Rockefeller family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Rockefeller
Rockefeller
Ethnicity German, English, Scotch-Irish
Current
region
New York City, New York; Charleston, West Virginia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Houston, Texas; U.S.
Place of
origin
United States
Notable
member
s
John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.
William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.
John Davison Rockefeller, Jr.
John Davison Rockefeller III
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller
David Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller IV
Winthrop Rockefeller
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Connect
ed
families
McCormick family
DudleyWinthrop family

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk
page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (June 2014)
The Rockefeller family /rkflr/ is an American industrial,
political, and banking family of German descent that made one of
the world's largest fortunes in the oil business during the late 19th
and early 20th centuries, with John D. Rockefeller and his brother
William Rockefeller primarily through Standard Oil.[1] The family is
also known for its long association with and control of Chase
Manhattan Bank.[2] They are considered to be one of the most
powerful families, if not the most powerful family,[3] in the history of
the United States.

Contents [hide]
1 Real estate and institutions
2 Conservation
3 International politics/finance/economics
4 The family archives
5 Family wealth
6 Family residences
7 Legacy
8 Generational philanthropy
9 Members
9.1 Ancestors
9.2 Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.
9.3 Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.
9.4 Spouses
10 Select bibliography
11 See also
12 Notes
12.1 References
13 External links

Real estate and institutions[edit]


30 Rockefeller Center, New York City, NY, U.S.


One Chase Manhattan Plaza


The Rockefeller Center and the RCA Building, December 1933


Riverside Church
The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate
construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.[4] Chief
among them:
Rockefeller Center, a multi-building complex built at the start of
the Depression in Midtown Manhattan, financed solely by the
family
International House of New York, New York City, 1924 (Junior)
{Involvement: John III, Abby Aldrich, David & Peggy, David
Jr., Abby O'Neill}
Wren Building, College of William and Mary's, Virginia, from
1927 (Renovation funded by Junior)
Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior, Abby
Aldrich, John III and Winthrop), historical restoration
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich,
John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, David, David Jr., Sharon Percy
Rockefeller)
Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.)
The Cloisters, New York City, from 1934 (John Jr.)
The Interchurch Center, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.)
Asia Society (Asia House), New York City, 1956 (John III)
One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City, 1961 (David)
Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York,
1962 (Nelson)
Lincoln Center, New York City, 1962 (John III)
World Trade Center Twin Towers, New York City, 1973-2001
(David and Nelson)
Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David)
Council of the Americas/Americas Society, New York City, 1985
(David)
In addition to this is Senior and Junior's involvement in seven
major housing developments:
Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio
City Housing Corporation's efforts, Sunnyside Gardens,
Queens, New York City
Thomas Garden Apartments, The Bronx, New York City
Paul Lawrence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City
Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City
Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, New York
(formerly North Tarrytown)
A development in Radburn, New Jersey[5][6]
A further project involved David Rockefeller in a major
middle-income housing development when he was
elected in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights,
Inc., in Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that
were based in the area, including Columbia University.
The result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment
complex known as Morningside Gardens.[7]
Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of
Chicago in 1889, where the first American Nobel Prize in
Science was produced in 1907; the Central Philippine
University in the Philippines (The first Baptist university and
second American university in Asia); and notable for the
Chicago School of Economics.[8] This was one instance of a
long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially
supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and
universities over the generations - seventy-five in total. This
includes:
Harvard University
Dartmouth College
Princeton University
Stanford University
Yale University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Case Western Reserve University
Brown University
Columbia University
Cornell University
University of Pennsylvania
Institutions overseas such as London School of Economics
and University College London, among many others.[9]
Senior (and Junior) also created
Rockefeller University in 1901
General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923)
evolved into the International Education Board
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910
Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913 (Junior)
International Health Division in 1913
China Medical Board in 1915.
Rockefeller Museum, Israel, 192530
In the 1920s, the International Education Board granted
important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern
mathematics, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert
van der Waerden, and Andr Weil, which was a
formative part of the gradual shift of world mathematics
to the US over this period.
To help promote cooperation between physics and
mathematics Rockefeller funds also supported the
erection of the new Mathematical Institute at the
University of Gttingen between 1926 and 1929
The rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes
much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincar in
Paris, partly by the Rockefellers' finances, also around
this time.[10]
Junior was responsible for the creation and endowment of
the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates
the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia,
one of the most extensive historic restorations ever
undertaken.
Conservation[edit]
Beginning with John Sr., the family has been a major force in land
conservation.[11] Over the generations, it has created more than
20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia
National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the
Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park
(the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton
National Park, among many others. John Jr., and his son Laurance
(and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were particularly prominent in
this area.
The family was honored for its conservation efforts in November
2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of America's largest
and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family
members attended. At the event, the society's president, John
Flicker, notably stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America
has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller
family has made".[11]
International politics/finance/economics[edit]


The logo of Chase Manhattan Bank (1954-60), a financial institution
traditionally controlled by the Rockefeller family.[2]


The logo of the Trilateral Commission, a non-partisan, non-governmental
group initiating meetings across three continents.[12]


Kykuit, the landmark family home of the Rockefeller family, located in Sleepy
Hollow, New York.
The family has been awarded the annual UNA-USAs Global
Leadership Award, along with other recipients over time, including
Bill Clinton and Michael Bloomberg. Members of the Rockefeller
family into the fourth generation (especially the prominent banker
and philanthropist David Rockefeller, who is the present family
patriarch) have been heavily involved in international politics, and
have donated money to, established or been involved in the
following major international institutions:
The Council on Foreign Relations - David, David Jr., Nelson,
John D. 3rd, John D. IV (Jay), Peggy Dulany, Rockefeller
Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The Trilateral Commission -David, Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The Bilderberg Group - David, John D. IV.
The Asia Society - John D. III, John D. IV, Charles, David.
The Population Council - John D. III.
The Council of the Americas - David.
The Group of Thirty - The Rockefeller Foundation.
The World Economic Forum - David.
The Brookings Institution - Junior.
The Peterson Institute (Formerly the Institute for International
Economics) - David, Monica.
The International Executive Service Corps - David.
The Institute for Pacific Relations - Junior.
The League of Nations - Junior.
The United Nations - Junior, John D. III, Nelson, David, Peggy
Dulany, Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The United Nations Association - David. Monica.
The family archives[edit]
The Rockefeller Archive Center, an independent foundation that
was until 2008 a division of Rockefeller University,[13] is a vast
three-story underground bunker built below the Martha Baird
Rockefeller Hillcrest mansion on the family estate at Pocantico
(see Kykuit). Along forty-foot-long walls of shelves on rails,
maintained by ten full-time archivists, is the entire repository of
personal and official papers and correspondence of the complete
family and its members, along with historical papers of its
numerous foundations, as well as other non-family philanthropic
institutions. These include: the Commonwealth Fund, Charles E.
Culpeper Foundation, Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, and the
John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.
In total, it holds over 70 million pages of documents and contains
the collections of forty-two scientific, cultural, educational and
philanthropic organizations.
Only the expurgated records of deceased family members are
publicly available to scholars and researchers; all records
pertaining to living members are closed to historians. However, as
Nelson Rockefeller's researcher, Cary Reich, discovered, in the
case of Nelson's voluminous 3,247 cubic feet (91.9 m
3
) of papers,
only about one-third of these files had been processed and
released to researchers up to 1996. He reports that it will be many
years before all the papers will be open to the public, despite
Nelson's having died in 1979.[14]
The Center maintains that this repository of records, covering 140-
plus years of the records of the family, in addition to non-
Rockefeller philanthropic collections, gives unique insights into
United States and world issues and social developments in both
the 19th and 20th centuries.
Records in the collection are available up until only the early
1960s, generally 1961. Major subjects in the collection include:
Agriculture
The Arts
African-American history
Education
International Relations
Economic Development
Labor
Medicine
Philanthropy
Politics
Population
Religion
Social Sciences
Social Welfare
Women's history[15]
Family wealth[edit]
The Standard Oil Rockefeller brothers

John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.

William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.
The combined wealth of the family their total assets and
investments plus the individual wealth of its members has never
been known with any precision. The records of the family archives
relating to both the family and individual members' net worth is
closed to researchers.[16]
From the outset, and even today, the family wealth has been under
the complete control of the male members of the dynasty, through
the family office. Despite strong-willed wives who had influence
over their husbands' decisionssuch as the pivotal female figure
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of Juniorin all cases they received
allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility
for the family fortune.[17]
Much of the wealth has been locked up in the notable family trust
of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the
death of the fourth generation), and the trust of 1952, both
administered by the Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have
consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil
and other diversified investments, as well as the family's
considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a
powerful trust committee that oversees the fortune.
Management of this fortune today also rests with professional
money managers who oversee the principal holding company,
Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's
investments, now that Rockefeller Center is no longer owned by
the family. The present chairman is David Rockefeller, Jr.
In 1992, it had five main arms:
Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universities have
invested some of their endowments in this company);
Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: an early investment in
Apple Computer was one of many it made in Silicon Valley
entrepreneurial start-ups);
Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages hundreds of family trusts);
Rockefeller Insurance Company (Manages liability insurance for
family members);
Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Contracts out
policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and
private planes.)[18]
Family residences[edit]
Over the generations the family members have resided in some
notable historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller homes are on the
National Register of Historic Places.[19] Not including all homes
owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these
are:
Kykuit - The landmark six-story home on the vast Westchester
County family estate, home to four generations of the family;
Bassett Hall - The house at Colonial Williamsburg bought by
Junior in 1927 and renovated by 1936, it was the favorite
residence of both Junior and Abby and is now a house
museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town;
The Eyrie - A sprawling 100-room summer holiday home on
Mount Desert Island in Maine, demolished by family
members in 1962;
Forest Hill - The family's country estate and summer home in
Cleveland for four decades. Built and occupied by Senior, it
burned down in 1917;
Golf House at Lakewood, New Jersey - The former three-story
clubhouse for the elite Ocean County Hunt and Country
Club, which Senior bought in 1902 to play golf on its golf
course;
The Casements - A three-story house at Ormond Beach in
Florida, where Senior spent his last winters, from 1919 until
his death;
10 West Fifty-fourth Street - A nine-story single family home, the
former residence of Junior before he shifted to 740 Park
Avenue, and the largest residence in New York City at the
time, it was the home for the five young brothers. It was later
given by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art;
One Beekman Place - The residence of Laurance in New York
City;
740 Park Avenue - Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex
apartment in the luxury apartment building, which was later
sold for a record price;
The JY Ranch - The landmark ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming,
the holiday resort home built by Junior and later owned by
Laurance, it was used by all members of the family and had
many prominent visitors, including presidents, until Laurance
donated it to the federal government in 2001.
Legacy[edit]
A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the
remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that
developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other wealthy families such
as the Du Ponts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the
lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the
opprobrium stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil,
but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his
five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by
regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of
the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John III,
and later especially with David.[20]
Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100th anniversary of the
founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie
Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and
its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the
family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider
field. Summing up a predominant view amongst the international
philanthropic world, albeit one poorly grasped by the public, one
sentence of this statement read: "The contributions of the
Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and
in the scope of their contribution to humankind."[21]
John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in
dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor
of medicine in history.[22] His son, "Junior," also gave away over
$537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just
two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to
1960.[23] Added to this, the New York Times declared in a report in
November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable
benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.[24]
The combined personal and social connections of the various
family members are vast, both in America and throughout the
world, including the most powerful politicians, royalty, public
figures, and chief businessmen. Notable figures through Standard
Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers.
Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Nelson Mandela,
Richard Parsons (Chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred
Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone
Group), and Paul Volcker.
In 1991 the family was presented with the Honor Award from the
National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving
and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and
places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf.[25] The
ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions
to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts
for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg,
Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor
Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in
New York state.[26]
The Rockefeller name is imprinted in numerous places throughout
the United States, most notably in New York City, but also in
Cleveland, where the family originates:
The Rockefeller Center - A landmark 19-building 22-acre
(89,000 m
2
) complex in the center of Manhattan established
by Junior: Older section constructed from 19301939; Newer
section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
The Rockefeller University - Renamed in 1965, this is the
distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate
medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, established by Senior in 1901);
The Rockefeller Foundation - Founded in 1913, this is the
famous philanthropic organization set up by Senior and
Junior;
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-
generation's five sons and one daughter of Junior;
The Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded in 1967 by members of
the family's fourth-generation;
The Rockefeller Group - A private family-run real estate
development company based in New York that originally
owned, constructed and managed Rockefeller Center, it is
now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd;
The Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors - is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit
organization that advises donors in their philanthropic
endeavors throughout the world;
The Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building - A major
research center into cancer that was established in 1986 and
named after Laurance, this is situated at the Memorial Sloan-
Kettering Cancer Center;
The Rockefeller Center - Home of the International Student
Services office and department of philosophy, politics and
law at the State University of New York at Binghamton;
The Rockefeller Chapel - Completed in 1928, this is the tallest
building on the campus of the University of Chicago,
established by Senior in 1889;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1906, this
building houses the Case Western Reserve University
Physics Department;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in
1906, this building houses the Cornell University Physics
Department;[27]
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1887, who
granted Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006
dollars) allowance to build additional, much needed lecture
space. The final cost of the facility was $99,998.75. It now
houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices
for political science, philosophy and math;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in
1886, this is the oldest building on the campus of Spelman
College;
The Rockefeller College - Named after John D. Rockefeller III,
this is a residential college at Princeton University;
The Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center - Completed in 1969 in
memory of Nelson Rockefeller's son, this is a cultural center
at the State University of New York at Fredonia;
The Michael C. Rockefeller Collection and the Department of
Primitive Art - Completed in 1982 after being initiated by
Nelson, this is a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art;
The David and Peggy Rockefeller Building - A tribute to David's
wife, Peggy Rockefeller, this is a new (completed in 2004)
six-story building housing the main collection and temporary
exhibition galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden - Completed in
1949 by David, this is a major outdoor feature of the Museum
of Modern Art;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - Opened in 1957
by Junior, this is a leading folk art museum within the
complex of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall - The freshman residence hall
on the campus of Spelman College;
The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building - Completed
in 1918, it is among other things a student residence hall at
Spelman College, after the wife of Senior and after whom the
College was named;
The Rockefeller State Park Preserve - Part of the 3,400-acre
(14 km
2
) family estate in Westchester County, this 1,233-
acre (5 km
2
) preserve was officially handed over to New York
State in 1983, although it had previously always been open
to the public;
The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park -
Established as a historical museum of conservation by
Laurance during the 1990s.
The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established in
1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting
Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks;
The Rockefeller Forest - Funded by Junior, this is located within
Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest
redwood state park;
Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. III
and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}.
Rockefeller Park, a scenic park featuring gardens dedicated to
several world nations along Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd.
between University Circle and Lake Erie in Cleveland.
The Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of Arkansas
System was established in 2005 with a grant from the
Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust. The educational
center with conference and lodging facilities is located on
Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original
grounds of Gov. Winthrop Rockefellers model cattle farm.
The David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at
Harvard University.
The Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School
The Rockefeller Complex library at Nrrebro in Denmark
John Jr., through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the
land upon which sits the UN headquarters, in New York, in 1946.
Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount
towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in
France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the
Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he
was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand
Croix of the Legion d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded
decades later to his son, David Rockefeller).
He also funded the notable excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well
as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition,
he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine
Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem - the Rockefeller
Museum.[28]
Generational philanthropy[edit]
The members of the Rockefeller family are noted for their
philanthropy; a Rockefeller Archive Center study in 2004
documents an incomplete list of 72 major institutions that the
family has created and/or endowed up to the present day.
Historically, the major focus of their benefactions have been in the
educational, health and conservation areas.
Family leaders in both philanthropy and business have included
John D. Sr., John D. Jr. ("Junior"), John D. III, Laurance, and
David, who is the family's current patriarch. Several family
members have held high public office, including Vice President of
the United States (Nelson Rockefeller), United States Senator (Jay
Rockefeller), state governor (Nelson, Jay, and Winthrop
Rockefeller), and lieutenant governor (Winthrop Paul Rockefeller).
Another noted family member was Michael Rockefeller, son of
Nelson Rockefeller, an anthropologist who came to media
attention after he was presumed killed in New Guinea in 1961.
The corporate, financial and personal affairs of the family -
numbering around 150 blood relatives of John D. Rockefeller - are
run from the family office, Room 5600, known officially as
"Rockefeller Family and Associates". It comprises three floors of
the GE Building in Rockefeller Center; all private family legal
matters are handled by the family-associated New York law firm of
Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. Room 5600 is also the base of
the current family historian, Peter J. Johnson, who assisted with
David Rockefeller's Memoirs, published in 2002.
To distinguish the generations and facilitate communication, the
fourth generation is generically known as "The Cousins" (24 in all,
with 21 still living) and the younger family members are known as
the "Fifth/Sixth" generation. Many if not all of these family
members are involved in institutionalised philanthropic pursuits.
Family links are solidified through the practice of ritualised family
meetings - which started with the regular "brothers' meetings" held
in Room 5600 or in their respective private residences, beginning
in 1945. Family get-togethers are held today at the "Playhouse", in
the Westchester County family estate of Pocantico, in June (the
"cousins weekend") and December of each year (see Kykuit).
Members[edit]
Ancestors[edit]
Goddard Rockefeller (born Gotthard Rockenfeller) (1590,
Neuwied1684) (m.1622) Magdalena (1592, Neuwied1656)
Johannes Rockefeller (16341684) (m.1678) Elizabeth
Margaretha Remagen (1634)
Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681 German Kingdom of
Prussia1763, Rocktown, NJ) (Arrived in
America 1708)
Peter Rockefeller (17111787) (m. 1740) Mary
Bellis (17231772) (Had nine children in
all)
Godfrey Rockefeller (17451818)
Margaret Rockefeller (17501797) (m.
late 18th century) George Trumbo
(17501830)
William Rockefeller (17501793) (m. 18th
century) Christina Rockefeller (1754
1800) (Distant relative) (Had seven
children in all)
Simon William Rockefeller (1775
1839)
Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller
(1783/17841857) (m. 1806)
Lucy Avery (17861867) (Had
ten children in all)
William Avery "Bill"
Rockefeller, Sr. (1810
1906) (m.1837) Eliza
Davison (18131889)
Lucy Rockefeller (1838
1878) (m. 1856)
Pierson D. Briggs
Clorinda Rockefeller (c.
1838?, died
young) (daughter
from Nancy Brown)
John Davison
Rockefeller, Sr.
(18391937) (m.
1864) Laura
Celestia "Cettie"
Spelman (1839
1915)
Cornelia Rockefeller (c.
1840?) (daughter
from Nancy Brown)
William Avery
Rockefeller, Jr.
(18411922) (m.
1864) Almira
Geraldine Goodsell
Mary Ann Rockefeller
(18431925)
(m.1872) William
Cullen Rudd
Franklin "Frank"
Rockefeller (1845
1917) (m.1870)
Helen Elizabeth
Scofield
Frances Rockefeller
(18451847)
William W. Rockefeller (17881851)
(m.early 19th century) Eleanor
Kisselbrack (17841859)
Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.[edit]
To the sixth-generation, with 21 still living in the fourth (the
Cousins). The total number of blood relative descendants as of
2006 is about 150.
Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (18661906) (m.1889) Charles
Augustus Strong (18621940)
Margaret Rockefeller Strong (18971985) (m.1st.1927)
George de Cuevas (18851961), (m. 2nd 1977)
Raimundo de Larrain
Alice Rockefeller (18691870)
Alta Rockefeller (18711962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice
(18631955)
John Rockefeller Prentice (19021972) (m.1941) Abra
Cantrill (19121972)
Abra Prentice Wilkin (born 1942)
Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (19071981) (m.1937)
Benjamin Davis Gilbert (19071992)
Spelman Prentice (19112000) (m.3rd.1972) Mimi Walters
Pamela Prentice (born 1938)(m.1st. 1960) Frans H.
ten Bos
Helena ten Bos (born 1962)(m. 1987) Count
Frederic de Belloy de Saint-Lienard
Joanna ten Bos (born 1964)(m. 1989)
Christopher Booth
Peter Spelman Prentice (born 1940)
Alexandra Sartell Prentice (born 1962)
Peter Parmalee Bens (born 1987)
Erik Carl Bens (born 1996)
Sarah Prentice Bens (born 1997)
Michael Andrew Prentice (born 1964)
Alta Rockefeller Prentice (born 1942)
Michael Sartell Prentice (born 1944)
Edith Rockefeller (18721932) (m. 1895) Harold Fowler
McCormick
John Rockefeller McCormick (18961901)
Editha McCormick (18971898)
Harold Fowler McCormick, Jr. (18981973) (m.1931) Anne
"Fifi" Potter (18791969)
Muriel McCormick (19021959) (m.1931) Elisha Dyer
Hubbard (1906)
Mathilde McCormick (19051947) (m.1923) Max Oser
(18771942)
Anita Oser Pauling (d. 2009 in Paris, France) Peter
Max Oser (d. 1970 in Geneva, Switzerland)
John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (18741960) (m. 1st 1901) Abigail
Greene "Abby" Aldrich (18741948)
Abigail Aldrich "Abby" Rockefeller (19031976)
Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" Milton O'Neill (born 1928)
Marilyn Ellen Milton (19311980)
Laura Knickerbacker Simpson (19542012)
Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" Simpson (born
1958)
John Davison Rockefeller III (19061978) (m.1932)
Blanchette Ferry Hooker
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937) (m.
1967) Sharon Percy
John Davison "Jamie" Rockefeller V m. Emily
Tagliabue
Laura Chandler Rockefeller (born c.
2000)
Sophia Percy Rockefeller (born c. 2002)
John Davison Rockefeller VI (born 2007)
Valerie Rockefeller m. Steven "Steve" Wayne
Percy Abigail Wayne (born 2005)
Lucille Natalia "Lucy" Wayne (born
2007)[29]
Charles Rockefeller
Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1979)
Sandra Rockefeller Ferry (born 1943)
Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1946)
Alida Rockefeller Messinger (born 1949)
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (19081979) (m.1st.1930)
Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd 1963) Margaretta Large
"Happy" Fitler (born 1926)
Rodman Clark Rockefeller (19322000) (m.1st 1953-
1979) Barbara Ann Olsen (m. 2nd 1980)
Alexandra von Metzler
Meile Rockefeller (born 1955)
Peter Rockefeller
Stuart Rockefeller
Michael Rockefeller
Ann Clark Rockefeller Roberts (born 1934)
Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936)
Michael Rockefeller (19381961)
Mary Clark Rockefeller (born 1938)
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1964)
Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967)
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (19102004) (m.1934)
Mary French
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (born 1936)
Marion French Rockefeller (born 1938)
Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (born 1941)
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1944) (m.
1982) Wendy Gordon
two sons[30]
Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller (19121973) (m. 1st 1948,
div. 1954) Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (19162008) (m.
2nd 1956, div. 1971) Jeannette Edris (19181997)
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (19482006) (m. 1st 1971,
div. 1979) Deborah Cluett Sage (m. 2nd 1983)
Lisenne Dudderar
Andrea Davidson Rockefeller (b. 1972)
Katherine Cluett Rockefeller (b. 1974)
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, Jr. (b. 1976)
William Gordon Rockefeller
Colin Kendrick Rockefeller (b. c. 1990)
John Alexander Camp Rockefeller
Louis Henry Rockefeller
David Rockefeller (born 1915) (m. 1940) Margaret McGrath
(19151996)
David Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1941) (m. 1st divorced)
Diana Newell-Rowan (m. 2nd 2008) Susan Cohn
Ariana Rockefeller (born 1982)
Camilla Rockefeller (born 1984)
Abigail Rockefeller (born 1943)
Neva Rockefeller (born 1944)
Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller[31] (born 1947)
Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949-2014); [32][33]
married to Nancy King[31]
two children from his first marriage, Clayton
and Rebecca;[31] two stepsons[32] and
three grandchildren[31]
Eileen Rockefeller[31] (born 1952)
Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller, Jr.[edit]
An article in the New York Times in 1937 stated that William
Rockefeller had, at that time, exactly 28 great-grandchildren.
Lewis Edward Rockefeller (18651866)
Emma Rockefeller McAlpin (18681934)
William Goodsell Rockefeller (18701922)
William Avery Rockefeller III (18961973)
William Rockefeller
Frederick Lincoln Rockefeller
Elsie Rockefeller
Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (18991983)
Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller (c. 19252010)
Marion Rockefeller
Audrey Rockefeller
Lucy Ann Rockefeller
Anderson Rockefeller
Peter Rockefeller
Benjamin Rockefeller
James Stillman Rockefeller (19022004)
James Stillman Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1926)
Liv Merlin Rockefeller Hessler (born 1957)
Ola Stillman Rockefeller (born 1959)
Nancy Sherlock Carnegie Rockefeller (born 1927)
(Married Barclay McFadden, Jr.)
Andrew Carnegie Rockefeller (born 1929)
Georgia Stillman Rockefeller (born 1933) (Married J
Harden Rose)
James Stillman Rose (born 1958)
Andrew Carnegie Rose (born 1960)
Georgia Rockefeller Rose (born 1961)
John Sterling Rockefeller (19041988) (m. 1931) Paula
Watjen
Christina Rockefeller
Almira Geraldine Rockefeller (19071997) (m. 1st)
MacRoy Jackson (m. 2nd) Samuel Weston Scott (m.
3rd) Hardie Scott
MacRoy Jackson
John Davison Rockefeller II (18721877)
Percy Avery Rockefeller (18781934) m. Isabel Goodrich
Stillman
Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (19021980) m. Frederic
Walker Lincoln IV
Avery Rockefeller (19031986) m. 1923 Anna Griffith Mark
Avery Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1924)
Ann Rockefeller (born 1926)
Joan Rockefeller
Winifred Rockefeller (19041951)
Faith Rockefeller Model (19091960)
Robert Model (born 1942)
Gladys Rockefeller Underhill (1910-1988)
Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (18821973) m. Marcellus Hartley
Dodge, Sr.
Marcellus Hartley Dodge, Jr. (19081930)
Spouses[edit]
Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (18391915) - John D.
Rockefeller, Sr.
Abby Greene Aldrich (18741948) - John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Martha Baird Allen (18951971) - John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Mary Todhunter Clark "Tod" (19071999) - Nelson Rockefeller
Margaretta "Happy" Fitler (born 1926) - Nelson Rockefeller
Anne Marie Rasmussen - Steven Clark Rockefeller
Blanchette Ferry Hooker (19091992) - John D. Rockefeller III
Sharon Lee Percy - John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV
Mary French (19101997) - Laurance Rockefeller
Wendy Gordon - Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller, Jr.
Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (19162008) - Winthrop Aldrich
Rockefeller
Jeannette Edris (19181997) - Winthrop Aldrich Rockefeller
Deborah Cluett Sage - Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Lisenne Dudderar - Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Margaret "Peggy" McGrath (19151996) - David Rockefeller
Diana Newell Rowan - David Rockefeller, Jr.
Nancy King - Richard Gilder Rockefeller.
Sarah Elizabeth "Elsie" Stillman (18721935) - William Goodsell
Rockefeller
Isabel Goodrich Stillman (18761935) - Percy Avery Rockefeller
Select bibliography[edit]
Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's
Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillan
Company, 1965.
Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's
Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File. Seal Beach, California: 1976
Press, 1976.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience.
New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and
Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1979.
Caro, Robert A. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of
New York. New York: Vintage, 1975.
Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
London: Warner Books, 1998.
Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An
American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,
1976.
Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth
Beyond All Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987.
Ernst, Joseph W., editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:"
Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D.
Rockefeller, Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with
the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.
Flynn, John T. God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His
Times. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932.
Fosdick, Raymond B. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.: A Portrait. New
York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation.
New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The
Free Press, 1977.
Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter
in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
Gonzales, Donald J., Chronicled by. The Rockefellers at
Williamsburg: Backstage with the Founders, Restorers and
World-Renowned Guests. McLean, Virginia: EPM
Publications, Inc., 1991.
Hanson, Elizabeth. The Rockefeller University Achievements: A
Century of Science for the Benefit of Humankind, 1901-2001.
New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2000.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller
Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller
Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
Hawke, David Freeman. John D.: The Founding Father of the
Rockefellers. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business:
History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1882-1911.
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955.
Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the
Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W.Norton and Co.,
1989.
Josephson, Emanuel M. The Federal Reserve Conspiracy and
the Rockefellers: Their Gold Corner. New York: Chedney
Press, 1968.
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. London: Harcourt,
1962.
Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the
Family. New York: Random House, 2003.
Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New
York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
Kutz, Myer. Rockefeller Power: America's Chosen Family. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. America's Sixty Families. New York:
Vanguard Press, 1937.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in
the Power of Money Today. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1968.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rockefeller Syndrome. Secaucus,
New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1975.
Manchester, William R. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John
D. to Nelson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1959.
Moscow, Alvin. The Rockefeller Inheritance. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday & Co., 1977.
Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American
Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist
and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1953.
Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center.
New York: Viking Press, 2003.
Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to
Conquer 1908-1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit.
New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
Rockefeller, Henry Oscar, ed. Rockefeller Genealogy. 4 vols.
1910 - ca.1950.
Rockefeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and
Events. New York: Doubleday, 1908; London: W.
Heinemann. 1909; Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller
Archive Center, (Reprint) 1984.
Roussel, Christine. The Art of Rockefeller Center. New York:
W.W. Norton and Company, 2006.
Scheiffarth, Engelbert. Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A.
Rockefeller und die Rockenfeller im Neuwieder Raum
Genealogisches Jahrbuch, Vol 9, 1969, p16-41.
Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation
Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy,
from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard. Rockefeller and the
Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World
Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of
Mathematics in the 20th Century. Boston: Birkhauser Verlag,
2001.
Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety,
Privacy, and Service. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995.
Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New
York: Phillips & Company, 1904.
Winks, Robin W. Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for
Conservation, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and
Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Young, Edgar B. Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution.
New York: New York University Press, 1980.
See also[edit]
AIG
Asia Society
Bilderberg Group
Brookings Institution
Carnegie Corporation
Chase Manhattan Bank
Citibank
Colonial Williamsburg
Council of the Americas
Council on Foreign Relations
ExxonMobil
Ford family
GE
General Education Board
Grand Teton National Park
Institute for Pacific Relations
Kykuit
Lincoln Center
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
Ludlow massacre
MacArthur Foundation
McCormick family
Montgomery Burns
Museum of Modern Art
Population Council
Rainbow Room
RCA
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Foundation
Rockefeller Republican
Rockefeller University
Rothschild family
Spelman College
Standard Oil
Trilateral Commission
United Nations Association
University of Chicago
Venrock Associates
Gianni Agnelli
William Adams Delano (Delano & Aldrich)
J. Richardson Dilworth
Allen Dulles
John Foster Dulles
Henry Morrison Flagler
Frederick Taylor Gates
Wallace Harrison
Richard Holbrooke
Henry Kissinger
Ivy Lee
William Lyon Mackenzie King
John J. McCloy
Richard Parsons
Charles Pratt
Henry H. Rogers
George Shultz
Jerry Speyer
Ida Tarbell
Paul Volcker
John C. Whitehead
James Wolfensohn
Owen D. Young
William Zeckendorf
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up ^ World's largest private fortune - see Ron Chernow,
Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., London: Warner
Books, 1998. (p.370)
2. ^ Jump up to: a b The Political Economy of Third World Intervention:
Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis, David N.
Gibbs, University of Chicago Press 1991, page 113
3. Jump up ^ The Rockefeller inheritance, Alvin Moscow, Doubleday
1977, page 418
4. Jump up ^ The Edifice Complex: The Architecture of Power, By
Deyan Sudjic, Penguin, 7 Apr 2011, page 245-255
5. Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, OMR"".
Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
6. Jump up ^ "John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the Van Tassel
Apartments, Rockefeller Archive Newsletter, Fall 1997" (PDF).
Retrieved 2013-02-19.
7. Jump up ^ The Morningside Heights housing project - see David
Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002. (pp.385-
87).
8. Jump up ^ "UChicago.edu, "News, Nobel"". News.uchicago.edu.
Retrieved 2013-02-19.
9. Jump up ^ Funded colleges and Ivy League universities - see
Robert Shaplen, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years
of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company,
Inc., 1964. (passim)
10. Jump up ^ Google Books: Rockefeller and the
Internationalization of Mathematics. Books.google.com. 2003-04-
01. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
11. ^ Jump up to: a b Depalma, Anthony (November 15, 2005).
"They Saved Land Like Rockefellers". The New York Times.
Retrieved 2008-03-23.
12. Jump up ^ "David Rockefeller". Trilateral Commission.
Retrieved 14 March 2013.
13. Jump up ^ Rockarch.org; see also "New Governance at the
Rockefeller Archive Center," Rockefeller Archive Center
Newsletter, 2008, p.3
14. Jump up ^ Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC) papers on Nelson
not released - see Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller:
Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958, New York: Doubleday,
1996.(pp.774-5) (Note: Reich died before completing the second
volume of his life.)
15. Jump up ^ "The Rockefeller Archive Center". Rockarch.org.
Retrieved 2013-02-19.
16. Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"".
Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
17. Jump up ^ Women in the family with no control over the family
fortunesee Bernice Kert, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman
in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993. (p.100)
18. Jump up ^ Managing the family wealth, 1992 New York Times
article Rockefeller Family Tries to Keep A Vast Fortune From
Dissipating (see External Links). (Note: The names and nature of
these departments may have changed since 1992.)
19. Jump up ^ "Amazon Books: Forest Hill". Amazon.com.
Retrieved 2013-02-19.
20. Jump up ^ Family unity maintained over the decades - see
John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century:
Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp.370-71, passim); David's
unifying influence - see Memoirs (pp.346-7)
21. Jump up ^ Carnegie.Org "Rockefellers"[dead link]
22. Jump up ^ Greatest benefactor of medicine in history - see
Ron Chernow, Titan: op.cit. (p.570)
23. Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "JDR Jr"".
Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
24. Jump up ^ New York Times, November 21, 2006
25. Jump up ^ Barbara Gamarekian (1991-03-15). "Museum
Honors All Rockefellers and Gifts". Washington Post.
26. Jump up ^ Jene Stonesifer (1991-03-14). "Rockefellers and
Design". Washington Post.
27. Jump up ^ Cornell.Edu "Infobase" Retrieved 2007-01-30.
28. Jump up ^ Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt,
Greece and Jerusalem - see Memoirs, (pp.44-48).
29. Jump up ^ Comins, Linda (September 15, 2007). "Rockefellers
Welcome Their First Grandson". Wheeling News-Register.
Retrieved 3 April 2013.
30. Jump up ^ Deutsch, Claudia H. (15 January 2006). "AT
LUNCH WITH: WENDY GORDON; Living Green, but Allowing for
Shades of Gray".
31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Berger, Joseph, "A Rockefeller Known
Not for Wealth but for His Efforts to Help", New York Times, June
23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
32. ^ Jump up to: a b Santora, Marc, "Richard Rockefeller Killed in
New York Plane Crash", New York Times, June 13, 2014.
Retrieved 2014-06-13.
33. Jump up ^ Fallows, James, "Richard Rockefeller, MD What
would you do, if you could do anything? An inspiring answer to
that question.", June 14, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
References[edit]
Rose, Kenneth W., Select Rockefeller Philanthropies, Booklet
(pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004.
Origin of Rockenfeld, in German
Descendants of Goddard Rockenfeller
Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office,
University of Chicago website, undated.
Depalma, Anthony, They Saved Land Like Rockefellers, The
New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005.
Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of
Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural
Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy to David and
Laurance Rockefeller, 2001.
The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior,
18741960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997.
Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge
Bequest, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006.
O'Connell, Dennis, Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time,
AskMen.com, undated.
External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Rockefeller
family.
Rockefeller Financial
The Rockefeller Group
The Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefellers An American Experience Documentary

[show]
v t e
Rockefeller family
[show]
v t e
Banking families
<img
src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1"
alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position:
absolute;" />
Categories: Rockefeller familyAmerican families of
German ancestryBusiness families of the United
StatesGerman-American historyPolitical families of the
United StatesRockefeller Foundation

Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history



Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages


Deutsch
Eesti

Espaol
Esperanto
Franais
Hrvatski
Latvieu
Lietuvi

Norsk bokml
Polski
Portugus

Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Trke

Edit links
This page was last modified on 26 August 2014 at 20:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view