Unit Conversions: Appendix B

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Appendix B

Unit Conversions

B.0

Introduction

This appendix presents, in alphabetical order, all unit conversions likely to be required for
gas turbine performance calculations. For all tables, except that covering pressure or stress,
a quantity in given units is multiplied by the value in the next column to the right to convert it
to the units in the column to the right of the conversion factor. The conversions presented may
be combined, for example for acceleration mile/h s may be converted to ft2/s by multiplying by
0.447 and then by 3.28084.
Almost all conversion factors are taken from the references quoted at the end of this appendix.

B.1

Acceleration

From

Multiply by

ft/s
km/h s
mile/h s
mile/h s

B.2

Multiply by

To

0.3048
0.27778
1.609344
0.447

m/s
m/s2
km/h s
m/s2

3.28084
3.6
0.621371
2.23714

ft2/s
km/h s
mile/h s
mile/h s

645.16
6.4516E-04
0.092903

mm2
m2
m2

0.00155
1550.0
10.7639

in2
in2
ft2

16.0185
27 679.9
0.0997763
0.0830807

kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3

0.062428
0.0000361273
10.0224
12.0365

lb/ft3
lb/in3
lb/UKgal
lb/USgal

vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm

1.25
3.6
49
0.71
2.2
28

mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel
mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel

Density

lb/ft3
lb/in3
lb/UKgal
lb/USgal

B4

From
2

Area

in2
in2
ft2

B.3

To

Emissions (approx.)

CO mg/Nm3
CO mg/kWh fuel
CO mg/kg fuel
UHC mg/Nm3
UHC mg/kWh fuel
UHC mg/kg fuel

0.8
0.278
0.0204
1.41
0.455
0.036

626

Gas Turbine Performance

From
3

NOx mg/Nm
NOx mg/kWh fuel
NOx mg/kg fuel

Multiply by

To

0.487
0.164
0.0125

vppm
vppm
vppm

From

Multiply by

To

2.054
6.1
80

mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel

Notes: Natural gas fuel 47 MJ/kg, 0.9 kg/Nm3.


vppm are quoted with water content neglected and equivalent for 15% oxygen (this species
fuel air ratio and forbids dilution).
UHC (unburnt hydrocarbon) is taken here to be CH4 a reasonable assumption for most
natural gas.
All oxides of nirogen are taken to be NO2 usual practice for emissions legislation.
Nm3 is a normal cubic meter i.e. 1 atmosphere, 20 8C.

B.5

Energy

Btu
Btu
Btu
calorie
calorie
Chu
Chu
hp h
hp h
kW h
kW h

B.6

1.8
1.28507E-03
0.947817
0.238846
453.597
0.0005265
7.1393E-04
5.0505E-05
0.372506
3.76617E-05
0.277778

Btu
Btu
Btu
calorie
calorie
Chu
Chu
hp h
hp h
kW h
kW h

9.80665
0.4535924
32.174
4.44822
9964.02

N
kgf
lb/ft s2 (pdl)
N
N

0.101972
2.20462
0.031081
0.224809
1.00361E-04

kgf
lbf
lbf
lbf
tonf

0.354006
0.83267
0.29477

km/litre
mile/USgal
km/litre

2.82481
1.20096
3.39248

mile/UKgal
mile/UKgal
mile/USgal

0.3048
0.0254
25.4
1.609344
1.852
0.9144

m
m
mm
km
km
m

3.28084
39.3701
0.0393701
0.621371
0.539957
1.09361

ft
in
in
mile
nautical mile
yard

Fuel consumption

mile/UKgal
mile/UKgal
mile/USgal

B.8

Chu
ft lbf
kJ
J
Chu
J
ft lbf
ft lbf
MJ
ft lbf
MJ

Force

kgf
lbf
lbf
lbf
tonf (Imperial)

B.7

0.555558
778.169
1.05506
4.1868
0.0022046
1899.105
1400.7
1.98E+06
2.68452
2.65522E+06
3.600

Length

ft
in
in
mile
nautical mile
yard

Note: The above is for the international nautical mile; the UK nautical mile is obsolete.

Appendix B: Unit Conversions

B.9

Mass

From

Multiply by

To

Multiply by

To

lb
lb
ounce
tonne
UK ton
UK ton

0.45359237
0.031056
28.3495
1000
1016.05
1.01605

kg
slug
g
kg
kg
tonne

2.20462
32.2174
0.035274
0.001
9.84207E-04
0.984207

lb
lb
ounce
tonne
UK ton
UK ton

kg m2
kg m2

23.7304
3417.17

lb ft2
kg m2

kg m2/s

23.7304

lb ft2/s

0.138255

kg m/s

7.23301

lb ft/s

0.555558
778.169
1.05506
2.54674
1.899105
1.35582
550
0.7457
0.98632
75
735.499

Chu/s
ft lbf/s
kW
hp
kW
W
ft lbf/s
kW
hp
kgf m/s
W

1.799992
1.28507E-03
0.947817
0.39266
0.5265
0.737562
1.81818E-03
1.34102
1.01387
0.0133333
1359.62E-06

Btu/s
Btu/s
Btu/s
Chu/s
Chu/s
ft lbf/s
hp
hp
PS
PS
PS

0.429923
2.219E-05
0.238846
0.334553

Btu/lb
Chu/lb
Chu/lb
ft lbf/lb

B.10

Moment of inertia

lb ft2
lb in2

B.11

0.0421401
2.9264E-04

Momentum angular

lb ft2/s

B.12

0.0421401

Momentum linear

lb ft/s

B.13

Power

Btu/s
Btu/s
Btu/s
Chu/s
Chu/s
ft lbf/s
hp
hp
PS
PS
PS
Note:

B.14

From

The PS is also called a metric horsepower.

Pressure

See Table B.1 at the end of this appendix.

B.15
Btu/lb
Chu/lb
Chu/lb
ft lbf/lb

Specic energy
2.326
45066.1
4.1868
2.98907

kJ/kg
ft2/s2
kJ/kg
J/kg

627

628

Gas Turbine Performance

B.16 Specic fuel consumption (SFC)


From

Multiply by

To

kg/kW h
lb/lbf h
lb/lbf h
lb/hp h
lb/hp h

0.735499
0.10197
1.0197
0.60828
0.447387

kg/PS h
kg/N h
kg/daN h
kg/kW h
kg/PS h

From

Multiply by

To

1.35962
9.80665
0.980681
1.64399
2.2352

kg/kW h
lb/lbf h
lb/lbf h
lb/hp h
lb/hp h

Btu/lb R
J/kg K
J/kg K
J/kg K

1
2.38846E-04
0.185863
6.08277E-04

Chu/lb K
Chu/lb K
ft lbf/lb R
HPs/lb K

N s/kg

0.1019716

lbf s/lb

See B.21 for conversions to thermal eciency.

B.17 Specic heat


Chu/lb K
Chu/lb K
ft lbf/lb R
HPs/lb K

1
4186.8
5.38032
1643.99

B.18 Specic thrust


lbf s/lb

9.80665

B.19 Stress
See Table B.1 at the end of this appendix.

B.20 Temperature
Conversion shown is to convert a quantity from units after the sign to units before it.
C K  273.15
C (R  491.67)/1.8
C (F  32)/1.8

F 1.8  K  459.67
F R  459.67
F 1.8  C 32

R 1.8  K
R 1.8  (C 273.15)
R F 459.67

K C 273.15
K (F 459.67)/1.8
K R/1.8

B.21 Thermal eciency of a turboshaft engine conversion to or


from SFC.
See Table B.2 at the end of this appendix.

B.22 Torque
lbf ft
lbf ft
lbf in

0.138255
1.35582
0.112985

kgf m
Nm
Nm

7.23301
0.737562
8.85075

lbf ft
lb ft
lbf in

Appendix B: Unit Conversions

B.23

Velocity angular

From

Multiply by

To

deg/s
rev/min (rpm)
rev/s

0.0174533
0.104720
6.28319

B.24

B.25

0.59248
1.852
0.514444
1.46667
1.609344
0.86896
0.44704

To

rad/s
rad/s
rad/s

57.2958
9.54930
0.159155

deg/s
rev/min (rpm)
rev/s

kt
km/h
m/s
ft/s
km/h
kt
m/s

1.68782
0.539957
1.94384
0.681818
0.621371
1.1508
2.23694

ft/s
kt
kt
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h

Viscosity dynamic
1.48816
17.858
0.172369
47.8803
1000
1.0

kg/m s
kg/m s
MN s/m2
kg/m s
cP
N s/m2

0.671969
0.055997
5.80151
0.0208854
0.001
1.0

lb/ft s
lb/in s
lbf h/ft2
lbf s/ft2
kg/m s
Pa s

106
0.092903
6.4516

m2/s
m2/s
cm2/s

106
10.7639
0.155

cSt
ft2/s
in2/s

16.3871
28.3168
4.54609
1.20095
3.785
0.764555

cm3
litre
litre
USgallon
litre
m3

0.0610237
0.0353147
0.219969
0.832674
0.2642
1.30795

in3
ft3
UKgallon
UKgallon
USgallon
yard3

Viscosity kinematic

cSt
ft2/s
in2/s

B.27

Multiply by

The above is for the international knot; the UK nautical mile is obsolete.

lb/ft s
lb/in s
lbf h/ft2
lbf s/ft2
Pa s (kg/m s)
Pa s

B.26

From

Velocity linear

ft/s
kt
kt
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
Note:

629

Volume

in3
ft3
UKgallon
UKgallon
USgallon
yard3

References
1. BSI (1967, 1974) BS 350 Parts 1 and 2: Basis of Tables, Conversion Factors and Detailed
Conversion Tables, British Standards Institution, London.
2. BSI (1993) BS 5555 Specication for SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of their
Multiples and of Certain Other Units, BSI, London.
3. J. L. Cook (1995) Conversion Factors, Oxford Scientic Publications, Oxford.

0.986923
0.0334211
0.0024583
0.967841
0.0013158
0.0000978
0.068046
0.0098692

atm

0.0338639
0.002491
0.980665
0.0013332
0.0000981
0.0689476
0.01

1.01325

bar

0.073556
28.959
0.03937
0.002896
2.03602
0.2953

29.9213
29.53

in Hg

Unit conversions for pressure and stress

393.701
0.53524
0.0393701
27.68
4.01463

406.782
401.463
13.5951

in H2O

0.0013595
0.0001
0.070307
0.0101972

1.03323
1.01972
0.0345316
0.00254

kgf/cm2

0.073556
51.7149
7.50062

760.0
750.062
25.4
1.86832
735.559

mm Hg

703.07
101.972

10 332.3
10 197.2
345.316
25.4
10 000
13.5951

mm H2O

0.145038

14.6959
14.5038
0.491154
0.036127
14.2233
0.0193368
0.0014223

ibf/in2 (psi)

Conversion between turboshaft engine thermal eciency, SFC and heat rate

ETATH 2545/Heat Rate


where Heat Rate is in BTU/hp.h

ETATH 3413/Heat Rate


where Heat Rate is in BTU/kW.h

ETATH 1413.6/(SFC  LCV)


where SFC is in lb/hp.h and LCV is in CHU/lb

TableB.2:

Notes:
To convert a value in the units in the left-hand column to those in the top row multiply by the number at the junction of the row and column.
The conversion factors for columns of H2O are for water at a uniform density of 1000 kg/m3 under the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2.
The conversion factors for columns of Hg are for mercury at a uniform density of 13.590 kg/m3 under the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2.
1 kPa is equivalent to 1 kN/m2.

atm
bar
in Hg
in H2O
kgf/cm2
mm Hg
mm H2O
lbf/in2 (psi)
kPa

Table B.1:

101.325
100
3.38639
0.249089
98.0665
0.133322
0.009807
6.89476

kPa

630
Gas Turbine Performance

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