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    07 CH Chemical Bonds and Shapes of Molecules

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    07 CH Chemical Bonds and Shapes of Molecules

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    215 views13 pages

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    07 ch chemical bonds and shapes of molecules

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    215 views13 pages

    07 CH Chemical Bonds and Shapes of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    api-235269401

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Since atoms & molecules cant even be seen

    under the most powerful microscopes, we use


    models to explain and understand their
    shapes and structures.
    JJ Thompson model of the atom
    1
    +

    Hydrogen atom
    Positive nucleus
    - protons
    Negative
    spinning in
    electron space
    The + nucleus attracts the
    within the atom & also
    the from other atoms.
    spin around the nucleus
    at different distances from
    the nucleus called
    energy levels.
    The 1
    st
    energy level may contain up to 2 .
    The 2
    nd
    & 3
    rd
    energy levels may contain up to 8 each.
    in the outer energy level are called valence while
    Single in the outer level are called valency
    The valency determine whether new molecules are formed.
    Atoms & molecules
    2
    Element Symbol 1
    st
    2
    nd
    3
    rd
    4
    th
    energy levels
    Hydrogen H 1
    Helium He 2
    Lithium Li 2 1
    Beryllium Be 2 2
    Boron B 2 3
    Carbon C 2 4
    Nitrogen N 2 5
    Oxygen O 2 6
    Fluorine F 2 7
    Neon Ne 2 8
    Sodium Na 2 8 1
    Magnesium Mg 2 8 2
    Aluminium Al 2 8 3
    The ChemCollective:
    Periodic Table Applet
    3
    Element Symbol 1
    st
    2
    nd
    3
    rd
    4
    th
    energy levels
    Silicon Si 2 8 4
    Phosphorus P 2 8 5
    Sulphur S 2 8 6
    Chlorine Cl 2 8 7
    Argon Ar 2 8 8
    Potassium K 2 8 8 1
    Calcium Ca 2 8 8 2
    How many valence does each of these elements have?
    Electron configuration
    4
    Lewis structures indicate the valence as dots or crosses
    about the symbol of the atom concerned.
    Cl Li
    x
    Cl has 7
    valence 3
    pairs & 1 single
    Li has 1
    valence
    Atoms of elements
    will react to form
    molecules or macro-
    molecules in order to
    reach a more stable
    energy state.
    Atoms will gain, lose or share in order to achieve the stable
    octet structure.
    Metals tend to lose their few valence to form + ions while,
    non metals tend to gain to form ions both gaining the
    octet structures.
    Lewis structure
    5
    In this type of structure, the bonding pairs are
    represented by a dash instead of the dots &
    crosses as used in the Lewis structures.
    The following structure illustrates the Couper
    structure:
    Methane molecule
    C
    H
    H
    H
    H
    Methane structure
    6
    -
    +
    0
    E
    p

    Forces of attraction.
    Forces of repulsion.
    complete change
    E
    D
    Forming the H2 molecule
    As atoms approach each other
    the following takes place:
    7
    Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share one or
    more pairs of in order to achieve the stable
    structure required to form a molecule.
    When 2 H atoms combine to form an H
    2
    molecule,
    the atoms share the pair of electrons between the
    respective nuclei in order for each to achieve full
    outer energy levels.
    +

    +

    +
    +


    Atom Atom
    +
    Molecule
    Shared pair
    Covalent bonds
    8
    Each nucleus exerts attraction and repulsion on
    the charges nearby:
    + +


    & nuclei repel one
    another.
    Nuclei attract both
    Hydrogen molecule
    Since the first energy level may only have 2 ,
    He, already having 2 in its only energy level
    does not react to form He
    2
    ,

    as does hydrogen
    to form, H
    2
    .

    H.
    X
    H
    Lewis structure
    for H
    2

    Attraction between electrons and nuclei
    9
    Sometimes there is a sharing of 2 or 3 pairs of in
    order to form the stable octet structure.
    O O
    x x
    x
    x
    x x
    O
    2
    -2 shared pairs
    double covalent
    bond
    N N
    N
    2
    3 pairs shared triple
    covalent bond
    Check to make sure that each atom now has the
    stable octet structure.
    Covalent bonds
    10
    When H
    +
    ions join onto a molecule & share a
    lone pair of electrons, we call this a co-ordinate
    covalent bond or a dative covalent bond.
    x
    x
    H
    +
    Lone
    pair
    Here the H
    +
    ion
    joins onto the
    water molecule to
    form the H
    3
    O
    +

    ion, called the
    oxonium or
    hydronium ion.
    11
    H
    2
    O + H
    +
    H
    3
    O
    +

    This also happens with the formation of the
    ammonium ion.
    Dative
    covalent bond
    12
    1. F
    2
    2. O
    2
    3. N
    2
    4. H
    2
    O
    5. NH
    3
    6. H
    3
    O
    +
    7. NH
    4
    +

    Name each of
    these particles.
    x
    x
    Using an equation, show how the
    ammonium ion is formed.
    Lewis structures
    13

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