retailfloorwith4levelsofparkingabove
thinbrickprecastwallpanels,R/Cframe
KHTan 5
BOXSYSTEM
HiltonGardenHotel
Detroit
10story
floorsuse8hollowcore
28widewallsegments,
eachsegmentsetandanchored~1hr
simplesystem
contractorsuggestedreplacement:
originallyconcretemasonryunits,
8wallsamethicknessasCMU
(12CMUonfirst,8wallused)
2monthtimesaving:importanttoownerforgeneratingrevenue
KHTan 6
SurvivinghurricaneKatrina,GulfportCourthouse,132mphwinds,
designedtoblaststandardsin2001,
KHTan 7
Applications
Buildingstructures
Residentialbuildings
Officebuildings
Warehouses&industrialbuildings
Others
Parkingstructures
Stadiums/Arenas
Bridgestructures
Others
KHTan 8
References
Elliott,K.S.,PrecastConcreteStructures,ButterworthHeinemann,2002,375p
Elliott,K.S.MultistoreyPrecastConcreteFramedStructures,Backwell ScienceLtd,1996,
601p.
Bljuger,F.DesignofPrecastConcreteStructures.EllisHorwood,Chichester,UK,1988.
BritishStandardsInstitution,TheStructuralUseofConcrete:BS81101997,London,
1997.
ConstructionIndustryDevelopmentBoard,StructuralPrecastConcreteHandbook,
Singapore,2
nd
ed,2001.
Haas,A.M.PrecastConcreteDesignandApplications,AppliedSciencePublishers,London,
1983.
L1Materials
CE4103PrecastConcreteTechnology
Concrete
Steelreinforcement
Pretensioningsteel
Structuralsteel&bolts
Noncementitiousmaterials
byProfessorTANKiangHwee
Dept ofCivil&EnvironmentalEngrg
NationalUniversityofSingapore
KHTan 10
ConcreteusedinPrecastElements
Component Type Grade
f
cu
at 28
days
(MPa)
Demould
concrete
strength
(MPa)
Design
strength
(MPa)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
E
c
at 28
days
(GPa)
E
ci
(GPa)
Beams,
shear walls,
staircases,
wet-cast
floors
RC G40 40 20-25 18.0 N/A 28 N/A
Columns,
load-bearing
walls
RC G50 50 25-30 22.5 N/A 30 N/A
Beams,
columns,
dry-cast
slabs
PSC G50 50 30-35 22.5 3.2 30 27
Dry-cast
slabs
PSC G60 60 35-40 27.0 3.5 32 28
KHTan 11
ConcreteusedinCompositeConstruction
Component f
cu
(MPa) f
t
(MPa) E
c
(GPa)
In-situ 25 - 25
In-situ
30 - 26
Precast reinforced 40 - 28
Prestressed 50 3.2 30
Prestressed 60 3.5 32
KHTan 12
SteelReinforcement
Hotrolledribbedbars formain/flexuralreinforcement
16,20,25,32,40mm
Mildsteelbars forshearlinks,projectingloops,etc
Columnstirrups:8,10mm
Beamstirrups&distribution/anticrackbars:10,12mm
Weldedfabric/mesh
Flatpanels,walls,etc.:A142(6mmbars@200mmcentres bw)&A193(7mmbars@200
mmcentres bw)
Onewayspanningunits:C283(6mmbars@100mmcentres x5mmbars@400mm
centres)
Characteristicstrength&Youngsmodulus
f
y
=500MPa
E
s
=200GPa
KHTan 13
PretensioningSteel(1)
2maintypesused:
Plainorindented/crimpedwire
7wirehelicalstrand
Class2 5%lowrelaxation
Stressafter1000hr=0.95xoriginal
KHTan 14
PretensioningSteel(2)
Type Diameter (mm)
Cross-section
area (mm
2
)
Characteristic
load (kN)
Nominal
characteristic
strength (MPa)
Elastic
modulus (GPa)
Wire
5.0 19.6 30.8 1570
205
7.0 38.5 60.4 1570
Standard
strand
10.9 71.0 125 1760
195
12.5 94.2 165 1750
15.2 138.7 232 1670
Super
strand
12.9 100.0 186 1860
15.7 149.7 265 1770
Drawn
strand
12.7 112.4 209 1860
15.2 164.8 300 1820
KHTan 15
StructuralSteel&Bolts
Usedatconnections,inparticular
Includerolledhollowsections (RHS,SHS),channels&angles,plates&
weldedTs,etc
Steelgrade:43(mostly)and50
Hotdippedgalvanizedsteel forexposedconnections
Grade43&50(morehighlystressedplate)plates
Blackbolts 4:6and8:8
Highstrengthfrictiongripbolts
KHTan 16
NonCementitiousMaterials
Epoxybasedmortars forconnections(partialorcomplete)where
rapidgaininstrengthisrequired(e.g.40MPain23hrs)
Thermalexpansion ofepoxymaterials(7xthatofconcrete)shouldbe
accountedfor.
Occasionallyusedaspressureinjections forcrackfillingortorestore
tensilestrength
Neoprene,rubbers&mastics usedforsoftbearing,backstrips,etc.
(refertoPCIManualonArchitecturalPrecastCladding)
L2DesignTheories
CE4103PrecastConcreteTechnology
Basisfordesign
Shearfrictiontheory
Horizontalinterfaceshear
Strutandtiemodel
byProfessorTANKiangHwee
DeptofCivil&EnvironmentalEngrg
NationalUniversityofSingapore
KHTan 18
BasisforDesign(1)
Basisforanalysis&design involverecommendedmethodsofdesignanddetailing
forRC&PC
Maindifferencebetweenprecastbuildings&castinsitubuildings
Structuralcontinuity
Generallymoredifficulttoprovidefullmomentcontinuityinprecastconstruction
Structuralconsiderationsforstability&safety arerequiredatallstages of
construction
Handlingstresses:inducedbyhandling(demoulding),storage,transport&erection/assembly
Stability:stabilityties,continuityofties,anchorage&avoidanceofeccentricity
KHTan 19
BasisforDesign(2)
Designofconnections
Offundamentalimportance&mustbecarefullyconsidered
Connectionsmustrespondto:
Resistance toalldesignforces
Ductility todeformations
Volumechanges
Durability&fireresistance
Production&construction considerations
KHTan 20
Someexamples(1)
Movementbetweenprecastmembers
Volumetricchangesduetoshrinkage,thermalorload
inducedstrains
KHTan 21
Someexamples(2)
Flexuralrotationofmemberends
KHTan 22
Someexamples(3)
Lateralsplitting
Duetonarrowbearings
KHTan 23
Someexamples(4)
Lossofbearing
Duetoaccidentalloading
H>R
KHTan 24
Someexamples(5)
Lossofbearing
Duetosettlement
KHTan 25
Codes/GuidesonPrecastConcrete
SingaporeStandardSSEN199211:2008,Eurocode2: Designof
concretestructures Part11:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings,
Ch.10,Additionalrulesforprecastconcreteelements&structures
ACI31805,ACIBuildingCode,Chaps.16&17
ACI550R96,DesignRecommendationsforPrecastConcrete
Structures
PCIDesignHandbook,PCI,6
th
Edition
BCAPublications
KHTan 26
ShearFrictionTheory(1)
Exterioredgesofprecastmembersareacteduponbylarge
concentratedloads.
Theyaresubjecttoatypeoffailurecalledshearfriction.
Theselargeforcescausethevulnerablepartofthememberto
shearoffalongaplaneonwhichhighshearstressesact.
KHTan 27
ShearFrictionTheory(2)
Forfailuretobeclassifiedasshearfriction,thebending
momentonthefailuresurfacemustbesmall
Designagainstshearfrictionfailureisbasedonpositioning
steelreinforcementacrossthepotentialfailuresurface
Block of concrete anchored to a concrete surface by
a steel dowel of area A
vf
Failure
surface
KHTan 28
ShearFrictionTheory(3)
F
r
= N = A
vf
f
y
where is the coefficient of friction.
V
u
= | F
r
= | ( A
vf
f
y
)
where | is a reduction factor. For shear | = 0.75 (ACI).
Amount of steel needed for a particular V
u
is
A
vf
= V
u
/ ( |f
y
)
Failure
surface
KHTan 29
Typicalvaluesof (ACI11.7.4.3)
Concrete cast monolithically 1.4
Concrete placed against
hardened roughened concrete 1.0
Concrete placed against
unroughened hardened concrete 0.6
Concrete anchored to structural steel 0.7
where = 1.0 for normal weight concrete, 0.85 for sandlightweight concrete, and
0.75 for all lightweight concrete
KHTan 30
Inclinedshearfrictionreinforcement
V
u
= | F
r
= | (A
vf
f
y
) ( sin o
f
+ coso
f
)
KHTan 31
Typicalexamples(1)
KHTan 32
Typicalexamples(2)
KHTan 33
Typicalexamples(3)
KHTan 34
HorizontalInterfaceShear(1)
Two
independent
beams
No
horizontal
shear
Composite
beam
Horizontal
shear at
interface
castinplace
slab
Precast
element
KHTan 35
HorizontalInterfaceShear(2)
Horizontal shear stresses on the contact surface between an uncracked elastic
precast beam and slab can be computed from
V = shear force acting on the section in question
Q = first moment of the area of the slab or flange about the neutral axis of the composite
section
I
c
= Moment of inertia of the composite section
b
v
= width of the interface between the precast beam and castinplace slab
v c
h
b I
Q V
V =
KHTan 36
HorizontalInterfaceShear(3)
ACI defines horizontal shear force V
nh
to be transferred as
| V
nh
> V
u
which gives
This is based on the observation that in an element directly over the beam web,
v
nh
=v
n
and v
n
=V
n
/b
v
d
d b
V
v
v
u
nh
| /
=
KHTan 37
HorizontalInterfaceShear(4)
Alternative method
At midspan, the force in the
compression zone is C. All of
this force acts above the
interface. At the end of the
beam, the force in the flange
is zero. Thus the horizontal
shear force to be transferred
across the interface between
the midspan and the support
is
|V
nh
= C
KHTan 38
HorizontalInterfaceShear(5)
A similar derivation could be made if the flange were in the tension.
Thehorizontalshearstress maybecalculatedfrom
where
A
c
=contactarea;and
K =afactortoaccountforthedistributionofshearforcesalongthemember(K isequalto
theshearatapointdividebytheaverageshear).
c
nh
nh
A
KV
v =
KHTan 39
HorizontalInterfaceShear(6)
Forthesimplysupportedbeam
shown:
K=2atend
K=0atmidspan
Limitvaluesv
nh
(ACI318)
Contact Surfaces Ties Limiting v
nh
(MPa)
Intentionally
roughened
None
Not roughened Minimum A
v
(Cl. 16.7)
Intentionally
roughened
A
v
f
y
55 . 0
55 . 0

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
s b
f A
v
y v
6 . 0
79 . 1
KHTan 40
HorizontalInterfaceShear(7)
Inallcasesthecontactsurfacesmustbecleanandfreeoflaitance.
Thewordsintentionallyroughenedimplythatthesurfacehasbeenroughened
withafullamplitudeof6mm,wherefullamplitudereferstothetotalheight
(twicetheamplitude)oftheroughness.
Thewavelengthoftheroughnessisintendedtobeofthesamemagnitudeas
theheight,say6to19mm.
Whenthestressduetofactoredshearforceatthesectionexceeds3.45MPa,ACI
requiresdesignusingshearfriction.
KHTan 41
HorizontalInterfaceShear(8)
ACIrequiresthattiesbeprovidedforhorizontalshearbenotless
thantheminimumstirrups requiredforsafety.
Thetiespacing shallnotexceed4timestheleastdimensionofthe
supportedelementwhichisusuallythethicknessoftheslab,butnot
morethan600mm.
Thetiesmustbefullyanchored.
KHTan 42
EC2
KHTan 43
KHTan 44
KHTan 45
KHTan 46
KHTan 47
StrutandTieModels
Halfjoints
KHTan 48
StrutandTieModels
Corbels
L3Frames,Components&Connections
CE4103PrecastConcreteTechnology
Identificationofbuildingframes
SelectionofComponents
Roofandfloorslabs
Staircases
Beams
Columns
Bracingwalls
Slabtobeamconnections
Beamtocolumnconnections
byProfessorTANKiangHwee
Dept ofCivil&EnvironmentalEngrg
NationalUniversityofSingapore
KHTan 50
IdentificationofBuildingFrames
Buildingdesignoptimization
Maximizerepetitive&modulardimensionsforplanlayout&member
dimensions
Usesimplespanswheneverpossible
Minimizeno.ofdifferentmembertypes&sizes,reinforcingpatterns,and
typesofconnections
Avoiddesignsthatrequireskilledworkmanshipandclosetolerances
Avoidspecifyinginexcessofrequirements
Makeuseofexteriorwallpanelsandshearwallsasstructuralcomponents
KHTan 51
StructuralSystems
floor
load
continuous load path
KHTan 52
Collector for Lateral Loads:
ResistLateralLoad
rooforfloorsactingasdiaphragms
WindorEQload
collectedby
diaphragm
Broughttocolumns
Theroof/floorshouldworkasadiaphragm
totransferhorizontalforcesfromthatlevel
totheverticalsystem.
KHTan 53
Vertical System:
BracingtoResist
LateralDrift
wall
lateralloads
Lateralloadsaretransferredtogroundby
verticalsystem:
columnswalls
framesbracing
KHTan 54
SystemComponents
structural
systems
framesystems
(usuallynotmomentresisting)
bearingwall
orbox
KHTan 55
FrameVariations(1)
Allframesystem
Framecollectsand
transfersverticalloads;
columnsactascantilevers
inresistinglateralloads,
Components:
precastfloorpanels
precastbeamsand
spandrels
precastcolumns
KHTan 56
Frame Variations (2)
Allframewithinterior
shearwall/core
Framecarriesvertical
loads;
shearwallsresist
lateralloads,
Components:
precastfloorpanels
precastwallpanels
precastbeamsand
spandrels
precastcolumns
KHTan 57
Frame Variations (3)
Exteriorshearwalls
withinteriorframe
Perforatedexterior
wallelementsresist
lateralload+vertical,
interiorframecarries
verticalloads
Components:
precastfloorpanels
precastbeamsand
spandrels
precastloadbearing
walls
precastcolumns
KHTan 58
FrameComponents
top
layer
bottom
layer
floor=
hollowcore
solidslabs
doubleTee
collector=
invertedTee
Lorspandrelbeam
rectangularbeam
transfer=
prestressedcolumns
reinforcedcolumns
walls
KHTan 59
columnswith
corbels
Simplesystem:stackedcomponents
2.invertedTeesits
oncolumncorbels
3.floorslabsits
onledgers
Thestackednatureofthesystem
leavesitunstableinsomeconditions,
weneedtoprovidepositiveconnections
toensurestability(integrityrequirements)
2
1.columnssetfirst,
heldwithtemporarybracing
KHTan 60
BearingWall/BoxComponents
top
layer
bottom
layer
floor=
hollowcore
solidslabs
collector=
walls
transfer=
walls
KHTan 61
Boxcomponents
1.setabearingwallintoplace,
withtemporarybracing
2.stackfloorslabsontopofthe
bearingwall,thenplaceanother
wallaboveandrepeatthe
sequence
Againstackednatureofthesystem:
needtoprovidepositiveconnections
toensurestability(integrityrequirements)
1
KHTan 62
upandoutconstructionsystem
stackedcomponentsconditionallystable
untilpositiveconnectionsmade
Temporary Bracing
Necessary
KHTan 63
columnsandmiddlebayplaced
temporarybracing
is
essentialuntil
shearwallsare
placed,
orconnectionsare
completed
KHTan 64
KHTan 65
PrecastComponents&Systems
KHTan 66
SelectionofComponents
KHTan 67
SelectionofComponents
Standardcomponents
Slabs,beams&columns
Dimensions&loadbearingcapacity(availableincatalogues,handbooks)
Nonstandardcomponents
Architecturalconcrete,e.g.faadeelements
Designedbyarchitects
KHTan 68
Roof&FloorSlabs
4maintypes
Prestressedhollowcorefloor
Reinforced&prestresseddoubleTfloor
Compositeprestressedplankfloor
orcompositebeamandplank
Beam&blockfloors
withorw/o
structural
topping
screed
with
structural
topping
screed
KHTan 69
HollowCore
Mostwidelyused
Highlyefficientdesign&production
Hollowcoresusedforairheating/
cooling
KHTan 70
DoubleTees
Highload
carryingcapacity
Endscanbe
notched
Largerwidths
KHTan 71
CompositePlanks
Precastslabs(andrectangularbeams)usedaspermanentformworkforan
insituconcretetopping
Robustnessequaltothatofcastinsituconstruction
Floorslabhassmoothfinishonsoffits
2.4mwide,rapidfixing
KHTan 72
Beam&BlockFloors
Restrictedtolowrisedomesticorcommercialbuildings
KHTan 73
Basicproperties&performancecharacteristicofprecastflooring
KHTan 74
Staircases
Planconfigurationand
compatibilitywiththestructure
Consistencyinriserdimensions
KHTan 75
2flightstaircase
3flightstaircase
External
wherefloorloadingispredominatelynonsymmetrical
Internal
wherefloorloadingisapproximatelysymmetrical
KHTan 76
Beams
KHTan 77
Internalbeams
KHTan 78
Exterior(edge&
spandrel)beams
upstand
boot
KHTan 79
Columns
Min300x300mm
Upto20minlength
(usual12 13m)
Bracedstructures:
A
c
=N/28
Unbracedstructures:
2storey:300mmsq.
3storey:350mmsq.
KHTan 80
BracingWalls
Providesstabilityandassurroundingwallsor
boxesforstaircases/liftshafts
Classification:
Infillwalls
150300mmthick
Actsasdiagonalstrut
Cantileverwalls
Designedasdeepbeams
Shearcoresorboxes
Location&distribution
Centreofresistancetocoincidewithcentreof
mass&geometriccentroidofcompleted
building
KHTan 81
SlabtoBeamConnections
KHTan 82
BeamtoColumnConnections
enclosed exposed
L4PrecastFrameAnalysis
CE4103PrecastConcreteTechnology
Typesofprecastframes
Simplifiedframeanalysis
Stabilizingmethods
byProfessorTANKiangHwee
Dept ofCivil&EnvironmentalEngrg
NationalUniversityofSingapore
KHTan 84
TypesofPrecastFrames(1)
Skeletalframe
Flexibilityofplacementofinternal
partitions
Office&retaildevelopment
Wallframe
Lessarchitecturalfreedom
Moreeconomical&fastertobuild
Hotels,schools,offices&domestic
housing
Portalframe
Industrialbuildings&warehouses
KHTan 85
TypesofPrecastFrames(2)
KHTan 86
Typesofconnections(1)
Pinned dowel/bolts/tie
bars/weldedplates
Rigid continuitysteel/
couplers/bolts/steelshoes
KHTan 87
Typesofconnections(2)
KHTan 88
Loadtransfer(1)
Gravityloads
KHTan 89
Loadtransfer(2)
Horizontalloads Unbraced structure
H<H
crit
KHTan 90
Loadtransfer(3)
Horizontalloads Braced structure
KHTan 91
SimplifiedFrameAnalysis(1)
Globalanalysis
A2Dinplanesimplificationis
appropriate
Identifypositionsforconnections
KHTan 92
SimplifiedFrameAnalysis(2)
Continuousframe(unbraced)
Ptsofcontraflexurein:
Beams:nearbeamcolumnjoints
(gravityloadspredominant)&at
midspan(horizontalloads
predominant)
Columns:atmidstorey
KHTan 93
SimplifiedFrameAnalysis(3)
Pinjointedframe(unbraced)
Beamstransfernomt
Columnsaloneachievestability
Notpracticalfor>10mor3
storeyheight
Needtobracefortallerstructures
KHTan 94
SimplifiedFrameAnalysis(4)
PortalUframes
PortalLframes
KHTan 95
SimplifiedFrameAnalysis(5)
Hframe
KHTan 96
SubstructuringMethods
Subframes canbeusedtodetermineM,VandNthroughoutthestructure
Nomomentredistribution ispermittedatpinnedconnections
Horizontalwindloads arenotconsideredinsubframes,butareadded
subsequentlytocolumns.
Elasticanalysis isusedtodeterminemoments,forcesanddeflection
Plastic(ultimate)sectionanalysis isusedforcomponentdesign
Criticalloadcombinations
Allspanswithmaximumultimateload
Alternatespanswithmax.ultimateloadononespan&min.loadonadjacentspan
KHTan 97
Pinnedjointedframe
KHTan 98
Beamsubframe
h
2
/
2
h
3
/
2
L
1
/2
L
2 L
3
/2
Maximummoment:
Beamendreactions:
Maximumshear:
Adjacentbeamendreactions:
Max.momentincolumn:
( )
8
2
2
2 max
2
e L w
M

=
( )
2
2
2 max
2
e L w
V

=
2
2 max
2
L w
R =
2
3 min
3
L w
R =
2
1 min
1
L w
R =
( )
( )
3 2
2 1 2
h h
eh R R
M
col
+

=
assumingR
1
<R
3
&h
3
<h
2
KHTan 99
Uppercolumnsubframe
h
1
/
2
h
3
/
2
h
2
L
4
/2 L
5
/2
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
3
3
2
2
2
2
5 5 4 4 ,
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
e R e R M
upper col
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
2
1
1
2
2
5 5 4 4 ,
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
e R e R M
lower col
KHTan 100
Groundfloorcolumnsubframe
h
2
/
2
h
1
L
3
/2 L
4
/2
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
1
1
1
1
4 4 3 3
,
75 . 0
75 . 0
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
e R e R
M
upper col
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
1
1
1
1
4 4 3 3
,
2
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
e R e R
M
upper col
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
1
1
1
1
4 4 3 3
,
h
EI
h
EI
h
EI
e R e R
M
upper col
KHTan 101
Example1
Bending
momentsin
beamX&
columnsY&Z
=?
Given:beamcolumnconnectionsarepinned&foundationisrigid
Distancefromedgeofcolumntocentreofbeamendreaction=100mm
g
k
=40kN/m;q
k
=30kN/m
Loadfactors:1.35forDLand1.5forLL
KHTan 102
Solution
BeamX:
e =450/2+100=325mm
M
1
=[99x(8 2x0.325)
2
/8=
668.5kNm
ColumnZ:
R
1
=396kN;R
2
=120kN
e
1
=e
2
=450/2+100=325mm
Also,E
1
=E
2
=E and
I
1
/h
1
=(300x450
2
)/(12x5050)
=451x10
3
mm
3
I
2
/h
2
=(300x300
2
)/(12x3200)
=211x10
3
mm
3
M
col,upper
=(396 120)x0.325x
451/(451+211)
=61.0kNm=2M
col,lower
Column Y:
R
1
=99 x 8 / 2 =396 kN
R
2
=40 x 6 / 2 =120 kN
e
1
=e
2
=300/2 +100 =250 mm
Also, E
2
I
2
/h
2
=E
3
I
3
/h
3
=E
4
I
4
/h
3
M
col,upper
=M
col,lower
=(396 120) x 0.25 x 0.5
=34.5 kNm
w
max
=1.35x40+1.5x30
=99kN
w
min
=40kN
KHTan 103
StabilizingMethods
Structuralcomponentswillnot
formastabilizingsystemuntil
connectionsarecompleted
Astabilizingsystemmust
comprise
Ahorizontalsystem (floor
diaphragm)
Averticalsystem
KHTan 104
Horizontalsystem
Floordiaphragm
analysedasadeepbeam
supportedbyshear
walls/cores,columns,
andbracings
KHTan 105
Example2
Determinetheshearwallreactionsandmaximum
momentandshearforceforthefloordiaphragm
shown.
KHTan 106
Solution
Ultimatehorizontalload
=1.5x3=4.5kN/m
Supportreactions:
R
1
=84.4kN
R
2
=50.6kN
Atx=50.6/4.5=11.24m:V
=0andM=
M
h,max
=284kNm
Atx=30m():
V=V
h,max
=57.6kN
50.6kN 84.4kN
4.5kN/m
x=11.24m
KHTan 107
Verticalsystem
Skeletal,wallorportal
frame
Classificationbasedon
bracing:
Unbracedframe
horizontalforceresisted
bymomentresisting
frameaction,or
cantileveractionof
columns
Bracedframe horizontal
forceresistedby
cantileveractionof
walls/cores,inplane
panelactionof
walls/cores,infillwalls,
crossbracing,etc.
Partiallybracedframe
KHTan 108
Typeofstabilizingsystemmaybe
differentinotherdirections
Donotusedifferentstabilizing
systemsinthesamedirection
Centroidofstabilizingsystem
shouldbeclosetocentreof
externalpressuresoastoavoid
largetorsionaleffects
KHTan 109
Example3
Proposestabilizingsystemsforthe5storeyskeletalframeshown.Thebeam
columnconnectionsareallpinned,andthecolumnsshouldbethe
minimumpossiblecrosssectiontocaterforgravityloads.Windloading
maybeassumedtobeuniformovertheentirefaade.Useonlyshearwalls
forbracing.Thegriddimensionsaroundthestairwellmaybetakenas4m
x3m,andattheliftshaft3mx3m.
Assumeabraced
frameupto4
th
floor,andaone
storeyunbraced
frameabove.
KHTan 110
Solution
Centreofexternalpressure:
x=24m;y=16m
Stabilityinydirection:
Centroidofstiffness,
x=[(4
3
x0)+(4
3
x3)+(3
3
x36)+
(3
3
x39)+(4
3
x45)+(4
3
x48)]/[(4
x4
3
)+(2x3
3
)=26.3m~ 24m
Stabilityinxdirection:
Centroidofstiffness,
y=[(3
3
x0)+(3
3
x16)+(3
3
x32)]/
(3x3
3
)=16.0m
Assumeallwallstobeofsame
materialandthickness.