Unit Conversions: Appendix B
Unit Conversions: Appendix B
Unit Conversions: Appendix B
Unit Conversions
B.0
Introduction
This appendix presents, in alphabetical order, all unit conversions likely to be required for
gas turbine performance calculations. For all tables, except that covering pressure or stress,
a quantity in given units is multiplied by the value in the next column to the right to convert it
to the units in the column to the right of the conversion factor. The conversions presented may
be combined, for example for acceleration mile/h s may be converted to ft2/s by multiplying by
0.447 and then by 3.28084.
Almost all conversion factors are taken from the references quoted at the end of this appendix.
B.1
Acceleration
From
Multiply by
ft/s
km/h s
mile/h s
mile/h s
B.2
Multiply by
To
0.3048
0.27778
1.609344
0.447
m/s
m/s2
km/h s
m/s2
3.28084
3.6
0.621371
2.23714
ft2/s
km/h s
mile/h s
mile/h s
645.16
6.4516E-04
0.092903
mm2
m2
m2
0.00155
1550.0
10.7639
in2
in2
ft2
16.0185
27 679.9
0.0997763
0.0830807
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
0.062428
0.0000361273
10.0224
12.0365
lb/ft3
lb/in3
lb/UKgal
lb/USgal
vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm
vppm
1.25
3.6
49
0.71
2.2
28
mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel
mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel
Density
lb/ft3
lb/in3
lb/UKgal
lb/USgal
B4
From
2
Area
in2
in2
ft2
B.3
To
Emissions (approx.)
CO mg/Nm3
CO mg/kWh fuel
CO mg/kg fuel
UHC mg/Nm3
UHC mg/kWh fuel
UHC mg/kg fuel
0.8
0.278
0.0204
1.41
0.455
0.036
626
From
3
NOx mg/Nm
NOx mg/kWh fuel
NOx mg/kg fuel
Multiply by
To
0.487
0.164
0.0125
vppm
vppm
vppm
From
Multiply by
To
2.054
6.1
80
mg/Nm3
mg/kWh fuel
mg/kg fuel
B.5
Energy
Btu
Btu
Btu
calorie
calorie
Chu
Chu
hp h
hp h
kW h
kW h
B.6
1.8
1.28507E-03
0.947817
0.238846
453.597
0.0005265
7.1393E-04
5.0505E-05
0.372506
3.76617E-05
0.277778
Btu
Btu
Btu
calorie
calorie
Chu
Chu
hp h
hp h
kW h
kW h
9.80665
0.4535924
32.174
4.44822
9964.02
N
kgf
lb/ft s2 (pdl)
N
N
0.101972
2.20462
0.031081
0.224809
1.00361E-04
kgf
lbf
lbf
lbf
tonf
0.354006
0.83267
0.29477
km/litre
mile/USgal
km/litre
2.82481
1.20096
3.39248
mile/UKgal
mile/UKgal
mile/USgal
0.3048
0.0254
25.4
1.609344
1.852
0.9144
m
m
mm
km
km
m
3.28084
39.3701
0.0393701
0.621371
0.539957
1.09361
ft
in
in
mile
nautical mile
yard
Fuel consumption
mile/UKgal
mile/UKgal
mile/USgal
B.8
Chu
ft lbf
kJ
J
Chu
J
ft lbf
ft lbf
MJ
ft lbf
MJ
Force
kgf
lbf
lbf
lbf
tonf (Imperial)
B.7
0.555558
778.169
1.05506
4.1868
0.0022046
1899.105
1400.7
1.98E+06
2.68452
2.65522E+06
3.600
Length
ft
in
in
mile
nautical mile
yard
Note: The above is for the international nautical mile; the UK nautical mile is obsolete.
B.9
Mass
From
Multiply by
To
Multiply by
To
lb
lb
ounce
tonne
UK ton
UK ton
0.45359237
0.031056
28.3495
1000
1016.05
1.01605
kg
slug
g
kg
kg
tonne
2.20462
32.2174
0.035274
0.001
9.84207E-04
0.984207
lb
lb
ounce
tonne
UK ton
UK ton
kg m2
kg m2
23.7304
3417.17
lb ft2
kg m2
kg m2/s
23.7304
lb ft2/s
0.138255
kg m/s
7.23301
lb ft/s
0.555558
778.169
1.05506
2.54674
1.899105
1.35582
550
0.7457
0.98632
75
735.499
Chu/s
ft lbf/s
kW
hp
kW
W
ft lbf/s
kW
hp
kgf m/s
W
1.799992
1.28507E-03
0.947817
0.39266
0.5265
0.737562
1.81818E-03
1.34102
1.01387
0.0133333
1359.62E-06
Btu/s
Btu/s
Btu/s
Chu/s
Chu/s
ft lbf/s
hp
hp
PS
PS
PS
0.429923
2.219E-05
0.238846
0.334553
Btu/lb
Chu/lb
Chu/lb
ft lbf/lb
B.10
Moment of inertia
lb ft2
lb in2
B.11
0.0421401
2.9264E-04
Momentum angular
lb ft2/s
B.12
0.0421401
Momentum linear
lb ft/s
B.13
Power
Btu/s
Btu/s
Btu/s
Chu/s
Chu/s
ft lbf/s
hp
hp
PS
PS
PS
Note:
B.14
From
Pressure
B.15
Btu/lb
Chu/lb
Chu/lb
ft lbf/lb
Specic energy
2.326
45066.1
4.1868
2.98907
kJ/kg
ft2/s2
kJ/kg
J/kg
627
628
Multiply by
To
kg/kW h
lb/lbf h
lb/lbf h
lb/hp h
lb/hp h
0.735499
0.10197
1.0197
0.60828
0.447387
kg/PS h
kg/N h
kg/daN h
kg/kW h
kg/PS h
From
Multiply by
To
1.35962
9.80665
0.980681
1.64399
2.2352
kg/kW h
lb/lbf h
lb/lbf h
lb/hp h
lb/hp h
Btu/lb R
J/kg K
J/kg K
J/kg K
1
2.38846E-04
0.185863
6.08277E-04
Chu/lb K
Chu/lb K
ft lbf/lb R
HPs/lb K
N s/kg
0.1019716
lbf s/lb
1
4186.8
5.38032
1643.99
9.80665
B.19 Stress
See Table B.1 at the end of this appendix.
B.20 Temperature
Conversion shown is to convert a quantity from units after the sign to units before it.
C K 273.15
C (R 491.67)/1.8
C (F 32)/1.8
F 1.8 K 459.67
F R 459.67
F 1.8 C 32
R 1.8 K
R 1.8 (C 273.15)
R F 459.67
K C 273.15
K (F 459.67)/1.8
K R/1.8
B.22 Torque
lbf ft
lbf ft
lbf in
0.138255
1.35582
0.112985
kgf m
Nm
Nm
7.23301
0.737562
8.85075
lbf ft
lb ft
lbf in
B.23
Velocity angular
From
Multiply by
To
deg/s
rev/min (rpm)
rev/s
0.0174533
0.104720
6.28319
B.24
B.25
0.59248
1.852
0.514444
1.46667
1.609344
0.86896
0.44704
To
rad/s
rad/s
rad/s
57.2958
9.54930
0.159155
deg/s
rev/min (rpm)
rev/s
kt
km/h
m/s
ft/s
km/h
kt
m/s
1.68782
0.539957
1.94384
0.681818
0.621371
1.1508
2.23694
ft/s
kt
kt
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
Viscosity dynamic
1.48816
17.858
0.172369
47.8803
1000
1.0
kg/m s
kg/m s
MN s/m2
kg/m s
cP
N s/m2
0.671969
0.055997
5.80151
0.0208854
0.001
1.0
lb/ft s
lb/in s
lbf h/ft2
lbf s/ft2
kg/m s
Pa s
106
0.092903
6.4516
m2/s
m2/s
cm2/s
106
10.7639
0.155
cSt
ft2/s
in2/s
16.3871
28.3168
4.54609
1.20095
3.785
0.764555
cm3
litre
litre
USgallon
litre
m3
0.0610237
0.0353147
0.219969
0.832674
0.2642
1.30795
in3
ft3
UKgallon
UKgallon
USgallon
yard3
Viscosity kinematic
cSt
ft2/s
in2/s
B.27
Multiply by
The above is for the international knot; the UK nautical mile is obsolete.
lb/ft s
lb/in s
lbf h/ft2
lbf s/ft2
Pa s (kg/m s)
Pa s
B.26
From
Velocity linear
ft/s
kt
kt
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
mile/h
Note:
629
Volume
in3
ft3
UKgallon
UKgallon
USgallon
yard3
References
1. BSI (1967, 1974) BS 350 Parts 1 and 2: Basis of Tables, Conversion Factors and Detailed
Conversion Tables, British Standards Institution, London.
2. BSI (1993) BS 5555 Specication for SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of their
Multiples and of Certain Other Units, BSI, London.
3. J. L. Cook (1995) Conversion Factors, Oxford Scientic Publications, Oxford.
0.986923
0.0334211
0.0024583
0.967841
0.0013158
0.0000978
0.068046
0.0098692
atm
0.0338639
0.002491
0.980665
0.0013332
0.0000981
0.0689476
0.01
1.01325
bar
0.073556
28.959
0.03937
0.002896
2.03602
0.2953
29.9213
29.53
in Hg
393.701
0.53524
0.0393701
27.68
4.01463
406.782
401.463
13.5951
in H2O
0.0013595
0.0001
0.070307
0.0101972
1.03323
1.01972
0.0345316
0.00254
kgf/cm2
0.073556
51.7149
7.50062
760.0
750.062
25.4
1.86832
735.559
mm Hg
703.07
101.972
10 332.3
10 197.2
345.316
25.4
10 000
13.5951
mm H2O
0.145038
14.6959
14.5038
0.491154
0.036127
14.2233
0.0193368
0.0014223
ibf/in2 (psi)
Conversion between turboshaft engine thermal eciency, SFC and heat rate
TableB.2:
Notes:
To convert a value in the units in the left-hand column to those in the top row multiply by the number at the junction of the row and column.
The conversion factors for columns of H2O are for water at a uniform density of 1000 kg/m3 under the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2.
The conversion factors for columns of Hg are for mercury at a uniform density of 13.590 kg/m3 under the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2.
1 kPa is equivalent to 1 kN/m2.
atm
bar
in Hg
in H2O
kgf/cm2
mm Hg
mm H2O
lbf/in2 (psi)
kPa
Table B.1:
101.325
100
3.38639
0.249089
98.0665
0.133322
0.009807
6.89476
kPa
630
Gas Turbine Performance