MCI 2540

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE

COMMUNICATIONS PLANS
AND ORDERS

MARINE BARRACKS
WASHINGTON, DC
 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE
WASHINGTON NAVY YARD
912 POOR STREET SE
WASHINGTON, DC 20391-5680
IN REPLY REFER TO:
2540
15 Sep 96

MCI 25.4 COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

1. Purpose. MCI course 2540, Communications Plans and Orders, provides instruction to
Marines having duties that may require them to draft orders for operational communication.

2. Scope. MCI 2540 addresses information that all SNCO communication Marines should
know. This information includes organization and employment of USMC command and control
systems, planning routine communication support, combat plans and orders including paragraph
5 of the operations order, communication estimates, and Annex K.

3. Applicability. This course is intended for instructional purposes only. It is designed for
Marines in the ranks of Sgt- MGySgt in any MOS who are or may be assigned to communication
units.

4. Recommendations. Comments and recommendations on the contents of this course text

are invited and will aid in subsequent course revisions. Please complete the course evaluation
questionnaire located at the end of the text and return it to:

Director DLTD (Support)

Marine Corps Institute
Washington Navy Yard
912 Poor Street, SE
Washington, DC 20391-5680

R.A. CHRISTIE
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps
Deputy Director
 COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

CONTENTS
Page

Contents .. . . ... ........... ... ............... i

Student Information ........... ... ............... iii

Study Guide . . ... ........... ... ............... v

Study Unit 1 . Organization and Employment of the

Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF)

Lesson 1 . Organization of the Marine Air Ground

Task Force (MAGTF) ... ............... 1-1
Exercise ......... ... ............... 1-21
Lesson 2 . MAGTF Communications . ............... 1-23
Exercise ......... ... ............... 1-41
Lesson 3 . Amphibious/Joint and Combined Command
and Control ...... ... ............... 1-42
Exercise ......... ... ............... 1-60

Study Unit 2 . Communications Planning

Lesson 1 . Purposes and Types of Communications

Plans and Orders . ... ............... 2-1
Exercise ......... ... ............... 2-8
Lesson 2 . Communications SOPs .. ............... 2-9
Exercise ......... ... ............... 2-22

Study Unit 3 . Combat Plans and Orders

Lesson 1 . Terminologies of Combat Plans

And Orders ....... ... ............... 3-1
Exercise ......... ... ............... 3-5
Lesson 2 . Rapid Response Planning Steps for the
Communications Estimate and Paragraph
5 of the Operation Order ............. 3-6
Exercise ......... ... ............... 3-19
Lesson 3 . Communications-Electronics Estimate
Format ........... ... ............... 3-20
Exercise ......... ... ............... 3-32
Lesson 4 . Operation Plan/Order . ............... 3-33
Exercise ......... ... ............... 3-37

i
 CONTENTS--cont'd

Page

Study Unit 4 . Annex K

Lesson 1 . Gathering Data To Use in Annex K ..... 4-1

Exercise ......... ... ............... 4-12
Lesson 2 . Formatting Annex K ... ............... 4-13
Exercise ......... ... ............... 4-33
Lesson 3 . Joint Operation Planning System (JOPS)
Format or Joint Operation Planning
Execution System (JOPES), Alternative
Annex K Formats .. ... ............... 4-36
Exercise ......... ... ............... 4-49

Review Lesson . ... ........... ... ............... R-1

Bibliography . . ... ........... ... ...............

ii
Student Information

Number and MCI 2540

Title COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

Study Hours 7

Course Text
Materials

Review Agency MCCES, MCAGCC

Twentynine Palms, CA 92278

Reserve 2
Retirement
Credits (RRC)

ACE Not applicable to civilian training/education

Assistance For administrative assistance, have your training officer or NCO use the Unit
Activity Report (UAR) or MCI Hotline. Marines worldwide may call toll
free on 1-800-MCI-USMC.

For assistance concerning course content matters, call the instructor at DSN
325-7529 or commercial (202) 685-7529.
 STUDY GUIDE

Congratulations on your enrollment in a distance training course from the Occupational Specialty
Department of the Marine Corps Institute (MCI). Since 1920, the Marine Corps Institute has been
helping tens of thousands of hard-charging Marines, like you, improve their technical job
performance skills through distance training. By enrolling in this course, you have shown a desire
to improve the skills you have and master new skills to enhance your job performance.

The distance training course you have chosen, MCI course 25.40, Communications Plans and
Orders, provides instructions to all Marines having duties that may require them to draft orders for
operational communication. The course includes information about the organization and
employment of Marine Corps command and control systems, the planning of routine
communication support, combat plans and orders including paragraph 5 of the operation order,
communications estimates, and Annex K.

Because you have chosen to learn at a distance by enrolling in this MCI course, your professional
traits are evident and we know

YOU ARE PROPERLY MOTIVATED. You made a positive decision to get

training on your own. Self-motivation is perhaps the most important force in learning
or achieving anything. Doing whatever is necessary to learn is MOTIVATION. You
have it!

YOU SEEK TO IMPROVE YOURSELF. You enrolled to improve those skills

you already possess and learn new skills. When you improve yourself, you improve the
Corps!

YOU HAVE THE INITIATIVE TO ACT. By acting on your own, you have shown
you are a self-starter, willing to reach out for opportunities to learn and grow.

YOU ACCEPT CHALLENGES. You have self-confidence and believe in your

ability to acquire knowledge and skills. You have the self-confidence to set goals and
the ability to achieve them, enabling you to meet every challenge.

YOU ARE ABLE TO SET AND ACCOMPLISH PRACTICAL GOALS. You

are willing to commit time, effort, and the resources necessary to set and accomplish
your goals. These professional traits will help you successfully complete this distance
training course.

v
 STUDY GUIDE, continued

BEGINNING Before you actually begin this course of study, read the Student
YOUR Information page. If you find any course materials missing, notify
COURSE your training officer or training NCO. If you have all the required
materials, you are ready to begin.

To begin your course of study, familiarize yourself with the

structure of the course text. One way to do this is to read the Table
of Contents. Notice the Table of Contents covers specific areas of
study and the order in which they are presented. You will find the
text divided into several study units and a review lesson. Each
study unit is comprised of two or more lessons, lesson or unit
exercises, exercise solutions and references.

LEAFING Leaf through the text and look at the figures and tables. Read a
THROUGH few lesson exercise items (questions) to get an idea of the type of
THE TEXT items in the course. If the course has additional study aids, such as
a handbook or a plotting board, familiarize yourself with them.

THE FIRST Turn to the first page of study unit 1. On this page you will find an
STUDY UNIT introduction to the study unit and generally the first study unit
lesson. Study unit lessons contain learning objectives, lesson text,
and exercises.

READING THE Learning objectives describe in concise terms what the successful
LEARNING learner, you, will be able to do as a result mastering the content of
OBJECTIVES the lesson text. Read the objectives for each lesson and then read
the lesson text. As you read the lesson text, make notes on the
points you feel are important.

COMPLETING To determine your mastery of the learning objectives and text,

THE complete the exercises developed for you. Exercises may be
EXERCISES contained in a lesson, at the end of a lesson, or at the end of a study
unit. Without referring to the text, complete the exercise items and
then check your responses against those provided.

CONTINUING Continue on to the next lesson, repeating the above process until
TO MARCH you have completed all lessons in the study unit. Follow the same
procedure for each study unit in the course.

vi
 STUDY GUIDE, continued

SEEKING If you have problems with the text or exercise items that you
ASSISTANCE cannot resolve, ask your training officer or training NCO for
assistance. If they cannot help you, request assistance from your
MCI distance training instructor by completing the Content
Assistance Request Form located at the back of the course.

THE When you have finished all the study units, complete the review
REVIEW lesson exam located at the end of the course text. Try to complete
LESSON the review lesson exam without referring to the text. For those
EXAM items you are unsure of, restudy the text. When you have finished
the review lesson exam and are satisfied with your responses, check
your responses against the answer key provided with your course
materials.

PREPARING To prepare for your final exam, you must review what you learned
FOR THE in the course. The following suggestions will help make the review
FINAL EXAM interesting and challenging.

CHALLENGE YOURSELF. Try to recall the entire learning

sequence without referring to the text. Can you do it? Now look
back at the text to see if you have left anything out. This review
should be interesting. Undoubtedly, you'll find you were not able to
recall everything. But with a little effort you'll be able to recall a
great deal of the information.

USE UNUSED MINUTES. Use your spare moments to review.

Read your notes or a part of a study unit, rework exercise items,
review again; you can do many of these things during the unused
minutes of every day.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED. It is always best to use

the skill or knowledge you've learned as soon as possible. If it isn't
possible to actually use the skill or knowledge, at least try to
imagine a situation in which you would apply this learning. For
example, make up and solve your own problems. Or, better still,
make up and solve problems that use most of the elements of a
study unit.

vii
 STUDY GUIDE, continued

USE THE "SHAKEDOWN CRUISE" TECHNIQUE. Ask another

Marine to lend a hand by asking you questions about the course.
Choose a particular study unit and let your buddy "fire away."
This technique can be interesting and challenging for both of you!

MAKE REVIEWS FUN AND BENEFICIAL. Reviews are good

habits that enhance learning. They don't have to be long and
tedious. In fact, some learners find short reviews conducted more
often prove more beneficial.

TACKLING When you have completed your study of the course material and
THE are confident with the results attained on your review lesson(s) take
FINAL EXAM the sealed envelope marked "FINAL EXAM" to your unit training
NCO or training officer. Your training NCO or officer will
administer the final exam and return the exam and answer sheet to
MCI for grading. Prior to taking your final exam, read the
directions on the NEW (generic DP-37) answer sheet carefully
and complete all requested information.

COMPLETING The sooner you complete your course, the sooner you can better
YOUR yourself by applying what you've learned! HOWEVER--you do
COURSE have 12 months from the date of enrollment to complete this
course. In addition, you may be granted one 6-month extension if
approved by your Commanding Officer. If you need an extension,
please complete the Student Request/Inquiry form (MCI-R11)
located at the back of the course, and deliver it to your training
officer or training NCO.
GRADUATING! As a graduate of this distance training course and as a dedicated
Marine, your job performance skills will improve, benefiting you,
your unit, and the Marine Corps.

Semper Fi!

viii
 STUDY UNIT 1

ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF

THE MARINE AIR GROUND TASK FORCE (MAGTF)

Introduction. The organization and employment of the MAGTF is important

to all communications SNCOs. Although there are many specialties, such
as radio, wire, and communications (comm) center, all communications
SNCOs must strive for an in depth understanding of MAGTF communications
methods and MAGTF organization. This study unit provides you with
information on the organization and employment of the Marine Air Ground
Task Force (MAGTF). It also guides your study of the structure and
responsibilities of the amphibious force, air contingency force, and the
joint/combined force to give you a complete knowledge and a total picture
of the MAGTF.

Lesson 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE MARINE AIR GROUND TASK FORCE

(MAGTF)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the four elements of the MAGTF.

2. Identify the capabilities of the MAGTF.

3. Identify the symbols of the MAGTF.

4. Identify the composition of the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU).

5. Identify the composition of the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF).

6. Describe amphibious task force designators.

1101. MAGTF Organization

The purpose of organizing a MAGTF is to accomplish a specific mission. The

size and mission of the MAGTF will determine the rank of the commander. All
MAGTFs, regardless of their size, consist of a single commander and have the
same elements in their structure. The basic structure of MAGTFs includes a
(an):

• Command Element (CE)

• Ground Combat Element (GCE)

• Aviation Combat Element (ACE)

• Combat Service Support Element (CSSE)

1-1
Figure 1-1 shows how the basic elements of the MAGTF are organized.
+))))))))))))))),
* COMMAND *
* ELEMENTS *
* (CE) *
.)))))))0)))))))-
*
*
+)))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))),
+))))))2)))))), +)))))))2))))))), +)))))))2))))))),
*GROUND COMBAT* *AVIATION COMBAT* * COMBAT SERVICE*
* ELEMENT * * ELEMENT * *SUPPORT ELEMENT*
* (GCE) * * (ACE) * * (CSSE) *
.)))))))))))))- .)))))))))))))))- .)))))))))))))))-

Fig 1-1. Marine Air-Ground Task Force organization.

Table 1-1 breaks the structure down further to give you an overview of the
purpose and composition of each element.

Table 1-1. Elements of the MAGTF

+))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*ELEMENT * PURPOSE * COMPOSITION *
G44444444P4444444444444444444P4444444444444444444444444444444444I
* CE *Provides a command *Consists of the commander, the *
* *and control system *commander's staff, and the *
* *for effective plan-*Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and *
* *ning and execution *Intelligence Group (SRIG). The *
* *of operations. *SRIG provides command, control, *
* * *communications, and complete *
* * *intelligence support to the MAGTF.*
/))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* GCE *Conducts ground *Consists of a reinforced infantry *
* *combat operations. *unit that varies in size from a *
* * *battalion of 200 Marines to one or*
* * *more divisions of about 20,000 *
* * *Marines. *
/))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* ACE *Conducts air oper- *Consists of aviation units. It *
* *ations and provides*varies in size from a reinforced *
* *aviation support to*helicopter squadron to one or more*
* *the GCE and CSSE. *Marine Aircraft Wings and *
* * *routinely integrates air/ground *
* * *combat operations. This is a *
* * *critical element in the effective *
* * *application of combined arms. *
* * *Coordination among the CE, GCE, *
* * *and ACE is achieved through the *
* * *Integrated Marine Air Command and *
* * *Control System (MACCS). *
.))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

1-2
 Table 1-1. Elements of the MAGTF--contd.

+))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*ELEMENT * PURPOSE * COMPOSITION *
G44444444P4444444444444444444P4444444444444444444444444444444444I
* CSSE *Provides the range *Complements combat service support*
* *of combat service *capabilities of the CE, GCE, *
* *support functions *and ACE. It consists of supply, *
* *and capabilities *landing support, maintenance, *
* *necessary to *transportation, general *
* *support the *engineering, health services, and *
* *MAGTF's mission. *other services: disbursing, *
* * *postal, exchange services, infor- *
* * *mation systems, legal, security *
* * *support, civil affairs support, *
* * *and graves registration. *
.))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

The organization of the MAGTF meets the requirements of law. The MAGTF is a
force of combined arms that integrates air and ground power and the logistics
capability needed to support the entire force under a single commander. The
following are the three basic types of MAGTFs:

• Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU).

• Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF).

• Special Purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF). (This will be discussed later in

paragraph 1107).

Let's review what you learned in this section.

Can you recall what elements a MAGTF consists of? Which element controls
planning and executes operations?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

If you said that the elements included in each MAGTF are the Command Elements
(CE), the Ground Combat Element (GCE), the Aviation Combat Element (ACE), and
the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE), you are correct. If you said the
CE controls planning and operations, you are correct again. Continue on to
the next paragraph.

1-3
1102. MAGTF Capabilities

a. MAGTFs embarked. On board Navy amphibious ships, MAGTFs provide decision

makers with the capabilities to successfully employ a specialized unit.
According to FMFRP 2-12, embarked MAGTFs can do the following:

(1) Move forces into crisis areas without revealing their exact
destinations or intentions. (The task force can keep its
destinations and intentions hidden.)

(2) Provide continuous presence in international waters.

(3) Place America's "sword in the sheath" just over the horizon of a
potential adversary. The sword is ready to be drawn if necessary.
(The forces are outside the immediate view of the enemy but are
ready to go into action if necessary.)

(4) Allow the opportunity for the diplomatic process to reach a peaceful
resolution of a crisis before drawing the sword. (We do not have to
draw the sword until absolutely necessary.)

(5) Project measured degrees of combat power ashore if necessary.

(6) Introduce additional forces sequentially into the theater.

(7) Operate independently of established airfields, basing agreements,

and overflight rights.

(8) Conduct combat operations ashore using inherent combat service

support brought into the area of operations.

(9) Secure staging areas for the introduction of follow-on Army and Air
Force units.

(10) Withdraw rapidly at the conclusion of operations or

remain to help restore stability to the affected area.

b. MAGTF general capabilities. Regardless of size, all MAGTFs can do the

following:

(1) Enter and exit a battle area at night.

(2) Operate under adverse weather conditions.

(3) Operate from over-the-horizon, without electronic emissions, by

surface or air.

(4) Locate and fix the enemy.

(5) Engage, kill, or capture the enemy in a rural or urban setting.

1-4
 (6) Operate in hostile nuclear, biological, and chemical environments.

(7) Plan and commence execution within 6 hours of receipt of the warning
order.

(8) Provide seabase sustainment.

c. MAGTF special capabilities. In addition to the general capabilities

listed above, MAGTFs have the special capabilities to do the following:

(1) Exercise quick reaction.

(2) Marry up rapidly required forces to accomplish missions.

(3) Use intelligence-based operational decision making.

(4) Act as a fleet commander's rapid response forces.

As you have just found out, the MAGTF has many capabilities vital to national
security. The mission of the Marine Corps makes it beneficial to you to be
familiar with all of the general and special capabilities.

Again, it's time to review what you have just learned.

Can an embarked MAGTF stay in international waters and introduce

additional forces sequentially into the theater?

___________________________________________________________

Can MAGTFs, regardless of size, engage and kill enemy and operate in
hostile nuclear, biological, and chemical environments?

___________________________________________________________

If you said yes to both questions, you are correct. They do have such
capabilities. Continue when you're ready.

1103. MAGTF Symbols

In spite of the wide range of organizational possibilities, MAGTFs are always

designated using the MEU, MEF, or SPMAGTF symbols. The exception will be when
we deploy only the ground combat or aviation combat elements. When this
occurs, we don't use MAGTF symbols.

1-5
a. Symbols

(1) The intent of MAGTF-specific symbols is to clearly identify Marine

organizations and units in joint and combined operations as well as
to emphasize the amphibious assault characteristics of the MAGTF and
its ground combat element.

(2) Units that conduct amphibious operations across the beach, including
combat, combat support, and landing support units, have a
included in their unit symbol.

(3) MAGTF command elements and subordinate units in correspondence with

higher or adjacent organizations in joint or combined operations use
the symbols shown in figure 1-2. They're not used within the MAGTF
subordinate elements.

b. Numerical designations for MAGTFs. The odd-numbered numerical

designations represent the MAGTFs of Fleet Marine Force Pacific (FMFPac) while
the even-numbered numerical designations indicate those from Fleet Marine
Force Atlantic (FMFLant). The basic symbols for a MAGTF, GCE, ACE, and CSSE
are shown in figure 1-2.

MAGTF

GROUND COMBAT AVIATION COMBAT

ELEMENTS (GCE) ELEMENTS (ACE)

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

ELEMENTS (CSSE)

Fig 1-2. Basic MAGTF symbols.

1-6
Let's review what you have learned in this paragraph.

Draw a symbol indicating Ground Combat Elements and a symbol for Aviation
Combat Elements.

_____________________________ _________________________

If you drew a figure like this

for Ground Combat Elements and a figure like this

for Aviation Combat Elements, you are correct. You can continue to study the
next objective. If you answered incorrectly on either figure or you really
weren't sure, you may wish to review.

1104. Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)

a. General. The MEU normally consists of a reinforced infantry battalion, a

reinforced helicopter squadron, and a MEU service support group (MSSG). The
MEU deploys forward as the immediately responsive, on-scene, sea-based Marine
component of the fleet commander's amphibious and power projection forces.
The MEU can also deploy on short notice by using a mix of tactical and
strategic airlift for contingencies in support of fleet and combat commanders.
MEUs deploy continuously in the Mediterranean Sea and Pacific Ocean and
periodically in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Caribbean Sea.

The task-organized, trained, and equipped MEUs can conduct a wide variety of
conventional and specialized operations. The MEUs are also excellent in
limited operations. Most importantly, the MEUs can conduct, with a 6-hour
notice, quick reaction to long-range amphibious raids from over-the-horizon
without electronic emissions, during periods of darkness, and under adverse
weather or sea conditions.

For sustained operations ashore, the MEUs may serve as the forward elements of
a MEF.

1-7
b. MEU organization.

(1) The general organization of the MEU is shown in figure 1-3.

+))))))))))),
*MEU COMMAND*(Colonel Commanding)
* ELEMENTS *
.)))))0)))))-
*
+)))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))),
+))))))2)))))), +)))))))2))))))), +)))))))2))))))),
* INFANTRY * *MARINE AIRCRAFT* * MEU SERVICE *
* BATTALION * * SQUADRON * * SUPPORT GROUP *
.)))))))))))))- .)))))))))))))))- .)))))))))))))))-

Consists of a Consists of a Marine Has supplies to

reinforced infantry medium helicopter support the MEU in
battalion. squadron normally combat for 15 days.
reinforced with Consists of
detachments. task-organized
detachments from the
permanent
organizations of the
FSSG.

Fig 1-3. General MEU organization.

(2) The complete organizational makeup of the MEU is shown in figure

1-4.

1-8
 +))))))))))),
*MEU COMMAND*
* ELEMENTS *
.)))))0)))))-
+)))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))),
+))))))2))))))))), +)))))2))))))), +))))))2))))))),
* ACE * * GCE * * MSSG *
*--------------- * *-------------* *------------- *
+)1 REIN HELICOPTER* +)1REIN INFANTRY* +)1 MEU SERVICE *
* * SQUADRON * * * BATTALION * * * SUPPORT GROUP*
* .))))))))))))))))- * .)))))))))))))- * .))))))))))))))-
* * *
* +)))))))))))))))), * +))))))))))))), * +)))))))))))))),
/)1 HMM/HMH/HMLA /), * * INFANTRY /), * * HEADQUARTERS *
* .0)))))))))))))))- * /)1 COMPANY * /), /)1 PLATOON *
* * VMA DETACHMENT * * .0))))))))))))- * * * .))))))))))))))-
* .)))))))))))))))))- * .0)))))))))))))- * * +)))))))))))))),
* +)))))))))))))))), * .)))))))))))))))- * * MOTOR *
* * MARINE AIR * * +))))))))))))), /)1TRANSPORT PLT *
.)1 CONTROL GROUP * /)1 H&S COMPANY * * .))))))))))))))-
* DETACHMENT * * .)))))))))))))- * +)))))))))))))),
.))))))))))))))))- * +))))))))))))), * * LANDING *
* * WEAPONS * /)1 SUPPORT PLT *
/)1 COMPANY * * .))))))))))))))-
* .)))))))))))))- * +)))))))))))))),
* +))))))))))))), * * SUPPLY *
* * ARTILLERY * /)1 PLATOON *
/)1 BATTERY * * .))))))))))))))-
* .)))))))))))))- * +)))))))))))))),
* +))))))))))))), * * MAINTENANCE *
* * ARMORED * /)1 PLATOON *
* * UNIT * * .))))))))))))))-
/)1 (TANK, LAV, * * +)))))))))))))),
* * or both) * * * ENGINEER *
* .)))))))))))))- /)1 SUPPORT PLT *
* +))))))))))))), * .))))))))))))))-
* * COMBAT * * +)))))))))))))),
/)1ENGINEER PLT * * *HEALTH SERVICE*
* .)))))))))))))- /)1 SUPPORT UNIT *
* +))))))))))))), * .))))))))))))))-
/)1 RECON PLT * * +)))))))))))))),
* .)))))))))))))- * *COMMUNICATIONS*
* +))))))))))))), .)1 PLATOON *
* * ANTI-ARMOR * .))))))))))))))-
.)1 SECTION *
.)))))))))))))-

Fig 1-4. Complete MEU organization.

1-9
c. Symbol of a MEU. The universal symbol used to identify a MEU is shown in
figure 1-5.

Fig 1-5. MEU symbol.

d. The MEU-sized MAGTF SOC (special operations capable). The MEU-sized MAGTF
SOC is an enhancement of individual and unit capabilities and skills that the
MAGTF requires to execute its mission. This enhancement results from advanced
training and specialized equipment. These missions, both general purpose
expeditionary missions and special operations tasks, require rapid planning.

Special capability levels vary with the MAGTF's type and size. The minimum
capability would be the one that most often occurs within the forward-deployed
MEU SOC. The maximum capability would most often be resident in the MEF, the
most capable MAGTF. The scope of the operation, particularly in terms of
support, operational reach, and coverage, determines the special operations
capability.

A MEU-sized MAGTF assigned to a maritime special operations mission would have

adequate command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I) support;
operational reach commensurate with the capabilities of assigned aviation
assets to a reinforced medium helicopter squadron; and sufficient assets to
cover one target area (each target area requires one strike unit).

All MAGTFs must be fully capable of executing their general purpose

expeditionary missions along with special operations tasks.

Let's review what you learned.

1-10
 List the three components of a MEU.

1. _____________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________

If your answer is that the MEU consists of a reinforced infantry battalion, a

reinforced helicopter squadron, and a MEU service support group (MSSG), you
are correct.

What is the designated rank of the commanding officer of a MEU?

____________________________________________________________

If you said that the commanding officer of a MEU is a colonel, you are
correct.

Draw a MEU symbol.

If you drew the MEU symbol like this

you are correct. If you answered any of the three challenges incorrectly,
review paragraph 1104 before continuing.

1105. Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

A MEF is the largest and most capable MAGTF (see figure 1-6 on the next page).
It normally consists of one or more Marine Divisions (MarDiv), a Marine
Aircraft Wing (MAW), and a Force Service Support Group (FSSG). However, its
composition is to meet specific mission requirements. The commander of MEF is
either a major general or lieutenant general.

The MEF can normally deploy with supplies for 60 days. It can conduct
amphibious operations and sustain operations ashore.

1-11
 +))))))))))),
* MEF * +))))),
* COMMAND *------->*SRIG *
* ELEMENTS * .)))))-
.)))))0)))))-
(ACE) +)))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))),(CSSE)
+))))))2)))))))), +))))2))), (GCE) +))))))2)))))),
+)1MARINE AIRCRAFT* +)1MARINE * +)1FORCE SERVICE*
* * WING * * *DIVISION* * *SUPPORT GROUP*
* .)))))))))))))))- * .))))))))- * .)))))))))))))-
* +))))))))))))))), * +)))))))),(RLT) * +))))))))))))),
* *MARINE AIRCRAFT/), * *INFANTRY/), * *HEADQUARTERS *
/)1 GROUP * /), /)1REGIMENT* /), /)1AND SERVICE *
* * VMFA/VMFA(AW) * * /), * .0)))))))- * * * * BATTALION *
* .0))))))))))))))- * * * * .0))))))))- * * .)))))))))))))-
* * VMA/VMA (AW) * * * * .))))))))))- * +))))))))))))),
* .0)))))))))))))))- * * * +))))))))), * * MOTOR *
* *HMM/HMH/HMLA * * * *ARTILLERY* /)1 TRANSPORT *
* .0))))))))))))))))- * /)1REGIMENT * * * BATTALION *
* *VMGR/VMAQ * * .)))))))))- * .)))))))))))))-
* *DETACHMENT * * +))))))))), * +))))))))))))),
* .))))))))))))))))))- * * TANK * * * LANDING *
* +))))))))))))))), /)1BATTALION* /)1 SUPPORT *
* * MARINE AIR * * .)))))))))- * * BATTALION *
/)1 CONTROL GROUP * * +))))))))), * .)))))))))))))-
* .)))))))))))))))- * * LAI * * +))))))))))))),
* +))))))))))))))), /)1BATTALION* * * SUPPLY *
* * MARINE WING * * .)))))))))- /)1 BATTALION *
/)1 SUPPORT GROUP * * +))))))))), * .)))))))))))))-
* .)))))))))))))))- * * AAV * * +))))))))))))),
* +))))))))))))))), /)1BATTALION* * * MAINTENANCE *
* * MARINE WING * * .)))))))))- /)1 BATTALION *
.)1 HEADQUARTERS * * +))))))))), * .)))))))))))))-
* SQUADRON * * *COMBAT * * +))))))))))))),
.)))))))))))))))- /)1ENGINEER * * * ENGINEER *
* *BATTALION* /)1 SUPPORT *
* .)))))))))- * * BATTALION *
* +))))))))), * .)))))))))))))-
* * RECON * * +))))))))))))),
/)1BATTALION* * * MEDICAL *
* .)))))))))- /)1 BATTALION *
* +))))))))), * .)))))))))))))-
* * HDQTRS * * +))))))))))))),
.)1BATTALION* .)1 DENTAL *
.)))))))))- * BATTALION *
.)))))))))))))-

Fig 1-6. Complete MEF organization.

1-12
Let's review what you have learned so far.

Identify the element of the MAGTF that each symbol below represents. Write
your responses in the spaces provided.

a. _______________ b. ______________

c. ________________

The correct answers are the following:

a. GCE

b. ACE

c. CSSE

1-13
Table 1-2 gives you the elements of the MEF, its purpose, and the composition
of each element to support the MEF commander.

Table 1-2. MEF Organization

+)))))))))0))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ELEMENTS* PURPOSES * COMPOSITION *
/)))))))))3))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* CE * Enables the MAGTF*Includes the SRIG. The SRIG *
* * commander to *includes the following: *
* * control the MEF. * *
* * *Air/naval gunfire liaison company *
* * *(ANGLICO), comm battalion; force *
* * *recon company, radio battalion, *
* * *remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) *
* * *company; and intelligence company.*
/)))))))))3))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* GCE *Conducts ground *Consists of one or more MarDivs *
* *operations. *that can include: regimental *
* * *landing teams, artillery regiment,*
* * *tank battalion, light armor in- *
* * *fantry (LAI) battalion, assault *
* * *amphibian battalion, combat engi- *
* * *neer battalion, and reconnaissance*
* * *battalion. *
/)))))))))3))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* ACE *Provides aviation *Exists for accomplishing the *
* *support to GCE and*specific mission. Conducts the *
* *CSSE. *full range of Marine air opera- *
* * *tions. The ACE includes rotary/ *
* * *fixed-wing Marine aircraft group *
* * *(MAG), Marine air control group *
* * *(MACG), Marine wing support group *
* * *(MWSG), aerial refueler transport *
* * *assets, tactical electronic *
* * *warfare (EW) detachment, and *
* * *tactical recon assets. *
/)))))))))3))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* CSSE *Exists for *Includes headquarters and service *
* *providing the *maintenance, supply, motor *
* *full range of *transport, landing support, *
* *combat service *medical and dental battalions and *
* *support capabili- *the electronic support branch. *
* *ties to the MEF * *
* *for 60 days. * *
.)))))))))2))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

1-14
Again, take a minute to review what you have learned.

What aviation unit is responsible for providing support to the MEF?

_____________________________________________________________

The aviation unit providing support to the MEF is a Marine Air Wing (MAW).

What unit will provide the combat service support to the MEF?

_____________________________________________________________

The unit providing combat service support to the MEF is the FSSG.

If you answered both of these questions correctly, you may continue. If you
did not answer correctly, go back and review the material in paragraph 1105.

The normal operating areas of the three MEFs are as follows:

a. I MEF. I MEF's base is at Camp Pendleton and is a swing

MEF. The I MEF provides forces for commitment either westward into the
Pacific or for reinforcement of NATO's southern flank.

b. II MEF. In the Atlantic, II MEF's headquarters is at Camp Lejeune. II

MEF is responsible for the European theater, the west coast of Africa, and the
coastline of South America. There are occasional exceptions.

c. III MEF. In the Pacific, III MEF's headquarters is at Okinawa; it extends

eastward to Kaneohe Bay, HI.

The universal symbol for a MEF is in figure 1-7 on the next page.

1-15
 Fig 1-7. MEF symbol.

All MAGTF units will have either an even- or odd-numbered Roman numeral.

It's time again for a review.

What does a MEF usually consists of?

___________________________________________________________

If you said that a MEF usually consists of one or more Marine divisions
(MarDiv), a Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), and a Force Service Support Group
(FSSG), you are correct.

How long can the MEF deploy with organic supplies?

___________________________________________________________

You are right if you said a MEF can normally deploy with supplies for 60 days.

What should be the rank of the MEF commanding officer?

___________________________________________________________

If you said a MEF commander is either a major general or a lieutenant general,

you are correct again.

Remember the MEF is the largest and most capable MAGTF. It can conduct
amphibious operations and sustain operations ashore.
(Examine figure 1-6 carefully.)

1-16
If you answered correctly, you can continue to study the next objective. If
you didn't, you should review paragraph 1105.

1106. Amphibious Task Force Designators

We use a standard numerical designation system for identifying all forces

within the amphibious task force. NTP-4 gives detailed instructions on the
use of amphibious task force designators.

Each operational fleet within the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets will receive
numerical designation such as 3rd Fleet, 7th Fleet, etc. Pacific fleets will
have odd numbers, while Atlantic Fleets (this applies to the first digit only)
will have even numbers.

Each operational fleet may include ten subdivided operational task forces; TF
30 through 39 for example. TF 36 may be the amphibious force of the fleet and
TF 39 may be the FMF under the operational control of the fleet commander.

Each task force may have as many as ten task groups; TG 30.0 through 30.9.
Each task group may have as many as ten task units; TU 30.6.0 through 30.6.9.

Each task unit may have as many as ten task elements; TE 30.6.3.0 through
30.6.3.9.

Amphibious task force designators receive the assignment in the initiating

directive that comes from higher headquarters. This directive establishes an
amphibious readiness group. Various components of the MAGTF receive landing
force numerical designations. For example, a landing force under operational
control of the Commander, 3rd Fleet could have numerical designators as
follows:

CLF CTF 39

Landing Force TF 39

Landing Force HQ TF 39.0

GCE TF 39.1

ACE TF 39.2

CSSE TF 39.3

1-17
A breakdown of the Ground Combat Element (GCE) task group into task units and
task elements follows:

Marine Division TG 39.1

Division HQ TU 39.1.0

RLT TU 39.1.1

RLT HQ TE 39.1.1.0

1st Bn TE 39.1.1.1

2nd Bn TE 39.1.1.2

3rd Bn TE 39.1.1.3

Take a minute to review this paragraph.

How is an amphibious task force designated?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

If you said that a standard numerical designation system is used to identify

all forces within the amphibious task force, you are correct.

How are the amphibious task force designators assigned?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

If you recalled that each operational fleet within the Atlantic and Pacific
receives a numerical designation, such as the 3rd Fleet, 7th Fleet, etc., you
are correct. You should also know that Pacific fleets will have odd numbers,
while Atlantic Fleets have even numbers. (This applies only to the first
digit.)

1-18
 How does an amphibious task force receive its assignments?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

If you said that the amphibious task force receives its assignments in the
initiating directive that comes from higher headquarters and that the
initiating directive establishes an amphibious readiness group, you are
correct again. You may continue.

1107. Special Purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF)

The special purpose forces are small MAGTFs. Their purpose is to accomplish
missions that are not appropriate for the MEU and MEF. These forces are
organized, trained, and equipped to conduct a wide variety of operations.
Special purpose forces can include the following:

• Mobile training teams

• Security assistance operations

• Small independent action forces

These forces can deploy by a variety of means including amphibious or

commercial ships, tactical or strategic airlift, or organic Marine Corps
aviation.

Special purpose forces normally consist of specially trained Marines who can
accomplish missions of insertion/extraction and can conduct raids and strike
operations during day or night.

Special purpose forces possess extensive surveillance and reconnaissance

capabilities. These can include unmanned aerial vehicles, radio recon teams,
and counterintelligence assets.

Can you recall the four main elements of the MAGTF?

1. ____________________ 3. ____________________

2. ____________________ 4. ____________________

If you said the CE, GCE, ACE, and CSSE, you are absolutely right!

1-19
 What is the make-up of special purpose forces?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

If you said that special purpose forces include mobile training teams,
security assistance operations, and small independent action forces, you are
correct.

What is the purpose of a special purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF)?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

If you said that the purpose of a special purpose MAGTF is to accomplish some
short-term missions that are not appropriate for the MEU and MEF to carry out,
you are correct again.

Lesson Summary. During this lesson, we discussed the organization of the

MAGTF. You learned that the MAGTF is made up of four main elements, CE, GCE,
ACE, and CSSE. You also learned the purpose of each. We identified the
capabilities of the MAGTF while embarked aboard ship. We covered each of the
combat elements of the MAGTF including symbols and composition of the MEF and
MEU. We also mentioned the amphibious task force designators. Finally, we
discussed the characteristics and missions of special purpose forces.

In Lesson 2, we will get into a discussion of the functions of

MAGTF/AMPHIBIOUS command and control agencies, FMF/MAGTF radio nets,
communications support for MAGTF units, and communications responsibilities
for operational units.

1-20
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 14 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this
study unit.

1. What are the four elements of a MAGTF?

a. RLT, BLT, MSSG, ACE

b. FSSG, MEU, DIV, MEF
c. CE, GCE, ACE, CSSE
d. GCE, RLT, MAG, ACE

2. Of the eight general capabilities included in all MAGTFs, list four

capabilities of a MAGTF regardless of its size.

a. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

1-21
 Matching: For items 3 through 6, match each MAGTF symbol in column 1
with its appropriate MAGTF organization in column 2. Place your answers
in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Symbol MAGTF

___ 3.

a. MAGTF
b. GCE
c. ACE
d. CSSE

___ 4.

___ 5.

___ 6.

Matching: For items 7 through 12, match each unit in column 1 with its
appropriate MAGTF organization listed in column 2. The MAGTF
organizations in column 2 may be used more than once. Place your answers
in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Unit MAGTF Organization

___ 7. Marine Aircraft Wing a. MEF

___ 8. Infantry Battalion b. MEU
___ 9. MSSG
___ 10. Marine Division
___ 11. Composite Aircraft
Squadron
___ 12. FSSG

1-22
 13. Which amphibious task force designators would be used for an
amphibious readiness group in the Pacific fleet?

a. 02 c. 45
b. 39 d. 69

14. Which order assigns task force designators?

_________________________________________________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 2. MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Given the command and control agencies for MAGTF operations,

identify the primary function of each agency.

2. Name the publication that describes the radio nets required to

support a MAGTF operation.

3. Identify communications units that provide support to each MAGTF

unit.

4. Identify unit communications responsibilities.

We have discussed the organizational makeup of a MAGTF but our job as an

operational communications chief/ SNCO will require us to go much deeper
into the subject of the MAGTF. What about all the communications
required to accomplish the assigned mission? We will now begin a
discussion that relates to our area of expertise, MAGTF communications.

The CE, GCE, ACE, and CSSE positively control and coordinate the movement
and activity of units through command and control agencies. The command
and control agencies are the combination of the command and control
equipment, facilities, and personnel who perform specific functions.

1201. Functions of MAGTF/AMPHIBIOUS Command and Control Agencies

a. General. Command and control agencies exist to perform specific tasks to

support the MAGTF commander. The command and control agencies assist the
MAGTF commander in accomplishing the mission.

b. Combat operations center (COC). The COC is the primary control agency of
a MAGTF command element. It consists of selected staff representatives,
required liaison personnel, and communications personnel and equipment.

1-23
(1) Functions of the COC. The organization and mission of the MAGTF
govern the specific functions of any COC. However, all COCs must
contain facilities to do the following:

(a) Receive operational direction and related information from

higher headquarters.

(b) Direct, control, and coordinate subordinate, supporting, and

adjacent units by keeping abreast of the situation. (The COC
does this by issuing necessary operational directives and
supervising operations in the name of the commander.)

(c) Acquire and maintain current information about the status and
operation of the command.

(2) Communications requirements. The mission, organization, and

operations of its parent unit determine the communications needed to
support the functions of a COC. Considerations for COC
communications are speed, reliability, and security. Although the
requirements vary, the established communications for a COC must
have sufficient capacity to transmit and receive necessary
directives and information in the desired form. The COC requires
communications with the following elements:

(a) Senior, subordinate, supporting, supported, and adjacent units

(b) The commander, his staff, control agencies, and other

facilities within the command post

(c) Other units and agencies, as required, to support the

operations of its parent unit

(3) Communications means

(a) The COC may accomplish its communications using a

teletypewriter, facsimile, high-speed data, multichannel radio,
telephone, wire, or messenger.

(b) The COC may use satellite communications (SATCOM) to contact

other MAGTFs. The COC can also use multichannel SHF SATCOM to
connect the MEF to the Defense Communications System. The UHF
SATCOM provides connection to the naval telecommunications
system and to its subordinate units. Single channel UHF SATCOM
can provide connections to any MAGTF COC with higher, lateral,
and subordinate headquarters. UHF SATCOM can also provide
connection for special reconnaissance, intelligence, and raid
force requirements.

1-24
 (c) Tactical computer communications support for the MEF and COC must
have detailed planning. This requires close coordination with the
unit's information systems management organization (ISMO). Many
computers are now available to support Marine Corps units, but the
modems and cryptographic devices capable of linking computers via
electrical means are nonstandard and not always readily available.

We can establish local area networks (LAN) to interconnect

headquarters in addition to point-to-point computer circuits.

c. Landing force operations center (LFOC). The landing force operation

center provides shipboard space and communications for the activities of the
landing force commander. The landing force commander will move ashore at some
point of the operation, followed or preceded by the control elements of his
staff. The LFOC is disestablished after control is phased to the landing
force COC ashore. General LFOC functions are similar to those of COC ashore
discussed in paragraph 1201b.

(1) Functions of LFOC. The LFOC's mission is to control and monitor the
activities of the landing force, especially during the assault
phase.

(2) Communications requirements. The LFOC requires communications with

the following:

(a) Landing force elements ashore

(b) Reconnaissance elements ashore

(c) Subordinate landing force headquarters afloat

(d) Commander Amphibious Task Force flag plot (CATF)

(e) Supporting Arms Coordination Center (SACC)

(f) Tactical Air Command Center (TACC)

(g) Helicopter Direction Center (HDC)

(h) Tactical-Logistics Group (TACLOG)

(i) Joint Intelligence Center (JIC)

(j) Other agencies as required for a specific mission

d. MAGTF supporting arms special staff (SASS). The MAGTF SASS includes the
command element's artillery, air, naval gunfire, and target information
officers and their assistants. The MAGTF SASS is responsible for planning and
coordinating activities that affect the MAGTF as a whole.

1-25
 (1) Functions of the MAGTF SASS. The MAGTF SASS recommends attacking
those enemy units or facilities that can significantly affect the
accomplishment of the MAGTF's mission. The MAGTF SASS consolidates,
adjusts, and forwards supporting arms requirements. In addition,
the MAGTF SASS supports and advises the MAGTF commander if there are
conflicts among elements of the MAGTF.

(2) Communications requirements. The SASS communications requirements

include communications means such as voice, teletypewriter,
facsimile, high-speed data, telephone, wire, and messenger.
Examples of the single channel radio circuits meeting the
requirements of SASS follow:

(a) Landing force artillery command/fire direction

(b) Landing force naval gunfire support

(c) Naval gunfire control

(d) Landing force fire support coordination

e. Supporting arms coordination center (SACC). The supporting arms

coordination center is the agency afloat through which the CATF exercises
overall coordination of supporting fires within the amphibious objective area
(AOA). The SACC exists on the flagship and consists of a supporting arms
coordinator, naval gunfire section, air support section, and a target
information section. Personnel from the GCE FSCC and MAGTF SASS stay in the
SACC until responsibility for coordination of supporting arms is passed
ashore.

(1) Functions of SACC. To achieve overall coordination of fires in

support of naval operations and the landing force scheme of maneuver
ashore, the SACC must possess facilities to provide the CATF with
information. The information specifies the requirements and
developments affecting coordination of fire delivery by naval
gunfire units, support aircraft, and artillery units. The SACC does
the following:

(a) Coordinates fire support requests received from the landing

force

(b) Displays the current fire support information

(c) Directs the execution of fire support coordination measures and

promulgates instructions concerning troop safety

(d) Prepares and supervises the execution of naval gunfire plans

1-26
 (e) Coordinates air support operations with appropriate amphibious
task force and landing force air control agencies

(f) Maintains a record of targets in the objective area

(g) Monitors appropriate fire support activities in the AOA until

the commander and landing force receive the responsibility for
the coordination of fires

(2) Communications requirements. The communications required to support

SACC operations depends on its general requirements as an afloat
control agency and the specific requirements of its individual
sections. The requirements include the following:

(a) The naval gunfire section requires communications with naval

gunfire representatives in the landing force FSCCs, naval
gunfire support ships, and other organizations and agencies
concerned with naval gunfire coordination, when specified.

(b) The air support section requires communications with the TACC,
tactical air direction center (TADC), direct air support center
(DASC), HDC, air representatives in the landing force FSCCs,
support aircraft, forward air controllers, tactical air
observers, tactical air controller (airborne), and other
organizations and agencies concerned with air support
operations, when specified. As control may be shifted ashore
in phases, communications to agencies such as the forward air
controller may depend on the status of shifting responsibility
for fire support coordination ashore.

(c) The target information center requires communications to

receive and disseminate target intelligence. The center does
this using normal fire support communications within the SACC.

f. Fire support coordination center (FSCC). The fire support coordination

center is the agency that coordinates the unit's plan for fire support. The
staff of each FSCC has representatives of the various supporting arms who are
special staff officers under the cognizance of the G-3/S-3. To be effective,
the FSCC must have good communications, accurate and timely target data,
current operational or tactical information, and adequate commander's
guidance.

(1) Functions of FSCC. The functions of the FSCC are to advise and
inform the commander and the G-3/S-3 on fire support matters; they
include fire planning, clearance of fires, monitoring fire support
radio nets, recommending and implementing fire support coordination
measures, coordinating engagement of air and surface targets, and
targeting. In short, the FSCC plans, coordinates, and controls its
unit's available fire support.

1-27
 (2) Communications requirements. The FSCC can meet its communications
requirements with voice, digital communications terminal (DCT),
teletypewriter, facsimile, high-speed data, telephone, wire, and
messenger. Depending on the level of the MAGTF, examples of the
single channel radio circuits for meeting the requirements of the
FSCC include the following:

(a) Artillery command/fire direction

(b) Conduct of fire nets

(c) Fire support coordinator

(d) Artillery air spotters

(e) Tactical air requesters

(f) Naval gunfire support control

(g) Naval gunfire air spotters

(h) Radar beacon

(i) Naval gunfire control

g. Fire direction center (FDC). Fire direction centers provide artillery

commanders with the means to exercise tactical and technical fire direction.
Higher echelons exercise tactical fire direction when assigning missions to
subordinate units or when responding to requests for reinforcing fires from
subordinate or supported units. Technical fire direction is the conversion of
calls for fire into firing data and fire commands. Artillery batteries and
battalions can perform technical fire direction.

The primary function of the FDC is to act as the artillery COC to exercise
tactical and technical fire direction. To accomplish this general function,
the FDC facilities must be able to do the following:

(1) Perform as the COC as related to artillery

(2) Collect and disseminate target intelligence

(3) Prescribe the concentration or distribution of fires

(4) Allot ammunition

(5) Convert fire missions into appropriate fire commands

h. Marine air command and control system (MACCS). Within the MAGTF (MEF),
the agencies in the Marine air command and control system (MACCS) normally
exercise the centralized coordination of aviation and provide control over all
the tactical functions of Marine aviation.

1-28
In addition to providing MAGTF commanders with a way to command their aviation
assets, the agencies of the MACCS also act as their primary point of contact
for coordination with aviation forces external to the MAGTF.

The MACCS contains three primary control agencies:

(1) Tactical Air Control Center (TACC)

(2) Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC)

(3) Direct Air Support Center (DASC)

The TACC is the senior MACCS agency. The agency responsible for the conduct
of air defense operations is the TAOC, while the agency responsible for the
coordination of air support operations is the DASC.

Within the MEU, the ACE is normally a reinforced helicopter squadron. The ACE
normally operates from a seabase and receives primary communications support
from the CATF. If it operates ashore, the MAW provides the air command and
control, air defense, and long-range communications assets.

The MACCS conducts the supervision, coordination, and general control of all
tactical air operations in the MAGTF. The MACCS realizes the communications
requirements through the stated requirements for the TACC, TAOC, and the DASC.

i. Tactical air command center (TACC). The tactical air command center is
the senior Marine air command and control system (MACCS) agency. From it, the
Marine tactical air commander (TAC) can supervise, direct, control, and
coordinate all MAGTF air operations. In amphibious operations, TACC, when
initially activated, will possess a tactical air direction center (TADC) and
perform functions under the commander amphibious task force (CATF) and
tactical air control center (afloat). When the commander of the landing force
(CLF) has the responsibility for air operations in the AOA, the tactical air
direction center (ashore) becomes the tactical air command center (ashore).

The TADC is an air operations facility subordinate to a TACC. It acts to

coordinate and direct all air operations in a specified portion of the
objective area. A TADC performs only those functions normally associated with
the TACC and receives them from the tactical air commander. The essential
difference between the TACC and TADC is "the amount of airspace" for which
each is responsible and the scope of their assigned tasks.

j. Tactical air operations center (TAOC). The TAOC is subordinate to the

TACC. It can detect, identify, and control the intercepts of hostile aircraft
and missiles. It provides navigational assistance to friendly aircraft. TAOC
can also assume the TACC/TADC responsibilities for a limited time.

1-29
k. Direct air support center (DASC). The DASC is at the hub of interaction
between the supported ground unit and the aviation units and agencies
providing the support. It co-locates with the senior FSCC.

(1) Functions of DASC. The DASC directly supports ground forces by

performing the following:

(a) Coordinating and controlling close air support

(b) Coordinating and controlling other direct air operations

(c) Controlling the employment of Low Altitude Air Defense

Battalion (LAAD Bn) units (stingers)

(2) Communications requirements. The DASC requires communications with

the following:

(a) FSCC

(b) TACC/TADC

(c) TAOC

(d) HDC

(e) Tactical Air Control Party (TACP)

(f) Forward Air Controller Airborne (FAC A)

(g) Air Support Radar Teams (ASRT)

(h) Tactical Air Coordinator Airborne (TAC A) and

Helicopter Coordinator Airborne (HC A)

(i) Supporting aircraft

(j) LAAD platoon (when the LAAD platoon commander is located at the
DASC)

(k) Helicopter Support Team (HST)

(l) Other organizations and agencies concerned with direct air

support operations when specified

l. Battery control center (BCC). The battery control center (anti-air)

exists within a missile battery command post. The BCC processes target data
and exercises fire control over organic missile launcher sections. It is a
subordinate agency to the tactical air operations center (TAOC).

(1) Function of BCC. The battery control center detects targets within
its respective zone of responsibility and forwards the target
descriptions to the appropriate senior control agency.

1-30
 (2) Communications requirements. The air defense structure and the
organization of its parent missile battery dictate BCC
communications requirements. A BCC requires communications with the
following:

(a) Battery commander and facilities within battery position

(b) Battery radar sites

(c) Missile launcher sites

(d) Tactical air operations center (TAOC) to which assigned

(e) Early warning and control radar sites

(f) Adjacent BCC/platoon

(g) Other organizations and agencies afloat and ashore concerned

with missile fire control, when specified

m. Helicopter direction center (HDC). The HDC is the primary control agency
for the helicopter transport unit commander. It is located on the helo
transport unit flagship.

(1) Function of HDC. Its mission is to provide the means to direct and
control helicopters during the ship-to-shore movement.

(2) Communications requirements. The communications requirements of an

HDC are subject to the air command and control structure and the
scope of helicopter support in an objective area. An HDC must
communicate with the following personnel or agencies:

(a) Commander of the helicopter transport group and his staff

(b) Helicopterborne units TACLOG

(c) Helicopter logistics support center (HLSC)

(d) TACC (afloat) or TADC (afloat)

(e) DASC

(f) Helicopter transport carriers and helicopter units ashore

(g) Helicopters and escort aircraft

(h) Helicopter Coordinator Airborne (HC A)

(i) TACPs

1-31
 (j) Landing Zone (LZ) control teams

(k) Other organizations and agencies, afloat and ashore, concerned

with helicopter movement and support, when specified

n. Tactical logistics group (TACLOG). The TACLOG is a temporary unit tasked

and organized by the ground combat element of the landing force (LF) to assist
the naval control organization in the ship-to-shore movement of troops,
equipment, and supplies. During the ship-to-shore movement, the Navy control
organizations are responsible for control of both the surface and
helicopterborne assault forces. The TACLOG's task is to parallel the Navy
control organizations during the ship-to-shore movement. TACLOG normally
receives the communications equipment from the control ship and may augment it
by Marine Corps equipment, as required.

(1) Functions of TACLOG. The missions of TACLOG are to advise and

assist the Navy control group during the conduct of the
ship-to-shore movement of both surface and helicopterborne assault
forces.

(2) Communications requirements. Communications requirements of a

TACLOG depend upon the relationships between the naval control
organization and the landing force TACLOGs and the landing force's
landing plan. Generally, a TACLOG requires communications with the
following agencies:

(a) Corresponding naval control agencies on the control ship and

other control agencies such as the HDC and the Helicopter
Logistics Support Center (HLSC)

(b) COC/LFOC of its parent organization

(c) The TACLOG of senior, adjacent, and subordinate organizations

(d) Landing force support party (surface movement)

(e) Helicopter support teams

(f) Other organizations and agencies concerned with the

ship-to-shore movement of troops, equipment, and supplies, when
specified

o. Helicopter logistics support center (HLSC). The HLSC is under the

operational control of the helicopter transport group or unit commander. It
normally exists aboard the helicopter transport group flagship close to the
HDC and the TACLOG.

1-32
 (1) Functions of HLSC. The missions of the HLSC are to closely
coordinate the debarkation of helicopterborne serials in accordance
with the landing plan. The HLSC coordinates deviations from the
landing plan, including the debarkation of on-call and nonscheduled
serials. The HLSC accomplishes this mission via the helicopter
logistics command net in accordance with the expressed priorities by
the troop commander ashore through the TACLOG or supporting Landing
Force Support Party (LFSP)/Helicopter Team (HST).

(2) Communications requirements. A HLSC requires communications with

the following units:

(a) TACLOG

(b) HDC

(c) Helicopter transport carriers

(d) Helicopter transport group unit commanders

(3) Communications nets. Examples of the circuits that may be used to

meet the communications requirements of the HLSC include the
following:

(a) Helicopter command net

(b) HST control

p. Combat service support operation center (CSSOC). The CSSOC is the primary
logistics control agency within the objective area or designated area of
responsibility from which it controls all logistics operations in support of
the MAGTF. The CSSOC closely parallels the organization of the combat service
support section in garrison. It contains an operations section, an emergency
operations center (EOC), a watch section, a plans section, an intelligence
section, an administrative section, and liaison officers from the supported
commands.

(1) Contents of the CSSOC. The CSSOC operations section consists of

representatives from the following logistics agencies:

(a) Engineer support unit

(b) Health service support unit

(c) Maintenance support unit

(d) Supply support unit

(e) Transportation support unit

1-33
 (2) Functions of CSSOC. The CSSOC exercises the overall coordination of
the provision of combat service support requirements from senior,
subordinate, supported, supporting, and adjacent commands. To
achieve overall coordination of logistics in support of MAGTF
operations, the CSSOC must contain facilities to do the following:

(a) Receive all requests for combat service support

(b) Coordinate the provision of combat service support requirements

(c) Prepare and submit reports related to combat service support

(3) Communications requirements. The communications equipment of the

CSSOC depends upon the unique circumstances of the operation and the
directives of the MAGTF headquarters. The CSSOC will normally
require communications with the following:

(a) The commander, his staff, and other agencies existing within
the command post

(b) Subordinate combat service support organizations

(c) Supported organizations and commands

q. Signals intelligence/electronic warfare coordination center (S/EWCC). The

S/EWCC is a staff agency that exists only at the MEF command element. It
facilitates coordination among the G-2, G-3, and CEO with respect to their
staff responsibilities in the areas of signal intelligence (SIGINT),
electronic warfare (EW), and command element operations. Since the S/EWCC
must have access to special intelligence (SI) and must operate in an
authorized facility for the storage and handling of sensitive compartmented
information (SCI), the G-2 is responsible for its establishment and operation.

(1) Functions of S/EWCC. The S/EWCC coordinates the MAGTF signals

intelligence and electronic warfare with communications-electronics
efforts to identify potential conflicts. The S/EWCC provides the
forum for resolution of conflicts and recommends improvements in
plans and orders to ensure compatibility.

When the S/EWCC cannot resolve conflicts, it will become the primary
affected staff officer's responsibility to resolve them through the
normal staff action. The S/EWCC must also contain facilities to

(a) Advise the MAGTF commander on all aspects of SIGINT/EW

1-34
 (b) Prepare SIGINT/EW plans and orders and supervise the execution
of these plans and orders in coordination with the MAGTF
operations officer to ensure optimum productivity during all
phases of tactical operations

(c) Coordinate the receipt and recording of SIGINT/EW information

from senior, subordinate, and adjacent units and also prepare,
direct, and supervise the preparation of periodic reports in
accordance with the received information for appropriate
dissemination

(d) Coordinate with and assist the MAGTF G-3 and CEO in planning
for emission control and preparing plans and orders involving
signal security

(2) Communications requirements. The organization and mission of the

MAGTF govern the communications requirements of the S/EWCC and the
scope of SIGINT/EW activities within the objective area. The S/EWCC
normally requires communications with the following:

(a) The commander and his staff, the COC, special security
communications center, and other agencies and facilities
existing in the command post

(b) SIGINT/EW organizations, units or elements at senior,

subordinate, and adjacent headquarters

(c) Other specified organizations and agencies concerned with

SIGINT/EW

(3) Communications support. The support SI organizations provide the

necessary terminal equipment to support the SCI requirements of the
S/EWCC. Organic support for the S/EWCC includes telephone, circuit
paths for unique SCI requirements, and frequency coordination. It
may also include the requirement for secure direct circuits.
Detailed coordination on communications security (COMSEC) material
is mandatory.

r. Joint intelligence center (JIC). The JIC is a single agency that supports
the intelligence requirements of both the Commander Landing Forces (CLF) and
Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF). The establishment of the JIC is both
a CATF and CLF decision, co-equal in responsibility. The JIC is usually
aboard the CATF's flagship and has a staff of ground, air, and naval
intelligence personnel.

(1) Communications requirements. Intelligence resources available to

the JIC include national assets, available joint and combined
assets, and internal force assets already deployed in advance of
assault operations. The CATF is responsible for providing the
communications means to gather intelligence information as it is
collected. These shipboard assets include the following:

1-35
 (a) Tactical intelligence subsystem entry for Sensitive
Compartmented Information (SCI)

(b) Naval Telecommunications System (NTS) entry for general service

record traffic information

(c) Entry into allied communications record traffic systems

(d) Single channel secure radio

(2) Communications nets. Examples of the circuits the JIC may use to
meet the communications requirements include the following:

(a) MAGTF intelligence net

(b) MAGTF reconnaissance net

Let's review what you have learned.

a. Which control agency directs, controls, and coordinates the

subordinate, supporting, and adjacent units?

_____________________________________________________

b. Which control agency controls and monitors the activities of the

landing force, especially during the assault phase?

_____________________________________________________

c. Which control agency advises and informs the commander and the
G-3/S-3 on fire support matters?

_____________________________________________________

d. Which control agency acts as the artillery COC to exercise

tactical and technical fire direction?

_____________________________________________________

e. Which control agency contains the three subagencies TACC, TAOC,

and DASC?

_____________________________________________________

f. Which control agency controls all logistics operations in

support of the MAGTF?

_____________________________________________________

1-36
If your answers for the questions were: a. COC, b. LFOC,
c. FSCC, d. FDC, e. MACCS, and f. CSSOC, you are correct. If you knew these
answers, you can go on to study the next objective. If not, you may want to
review paragraph 1201.

1202. FMF/MAGTF Radio Nets

MAGTF nets exist for supporting the communications requirements of a MAGTF

during combat operations. It is apparent that the size of the MAGTF will
influence which nets to establish. FMFM 3-30, Communication provides the
basic description of radio nets.

The listing in FMFM 3-30 is a planning guide of radio nets that satisfy the
radio communications requirements of the FMF/MAGTF during amphibious
operations and subsequent operations ashore. You will not use all of the
radio nets listed in FMFM 3-30 in a given operation or exercise. As few as
two or three nets may suffice to meet mission requirements for small
organizations.

All the radio net descriptions contain the following:

• The name or title of the radio net

• Frequency bands

• Purpose

• Composition

A communications supervisor cannot memorize every bit of information relating

to communications. Appendix C of FMFM 3-30 contains 166 different radio nets.
The communications supervisor should make it a point to know where to find the
needed information concerning radio nets.

So far in this lesson we have listed the command and control agencies of a
MAGTF and their functions. We have also discussed how to find the radio nets
that each of the agencies will be using.

Time to review what you learned in this paragraph.

What publication describes the communication nets?

__________________________________________________

If you said FMFM 3-30, Communication, you are correct.

1-37
1203. Communications Support for MAGTF Units

To write an effective communications plan of any kind, you must know the
overall personnel situation. Whom do you have to work with? Are there
attachments and detachments? Will other communications units in your radio
nets have the assets/personnel available to support your plan?

While planning your communications, you will find from time to time that you
will need to know exactly whom it is that you are dealing with at the distant
end of your communications link.
You also may need to know whom it is that you should be supporting or who
should be supporting you.

Check with your S-1/G-1; they should give you access to the T/O (table of
organization). This should give you the number of communications personnel
rated by MOS in each unit. The communications support units that support each
MAGTF unit are in table 1-3.

Table 1-3. Communications Support Units

+))))))))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* MAGTF UNIT * COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT *
G444444444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* MEF * Communications Bn *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Division * Comm Co HQ Bn *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Infantry Bn * Comm Plt H&S Co *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Artillery Regiment * Comm Plt HQ Battery *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* AAV Bn * Comm Section H&S Co *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Tank Bn * Comm Section H&S Co *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Combat Engr Bn * Comm Plt H&S Co *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Artillery Bn * Comm Plt HQ Battery *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* LAI Bn * Comm Plt H&S Co *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Air Wing * MWCS (Marine Wing Comm Squadron) *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* FSSG * Comm Co H&S Bn *
/))))))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Radio Bn * Comm Plt H&S Co *
.))))))))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

1-38
The command elements for all MAGTFs (MEU, MEF) are staffed with both equipment
and personnel by the communications battalions. The FSSG units (Comm Co H&S
Bn, landing support Bn, engineer support Bn, motor transport Bn, and dental
Bn) provide the CSSEs with personnel. The division supports GCEs. Any
SPMAGTF units can get support from a mixture of every unit if necessary.

Let's take time for another review.

What communication units support the infantry Bn, artillery regiment, and
AAV Bn?

___________________________________________________________

If you said the communications units for the infantry Bn, artillery regiment,
and AAV Bn are the comm plt H&S Co, comm plt HQ battery, and comm section H&S
Co respectively, you are correct.

1204. Communications Responsibilities for Operational Units

In military operations, there should be a clear definition for unit

responsibility to efficiently accomplish the mission. Clarification of unit
responsibility for establishing communications enhances command relationships
and interoperability. To facilitate military operation, the following unit
responsibilities for communications are necessary:

• Communications between a senior and subordinate unit is the

responsibility of the senior commander.

• Communications between adjacent units is the responsibility of the

first common senior commander.

• Communications between a supporting and supported unit is the

responsibility of the supporting unit commander.

• Communications between a reinforcing and a reinforced unit is the

responsibility of the reinforcing unit commander.

• Communications between a unit and an attached unit is the

responsibility of the commander of the unit to which the attachment
is made.

• Communications services to units not attached, supporting, or

reinforcing, and without organic communications equipment is the
responsibility of the nearest unit possessing the capability, as
directed by the next common senior commander.

1-39
In employing communications, unit responsibility is often lost in the fog of
war. Therefore, flexibility, common sense, initiative, cooperation, and
mutual assistance should prevail in the application of unit responsibility.
For example, once established between units, wire communications is a mutual
responsibility.

Time again for a review.

a. Who is responsible for communicating between a senior and

subordinate unit?

______________________________________________________

b. Who is responsible for communicating between a supporting and

supported unit?

______________________________________________________

c. Who is responsible for communicating between a reinforcing and

reinforced unit?

______________________________________________________

If you said the persons responsible for communications are a. the senior
commander, b. the supporting unit commander, and c. the reinforcing unit
commander, you are correct. You have finished this lesson. If you are ready,
tackle the lesson exercise. If you need to, take time for a review.

Lesson Summary. This lesson has covered the command and control agencies for
MAGTF operations, the function of each of those agencies, as well as the
publication that describes the radio nets they will use. This lesson also
included the communications unit that supports each MAGTF unit. Finally, we
discussed the identification of unit responsibilities regarding
communications.

In Lesson 3, you will learn about amphibious operations, communications

responsibilities of each commander, communications requirements for each phase
of an amphibious operation, the structure of joint/combined operations, and
publications used for joint/combined operations.

1-40
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 19 by performing the actions required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this
study unit.

1. Which control agency affects overall coordination of fires in

support of naval operations and the landing
force scheme of maneuvers ashore?

_____________________________________________________

2. Which agency controls and monitors the activities of the landing

force, especially during the assault phase?

_____________________________________________________

3. What agency plans, coordinates, and controls its units' available

fire support?

_____________________________________________________

4. The agency that detects, identifies, and controls the intercepts of

hostile aircraft and missiles and provides navigational assistance
to friendly aircraft is the

_____________________________________________________.

5. The command and control agency that advises and assists the Navy
control group during the conduct of the ship-to-shore movement of
both helicopter and assault forces is the ____________________.

6. Which agency acts as the COC for matters related to combat service
support?

_____________________________________________________

7. The agency that directly supports ground forces by coordinating and

controlling close air support and other direct air operations and
stingers is the

_____________________________________________________.

8. Name the publication that describes the radio nets required to

support a MAGTF operation.

_____________________________________________________

1-41
 Matching: For items 9 through 14, match the MAGTF unit in column 1 with
the comm unit that supports it in column 2. Place your response in the
space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

MAGTF Unit Comm Unit

___ 9. Division HQ a. Comm Bn

___ 10. AAV Bn b. Comm Co HQ Bn
___ 11. MEF HQ c. Comm Section H&S Co
___ 12. Artillery Bn d. Comm Plt HQ Battery
___ 13. Tank Bn e. MWCS
___ 14. Air Wing

Identify unit responsibilities by writing the responsible unit in the

space provided.

15. Who is responsible for communications between adjacent units?

_____________________________________________________

16. Who is responsible for communications between a unit and its

attached unit?

_____________________________________________________

17. Who is responsible for communications between a reinforcing and a

reinforced unit?

_____________________________________________________

18. Who is responsible for communications between a senior and

subordinate unit?

_____________________________________________________

19. Who is responsible for communications between a supporting and a

supported unit?

_____________________________________________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 3. AMPHIBIOUS/JOINT AND COMBINED COMMAND AND CONTROL

History is replete with examples of amphibious operations. The most

renowned is probably the Normandy invasion of World War II in which the
Allied Forces established a foothold on the continent of Europe to open a
second front. Normandy was a joint and combined amphibious operation.

1-42
 A second well-known example is the seizure of the island of Iwo Jima to
deny it and its airfields to the enemy and to provide advanced air bases
and emergency airfields for aircraft on long-range bombing missions
against Japan. This was a joint Navy and Marine Corps operation.
Without the efforts of key individuals and without communications
systems, these operations would have failed with tragic results.

This lesson will highlight the command and control responsibilities of

the commanders, amphibious task force (CATF), and landing force (CLF)
during amphibious/joint and combined operations. We will also discuss
the structure of joint and combined operations. These operations seem to
be the way of the future for us. In this lesson, you will learn about
some important publications and references that you can use for further
research on this subject.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. State, in writing, the definition of an amphibious operation.

2. Identify the communications responsibilities for the commander,

amphibious task force (CATF), and the commander, landing force
(CLF).

3. Identify the communications requirement for each phase of an

amphibious operation.

4. Identify the structure of joint/combined operations.

5. Identify the publications used for joint/combined operations.

1301. Amphibious Operation Definition

An amphibious operation is the most difficult type of military operation to

plan. What is an amphibious operation exactly?
An amphibious operation is an attack launched from the sea by naval and
landing forces embarked in ships. It involves a landing on a hostile shore.
It normally requires extensive air participation and represents a closely
integrated effort of trained, organized, and equipped forces for different
combat functions. Amphibious forces establish a landing force on a hostile
shore to do the following:

• Carry out or promote further combat operations

• Obtain a site for an advance naval or air base

• Deny the use of an area or facilities to the enemy

1-43
The amphibious operation is a complete operation within itself. As an entity,
an amphibious operation includes planning, embarkation, rehearsals, movement
to the objective area, assault, capture, and holding of the objective until
termination of the amphibious operation. An amphibious operation may include
or take place together with airborne operations; it does not include
marshalling of forces.

The commander needs an effective and efficient communications system to direct

and control the operations of his command. The performance of any
communications system depends on the quality of planning and the preparation
of plans and orders.

Normally, the commander assigns the responsibility for detailed preparation of

communications plans, orders, directives, records, and reports to the
communications officer. But in reality, do you think the communications
officer is going to do all the work? Not likely. That is why he has you, a
capable staff noncommissioned officer or a communications chief, perform
duties for him.

The communications officer will task you, the communications chief, for input
and you will rely on your section chiefs to complete the task. Therefore, you
and your SNCOs must be thoroughly familiar with the format, content, and
techniques for the preparation of those plans, orders, directives, records,
and reports.

Well, it's time again to review what you learned in this paragraph.

What is the definition of an amphibious operation?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

If you said that the amphibious operation is an attack launched from the sea
by naval and landing forces embarked in ships involving a landing on a hostile
shore, you are absolutely correct.

1302. Communications Planning Responsibilities

An amphibious operation requires a reliable, secure, rapid, and flexible

system of communications. However, superimposed on the normal communications
system of all forces are the additional requirements for command of the
amphibious task force as a whole, for the several special forms of control
exercised, and for the lateral communications between all elements of the
force in the execution of common or coordinated functions. These additional
requirements follow:

1-44
a. Communications planning. Communications planning begins at the same time
general planning is initiated. You must translate the operational
requirements of the communications system into specific technical requirements
to support the tactical and logistical plans. Communications planning
representatives of each echelon must know all the details of operational
planning.

b. Initial requirements. In planning the communications system, the landing

force commander establishes communications liaison with the amphibious task
force (ATF) to determine the requirements on the LF communications. He
maintains close liaison with his subordinate commanders to ensure that they
receive the necessary planning guidance and communications means to accomplish
the assigned mission. If the commander cannot meet the requests of his
subordinates and additional communications support is necessary, the CLF takes
appropriate action to ensure meeting these requirements.

c. Commander, amphibious task force. The commander, amphibious task force

(CATF) is responsible for the following activities:

(1) Determining the communications requirements of Naval forces,

including the established requirements of ships to the ATF by the
Military Sealift Command (MSC), reviewing and approving
communications requirements of the LF and other forces, and
consolidating the communications requirements for the ATF as a whole

(2) Acquiring and assigning the necessary technical facilities to

subordinate elements of the force

(3) Determining the priorities and allocation of shipboard

communications facilities to each participating force

Note: Certain radio equipment and operating spaces are installed and
available aboard amphibious ships for the embarked troops.

(4) Determining, consolidating, and coordinating the electronic warfare

(EW) requirements of all participating forces

(5) Establishing the provisions to ensure the adequate communications

for the Naval elements of the ATF during the planning phase

(6) Preparing the instructions in support of prescribed cover and

deception plans for the operation

(7) Announcing the requirements for establishing liaison between all

commands of the participating forces for communications planning

(8) Preparing and promulgating a complete and coordinated plan for the
employment of communications during the operation

1-45
d. Commander, landing force. The commander, landing force (CLF), is
responsible for the following actions:

(1) Establishing provisions for adequate LF communications during the

planning phase

(2) Determining requirements for communications facilities controlled by

higher headquarters and submitting these requirements to the CATF

(3) Preparing requests for the allocation of shipboard communications

services or facilities for use of landing force units while embarked

(4) Developing a landing force EW plan and stating the requirements for
EW support to the CATF

(5) Maintaining liaison with the CATF and subordinate LF units in all
communications planning matters

(6) Developing and promulgating a complete and coordinated

communications plan for the landing force and submitting this plan
to the CATF for review, coordination, approval, and inclusion in the
ATF communications plan as appropriate

It's time to review what you learned in this paragraph.

a. Who is responsible for determining the communication requirements of

Navy forces and establishing the priorities and allocation of shipboard
communication facilities to each participating force?

_______________________________________________________

b. Who is responsible for establishing provisions for adequate LF

communication during the planning phase and maintaining liaison with the
CATF and subordinate CLF units in all communication planning matters?

_______________________________________________________

If you said the answer for a. is the CATF and the answer for b. is the CLF,
you are correct.

1-46
1303. Communications Requirements for the Five Phases
of Amphibious Operations

The amphibious assault follows a well-defined pattern. It includes a sequence

of events or activities that occur, although to a lesser degree, in other
types of amphibious operations. The acronym PERMA is commonly used to
describe the five phases of an amphibious assault.

• Planning

• Embarkation

• Rehearsal

• Movement to the objective

• Assault and capture of the objective

Planning occurs throughout the entire operation but is normally dominant in

the period before embarkation. The planning period extends from the issuance
of the initiating directive to embarkation.

Although planning does not cease with the termination of the planning phase,
it is useful to distinguish between the planning phase and subsequent phases.
During the planning phase, the CATF, CLF, and other designated commanders in
the initiating directive are on equal levels of command.

a. Communications during the planning phase

(1) Communications requirements. The basic requirement for

communications during the planning phase is to provide the staffs
with a system of fast, reliable, and secure communications. The
communications section constantly maintains contacts between staffs
throughout the planning phase. Since preparations for embarkation
will be taking place during the planning phase, Marines must avoid
the use of tactical equipment from the landing force.

(2) Coordination responsibilities. The Assistant Chief of Staff (A/CS

G-6) is responsible for drafting the landing force communications
plan. Throughout planning, coordination must be effective with the
general and special staff of the command, and communications
counterparts in senior, subordinate, and parallel commands to ensure
that all communications requirements of the landing force are met.

(a) Personnel. The A/CS G-6 coordinates with A/CS G-1 concerning
equitable distribution of all communications personnel assets
to meet and project personnel requirements during the
operation.

1-47
 (b) Intelligence. The A/CS G-6 obtains the following information
from A/CS G-2:
1. Climatic characteristics of the objective area
2. Terrain analysis information as it might affect
communications
3. Enemy electronics warfare capability, enemy
communications-electronics installations, and the types of
communications equipment the enemy is using

The A/CS G-6 consults A/CS G-2 concerning communications

requirements to support the intelligence effort.

(c) Operations. The A/CS G-6 obtains the task organization, scheme
of maneuver, rates of advance, unit locations, use of
electronic warfare, and other facets of the operation plan that
affect the communications plan from the A/CS G-3.

(d) Logistics. The A/CS G-6 determines the initial allowance of

resupply of equipment, spare parts, the location of logistic
support installations, and any special requirements for
communications to support the logistics effort.

(e) Supporting arms. The A/CS G-6 plans the assignment of

callsigns and frequencies, special codes, additional personnel
requirements, special equipment, and technical communications
instructions to the supporting arms coordination center (SACC).

(f) Embarkation. The A/CS G-6 identifies communications

requirements for embarkation control and movement to the
embarkation point by coordinating with the Embarkation
Officer/SNCO. The A/CS G-6 will prioritize the loading plan
for communications equipment. His prioritization will ensure
that necessary equipment is accessible. Special arrangements
and coordination will be necessary to stow cryptographic and
classified materials.

b. Communications during the embarkation phase. The CLF must provide

communications plans for adequate communications between naval elements and
the embarked forces. He will normally be responsible for planning, providing,
or obtaining communications in the embarkation area by using permanent
facilities, both military and commercial, rather than using tactical
equipment. When tactical means are necessary, the CLF will arrange with
organizations that are not involved in the amphibious operation to provide
such tactical means for embarkation and shore communications. The CLF will
specifically consider the following events:

1-48
(1) Ship-to-shore radio circuits for the control of loading ships

Note: This responsibility remains with the CATF.

(2) Communications to control convoys moving to the embarkation area

(3) Communications between the embarkation area and the parent base
station

(4) Communications support of movement control centers

(5) Repair and maintenance

(a) The communications officer of the unit to be embarked is

responsible for ensuring that the troop's portion of shipboard
communications equipment is made available for testing,
calibration, and tagging before embarkation.

(b) The ship's commanding officer is responsible for the

maintenance and upkeep of permanently installed troop
communications equipment. The troop communications officer is
responsible for maintenance of the embarked unit's organic
equipment.

(c) The CLF assigns the Marine communications personnel to the

ship's system control center or communications center for duty.
Such assignments help prevent problems caused by the Navy's
lack of understanding of Marine staff structure and embarked
units. It also protects and ensures the best interests of the
embarked Marines.

(6) Special considerations and requirements. Establishing early liaison

between port authorities, the Naval element, the landing force, and
appropriate civilian or governmental agencies is necessary to
determine requirements and coordinate the installation of
communications in support of the embarkation phase. The CLF must
ensure the following:

(a) Communications within the base assembly area through

coordination with the agency(ies) providing communications
support is established

(b) Convoy control communications to facilitate the movement of

personnel and equipment from the base assembly area to the
point of embarkation is established

(c) Communications between the parent base/station and embarkation

area, either through the establishment of a secure radio net or
a secure teletype circuit

1-49
 Note: Ideally, the CLF can pass and discuss the routine or unclassified
matters over already existing commercial telephone lines.

(d) Communications within the embarkation area is established by

the following:

1. An external radio net between strategic points

2. A temporary field wire/telephone system

c. Communications during the rehearsal phase. Plans must include a full

scale rehearsal for all elements of the task force to test communications
systems, equipment, and techniques to identify difficulties and potential
problem areas before the actual landing.

For this reason, it is necessary to test all Naval shipboard single channel
radio, multichannel radio, teletype, and landing force vehicular, van,
manpacked and handheld radio equipment that the Marines will use on D-Day. It
is also highly desirable that sufficient time be available between rehearsal
and D-Day to permit repair of equipment and modification of operating
instructions as necessary.

The rehearsal phase accomplishes the following:

(1) Tests the adequacy of plans, the timing of detailed operations, and
the combat readiness of participating forces

(2) Ensures that all echelons are familiar with plans

(3) Tests the communications system

Check communications plans as they apply to the following:

(1) Time consumed in activation of radio nets upon lifting of radio

silence

(2) Problems encountered in maintaining communications during

ship-to-shore movement

(3) Speed in displacing communications ashore

(4) Net and circuit congestion

(5) Frequency interference

(6) Message center operation, message flow, and message control

(7) Time difference between calls for communications equipment and

supplies and their arrival on the beach

1-50
 (8) Proper use of operation codes, numerical codes, and authentication
systems

(9) Transmission security

(10) Overall effectiveness of the plan

d. Communications during the movement to the objective phase. The movement

to the objective phase is the period during which various components of the
amphibious task force move from the points of embarkation to the amphibious
objective area (AOA).

(1) Responsibilities for external communications. The CATF is

responsible for providing all external communications, including
entry into the Naval Telecommunications System, if appropriate, and
the communications between ships of the task force.

However, the use of communications means, particularly radio, is

normally severely restricted to prevent disclosure to the enemy of
locations, movements, and intentions of the task force.
Accordingly, the CATF will prescribe various emission control
(EMCON) conditions in effect during the movement to the AOA.

(2) Communications means. Communications within and between the various

groups of the task force are provided by helicopter messengers,
visual means, or line of sight radio in consonance with the degree
of EMCON in effect. Scheduled radio broadcasts normally receive
messages from external sources to the amphibious task force or its
elements.

e. Communications during the assault phase. The assault phase covers the
period between the arrival of the major assault forces of the amphibious task
force in the objective area and the accomplishment of the amphibious task
force mission. During the assault phase, landing force elements rely
primarily on radio communications as the way to exercise control and
coordination over the assigned forces. During the initial phases of the
assault, when the MAGTF command element and the command elements of the major
subordinate commands of the landing force are afloat, landing force circuits
are provided by facilities specially designated in amphibious shipping by the
CATF. Using these facilities allows the landing force elements to have their
complete allowance of tactical communications equipment for the movement
ashore. If sufficient shipboard equipment is not available, the ship's
commanding officer will receive a request for deck mounting.

(1) Control of supporting arms. The CATF is responsible initially for

exercising overall control and coordination of delivered fire by
naval gunfire ships, supporting aircraft, and landing force
artillery units when establishing ashore.

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 The CATF carries out his responsibility through the SACC or TACC
which relies primarily on radio communications.

When the landing force establishes adequate command, control, and

communications facilities ashore, the responsibility for the overall
control and coordination of supporting arms is transferred from the
CATF to the CLF. Before the transfer, however, it is essential
that communications exists between the SACC and the FSCC and DASC
ashore. Additionally, the TACC, FSCC, and DASC must have
established communications with all appropriate supported and
supporting units, agencies, and control elements of the landing
force.

(2) Control of logistics. The CATF has the overall responsibility for
control and coordination of logistics support to the landing force
during the assault. Landing force communications for the control of
logistics support relies primarily on radio and must provide a
viable means for the control of movement and handling of equipment
and supplies.

(3) External communications. As soon as the major elements of the

landing force are established ashore, an entry into the NTS or DCS
must be established.

As you can see, all the information from lessons 1 and 2 of this study unit is
starting to come together. You will take into account all the information you
learned so far during your communications planning. It does not matter which
element of a MAGTF you are assigned to; you must have a clear understanding of
all the preceding information in this course.

Take a minute to review what you learned in this paragraph.

Which phase of an amphibious operation requires a communication system

that provides fast, reliable, and secure communication between the staffs
without using tactical communication equipment?

_________________________________________________________

Which phase of an amphibious operation requires a test of communication

systems, equipment, and techniques to identify difficulties and potential
problem areas before the actual landing?

__________________________________________________________

If you said the planning phase, you are correct and if you said the rehearsal
phase, you're correct again. Let's go on to the next paragraph.

1-52
1304. Joint or Combined Operations

a. Marine air ground task forces will be employed in joint or combined

operations as elements of a joint task force, a joint amphibious task force, a
unified command, a specified command, or a combined force. Before we continue
any further, let's take a look at the definitions of those forces just
mentioned.

Table 1-4. Definitions of Joint/Combined Operations

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ELEMENTS * DEFINITIONS *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* Joint Task Force * The Secretary of Defense or the commander *
* * of a unified command, specified command, or*
* * existing joint task force constitutes or *
* * designates a force composed of one or a *
* * combination of assigned or attached *
* * elements of the Army, the Navy, the Marine *
* * Corps, and the Air Force. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Joint Amphibious * A temporary grouping of units of two or *
* Task Force * more services under a single commander *
* * existing to engage in an amphibious landing*
* * for an assault on hostile shores. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Unified Command * A command the President establishes through*
* * the Secretary of Defense with the advice *
* * and assistance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff*
* * (JCS). The JCS may authorize a commander *
* * of an existing unified command to establish*
* * and designate a unified command with a *
* * broad continuing mission under a single *
* * commander. A unified command consists of *
* * the assigned components of two or more *
* * services. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Specified Command* The President, through the Secretary of *
* * Defense, and with the advice and *
* * assistance of the JCS, establishes and so *
* * designates the specified command that *
* * has a broad continuing mission and *
* * normally consists of forces from one *
* * service. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Combined Force * A military force consisting of elements *
* * of two or more allied nations. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

1-53
b. Joint operations fall under two very distinctive command structures:

(1) Unified command structure

(a) The President, through the Secretary of Defense, with the

advice and assistance of the JCS, establishes unified and
specified combatant commands for the performance of military
missions and determines the force structure of such combatant
commands (see figure 1-8). The commanders of unified and
specified commands are responsible to the President and the
Secretary of Defense for such military missions as may be
assigned to them. The chain of command runs from the President
to the Secretary of Defense and through the JCS to the
commanders of the unified and specified commands.

The President, the Secretary of Defense, or the JCS by

authority and direction of the Secretary of Defense issues
orders to such commanders.

Fig 1-8. Unified command structure.

1-54
 (b) The commander of the unified command exercises operational
command through the service component commander and commanders
of other subordinate commands. The individual military
departments have the responsibility under the direction of the
Secretary of Defense for the logistic and administrative
support of component commands.

(c) To achieve stability, continuity, and economy and to facilitate

long-range planning, each of the services has the
responsibility for organizing, training, equipping, and
providing forces to fulfill certain combatant functions and for
administering and supporting the forces so provided.

(2) Specified Command Structure

(a) Although a specified command usually consists of forces from

only one service, it may include units and staff representation
from other services. When units of other services are
allocated (assigned or attached to the commander of a specified
command), it is normal to indicate the purpose and duration of
the allocation. Such allocation, in itself, does not
constitute the specified command as a unified command or a
joint task force. If the allocation is major and is to be of
long duration, a unified command normally would be established
in lieu of a specified command.

(b) The responsibilities and authority of the specified commander

are set forth in JCS Pub 2, Unified Action Armed Forces
(UNAAF).

c. Joint operations are most likely the level of operation in which a MEF
will be employed. These operations may increase the radio circuits required,
expand long haul multichannel assets, and require liaison team communications.
The planning consideration will include the interoperability of equipment,
CEOI information, and COMSEC keys. Communications in the joint environment
poses several new challenges. You can find a large portion of doctrinal
information in JCS publications and other service communications publications.
To ensure the successful integration of communications within the Marine
Corps, two concerns are important: terminology and interoperability.

(1) Terminology. The Army/Navy designator system has standardized

terminology for communications-electronics equipment. Marines
sometimes use different terminology to describe common procedures.
For example, Marines refer to a telephone that is connected to a
tactical switchboard from a remote site as a "long local." An Air
Force communicator would call it an "A/C Supervised" circuit. Each
service must agree on terminology with its counterparts to avoid
confusion.

1-55
 (2) Interoperability. A key consideration facing communications is
ensuring the interoperability of equipment on a communications
circuit. Generally, most communications equipment that Marine
forces use to communicate is compatible with similar equipment in
the communications-electronics inventory of other U.S. forces. We
cannot, however, assume compatibility.

The joint tactical communications office (TRITAC) development is

directing the use of like equipment throughout DOD. When this
family of equipment is fielded, interoperability will be achieved.
In the meantime, the use of current inventory equipment demands
constant attention to interface problems. We must verify that both
equipment and cryptographic keying material are compatible.

d. Considerations for joint communications planning. The considerations

listed below are not all inclusive, but serve as a guide for you to consider
in planning joint operations.

(1) Net control/command relationships. Generally, net control

responsibilities will rest with the senior command.

(2) AUTODIN termination. The joint task force (JTF) or unified command
normally effects an AUTODIN termination. Component commands may also
have independent entries.

(3) Lateral communications requirements. The first common senior

headquarters dictates the lateral requirements that must be
coordinated by the involved units.

(4) Cryptographic considerations. It is essential that the first common

senior headquarters or issuing authority directs the use of
cryptographic keying material common to, and held by, all
participants.

(5) Frequency management. The first common senior headquarters in a

joint operation is responsible for obtaining, controlling, and
disseminating frequencies. Each service must conduct the necessary
liaison and coordination with the JTF frequency managers.

(6) Switching requirements. Marines must coordinate the liaison between

specific, tactical, and automatic switching system (THAIS) interface
matters with our counterparts. They must also make special efforts
to ensure interoperability of different service switches.

(7) Point-to-point circuits. Compatibility of terminal equipment on

joint point-to-point circuits should be a concern to all. When
incompatibilities exist, an exchange of service equipment and
personnel to install, operate, and maintain that equipment is
necessary.

1-56
 (8) Circuit designators/restoration priorities. The DCA, JCS, and
individual services use different circuit designators and
restoration priority schemes. We must familiarize ourselves with
the different procedures and ensure that all our planning documents
accurately reflect the proper circuit designators and restoration
priorities to prevent technical control from becoming confused while
troubleshooting circuits.

e. Combined operations. Combined operations present unique situations with a

variety of challenges for the communications expert--you. Many of the special
considerations for joint operations also hold true for combined operations. A
combined operation is conducted by forces of two or more allied nations acting
together for accomplishment of a single mission. Would you consider Southwest
Asia a combined operation? Check your response to the last sentence. Was
more than one allied nation there? Are any of our allies, such as Great
Britain, or France, or Canada, in that group? There is no universally
accepted doctrine for conduct of combined operations. However, doctrine
applicable to a particular alliance, such as NATO, may be available. The MEF
will normally remain under the operational control of a U.S. joint task force
or unified commander.

(1) Communications planning considerations for operations with allied

nations have greatly expanded due to language barriers, uncommon
terminology, and noninteroperability of communications and COMSEC
equipment. The MEF G-6 will help make coordination and liaison with
the allied communications planner early in the planning phase.
However, you must consider the following:

(a) Crypto. Marines must verify the common keying material and
equipment interoperability for all circuits with each
participating nation.

(b) Frequency coordination. Satisfying frequency needs in a

combined operation is difficult. Submit requirements early in
a standard action frequency format. The senior headquarters
frequency manager must consolidate the input and submit it to
the host country for approval/allocation.

(2) Host nation support. Request host nation support early in the
planning cycle. A format for requested services and a standard
submission procedure to acquire additional communications services
must be consistent. You must consider the following:

(a) Commercial communications assets. The use of existing

nontactical systems as a backup to tactical communications
systems is often an option. This employment, however, will
require extensive liaison with host nation personnel.

1-57
 Such systems are vulnerable to intercept and sabotage. As
such, Marines must plan commercial assets only as a backup for
tactical systems under the operational control of U.S. forces.

(b) Power requirements. If you contemplate the use of host country

electrical power, ensure that it is compatible or capable of
being converted to a usable form.

Let's pause for a review of this paragraph.

a. What are the two command structures of Marine air

ground forces joint operations?

__________________________________________________

b. What are the two concerns of a successfully

integrated communication within the Marine Corps?

__________________________________________________

If your answer for a. was unified command structure and specified command and
your answer for b. was terminology and interoperability, you are correct; go
on to the next paragraph.

1305. Joint and Combined Operations Publications and

Reference Materials

Daily Marine Corps communications activities are more than enough to keep
anyone's mind fully occupied. No one can remember all the
information/doctrine needed every day to make a communications system work.
You can use such documents as FMs, FMFMs, FMFRPs, TMs, MCOs, MIs, TIs, NAVMCs,
etc. for guidance.

When you are in a rapid response planning session or any decision making
process, you must have answers to important planning questions. You will also
be responsible for giving sound advice to the commander.

To accomplish your job, you must have a quality communications reference

library available for your use. If you know you are going to have an upcoming
unified operation, you must read up on all related publications before the
staff planning session. It doesn't hurt to take the reference material into
the planning session with you.

FMFM 3-30, FMFM 3-1, and FMFRP 3-32 all have appendixes with lists of
references.

1-58
The following list of references is not all inclusive, but it includes a few
of the most important publications:

(1) Allied Communications Publications (ACP). In conjunction with

allied nations, these publications contain information and
instructions concerning the employment of communications.

(2) Joint Army, Navy, Air Force Publications (JANAP). Jointly, the
Army, Navy, and Air Force have prepared and approved these
publications and the U.S. Military Communications Electronics Board
(MCEB) has recognized them.

(3) Naval Tactical Publication; Naval Telecommunications Procedures;

Naval Telecommunications Publications (NTPs). Prepared and approved
by The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), these publications contain
the basic doctrine applicable to the Navy and Marine Corps. They
are general in nature and relate to planning.

(4) Naval Warfare Publication (NWPs). This publication contains the

policies and procedures for the employment of communications.

(5) Naval Warfare Information Publications (NWIPs). These publications

contain the detailed technical instructions for the employment of
communications.

Well, it's time to review the preceding paragraph.

What are the Joint and Combined Operations Publications?

________________________________________________________

If you said the references are ACP, JANAP, NTPs, NWP, and NWIPs, you are
correct. Great! You have finished this lesson and can go on to the lesson
exercise after you've read the lesson summary.

Lesson Summary. This lesson provided you with the definition of an amphibious
operation and knowledge of the responsibilities of the CATF and CLF when
planning communications support for an amphibious operation. You learned the
five phases of the amphibious operation and the communications requirements
for each. Finally, you learned the structures of joint and combined
operations and the reference material from which you can obtain further
information on the topics you have learned.

1-59
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 19 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this
study unit.

1. An "attack launched from the sea by naval and landing forces

embarked in ships or craft involving a landing on a hostile shore"
defines a(an)

a. amphibious recon.
b. airborne operation.
c. beach landing assault.
d. amphibious operation.

2. Which statements support the responsibilities for the CATF?

(1) Establishing provisions for adequate LF communications during

the planning phase

(2) Acquiring and assigning necessary technical facilities to

subordinate elements of the force

(3) Preparing instructions in support of cover and deception plans

prescribed for the operation

(4) Preparing requests for the allocation of shipboard

communications services or facilities for use by landing force
units while embarked

a. 1, 2 c. 3, 4
b. 2, 3 d. 1, 4

3. Which statement best describes a responsibility of the CLF?

a. Determination, consolidation, and coordination of the

electronic warfare requirements of all participating forces

b. Preparation and promulgation of a complete and coordinated plan

for the employment of communications during the operation

c. Establishment of provisions for adequate LF communications

during the planning phase

d. Acquisition and assignment of necessary technical facilities to

subordinate elements of the force

1-60
 Matching: For items 4 through 11, match each communications
consideration in column 1 with its appropriate planning phase in column
2. Place your responses in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Comm Consideration Phase

___ 4. Provide the staffs a. Embarkation

with a system of b. Rehearsal
rapid, reliable, c. Movement
and secure d. Planning
communications. e. Assault

___ 5. The CLF is responsible

for planning, pro-
viding, or obtaining
communications in
the embarkation area.

___ 6. Employing landing

force communications
personnel and
equipment to augment
Navy comm facilities.

___ 7. Ensuring that all

echelons are familiar
with plans.

___ 8. The CATF is responsible

initially for exercising
overall control and
coordination of fire
delivered by NGF.

___ 9. Establishing ship-to-shore

radio circuits for the
control of loading.

___ 10. The CATF is responsible

for providing all external
communications, to include
entry into the NTS.

___ 11. Drafting of landing force

comm plan.

12. "A command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander
and composed of significant assigned components of two or more
services" defines a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

1-61
 13. "A command normally composed of forces from one service which has a
broad continuing mission and which is established and so designated
by the President through the Secretary of Defense" defines a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

14. "A military force composed of elements of two or more Allied

Nations" defines a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

Matching: For items 15 through 19, match each publication listed in

column 1 with its proper description in column 2. Place your responses
in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Publication Description

___ 15. ACPs a. Prepared in conjunction

___ 16. JANAPs with allied nations and
___ 17. NTPs contains information and
___ 18. NWPs instructions concerning
___ 19. NWIPs the employment of
communications
b. Prepared and approved under the
cognizance of the U.S. Military
Communications Electronics Board
(MCEB)
c. Contains the detailed technical
instructions for communications
d. Prepared and approved by CNO,
contains basic doctrine applicable
to the Navy and Marine Corps,
general in nature and related to
planning
e. Contains the policies and
procedures for the employment of
communications

1-62
UNIT SUMMARY

This study unit provided you with in-depth knowledge of the MAGTF. This
included the organizational composition, symbols for identification, and
communications planning responsibilities for the CATF and CLF. Further
discussion highlighted the five phases of an amphibious operation and the
communications responsibilities for each phase. We took a brief look at joint
and combined operations, the authority to establish a joint/combined
structure, and the reference material for communications planning. Study Unit
2 will take us a little deeper into the planning sequence covering the
COMMPLAN, COMMSOP, and CEOI and how they affect the battalion mission.

Lesson 1 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. c. 1101

2. (any of the four listed) 1102

Enter and exit a battle area at night.

Operate under adverse weather conditions.

Operate from over-the-horizon, without

electronic emissions, and by surface
or air.

Locate and fix the enemy.

Engage, kill, or capture the enemy in a

rural or urban setting.

Operate in hostile nuclear, biological,

and chemical environments.

Plan and commence execution within 6

hours of receipt of the warning order.

Provide seabase sustainment.

3. a. Figure 1-2 1103

4. d. Figure 1-2 1103
5. c. Figure 1-2 1103
6. b. Figure 1-2 1103
7. a. 1106
8. b. 1104
9. b. 1104
10. a. 1106
11. b. 1104
12. a. 1106
13. b. 1107
14. The initiating directive 1107

1-63
Lesson 2 Exercise Solutions
Reference

1. Supporting arms coordination center 1201

2. Landing force operations center 1201
3. Fire support coordination center 1201
4. Tactical air operations center 1201
5. Tactical logistics group 1201
6. Combat service support operations center 1201
7. Direct air support center 1201
8. FMFM 3-30 Communications 1202
9. b. 1203
10. c. 1203
11. a. 1203
12 d. 1203
13. c. 1203
14. e. 1203
15. First common senior commander 1204
16. Commander of the unit to which the 1204
attachment is made
17. Reinforcing unit commander 1204
18. Senior commander 1204
19. Supporting unit commander 1204

Lesson 3 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. d. 1301
2. b. 1302
3. c. 1302
4. d. 1303
5. a. 1303
6. a. 1303
7. b. 1303
8. e. 1303
9. a. 1303
10. c. 1303
11. d. 1303
12. a. 1304
13. c. 1304
14. d. 1304
15. a. 1305
16. b. 1305
17. d. 1305
18. e. 1305
19. c. 1305

1-64
 STUDY UNIT 2

COMMUNICATIONS PLANNING

Introduction. A commander requires an effective and efficient

communications system to command and control the operations of his unit,
in essence, to serve command. Effective command depends on careful
planning and the attendant preparation of plans and orders.

The commander delegates the details of planning and the preparation of

communications plans and orders to his communications-electronics
officer. It is this individual who must know the capabilities and
limitations of his equipment and how to employ it, and he must also know
how to prepare a communications plan that can be understood at the lowest
echelon. The plan has to be detailed yet flexible enough to support the
concept of operations.

Murphy's Law is still valid! "If it can be misunderstood, it will be!"

The staff officer must realize that the orders he prepares may affect
hundreds of Marines, and a "misunderstanding" can cause the failure of
our assigned mission.

Lesson 1. PURPOSE AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Identify types of communications plans and orders.

2101. Purpose of Communications Plans and Orders

The purpose of the communications system is to provide the commander with

effective and efficient ways to command and control the operations of his
unit. The efficiency of any communications system depends on the quality of
planning and the preparation of plans and orders.

Communications plans and orders describe how the communications system will
support your unit in the exercise of command and control. For effective
support, communications plans must follow standard formats. You, as a
communications chief, are responsible to the communications officer for the
preparation of the plans, orders, and directives that will be discussed in
this study unit.

As with all orders in the Marine Corps, communications (comm) plans and orders
are directive in nature and must be written to reflect the commander's
directions and orders. All plans and orders should convey the decisions of
the commander in a clear, unmistakable, and emphatic manner. Instructions to
subordinates must leave no doubt about what is intended.

2-1
These instructions are set forth in sufficient detail to ensure the actions of
the subordinates conform to the plan of operations for the whole force.
Generally, the commander tells subordinates the "who, what, when, where, and
why" of the situation. However, the commander must be careful not to encroach
on the initiative of subordinate commanders by prescribing details that lie
within the province of subordinate commanders. Only when there are overriding
circumstances will plans and orders spell out the details concerning "how"
lower echelons will accomplish their assigned tasks. In addition to
instructions, plans and orders contain sufficient information so subordinates
can make intelligent decisions.

2102. Types of Communications Plans and Orders

Let's take a look at the various types of communications plans and orders. In
the following list are the basic forms of communications instructions:

• Communications standing operating procedures (COMMSOP)

• Communications-electronics operating instructions (CEOI)

• Communications plan (COMMPLAN)

• Letter of instruction (LOI)

• Communications estimate

• Paragraph 5 of the operation order

• Command and control systems annex (Annex K)

a. Communications standing operating procedure (COMMSOP). The SOP is one of

several types of orders the commander develops and implements to accomplish
the mission. Now, let us define SOP as follows:

"A standing operating procedure is a set of instructions covering

those features of operations which lend themselves to a definite or
standardized procedure without the loss of effectiveness."

Compare the words standing and standard. "Standing" implies presently in

effect, while "standard" implies something permanent and inflexible. The SOP,
as defined, is a standing procedure reflecting the approved doctrine as
published in current literature, directives, and regulations modified to
satisfy local operating conditions and the policies of the command.

2-2
Since the instructions are routine and standing, they tend to be valid for
long periods of time and not subject to frequent change. One point to
remember at this time is that the COMMSOP, while it is a communications plan,
is of value to the entire organization, not just to the communicator. As with
all communications plans and orders, the COMMSOP is directive in nature and
reflects the commander's orders to his own organization and to subordinate
commands as well. Remember, the COMMSOP's purpose is to standardize all
operations within the units of a command. It does not undermine the
commander's authority, but helps eliminate disorganization of operational
procedures.

Because the COMMSOP is of value to all hands, including the administrators,

logisticians, and communicators, it is normally unclassified. Thus, everyone
can have access to it on a regular basis regardless of clearance.

The COMMSOP amplifies communications doctrine that is found in such documents

as NWPs, JANAPs, FMFMs, NTPs, ACPs, and so forth. It may also include
instructions and procedures pertinent to a particular situation, for instance,
the employment of new techniques and systems. The COMMSOP will be discussed
thoroughly in lesson 2 of this study unit.

b. Communications-electronics operation instructions (CEOI). The CEOI is an

order that contains technical guidance for the establishment of
communications. It amplifies the COMMSOP by providing the details required to
coordinate and control the various communications within a unit. The COMMSOP
provides the organization with the radio nets, and the CEOI supplies the
callsigns and frequencies to be used on the net.

(1) Classification. Each CEOI is classified according to content. The

overall classification of the CEOI is based on the highest level of
classified information it contains.

(2) Promulgation. Unlike the COMMSOP that is normally promulgated in

some form by all command echelons at squadron and battalion levels
and above, the CEOI is normally promulgated by division, aircraft
wing, FSSG, and brigade headquarters. Higher headquarters normally
request input from subordinate commands. The issuing headquarters
should maintain sufficient copies of the CEOI for distribution to
other units when those units are task-organized for an operation.

(3) Contents. The following information and instructions are normally

included in the CEOI:

(a) General communications instructions

(b) Callsign assignments

2-3
 (c) Frequency assignments

(d) Radio net circuit designators

(e) Wire/cable trunk circuit designations

(f) Wire/cable tagging codes

(g) Telephone directory names and numbers

(h) Teletype and data routing indicators

(i) Identification and marking panel codes

(j) Signal panel message instructions

(k) Pyrotechnic and smoke codes

(l) Ground air signals

(m) General cryptographic instructions

(n) Cryptographic devices to be used

(o) Current effective editions of the cryptographic key lists

(p) Codes and ciphers

(q) General authentication instructions

(r) Effective authentication tables

(4) Automated Communications-Electronics Operation Instructions (ACEOI).

The National Security Agency (NSA) produces an ACEOI. This document
normally contains callsigns, callwords, and frequencies to be used
by designated operating units. Figure 2-1 shows a sample ACEOI.

The ACEOI is intended for use during a specified time frame. By

providing a standardized source of information, the ACEOI enhances
both operational communications capabilities and communications
security. If the ACEOI is lost or compromised, the standardized
format facilitates rapid identification, destruction, and
replacement. As of August 1994, NSA is the only agency authorized
to produce the ACEOI. The proper term for locally produced
operating instructions is CEOI. All the CEOI's information is
extracted from the ACEOI. In the near future, however, individual
commands will produce their own ACEOIs with frequencies and other
information provided to them by CINC JCEOI.

2-4
 Fig 2-1. Sample ACEOI.

c. Communications plan (COMMPLAN). The COMMPLAN is the COMMSOP and CEOI

combined into one document. This combined document becomes the basic
communications plan.

The tactical and administrative instructions of the COMMSOP are the body of
this plan. The technical operating instructions of the CEOI are normally
issued as a supplement. Preparation of the operating instructions as a
separate supplement facilitates
revision and extraction as the need arises.

You'll find that higher echelons, such as FMFPAC and FMFLANT, normally prepare
a COMMPLAN instead of separate COMMSOPs and CEOIs. The divisions and wings
also have these options.

The COMMPLAN must be classified when the supplements are added or combined
with the tactical and administrative instructions.

d. Letter of instruction (LOI). An LOI is used in the higher echelons of

military service to convey broad aims and strategic plans or general policy
guidance of an operational nature not suited for promulgation in an operation
plan or order. It has the same authority as an operation plan or order.
Although an LOI has no a prescribed format, because of its nature it generally
follows the sequence of an operation plan or order to the extent practical.
The term "letter of instruction" should not be loosely applied to planning
guides, outline plans, warning orders, activation orders, and other
instructions that do not meet the criteria established for a letter of
instruction.

2-5
e. Communications-Electronics estimate. The communications- electronics
estimate is a tool the commander and his staff use to find the best way to
accomplish a given mission. It is a problem-solving process that requires a
systematic analysis of all essential data. No matter what the level of
command is, the procedure is the same. However, the details vary with the
level and type of command. For example, at battalion and below, estimates are
seldom recorded. The estimate is as thorough as time and circumstances
permit. The communications officer's estimate must be updated continuously.
The commander must be kept informed and briefed as changes that affect
operations occur, as new facts are determined, as assumptions are replaced by
facts or rendered invalid, or as changes to the mission are received or
indicated. The comm-elect estimate will be covered in more detail in Study
Unit 3.

f. Paragraph 5 of the operation order. Paragraph 5 (Command and Signal) may

deal with a number of subjects. It not only contains instructions for the
establishment and maintenance of communications, but also contains
instructions on the location of command posts, probable locations of future
command posts, and command relationships. As a member of the commander's
special staff, the communications officer is responsible for the preparation
of paragraph 5.

Paragraph 5 may consist of the notation "NO CHANGE" if the existing COMMSOP
and CEOI are adequate for the operation. It may contain changes or additions
to an existing communications plan or order if these are few in number. The
subject plan or order should be referenced.

Subparagraphs of paragraph 5 include command relationships, signal, and

command posts described in detail as follows:

(1) Command relationships. Shows unusual command relationships. If not

used, omit the term. For example, see the following:

COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS--Control of BLT 1/2 passes from RLT-2 to RLT-7

on order CG, II MEF on or about D+2.

COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS--not used, omitted.

(2) Signal. Refers to the Annex K and other effective publications such
as the COMMSOP and CEOI. It also includes instructions or
restrictions pertaining to communications electronics, such as radio
use restrictions or pyrotechnic signals. For example, see the
following:

SIGNAL:

• Reference (b) and Annex K (Command and Control Systems)

2-6
 • Radio silence until lifted by this headquarters

• Signal for assault waves that have landed will be green star
cluster

(3) Command posts. States the location of the issuing unit's command
post, location of subordinate unit command posts, and location of
the command post of the next higher unit.

If an Annex K is not prepared, show the command post locations of

adjacent and supported units to facilitate communications by
messenger. In an amphibious operation, this subparagraph may also
show command posts, both afloat and ashore. This subparagraph can
be considerably shortened, however, by referencing command post
locations on the operation overlay or, if one is prepared, in Annex
K. This subparagraph may also direct subordinate units to report
the location and opening/closing times of command posts. An example
follows:

COMMAND POSTS
2 RLT 4 LHA 1 268381

BLT 1/4 LPH 10 254387

CO A LPH 10 To be reported

CO B LPH 10 264391

(Report initial location ashore and changes in location by priority

message.) Additional subparagraphs may or may not be included. If
included, they are lettered consecutively and may include the
following information, as appropriate:

(a) Locations and times of opening/closing of advance

communications centers

(b) Use of communications-electronics equipment and systems

(c) Code words and names

(d) Liaison procedures

g. Command and control systems annex (ANNEX K). The command and control
systems annex is an amplification of the instructions contained in paragraph 5
of the operation plan or order. It is a tool to coordinate the establishment,
maintenance, and operation of the communications system in support of the
commands and agencies involved in the operation. It establishes the primary
communications-electronics mission to be accomplished by the following:

(1) The command

2-7
 (2) Those missions, other than routine, assigned to
communications-electronics personnel at the headquarters

(3) Communications-electronics missions other than those routinely

assigned to commanders of subordinate units

(4) Certain administrative and logistics details concerning

communications-electronics

In formulating an operation plan or order, MEF, division, aircraft wing, or

other major headquarters normally find it necessary to issue a voluminous and
detailed command and control systems annex. The annexes developed by
subordinate organizations are usually less detailed. The maintenance of a
standing Annex K eliminates much of the preparation time in establishing a
comprehensive Annex K and alleviates much of the repetitive and detailed
information. In other instances, a subordinate organization may be able to
place many of the necessary instructions in paragraph 5 of its operation plan
or order by employing the Command and Control Systems Annex, COMMSOP, and CEOI
promulgated by its senior headquarters. There are still instances in which
the plan or order developed by a lower echelon should contain both paragraph 5
and a Command and Control Systems Annex. For example, when an infantry
battalion is involved in a helicopter-borne or other highly specialized
operation, the operation order requires communications-electronics
instructions written in such detail and with such clarity that no salient
points are omitted or misunderstood. These instructions should appear in the
Command and Control Systems Annex.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson, you have just learned the types of
communications (comm) plans and orders communicators use daily while planning
or conducting an operation. All of these plans and orders are interrelated.
You can't have a COMMPLAN without a COMMSOP and CEOI. It is difficult to
draft a COMMSOP without a senior command's COMMSOP. In Lesson 2, you will
learn advantages of communications SOPs.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 6 by performing the action required. Check

your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

1. Which communications plan/order has the following subparagraphs:

command relationships, signal, and command posts?

______________________________________________________

2. Which COMMPLAN is used in the higher echelons of military service to

convey broad aims and strategic plans?

______________________________________________________

2-8
 3. Which COMMPLAN or order is a problem-solving process that
requires a systematic analysis of all essential data?

______________________________________________________

4. Which COMMPLAN contains technical guidance required to establish and

maintain communications in support of operations?

_____________________________________________________

5. Which COMMPLAN or order is an amplification of paragraph 5 of the

operation plan or order?

______________________________________________________

6. Which communications plan/order is created by combining the COMMSOP

and CEOI?

______________________________________________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 2. COMMUNICATIONS SOPs

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify four advantages of using COMMSOPs.

2. Identify the content of a COMMSOP.

3. Identify the publication that provides instructions for submitting a

Communications Guard Shift.

4. Name the time constraints for Communications Guard Shifts.

2201. Advantages of Communications SOPs

The COMMSOP is always applicable unless particular cases prescribe otherwise.

This maintains the flexibility needed for special situations. The COMMSOP
usually is referred to in the operation order together with any exceptions to
the procedures that are to be made. The amount and type of information
included in a COMMSOP must be carefully determined. These procedures must be
clear and concise. Right now, pull out the COMMSOP for your unit and obtain
previous operational orders or plans and the communications-electronics annex,
not just from your last field exercise, but from three or four others, if
possible. Try to recall how many times you have used the procedures in each
field exercise. If you use a procedure in every field exercise, you should
include it in your COMMSOP. Who will actually determine what you include?
Hopefully you. You are the comm expert! A COMMSOP offers four distinct
advantages:

2-9
 • A COMMSOP reduces the need for other types of orders and simplifies the
preparation and transmission of orders.

• A COMMSOP simplifies and perfects troop training by establishing uniform

practices for the unit.

• A COMMSOP promotes understanding and teamwork throughout the command.

• A COMMSOP facilitates and expedites tactical and administrative

operations and minimizes confusion and error.

Let's review what you have learned so far in this paragraph.

What are the four advantages of a COMMSOP?

1. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

If you said a COMMSOP will (1) reduce the need for other types of orders and
simplify the preparation and transmission of orders, (2) simplify and perfect
troop training by establishing uniform practices for the units, (3) promote
understanding and teamwork throughout the command, and (4) facilitate and
expedite tactical and administrative operations and minimize confusion and
error, you are correct.

2202. COMMSOP Contents

a. Scope. The scope of the COMMSOP varies with the echelon of the preparing
command. A COMMSOP prepared by a division is broad in scope and provides
essential instructions for all elements of the division. The COMMSOP of a
subordinate element of the division applies only to the individual unit and
the contents will be written in more detail as they relate to the affairs of
this individual unit. As the scope of the COMMSOP decreases, the detail it
contains will increase.

2-10
b. Format. Although there is no established format for a COMMSOP, use one of
the two following formats:

(1) One format for an SOP may be published as an all-inclusive document.

That is, it will contain sections and paragraphs detailing the
duties and responsibilities of subordinate units and, where
applicable, of personnel. This format will not have annexes or
enclosures.

(2) In the second format, the SOP may be published as a basic document
containing instructions of a general nature and of interest to all
units. This format is organized by function (radio,
telecommunications center, wire, and tech shop) and technical or
specific instructions for individual units and/or personnel.

SOPs prepared by subordinate units must comply with and be related to

pertinent parts of the SOP of the higher command. SOPs pertaining to
practices or procedures governed by regulations or other publications readily
available to all elements of the command should not be repeated except when
the repetition is required to clarify local operating practices.

In the COMMSOP, include and address the subjects listed in table 2-1. These
subjects cover all the different areas that help keep the unit's
communications system functioning smoothly.

Table 2-1. COMMSOP Contents

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* SUBJECT * INFORMATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*References *Include references such as FMFMs, field *
* *manuals, technical manuals, regulations, *
* *and the SOP and CEOI of higher commands. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Training of *Limits training instructions for communi- *
*Personnel *cation electronics personnel to general *
* *statements of responsibility; detailed *
* *instructions are normally contained in *
* *quarterly training schedules. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Signal Security *Limits instructions to those that are *
* *applicable to all elements of the command *
* *and are not contained in the command CEOI. *
* *The purpose of this section is to develop *
* *and maintain a SIGSEC awareness throughout *
* *the unit. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Physical Security *Develops an awareness for physical security;*
* *promulgates and standardizes physical *
* *security procedures throughout the unit. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-11
 Table 2-1. COMMSOP Contents--cont'd.
+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* SUBJECT * INFORMATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Telecommunications*Provide instructions that govern the *
*Centers *locations of communications centers, estab- *
* *lish procedures pertaining to the trans- *
* *mittal and receipt of record traffic, *
* *prescribe the records to be maintained, and *
* *give other information pertaining to *
* *operations message forms, message *
* *preparation, and releasing authority. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Messenger Service *Indicates that the extent of the messenger *
* *service includes scheduled motor, air, and *
* *foot messengers; provides for pickup and *
* *delivery points; prescribes methods of *
* *packaging and addressing; and states *
* *security clearances required by messengers. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Wire *Assign responsibility for normal wire lines/*
*Communications *remote lines as well as wire and cable *
* *construction practices, priority of *
* *tagging procedures, general guidance *
* *pertaining to locations of switchboards and *
* *dispatching facilities, terminal equipment, *
* *and instructions governing the placing of *
* *calls. You should also consider including *
* *directory service, instructions for *
* *obtaining service, including commercial or *
* *enemy lines, and care and maintenance of *
* *wire communications material. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Single Channel *Provides instructions pertaining to the *
*Radio *installation, operation, and maintenance of *
* *single channel radio communications equip- *
* *ment (antennas, radios, retransmission) *
* *and the composition and use of radio nets, *
* *including those required for special *
* *purposes and emergency operation. This part*
* *of the COMMSOP also defines actions to take *
* *if there is imitative communications *
* *deception (ICD) or jamming. It also *
* *establishes procedures for monitoring *
* *various frequencies on nets. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Multichannel *Provides instructions pertaining to the *
*Radio *installation, operation, and maintenance of *
* *those multichannel systems that apply to all*
* *elements of the command. You should publish*
* *detailed instructions on operations in the *
* *SOP of the unit that owns the equipment. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-12
 Table 2-1. COMMSOP Contents--cont'd.

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* SUBJECT * INFORMATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Satellite *Provides instruction pertaining to the type *
* *of termination requests, activation and/or *
* *deactivation, operation, and maintenance of *
* *the satellite terminal. These instructions *
* *also define actions to take if there is a *
* *terminal failure and provide ways of *
* *activating alternate means of entry into the*
* *defense communications system. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Radio Wire *Prescribes the general procedures to be *
*Integration (RWI) *employed by all users for the installation, *
* *operations, and maintenance of radio wire *
* *integration facilities. *
/))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Visual and Sound *Provide instructions pertaining to the *
* *general use and distribution of visual and *
* *sound signal devices (flags, lights, pyro- *
* *technics, panels, arm-and-hand signals, *
* *whistles, sirens, bells, voice amplifiers, *
* *and explosive devices). *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Frequency Control *Includes procedures to follow to obtain *
* *frequencies, restrictions on the use of *
* *frequencies, procedures for reporting *
* *interference, and conditions under which *
* *radio silence or listening silence is *
* *required. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*C3 Protection *Provides instructions containing routine *
* *actions to take in an EW environment, *
* *including the reporting of hostile inter- *
* *ference, jamming, and deception attempts, *
* *the employment of standard procedures to *
* *minimize the occurrence and effects of *
* *electronic countermeasures, and measures *
* *to take to protect friendly systems. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Communications *Provides amplifying instructions pertaining *
*Control *to unique considerations for COMMCON not *
* *already discussed in the FMFM 3-30. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*System and Circuit*Provide instructions covering the proper *
*Identifications *identification of circuits and systems for *
* *installation and control purposes. *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Communications *Establishes the communications support pro- *
*Support for *cedures for intelligence systems in the *
*Intelligence *command. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-13
 Table 2-1. COMMSOP Contents--cont'd.

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* SUBJECT * INFORMATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Communications for*Establish the communications required by the*
*Coordinating *various coordinating agencies within the *
*Agencies *command. The requirements of each agency *
* *are evaluated and the necessary facilities *
* *are provided. Coordinating agencies include*
* *those responsible for the following: *
* * *
* * • Coordination and control of fire and *
* * and maneuver *
* * *
* * • Regulation and control of air space *
* * over the combat zone *
* * *
* * • Control of the electromagnetic spectrum*
* * *
* * • Combat service support *
* * *
* * • Rear area security and area damage *
* * control *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Safety *Hazmat: Disposal, storage, transportation, *
* * and use *
* * *
* *Electrical: Generators, antennas/power *
* * lines, RF hazards *
* * *
* *Vehicle: Backing, chocking, towing *
* * *
* *Personal: Training, RF first aid, *
* * electrical shock *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*End User Computing*Prescribes the general procedures for all *
*Equipment *users to employ for the installation, *
* *operation, and maintenance of general *
* *purpose EUCE assets. Publishes detailed *
* *instructions that address the interface *
* *with the tactical communications system, *
* *including class I data systems into and out *
* *of the amphibious objective area (AOA). *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Miscellaneous *Includes information pertaining to the *
* *location of the communications officer, *
* *selection of command posts, instructions *
* *governing the preparation of the CEOI, *
* *SOP, and instructions pertaining to communi-*
* *cations-electronics planning. Instructions *
* *for future operations should also be *
* *published. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-14
The COMMSOP for a communications unit is unique. It provides for the
operation of the unit as it executes its assigned missions. You should
determine the scope of the COMMSOP by the type of unit, the amount of detail
the unit commander desires, and the echelon of command to which the unit is
assigned. At a minimum, the COMMSOP will include the following:

• Specific responsibilities of each major element of the unit

• Instructions on unit operation that the commander considers routine and

important enough to continue instructions

• Assignment of instructions governing the execution of

communications-electronics missions

• Instructions pertaining to the routine service support and operations to

include personnel policies and procedures, unit service support
procedures, all classes of supplies, all types of equipment,
maintenance, inspection procedures, physical security, and other
instructions as directed by the unit commanders

Also consider these additional subjects: specific responsibilities,

instructions for inclusion in subordinate COMMSOPs, communications policies,
key references, exercise guidelines, safety, and displacement procedures.

It's time to take a minute to review this paragraph.

a. What materials are included in references of the

COMMSOP?

_______________________________________________________

b. What is the purpose of signal security in the COMMSOP?

_______________________________________________________

c. What is included in COMMSOP messenger service?

_______________________________________________________

d. What visual and sound signal devices are included in the

COMMSOP?

_______________________________________________________

2-15
If your answers were close to what follows, you are correct:
a. The FMFMs, field manuals, technical manuals, regulations, SOP, and CEOI of
higher commands are the references in COMMSOP.
b. The purpose of the signal security is to develop and maintain a SIGSEC
awareness throughout the unit. c. The messenger service includes scheduled
motor, air, and foot messengers. d. The visual and sound signal devices are
flags, lights, pyrotechnics, whistles, and sirens.

If these were your answers, congratulations! You can continue to the next
paragraph.

2203. Communications Guard Shift (COMMSHIFT)

Since communications personnel must accomplish several tasks involving outside

agencies, you absolutely must have routine standardized procedures in place to
keep things simple and avoid delays. You will provide detailed instructions
in the COMMSOP for the following:

• Telecommunications Service Request

• Termination Request (SATCOM)

• Frequency requests

• MIJI reporting

• Communications guard shift

All of these frequently used correspondences are usually funneled through MEF
Headquarters. Many major commands have locally produced forms in their SOPs
to make it easier for subordinate commands to initiate these tasks. The MEF
headquarters usually screens and then processes the finished product through
the appropriate agencies.

For the purposes of this lesson, the only correspondence you will learn is the
communications guard shift. You don't use it nearly as often as the other
types of correspondence because your unit as a whole usually doesn't move very
frequently.

The NTP-4 gives detailed instructions on communications guard shifts.

You must include the unclassified COMMSHIFT information/ instructions, phone

numbers, and points of contact in your unit's COMMSOP. FMFRP 3-32 Appendix D
has an excellent points of contact listing. When the time comes to deploy,
everything will work with ease if you have standing procedures outlined.

A reference that may assist you in the routing of your COMMSHIFT is the
ACP-117. MCI course 25.42, Telecommunications Center Operator, gives you a
brief explanation of the "routing process" in Study Unit 1, Lesson 4.

2-16
Give simple procedures for COMMSHIFTs and all the above listed correspondences
by referring the reader to the appropriate reference materials, such as TMs,
FMs, MCOs, etc. You must be certain that any SOP you refer to is, in fact,
available to the user.

Review time again.

a. What reference may assist you in the routing of your

COMMSHIFT?

_______________________________________________________

b. What reference has an excellent "points of contact"

listing?

_______________________________________________________

If your answer for question a. is ACP-117 and b. is FMFRP 3-32 APPENDIX D, you
are correct.

2204. Communications Guard Shift Procedures

A communications guard shift (COMMSHIFT) is a message procedure used whenever

an addressable command or detachment shifts its guard from one geographical
location to another. The communications guard shift procedures presented here
are valid as of August 1994. They may change tomorrow with the guidance of a
single message or order.

Note: The following information should be used as a sample and should not
be used without first checking the NTP-4's latest comm guard shift
procedures. Those procedures are designed to ensure that all
message traffic addressed to your unit will be received whether you
are at Camp Lejeune, Camp Pendleton, Okinawa, on ship, or anywhere
in the world. The procedures will also ensure that you have the
facilities/equipment you need when you need them.

(1) Precedence. The nature or requirement for the COMMSHIFT will

dictate the precedence assigned to the message as described below:

(a) During normal operations, transmit COMMSHIFTs to (or action)

NAVCSRF HONOLULU HI, with an info copy to NCTAMS LANT NORFOLK
VA in time to reach the common source route file (CSRF)
updating authority between 48 and 72 hours before the effective
time of the shift. Such COMMSHIFTs will be assigned ROUTINE
precedence only.

2-17
 (b) Use PRIORITY precedence to send COMMSHIFTs if a change in
communications guard is required within 24 to 48 hours.

(c) Reserve IMMEDIATE precedence for COMMSHIFTs that are effective

in less than 24 hours and are dictated by an emergency change
in operations or by equipment failure. This is the only
COMMSHIFT that can have an effective time on other than a new
day (0001Z).

(2) Message address. All COMMSHIFTs will be transmitted through the

Marine Corps chain of command.

(a) Address all COMMSHIFTs action to the gaining and losing

communications activities as well as action to NAVCSRF HONOLULU
HI and info CSRF LANT NORFOLK VA.

(b) When shifting to (or from) an activity not governed by the

NTP-4 procedures (Army, Air Force, or foreign communications
centers), include COMNAVTELCOM WASHINGTON DC as an action
addee.

(c) Information addees on COMMSHIFTs will include the appropriate

NAVCAMS for the ocean area and for shifts involving the
Pacific/Indian Ocean communications area, NAVCOMMSTA STOCKTON
CA. Last, add CMC WASHINGTON DC.

Let's work out a situation that will possibly make this clear.

You are presently assigned to the 5th Marine Regiment in Camp Pendleton,
California. Your unit has just been ordered to join forces with III MEF
in Okinawa. Using this information and what we have covered so far,
determine the addees on a COMMSHIFT. Place your responses in the spaces
below.

+))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))),
* COMM UNIT * ACTION ADDEES *INFORMATION ADDEES *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Gaining Facility * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
* * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
* * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Losing Facility * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*CSRF * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
* * * *
* /))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Other * * *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-18
Here's the solution to the COMMSHIFT. Let's justify the logic behind this
thinking for the addees.

COMMSHIFT Addee Solution

+))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))),
* COMM UNIT * ACTION ADDEES *INFORMATION ADDEES *
/))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Gaining Facility *CG THIRD MARDIV *MARFOR PAC *
* * * *
* *CAMP COURTNEY JA *CMC WASHINGTON DC *
* * * *
* *CG III MEF *CSRF LANT NORFOLK VA *
* * * *
*Losing Facility *CG I MEF *CSRF WESTPAC GQ *
* * * *
*CSRF *CSRF EASTPAC *NAVCOMMSTA STOCKTON CA *
* *HONOLULU HI * *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))-

As you can see, there are many addees. Do you know why? Let's discuss this,
starting with the first action addee in the solution.

Action Addee Justifications

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ACTION ADDEE * JUSTIFICATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*CG THIRD MARDIV *This is the actual comm center gaining the *
* *guard for all messages addressed to the *
* *5th MarRegt. This comm center will effect *
* *delivery to every MEF or division unit *
* *located in Okinawa. *
* * *
*CAMP COURTNEY JA *This comm center will receive the message *
* *from the 3rd MarDiv comm center. They will *
* *want to know why; the COMMSHIFT message *
* *will explain the "why" for this facility--in* *
*other words, it will give them the heads up.*
* * *
*CG III MEF *This is the actual unit the 5th MarRegt will*
* *be attached to; they don't have an actual *
* *comm center. CAMP COURTNEY has this *
* *responsibility. *
* * *
*CG I MEF *This comm center is losing the comm respon- *
* *sibility for the 5th MarRegt. *
* * *
*CSRF EASTPAC *This is the main facility in the communi- *
*HONOLULU HI *cations world for the updating and rerouting*
* *of messages via the CSRF. *
* * *
*CG MARFOR PAC *This command has the overall responsibility *
* *for all West Coast commands. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-19
 Action Addee Justifications--contd.

+))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ACTION ADDEE * JUSTIFICATION *
G444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*CMC WASHINGTON DC *All Marine Corps commands are required to *
* *info HQMC when a guard shift goes into *
* *effect. *
* * *
*NCTAMS LANT *This is the main comm facility for the East *
*NORFOLK *Coast. If HQMC wants to send information to*
* *the 5th MarRegt, the information would *
* *travel first to this facility and then to *
* *Hawaii. *
* * *
*CSRF WESTPAC GQ *This comm facility protects all routing *
* *through the CSRF for all western Pacific *
* *commands. Routing of messages enters *
* *Hawaii and Guam, and goes directly to the *
* *command involved or a naval communications *
* *facility. *
* * *
*NAVCOMMSTA *This comm facility receives message traffic *
*Stockton, CA *from CONUS units prior to transmission to *
* *Hawaii and notifies other West Coast comm *
* *stations of the change of routing for *
* *messages. *
.))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Let's stop again for a quick review.

What are the time requirements for the precedences listed?

a. Routine: __________________________________________

b. Priority: __________________________________________

c. Immediate: __________________________________________

If your answers for a., b., and c. were 48 to 72 hours, 24 to 48 hours, and
less than 24 hours respectively, you are correct. Let's continue on with the
Comm Guard Shift procedures.

(3) Classification, SSIC, and Subject. The COMMSHIFT classification is

commensurate with the information contained and will contain
declassification instructions as appropriate. The only authorized
SSIC and subject line for use on COMMSHIFTs are //N02325// and
"SUBJ: COMMSHIFT."

2-20
 (4) References. At a minimum, the COMMSHIFT reference line will reflect
NTP 4(C) ANNEX A. The unit filing the COMMSHIFT will also list any
current COMMSHIFTs it has submitted and/or any future COMMSHIFTs it
plans to submit governing the same move. Units should note that the
new COMMSHIFT message takes precedence over and automatically
cancels any previously submitted message for the same time period.

(5) Message text. The COMMSHIFT text contains information relative to

the guard requirements desired. At a minimum, the COMMSHIFT will
contain information on three points. These paragraphs are labeled
ALFA, BRAVO and CHARLIE. Refer to table 2-2 for the paragraphs and
an explanation of each.

Table 2-2. COMMSHIFT Paragraphs

+)))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* Paragraph * Required Information *
G44444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* ALFA *Unit shifting guard or detachments being *
* *established. *
/)))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* BRAVO *Date and time ZULU for the COMMSHIFT. The *
* *COMMSHIFT will be effective at new radio day *
* *(0001Z) unless the COMMSHIFT qualifies for *
* *IMMEDIATE precedence. *
/)))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* CHARLIE *Broadcast channel designator, serving communica- *
* *tions center or ship assuming guard. *
/)))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* DELTA *Reason for shift. Required if the COMMSHIFT has *
* *a message precedence greater than a ROUTINE. *
/)))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* ECHO * (1) Guard list request authorized on ROUTINE *
* * COMMSHIFTs. *
* * *
* * (2) If shifting to a non USN/USMC/USCG communi- *
* * cations activity, list general messages *
* * required and command assuming re-route *
* * responsibilities. *
* * *
* * (3) If shifting to a foreign communications *
* * center, identify the crypto system and *
* * keylist for encryption or command assuming *
* * classified communications guard. *
.)))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

2-21
Let's try one more question to see how well you learned what you studied in
this paragraph.

a. What is the main comm facility for the East Coast?

___________________________________________________

b. What is the comm facility for protecting all routing

through the CSRF for all western Pacific commands?

___________________________________________________

If your answers for the questions were a. NCTAMS LANT NORFOLK, and b. CSRF
WESTPAC GQ, you are correct. Congratulations! You're probably ready for the
lesson exercise. If you don't feel completely confident about your knowledge
of the material, you may want to review this study unit.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson, you have identified the following: the
advantages of using COMMSOPS, the types of COMMSOP information, publication of
communications guard shift, and the time constraints for comm guard shift.
All the detailed instructions for submitting a comm guard shift are in the
NTP-4. You also learned about a sample COMMSHIFT so that you can get a better
understanding of how they work. Remember the time limits for each of the
different precedences: ROUTINE, PRIORITY, and IMMEDIATE.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 8 by performing the action required. Check

your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

1. What are the four distinct advantages of a COMMSOP?

a. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

c. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

d. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

2-22
 Matching: For items 2 through 6, match each COMMSOP subject in column 1
to the information that it contains in column 2.

Column 1 Column 2

COMMSOP Subject Information

___ 2. Wire communications a. Establish procedures

___ 3. C3 Protection pertaining to the
___ 4. Telecommunications transmittal and receipt
center of record traffic
___ 5. End user computing b. General guidance
___ 6. Single channel radio pertaining to locations
equipment of switch boards and
patching facilities, terminal
equipment, and instructions
governing the placing of calls
c. Establishes procedures for
monitoring various frequencies
on nets
d. Instructions for employing
standard procedures to
minimize the occurrence and
effects of electronic
countermeasures
e. Detailed instructions that
address the interface class I
data systems and tactical
communications system into and
out of the amphibious
objective area

7. Which of the following reference material contains detailed

instructions for a comm guard shift?

a. CSP-1 c. NTP-3
b. NTP-4 d. ACP-125

8. What is the time requirement in hours for a PRIORITY communications

guard shift?

a. 6 c. 24 to 48
b. 24 d. 48 to 72

2-23
UNIT SUMMARY

This study unit gave a brief explanation of the communications plans and
orders that are used routinely. They are the COMMSOP, CEOI, COMMPLAN, LOI,
Comm Estimate, Paragraph 5 of the Op Order, and the Command and Control
Systems Annex. The COMMSOP was discussed in detail, including the information
it covers in the different subject/subparagraphs. COMMSHIFTs were covered in
more detail than the other tasks (TSRs, Termination requests, Frequency
requests, MIJI reports) that involve outside agencies. Except for comm center
personnel, COMMSHIFTs are not handled as frequently as the other tasks
mentioned.

In the next study unit, you will learn different types of combat plans and
orders, including the procedures for preparing a communications-electronics
estimate and paragraph 5 to develop an operation plan/order.

Lesson 1 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1 Paragraph 5 of the operation order 2101

2. Letter of Instruction 2101
3. Comm Estimate 2101
4. CEOI 2101
5. Command and Control Systems Annex 2101
6. COMMPLAN 2101

Lesson 2 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. a. Reduce the need for other types of 2201

orders and simplify the preparation
and transmission of orders

b. Simplify and perfect troop training 2201

by establishing uniform practices
for the unit

c. Promote understanding and teamwork 2201

throughout the command

d. Facilitate and expedite tactical 2201

and administrative operations
and minimize confusion and error

2. b. 2202
3. d. 2202
4. a. 2202
5. e. 2202
6. c. 2202
7. b. 2203
8. c. 2204

2-24
 STUDY UNIT 3

COMBAT PLANS AND ORDERS

Introduction. Plans and orders are the commander's way to convey

information and instructions to the subordinate units of his command.
The communications (comm) officer is responsible for submitting
information to support those plans. In certain cases, you, as a
communications SNCO, actually prepare the supporting communications
portion of the plans. This study unit will help you to understand the
different types of plans and orders including their preparation. It will
also highlight the rapid response planning process, including 14 steps to
prepare you for developing a communications-electronics estimate and
paragraph 5 of the operation plan/order. But, before we get started with
the preparation, you must first understand the basis for the plans and
orders. The commander's announcement will come from his decision and
concept of operation that results from his estimate of the situation.

Lesson 1. TERMINOLOGIES OF COMBAT PLANS AND ORDERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe a combat plan.

2. Describe a combat order.

3. Name the two classifications of combat plans and combat orders.

4. Identify individual plans and orders including their categories.

3101. Combat Plans

A combat plan contains assumptions. Since it is normally projected ahead to a

greater degree than a combat order, it has less factual information for its
basis. However, each combat plan includes a statement of assumptions to
supplement available facts. Combat plans are effective immediately for
planning purposes or for specified preparatory actions.

3102. Combat Orders

A combat order carries with it the obligation of immediate execution or

execution at a specified time or date. A combat plan, although it may be
effective immediately for planning purposes, may not be executed until the
commander so directs in a separate order of execution. A combat plan becomes
a combat order only when its execution is directed.

3-1
3103. Classification of Combat Plans and Orders

Combat plans and orders are broadly classified as (1) letters of instruction
and (2) operation plans and orders. Within these broad classifications,
differences in scope and purpose are responsible for the designation of
certain orders as warning orders and the designation of certain plans as
outline plans and alternate plans. In some cases, there may be a close
relationship between the plans and orders and a certain overlap may exist, but
each serves a specific function.

3104. Types of Combat Plans/Orders

a. Types of combat plans. The five plans are campaign, contingency, outline,
operation, and alternate. These plans are categorized by their purposes. See
table 3-1.

Table 3-1. Types of Plans

+)))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*TYPE OF PLAN * PURPOSE *
G4444444444444P4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* Campaign * A plan for a series of related military opera- *
* * tions aimed at accomplishing a common objective,*
* * normally within a given time and space. Major *
* * commands use the campaign plan to express the *
* * commander's decision in terms of a specific *
* * operation projected as far into the future *
* * as possible and practicable. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Contingency * A plan for major contingencies that can *
* * reasonably be anticipated in the principal *
* * geographic subarea of the command. The con- *
* * tingency plan is an outline that includes the *
* * course of action to be adopted, the actions *
* * to be taken, and the forces to be used when a *
* * significant, unforeseen event takes place. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Outline * A preliminary plan that outlines the salient *
* * features or principles of a course of action *
* * before the beginning of detailed planning. The *
* * outline plan is a skeleton of the plan under *
* * consideration. It includes the mission, the *
* * broad concept of operations, the basic *
* * undertakings, and the scope of initial and *
* * subsequent operations. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Operation * A plan for operations extending over consider- *
* * able space and time, usually based on stated *
* * assumptions. It may cover a single or a series *
* * of connected operations to be carried out *
* * simultaneously or in succession. When its *
* * execution is directed, an operations plan *
* * becomes an operation order. *
.)))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

3-2
 Table 3-1. Types of Plans--cont'd.

+)))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* Alternate * A plan that is sufficiently flexible to meet *
* * all circumstances that may arise. Cases may be *
* * encountered, however, in which the circumstances*
* * and the appropriate detailed instructions are so*
* * different that it may be more desirable to *
* * prepare a separate plan for each contingency. *
* * One plan is usually called the preferred or *
* * primary plan and the others are referred to as *
* * alternate plans. *
.)))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

b. Types of combat orders. Depending on their purpose, scope, content, and

method of issue, combat orders pertain to strategic or tactical operations and
to corresponding administrative matters. They may be used in the form of
letters of instruction, operation orders, warning orders, or fragmentary
orders. Combat orders carry with them the obligation of immediate execution
or execution at a specified time or date. In addition they may be written or
oral.

Table 3-2 lists the four types of combat orders and describes their purposes.

Table 3-2. Types of Combat Orders

+)))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*TYPE OF ORDER* PURPOSE *
G4444444444444P4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* Letters of * Used in the higher echelons of military *
* Instruction * service to convey broad aims and strategic plans*
* * or general policy guidance of an operational *
* * nature. The guidance is not suited for promul- *
* * gation in an operation plan or order but it has *
* * the same authority as guidance conveyed in *
* * those forms. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Operation * This order is a directive, usually formal, *
* * issued by a commander to subordinate commanders *
* * to bring about the coordinated execution of an *
* * operation. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Warning * This order is a preliminary notice of an action *
* * or an order that will follow. Its purpose is *
* * to give subordinates as much time as possible *
* * to prepare for the planned action or operation. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Fragmentary * Contains instructions of immediate concern and *
* * is issued in message form. It applies to the *
* * unit as a whole although the emphasis may be *
* * directed toward one or more subordinate units. *
.)))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

3-3
3105. Fundamentals of Preparation

a. Qualities. As we said in the beginning of Study Unit 2, all plans and

orders convey the commander's intent. Therefore, all combat plans and orders
should have the following four basic qualities:

(1) Timeliness. A primary requirement for plans and orders is

timeliness. Obviously, an order will fail to accomplish its purpose
if it does not reach the subordinate units in time for them to take
effective action. The desire to produce an attractive package,
complete in every polished detail, must not interfere with the
prompt dispatch of necessary instructions and information.

(2) Simplicity and brevity. Two essential characteristics of effective

plans and orders are simplicity and brevity. They never should be
obtained at the expense of clarity.

(a) Simplicity refers to the use of language. Use common words and
short, direct sentences to promote ease of understanding.
Sound paragraph construction and the effective use of paragraph
numbers and titles also aid in rapid comprehension.

(b) Brevity refers to the amount of material presented in the plan

or order. As a general guide, subordinates are provided with
all the "need to know" information, but not with extraneous
information.

(3) Completeness. Every plan and order should be as complete as the

available information at the time of preparation. The plan should
include all of the essential elements of the commander's decision
and the information necessary to permit sound decisions at lower
echelons.

(4) Flexibility. Flexibility in the preparation of orders is essential.

Effective plans and orders require a balance among the various
characteristics. A desire for clarity should not lead to excessive
wordiness, nor should a desire for completeness delay issuance.
Flexibility provides full details to those who require them to
accomplish their mission, yet permits the rapid issuance of partial
instructions.

Lesson Summary. This lesson provided you with the knowledge needed to
identify the different types and purposes of combat plans and orders. It also
provides you with the fundamentals required for their preparation. In the
next lesson, you will put this information to use as you begin preparation for
your first planning document, the communications estimate.

3-4
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 12 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

1. Which communications plan/order contains assumptions?

______________________________________________________

2. Which communications plan/order carries with it the obligation of

immediate execution, or execution at a specified time or date?

______________________________________________________

3. What are the two classifications of combat orders and plans?

a. Warning orders and operation plans and orders

b. Contingency plans and operation plans and orders
c. Letters of instruction and fragmentary orders
d. Letters of instructions and operation plans and orders

Matching: For items 4 through 11, match the plan or order in column 1 to
its type in column 2. Place your responses in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Plan or Order Type

___ 4. Warning a. Combat plan

___ 5. Outline b. Combat order
___ 6. Campaign c. Either combat plan or
___ 7. Letter of instruction order
___ 8. Fragmentary
___ 9. Contingency
___ 10. Alternate
___ 11. Operation

12. List the four basic qualities that all combat plans and orders
should possess.

a. _________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

d. _________________________________________________

3-5
Lesson 2. RAPID RESPONSE PLANNING STEPS FOR THE COMMUNICATIONS ESTIMATE AND
PARAGRAPH 5 OF THE OPERATION ORDER

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Arrange sequentially the rapid response planning steps used before

the completion of the communications- electronics estimate.

2. Arrange sequentially the rapid response planning steps required to

complete the operations plan.

3201. Planning Sequence Before the Estimate

a. Receipt of mission (step 1). Receipt of the mission initiates the

planning sequence. The mission is assigned by higher headquarters or is
developed or deduced by the commander. Estimates are often developed
anticipating that a certain mission will be received; this is solely a
commander's function. Notification can be made in several different ways: If
you are in the field, it could be in the form of a secure voice radio call
with a "hard copy" message to follow. If aboard ship, the notification would
always get to you in "hard copy" message form. In amphibious operations,
receipt of mission is by an initiating directive.

(1) When they receive the initiating directive, the designated

commanders for the planned amphibious operation, the CATF and CLF,
must make several joint decisions.

(2) The battle staff is assembled immediately.

b. Mission analysis (step 2). The commander analyzes the mission to develop
the specific tasks required to accomplish that mission. Some of these tasks
will be found in the operation plan or specifically stated in the mission when
received. Others must be deduced from the analysis. Table 3-3 gives more
exact terms for these tasks.

Table 3-3. Terms for Mission Analysis Tasks

?444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@
* SPECIFIED TASKS *
* *
* Those tasks that are fact and explicitly stated in the *
* operation order. *
* *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* IMPLIED TASKS *
* *
* Those tasks that may possibly be assigned to us but are not *
* explicitly stated in the operation order. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

3-6
 (1) The key point is to make certain that you understand the mission.
Constraints related principally to rules of engagement, limits
imposed on use of assets, and diplomatic matters should be clearly
specified, so in these areas, assume nothing. Ask for clarification
on any matter not clear to you.

(2) Five main focus points that should be considered are the following:

(a) Determine mission precedence (routine, priority, emergency)

(b) Analyze implied tasks

(c) Arrange task sequence

(d) Identify constraints

(e) If necessary, ask for clarification

(3) The warning order should now be issued to give everyone involved a
"heads up"; now they can start preparing their plans and orders,
getting their Marines properly prepared.

c. Determine information requirements (step 3). In the course of the

mission analysis, the commander determines the information requirements in the
areas of operations, relative combat power of friendly and enemy forces, and
enemy capabilities. Information not available must be collected and integrated
into the estimate.

(1) Higher headquarters may force feed what is needed. Analysis of

on-hand information and review of the generic intelligence request
handbook (GIRH) identify key information gaps that the commander
requests higher headquarters to fill via high precedence voice and
hardcopy messages. This is the time when our prior planning and
"what if" drills pay off.

Let's take a look at figure 3-1 on the next page to review the first three
planning steps of the planning process and the elements required under each.

3-7
 +))))))))))))))),
STEP 1---> * RECEIPT OF * • Acknowledge receipt
* MISSION *
.))))))0))))))))-
*
*
+))))))2)))))))),
STEP 2---> * MISSION * • Determine mission precedence
* ANALYSIS * • Analyze implied taskings
.))))))0))))))))- • Identify constraints
* • Ask for clarification
*
+))))))2)))))))), • Enemy situation
STEP 3---> * DETERMINE * • Environment
* INFORMATION * • Terrain
* REQUIREMENTS * • Facilities
.)))))))))))))))- • Population

Figure 3-1. Rapid response planning process steps 1 through 3.

d. Initial staff orientation (step 4). The commander receives information

from his own staff and from higher, lower, and adjacent headquarters. Any
information not available from these sources must be collected and integrated
into the estimate process.

(1) Gaps in information at this early stage are covered by making

assumptions. The receipt and evaluation of new information
validates these assumptions as planning proceeds. Collection of
information is normally begun concurrently with the processes
described in steps (2) and (3) of the rapid response planning.

(2) The initial staff orientation provides a quick review of the

situation for both the amphibious squadron (PhibRon) and the MEU
staffs and all others who have a need to know. Ensure all "players"
are present.

e. MAGTF commander's planning guidance (step 5). The commander provides

planning guidance to the staff and to subordinate units. The guidance is
derived from his analysis of the mission and consideration of the information
available (or not available) at this stage. This is his assistance to his
staff in preparing or revising their estimates. Planning guidance may include
(1) the commander's analysis of the mission, (2) the commander's general plan
for using nuclear weapons or chemical agents, and (3) other factors the
commander considers important.

(1) The amount of planning guidance varies, depending on the mission,

the volume and validity of information, the situation, and the
experience of the commander. The amount of planning guidance
required also varies with the units, the area of operations, the
enemy, and the commander.

3-8
 (2) The commander's initial guidance is usually incomplete, but it is
developed and expanded as more information is obtained. Initial
guidance is not limited to one specific step in this sequence, but
should precede the preparation of staff estimates.

(3) This step also applies to the CATF. Commanders receive necessary
guidance concerning the topics listed as well as any others that may
impact the operation. Also, in rapid planning, subordinate
commanders and staff must ask for guidance if it is not given. The
less time available for planning, the greater the need for
definitive guidance. Nothing should be left in doubt. Let's take a
look at some specifics the commander should consider.

(a) Restate mission

(b) Restate intent

(c) Major action to accomplish

(d) Assumptions/previous decisions/restrictions

(e) Course of actions to consider/ignore

(f) Phasing instructions

(g) Fire support guidance

(h) Comm guidance

(i) EW guidance

(j) OPSEC guidance

(k) Tactical deception

(l) SIGINT guidance

(m) Preassault operations

(n) Subsidiary landings

(o) Sea echelon/over-the-horizon

(p) CSS/medical

(q) Combat engineer guidance

(r) Rehearsals

f. Develop courses of action (C/A) (step 6). A course of action (C/A) is a

possible plan open to a commander that may lead to the accomplishment of his
mission. It is normally expressed in a general statement that describes the
type of operation contemplated.

3-9
These proposed courses of action are examined by various staff estimates to
determine if they can be supported. The commander systematically analyzes and
compares these courses of action in his estimate of the situation.

(1) Courses of action are developed through a deliberate process of

consideration. Although many may be considered initially, only
those that offer the greatest possibility for success are selected
for detailed analysis and comparison in the staff's estimates and
the commander's estimate. Less promising courses of action are
rejected outright, and subsidiary courses are integrated into major
ones. Typically, two or three courses of action are developed for
formal consideration in the estimates. As a result of the estimate
process, modifications to these courses of action are made when
necessary.

(2) Normally, the G-3/S-3 develops proposed courses of action early in

the planning process in coordination with other members of the
staff. Often, the commander will have approved the proposed courses
of action before issuing his planning guidance. Therefore, the
courses of action are included in the commander's planning guidance.

(3) Occasionally, the proposed courses of action are announced after

planning guidance has been issued. Proposed courses of action are
necessary for the staff to begin the staff estimate process and
should be announced as soon as they have been developed and
approved. Unless higher headquarters has directed a specific course
of action, the commander does not select a single course of action
at this time because doing so would prevent objective and unbiased
staff estimates.

(4) All proposed courses of action must be significantly different and,

at the same time, be feasible. They must also incorporate the
commander's guidance.

(a) Considerations. We cannot simply look at an operational area

and develop a good course of action. This is one reason why we
need to complete other steps before the developing courses of
action. We need to consider some very important facts on every
course of action submitted for approval, including the
following:

1. What is the assigned mission?

2. What is the commander's guidance? This includes any aspect

of the situation the commander considers unusual or
particularly significant.

3. What are the available resources, including personnel and

equipment?

3-10
 4. When gathering information from intelligence reports,
consider the characteristics of the area of operation,
including key terrain, avenues of approach, and the enemy
situation.

(b) Content. The content is stated as a task and should include

the following:

1. What we intend to accomplish.

2. When we intend to accomplish it.

3. Where we intend to execute.

4. How we intend to accomplish it.

5. Who we intend to use to accomplish it.

Figure 3-2 shows a sample course of action.

On H-Hour on D-Day, the main attack, consisting of two companies

reinforced with LAR and tanks, will conduct an amphibious assault over
red beach employing AAVs and landing craft to attack along axis red to
seize ATF Obj 1 (airfield). Simultaneously, a supporting attack,
consisting of one company reinforced with anti-tank sections, will
conduct a helicopterborne assault in LZ Hawk to secure LF Obj A, Loma
Hill, and to prevent enemy observation and fires onto ATF Obj 1.
Artillery lands over red beach and gives priority of fires to the main
attack. One company remains in reserve and prepares for a
helicopterborne landing in either LZ Hawk to reinforce the company at
LF Obj A or along axis red to reinforce the companies assaulting ATF
Obj 1.

(5) Remember, each course of action must

(a) Be suitable for accomplishing the mission

(b) Be acceptable

(c) Be feasible

(d) Be complete

(e) Conform to the commander's guidance

(f) Provide alternatives

3-11
g. Staff estimates (step 7). Based on the mission and the commander's
planning guidance, the staff prepares estimates. These estimates are
coordinated among the staff sections. The results are staff recommendations
about what actions the commander should take to accomplish his mission.

h. Commander's estimate (step 8). The commander's estimate of the situation

is an orderly reasoning process by which the commander evaluates all factors
affecting the situation. How does the commander do this? He chooses feasible
sequences of action and analyzes them to determine the course of action most
likely to accomplish the mission. Normally, the commander listens to both his
general and special staff, relying on the written or oral staff estimates.

(1) The S-3 normally keeps a matrix showing how each staff member weighs
each course of action based on capabilities and limitations. One
example of a matrix is shown in figure 3-3. The most important
thing here is to trust your own instincts--just because your buddy
likes a particular course of action doesn't mean that you should.

(2) Each special staff member briefs the courses of action and rates
them in numerical order with the lowest point total being the best.
Notice that course of action number one (C/A 1) has the lowest point
total. Normally, this means the commander will choose that
particular course of action. But remember, too, that war is an art
as well as a science and numbers may not tell the whole story. If
this matrix reflected the Inchon Plan, General MacArthur would have
elected the least preferred course of action.

S-3 ESTIMATE MATRIX

NGF ARTY CAS COMM CSS TOTAL POINTS

C/A 1 2 1 2 1 1 7

C/A 2 1 2 1 2 2 8

C/A 3 3 3 1 3 3 13

Fig 3-3. Sample estimte matrix.

3-12
Okay, let's review the five steps (steps 4 through 8) that we just completed.
Take a look at table 3-4.

Table 3-4. Planning steps 4 through 8

+))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* STEP * CONSIDERATIONS *
G44444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Initial staff * Ensure all players are present. *
*orientation * *
*(step 4) * *
/))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*MAGTF * Restate mission; restate intent; major actions*
*commander's * to accomplish; assumptions/previous decisions/*
*planning * restrictions; C/As to consider or ignore; *
*guidance * phasing instructions; fire support guidance; *
*(step 5) * guidance; COMM, EW, OPSEC, AND SIGINT *
* * guidance; tactical deception; preassault *
* * operations; subsidiary landings; sea *
* * echelon/over-the-horizon; combat service *
* * support/medical; combat engineer guidance; *
* * and rehearsals *
/))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Develop * Each C/A must be suitable (accomplish the *
*courses of * mission), acceptable, feasible, complete, and *
*action * follow commander's guidance. Each must *
*(step 6) * provide alternatives. *
/))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Staff * Based on the mission and the commander's *
*estimates * guidance, the staff prepares an estimate. *
*(step 7) * *
/))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Commander's * Commander considers staff recommendations and *
*estimate * analyzes and evaluates proposed courses of *
*(step 8) * action. The commander then selects the most *
* * favorable course of action. *
.))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

For a better understanding of the Rapid Response Planning Process, where we

have been so far, and where we are going, refer to figure 3-4. This figure is
an extract from the LFTCLANT ARG/MEU (SOC) staff planning workshop.

3-13
Fig. 3-4. Raspid response planning process.
3-14
3202. Planning Sequence Prior to the Operations Order

The MAGTF commander's estimate (step 8) and decision (step 9) assist the
commander in forming his concept of the operation (step 10). To alert the
appropriate units, warning orders (step 11) are distributed. After careful
analysis, all the staff members determine what actions are required to carry
the operation to successful completion and to prepare detailed plans and
orders (step 12). This includes operation plans and, in the case of
amphibious operations, embarkation and landing plans that will be included as
appendixes in other annexes.

Prior to the receipt of the mission, the MEU and PhibRon must have a detailed,
comprehensive SOP that is actually used and is not just a bureaucratic
requirement. The SOP is a "how-to" handbook containing the procedures and the
various "packages" needed to accomplish expected missions.

Remember the COMMSHIFT we did in Study Unit 2? COMMSHIFT procedures are

standard. Standard. What did we say an SOP was? Standing Operating
Procedure. Note, the word is standing, not standard. An up-to-date SOP
precludes the need for an operations order, allowing planning by exception.
However, how many times have you checked into a unit and could not find the
SOP? How often have you had in your shop an SOP that was over 3 years old and
out-of-date? We will discuss the role of the operations plan/order in
preventing situations like these.

a. Commander's decision (step 9). The commander has sole responsibility for
making a decision for a course of action based on input from the staff and his
own estimate. The commander's decision provides a firm basis for subsequent
development of the operation plan.

b. MAGTF commander's concept of operations (step 10). The commander

amplifies his decision by stating his overall concept of the operation. The
concept is the single unifying factor for the later development of detailed
plans and orders since it explains how the commander envisions the operation
will proceed. This concept of the operation is general in nature during early
planning but becomes refined as detailed planning progresses. In accordance
with Joint Publication 1-02, the concept of operations is defined as "a verbal
or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a commander's intent or assumptions
in regard to an operation or series of operations." The concept is designed
to give an overall picture of the operation.

(1) Considerations. The commander must consider five areas in

developing a good concept of operations. These five areas are
abbreviated METT-T. Let's see what the abbreviation means.

(a) Mission (landing force mission)

(b) Enemy (capabilities)

3-15
 (c) Troops (forces available)

(d) Terrain characteristics of the area

(e) Time (time available)

(2) Content. To write the concept of operations, the commander must

keep in mind that it is a summary statement of how the operation
will be conducted to accomplish the mission. It must amplify the
mission found in paragraph 2. Traditionally, specific units are not
designated. In amphibious operations, the following information
must be included:

(a) Overall formation for landing

(b) General scheme of maneuver

(c) Principal landing force objectives

(d) General task organization

(e) Means of ship-to-shore movement

(f) Fire support

(g) Plans for deception operations, if required

(h) Plans for subsidiary operations, if required

c. Warning orders (step 11). As deemed appropriate, units being employed or

supporting the commander's concept are alerted through warning orders and
furnished with sufficient information to begin planning and preparing for the
operation.

d. Preparation of detailed plans (step 12). To ensure sufficient guidance is

provided for the staff to start detailed planning, the commander will cover
the following six elements when announcing his decision to commit his command
to a course of action:

(1) Who. The "who" usually refers to the command as a whole, but may
designate a subordinate command. In cases where the "who" refers to
the command as a whole, it may be omitted.

(2) What. This is a statement of the course of action to be executed to

accomplish the mission. An example is "to land and secure, to
continue to march, to attack, or to defend."

(3) Where. In offensive operations, the commander decides the

position(s) "from which, to which," the course of action will be
executed. In defensive operations, this refers to the position to
be defended.

3-16
 (4) When. The commander identifies the time(s) at which the course of
action will be initiated. For example, this could be on "D-Day at
H-Hour" or "without delay."

(5) How. The "how" refers to the scheme of maneuver or major tactical
formation that will be employed to execute the course of action.
For example, this could be "with two divisions in the assault," or
"with one company reinforced with TOWs."

(6) Why. It is important to provide a statement about the purpose of

the operation to ensure intelligent compliance with the operation
plans or orders. This is particularly true when higher headquarters
cannot reasonably be reached. The concept of operations is always
located in paragraph 3a(2) of the basic plan or order. It may also
be found in paragraph 2 of Annex C (Operations) of the operation
order or plan. In complex or MAGTF operations, it is stated in
Appendix 11 (Concept of Operations) of Annex C (Operations) to the
basic order or plan. In such cases, concepts for the ACE and CSSE
are included. Additional concepts may be included as required.
Plans are amplified in various support documents of the operation
order or plan. Such documents will include the following:

(a) Plan for landing

(b) Plan for supporting fires

(c) Plan for employment of aviation

(d) Plan for combat service support

(e) Plan for civil affairs

Before we move on, can you recall the three rapid response steps required
to prepare operation plans/orders? The steps are taken after the staff
estimates.

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

If you answered, (1) MAGTF commander's estimate of the situation, (2) MAGTF
commander's decision, and (3) MAGTF commander's concept of the operation,
great! If you didn't, go back and study the information again. Now let's put
the last four rapid response planning process steps in perspective. Take a
look at figure 3-5.

3-17
 STEP 9---->+))))))))))))))), • Mission
* COMMANDER's * • Situation
* DECISION * • Analysis of opposing C/As
.))))))0))))))))- • Comparison of own C/As
* • Decision
*
STEP 10--->+))))))2))))))))),• Commander's intent
* CONCEPT *• Task organization
* OF *• Principal objectives
* OPERATION *• Scheme of maneuver
.))))))0)))))))))-• Method of landing
* • Fire support concept
* • Communications concept
* • CSS concept
* • Phasing/sequence of major
* events
*
STEP 11--->+))))))2))))))))),• Review existing plans
* WARNING *• Select plan or run audible
* ORDERS *• Modify plans
.))))))0)))))))))-
*
*
STEP 12--->+))))))2))))))))),• Review existing plans
* PREPARATION *• Select plan or run audible
* OF *• Modify plans
* DETAILED PLANS *
.))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-5. Rapid response planning steps 9 through 12.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson Summary. This lesson discussed the first steps in the rapid response
planning process. Steps 1 through 8 are used for the staff estimates and
steps 9 through 12 are used for the operation order. We discussed information
requirements needed to ensure planning is both timely and continuous. In the
next lesson, we will discuss the format for the communications related portion
of step 8, the communications-electronics estimate.

3-18
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 12 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

Matching: For items 1 through 12, match each planning step listed in
column 1 with its appropriate phase in the rapid planning process listed
in column 2. Place your responses in the spaces provided.

Group I: Steps for the Staff Estimates

Column 1 Column 2

Step Phase of the Rapid Response

Planning Process

___ 1. One a. Initial staff orientation

___ 2. Two b. Mission analysis
___ 3. Three c. Receipt of mission
___ 4. Four d. Determine information
___ 5. Five requirements
e. MAGTF commander's
planning guidance

Group II: Steps for the Staff Estimates

Column 1 Column 2

Step Phase of the Rapid Response

Planning Process

___ 6. Six a. MAGTF concept of

___ 7. Seven operation
___ 8. Eight b. Commander's estimate
c. Develop courses of action
d. MAGTF commander's
decision
e. Staff estimate

Group III: Steps for Operation Plans/Orders

Column 1 Column 2

Step Phase of the Rapid Response

Planning Process

___ 9. Nine a. Commander's concept of

___ 10. Ten the operation
___ 11. Eleven b. Preparation of detailed
___ 12. Twelve c. Develop courses of action
d. MAGTF commander's
decision
e. Issue warning orders

3-19
Lesson 3. COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS ESTIMATE FORMAT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the three purposes of the communications-electronics

estimate.

2. Identify, in writing, the contents of the heading and body of the

communications-electronics estimate.

3. Name the six paragraphs contained in the situation and

considerations paragraph of the communications-electronics estimate.

In the rapid response planning process, the objective during the planning
phase is speed. Recall the MAGTF capabilities from Study Unit 1: "A
MAGTF will plan and commence execution within 6 hours of the receipt of
the warning order." Because of this requirement, the staff estimates are
normally briefed orally. To ensure you cover all the bases, however, you
should know the written format and you must refer to it each time you
give an oral brief of the estimate. This lesson will take you through
the entire structure of the communications-electronics estimate process
and the preparation of your own estimates.

3301. Purpose of Communications-Electronics Staff Estimates

(Step 8)

An estimate of the situation is a logical and orderly examination of all

factors affecting mission accomplishment. Its purpose is to determine the
most suitable of the various courses of action under consideration. The
making of estimates is a continuing job for all officers and SNCOs, especially
those assigned as staff personnel. The estimate of the situation is a
continuing process that begins at the inception of the planning phase and ends
at the conclusion of operations. An entirely new estimate is prepared only
when a new operation is undertaken or when a drastic change in the situation
renders such action appropriate.

Supporting staff estimates serve three general purposes:

• They assist the commander in summarizing those significant aspects of

the situation that influence any course of action that may be adopted.

• They analyze the impact of all factors on a particular course of action.

• They evaluate and determine how the means available can best be employed
to support a given course of action.

In addition to supporting the commander's estimate of the situation, staff

estimates will assist you in determining the detailed actions necessary to
accomplish the overall mission.

3-20
3302. Communications-Electronics Estimate Paragraphs

a. Heading. Each heading of a staff estimate contains the same information;

no deviation is made. The format for all estimates can be found in FMFM 3-1,
Command and Staff Action.

The heading of an estimate contains seven items of information. Let's take a

look at figure 3-6 and see exactly what is contained in the heading.

CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ___ of ___ copies

3rd MEB
TWENTYNINE PALMS
011200Z Jun 92

COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS ESTIMATE

Ref: NONE

Fig 3-6. Estimate heading.

(1) Classification. List the overall classification of the contents.

Ensure the classification is in capital letters or print that is
larger than the text. The classification will be placed at the top
and bottom of every page.

(2) Copy number. The issuing headquarters assigns a copy number to each
copy. A log should be maintained to track each copy issued to other
staff sections. This is extremely important if the estimate is
classified.

(3) Official designation of command. Use a code name, if required, for

security. Use the same code name contained in the operation order.

(4) Place of issue. This may be a code name or postal designator of the
geographic location. This item is always capitalized.

(5) Date/time group. This is the day, hour, month, and year the
estimate was issued.

(6) Title. The title of the estimate being submitted. This line is
always capitalized and underlined.

3-21
 (7) Reference. The reference line will list any information used to
compile your estimate. Normally, reference is made to the mission
statement or maps that may have been used. Any reference listed
must be made available to recipients of the estimate. If no
references are used, the entry will look like this:

Ref: NONE.

b. Body. There are five main paragraphs that make up the content of the body
of our estimate. They are mission, situation and considerations,
communications-electronics, evaluation, and conclusions.

Let's discuss each paragraph and the information it contains.

(1) Mission. Although titled as a main paragraph, the information

contained here is considered a subparagraph. The mission heading is
in all uppercase letters and is underlined. This subparagraph
contains a brief restatement of the basic mission of the command as
a whole as previously announced by the commander. Deduced missions
necessary for the accomplishment of the basic mission, along with
decisions of the commander regarding either deduced or basic
missions, should be listed in appropriate subparagraphs. Look at
the sample mission paragraph in figure 3-7.

1. MISSION

Commander, Amphibious Task Force, will conduct an

amphibious operation to seize and secure MARGARITA
ISLAND in the COSTA ARCHIPELAGO to reopen the SOCAL
STRAIGHTS. Eliminate ORANGE capability within the bases
for U.S. Army forces for subsequent operations; prepare to
conduct further offensive operations as directed.

(2) Situation and considerations. This paragraph will contain the most
information and is the second of the five paragraphs. A total of
six subparagraphs make up the contents of this paragraph. Most of
the information contained in the situation and considerations
paragraph is derived from the intelligence brief conducted in step 2
and the commander's guidance received in step 5 of the rapid
response planning process. A detailed explanation of the situation
and considerations paragraph will be covered in paragraph 3303 of
this lesson.

3-22
(3) Communications-electronics analysis. This is paragraph 3 of the
communications-electronics estimate. The information contained here
comes from the courses of action developed in step 6 of the rapid
response planning process. Each course of action under
consideration is analyzed in light of significant factors to
determine problems that will be encountered, measures required to
solve such problems, and any limiting features. This paragraph will
carry as many subparagraphs as necessary to list every course of
action. Let's take a look at the type of information contained in
paragraph 3.

(a) Subparagraph a. Your first course of action will be listed

here. Normally, the course of actions are listed here in the
same order they were received. This subparagraph is titled
"Course of Action #1."

1. Sub-subparagraph 1 is titled "Support Requirements." Two

additional sub-subparagraphs will follow and discuss the
information shown in figure 3-8.

Terrain and Distance Factors. A discussion of terrain and distance

factors that may affect the location of command posts and
installations and the employment of means to communicate.

Installations. A discussion of known or deduced communication

requirements for each communication and control agency and for other
units. These requirements may be expressed as needlines or may be
detailed to include types of circuits and terminal service or other
forms of communications required by these activities.

Fig 3-8. Sub-paragraph information.

2. Sub-subparagraph 2 is titled "Support Capability." This

paragraph contains a discussion of the ability to employ all
available means of communications to satisfy the foregoing
support requirements. Other sub-subparagraphs that may be
used together with this sub-subparagraph are the following:

(a) Radio and wire

(b) Messenger

(c) Visual and sound

3-23
Let's take a look at figure 3-9 and see just how paragraph 3 is formatted.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*3. COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS ANALYSIS *
* *
* a. Course of action #1 *
* *
* (1) Support requirements *
* *
* (a) Terrain and distance factors *
* *
* (b) Installations *
* *
* (2) Support capability *
*
* (a) Radio and wire *
* *
* (b) Messenger *
*
* (c) Visual and sound *
* *
* b. Course of action #2 *
* *
* (1) Support requirements *
* *
* (a) Terrain and distance factors *
* *
* (b) Installation *
* *
* (2) Support capability *
* *
* (a) Radio and wire *
* *
* (b) Messenger *
* *
* (c) Visual and sound *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-9. Communications-electronics estimate sample paragraph 3.

(4) Evaluation. This is the fourth paragraph of the

communications-electronics estimate. The information contained in
this paragraph is based on the previous analysis. The advantages
and disadvantages of each course of action listed in paragraph 3 are
summarized and compared from a communications-electronics viewpoint.
Refer to figure 3-10 for the proper format of this paragraph.

3-24
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*4. EVALUATION *
* *
* a. Course of action #1 *
* *
* (1) Advantages *
* *
* (2) Disadvantages *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-10. Sample paragraph 4.

(5) Conclusions. This is the last paragraph of the

communications-electronics estimate. All together there are four
subparagraphs. They are

(a) A statement about which course of action under consideration

can best be supported from a communications-electronics
viewpoint

(b) A statement of the most obvious disadvantages that render the

other courses of action less desirable from a
communications-electronics viewpoint

(c) A statement of significant communications-electronics problems

to be solved and limitations that may exist

(d) A statement of measures required to solve the foregoing

communications-electronics problems and to offset any
limitations that may exist

c. Ending. The ending is short and simple. It contains the endorsement that
lists any supporting documents. Refer to figure 3-11.

(1) The signature of the individual preparing the estimate will appear
immediately following the fifth paragraph. Normally, the
communications officer will sign; however, on occasion you, as the
comm chief, will be responsible for signing.

(2) The items affixed to the estimate will be any supporting documents
attached as annexes.

/s/______________
______________

ANNEXES: (as appropriate)

Fig 3-11. Communications-electronics estimate ending.

3-25
3303. Situation and Considerations Subparagraphs

As mentioned earlier in this lesson, the situation and considerations

paragraph is the largest of the five contained in the comm/elect estimate. We
will describe each of the six subparagraphs in detail.

a. Subparagraph a. This subparagraph is titled "Intelligence Situation."

It contains information that you have gathered or information obtained from
the G-2. If you desire, reference can be made to the intelligence estimate or
to other intelligence documents when deemed appropriate. This subparagraph
will also have two additional sub-subparagraphs. They follow:

(1) Characteristics of the area. Include those characteristics

affecting communications-electronics such as weather, terrain,
transportation networks, and communications routes.

(2) Enemy strengths and disposition of major units. Include information

about tactical units and possible signals intelligence or electronic
warfare the enemy could use, such as jamming, wire tapping, and use
of imitative deception on voice radios.

b. Subparagraph b. This subparagraph is titled "Tactical Situation." It

contains information obtained from the commander's planning guidance and from
the G-3/S-3 in step 5. This subparagraph also contains the following three
additional sub-subparagraphs:

(1) Present disposition of major units. This sub-subparagraph contains

information on the tactical units and communications-electronics
elements.

(2) Courses of action consider. This sub-subparagraph lists the courses

of actions that were selected during step 6 of the rapid response
planning process.

(3) Projected operations. This sub-subparagraph lists factors that

could interrupt communications. Some examples of these factors are
rates of advance, command post location and displacement, and
uncovering of major communications routes.

c. Subparagraph c. This subparagraph is titled "Personnel Situation."

Information for this subparagraph has either been gathered by you or obtained
from the G-1/S-1 regarding personnel matters affecting the
communications-electronics situation. If deemed appropriate, reference may be
made to the personnel estimate or other documents. This subparagraph will
normally have three sub-subparagraphs containing information on strengths,
replacements, and command post organization and operation.

3-26
d. Subparagraph d. This subparagraph is titled "Logistic Situation." The
contents will include information known or obtained from the G-4/S-4 regarding
logistic matters. If appropriate, you can refer to the logistic estimate or
other logistic documents. Normally, this subparagraph contains at least three
sub-subparagraphs that include information on equipment availability,
condition of equipment, and the availability of repair parts and consumable
items.

e. Subparagraph e. This subparagraph is titled "Assumptions." An

assumption is defined as theory assumed to be true in the absence of positive
proof to the contrary. Assumptions are used to bridge gaps between facts.
Care should be taken to avoid unnecessary assumptions when facts are
available.

f. Subparagraph f. This subparagraph is titled "Communications-Electronics

Situation." The contents of this subparagraph will contain current
communications installations, the status of the overall communications system,
and the location and mission of communications and control agencies. You can
reference the COMMSOP and CEOI if appropriate. This subparagraph will include
sub-subparagraphs if special items are not covered elsewhere. Examples
include frequencies, callsigns, and cryptographic matters.

Let's take a look at a sample paragraph 2 in figure 3-12. It shows the

elements that comprise the subparagraphs and how they are formatted.

3-27
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* UNCLASSIFIED *
* *
*2. SITUATION AND CONSIDERATIONS. *
* *
* a. Intelligence Situation. (Information known or obtained*
* from the G-2. Where appropriate, reference may be made *
* to the Intelligence Estimate or other intelligence *
* documents.) *
* *
* (1) Characteristics of the area. (Those affecting *
* communications-electronics.) *
* *
* (a) Weather *
* *
* (b) Terrain *
* *
* (c) Transportation networks/communications routes*
* *
* (d) Any other areas deemed appropriate *
* *
* (2) Enemy Strengths and Disposition of Major Units *
* *
* (a) Tactical Units *
* *
* (b) Signals intelligence/electronic warfare: *
* *
* 1 Jamming *
* *
* 2 Wire tapping *
* *
* 3 Imitative deception *
* *
* 4 Any others deemed appropriate *
* *
* b. Tactical Situation. (Information obtained from the *
* commander's planning guidance and from the G-3.) *
* *
* (1) Present Disposition of Major Units *
* *
* (a) Tactical units. (List all units involved) *
* *
* (b) Communications-electronics elements attached *
* *
* (page number) *
* *
* UNCLASSIFIED *
* *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-12. Sample paragraph 2.

3-28
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* UNCLASSIFIED *
* *
* (2) Courses of Action to be considered. *
* *
* (a) Course of action #1 *
* *
* (b) Course of Action #2 *
* *
* (c) Other course of action if more than two *
* *
* (3) Projected Operations. (If known, and that will *
* affect the communications-electronics situation.) *
* *
* (a) Rates of advance *
* *
* (b) Command post location and displacement *
* *
* (c) Uncovering of major communications routes *
* *
* (d) Other information deemed appropriate *
* *
* c. Personnel Situation. (Information known or obtained *
* from the G-1 regarding personnel matters affecting the *
* communications-electronics situation. Where *
* appropriate, reference may be made to the logistic *
* estimate or other logistic documents.) *
* *
* (1) Strengths *
* *
* (2) Replacements *
* *
* (3) Command post organization and operation *
* *
* (4) Other information deemed appropriate *
* *
* d. Logistic Situation. (Information known or obtained *
* from the G-4 regarding logistic matters affecting the *
* communications-electronics situation. Where *
* appropriate, reference may be made to the logistic *
* estimate or other logistic documents.) *
* *
* (1) Availability of equipment *
* *
* (2) Condition of equipment *
* *
* (3) Availability of repair parts and consumable items *
* *
* (4) Other information deemed appropriate *
* (page number) *
* *
* UNCLASSIFIED *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-12. Sample paragraph 2--cont'd.

3-29
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* UNCLASSIFIED *
* *
* e. Assumptions. (Any assumptions required as a basis for *
* initiating planning or for the preparation of the *
* estimate.) *
* *
* f. Communications-Electronics Situation. *
* *
* (1) General. (Information regarding current *
* communications installations, the status of the *
* overall communications system, and the location *
* mission of communications and control agencies. *
* Reference may be made to the COMMSOP and CEOI or *
* to the communications-electronics annexes *
* contained in current operation plans or orders.) *
* *
* (2) Special. (Items not covered elsewhere that *
* affect the communications-electronics situation.) *
* *
* (a) Availability and assignment of radio *
* frequencies *
* *
* (b) Assignment of callsigns *
* *
* (c) Availability of shipboard communications *
* equipment for troop use *
* *
* (d) Arrangement for communications guard *
* *
* (e) Anticipated traffic volumes *
* *
* (f) Cryptographic matters *
* *
* (g) etc. *
* *
* (page number) *
* *
* UNCLASSIFIED *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 3-12. Sample paragraph 2--cont'd.

3-30
This lesson has covered information on the communications-electronics
estimate. Let's go back and review. Check your responses against those
below.

1. What type of information does paragraph 1 of the

communications-electronics estimate contain?

______________________________________________________

2. What is the purpose of the communications-electronics estimate?

______________________________________________________

3. The information contained in paragraph 2 "Situation and

Considerations," subparagraph b "Tactical Situation" of the estimate
will be received from what steps in the rapid response planning
process?

Step_____________________and step_____________________

Your answers should have been as follows:

1. Mission

2. To assist the commander in summarizing significant aspects of the

situation, analyzing the impact of all factors on a particular course of
action, and evaluating and determining how the means available can best
be employed.

3. Step 5 and step 6

Did you have any trouble? If so, review paragraphs 3301, 3302, and 3303 of
this study unit.

Lesson Summary. In this lesson, you learned the three purposes of the
communications-electronics estimate. You also learned the information you
need to write the heading and body of the communications-electronics estimate.
Finally, you learned the six subparagraphs contained in the situation and
considerations paragraph. Now that you have completed the estimate, you are
ready to prepare paragraph 5 of the operation order/plan.

3-31
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 12 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

1. Which three of the five statements below best describe the purpose
of the communications-electronics estimate?

(1) To provide a commander a possible plan that may lead to the

accomplishment of the mission
(2) To assist the commander in summarizing those significant
aspects of the situation
(3) To analyze the impact of all factors on a particular course of
action
(4) To evaluate and determine how the means available can best be
employed
(5) Normally expressed in a general statement that describes the
type of operation contemplated

a. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 3, 5
b. 2, 3, 4 d. 3, 4, 5

Matching: For items 2 through 12, match the paragraph/

sub-paragraph number/letter in column 1 to its paragraph/subparagraph
title in column 2. Place your responses in the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Paragraph Number Title

___ 2. One a. Communications-

___ 3. Two electronics analysis
___ 4. Three b. Conclusions
___ 5. Four c. Mission
___ 6. Five d. Evaluation
e. Situation and
considerations

Subparagraph Number/Letter Title

___ 7. 2a a. Personnel
___ 8. 2b b. Logistics
___ 9. 2c c. Intelligence
___ 10. 2d d. Assumptions
___ 11. 2e e. Comm/elect
___ 12. 2f f. Tactical

3-32
Lesson 4. OPERATION PLAN/ORDER

In the previous lessons we discussed the sequence of planning to get to a

point where we encountered our first major communications planning
document, the communications-electronics estimate. Everything involved
in the planning process--mission analysis, determining information
requirements, staff orientations, developing courses of action, staff
estimates, and the MAGTF concept of operation--exists for one single
purpose--to use all the information to draft the operation order/plan.
For communications personnel, your part in this plan is paragraph 5 of
the operation order, command and signal. This lesson will describe the
five-paragraph order (operation order) and show where command and signal
fits in.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Describe the format for the operation plan/order.

3401. Operation Plan and Order Preparation

After considering recommendations by his staff (staff estimates, step 7), the
commander prepares his estimate (commander's estimate, step 8) of the
situation. This estimate consists of an orderly reasoning process by which
the commander evaluates all factors affecting the situation. He analyzes
feasible courses of action to arrive at a decision on which course of action
is appropriate (commander's decision, step 9). This decision provides a firm
basis for subsequent development of the operation order. The commander
amplifies his decision by stating his overall concept of the operation (step
10).

a. Concept of operation. The concept of operation is the single most

unifying factor for the subsequent development of detailed plans and orders.
This is true because it explains the commander's vision of how the operation
will proceed. This concept of the operation is

(1) General in nature during early planning

(2) Becomes refined as detail planning progresses

b. Definition. Joint Publication 1-02 (JCSPub 1-02) defines the concept of

operations as a verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a
commander's intent or assumptions in regard to an operation or series of
operations. The concept is designed to give an overall picture of the
operation.

c. Operation plan. The operation plan is the instrument through which the
commander translates his decision (step 9) into specific tasks for subordinate
units. It contains sufficient detail about execution of the plan to ensure
coordinated action by the command as a whole.

3-33
 (1) Whether the documents are titled "plans" or "orders" depends
primarily upon the time of issue. In many cases, the necessity for
the commander to issue early planning guidance to his subordinates
will prompt him to issue a tentative directive in the form of a plan.
The plan serves as either the basis for subsequent orders or becomes
the operation order by issuing appropriate implementation
instructions. Remember from Lesson 2, an operation order has a date
and time of execution.

(2) The operation order may be a brief oral statement, such as one
issued by a battalion commander to his companies as they continue
the attack. Or, it may be a voluminous, detailed document such as
one for an amphibious operation. The operation order contains the
"who," "what," "when," and "where" of the commander's decision and
enough of the "how" and "why" to ensure compliance. However, it
does not encroach on the subordinate commander's prerogative to
develop the specifics and determine "how" he will accomplish his
assigned tasks.

d. Assembly. The assembly of the complete operation plan and the

coordination of its component parts is a function of the G-3/S-3. The
preparation of detailed parts of the plan, including appended portions, may be
assigned to various special staff members. Staff activity in the preparation
of the plan is directed and coordinated by the chief of staff. All parts of
the plan are approved by the commander before they are disseminated.

e. Form and content. To ensure complete understanding and inclusion of all

essential instructions and to facilitate finding references, all operation
plans and orders are promulgated in a standard format. The form is divided
into three principal parts:
heading, body, and ending.

(1) Heading. Contains the numbering of copies, issuing headquarters,

place of issue, date/time group, month and year of issue, message
reference number, title and number of plan, reference used in the
plan, time and zone used through the plan, and changes from oral
orders (figure 3-13).

(2) Body. The body contains the task organization and the following
main paragraphs (table 3-5):

3-34
 CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ___ of ___ copies

4th MEB
(TF 46)
FPO NEW YORK, NY
120800R October 1996

Operation Order 14-92 (Operation RED RANGER)

Ref: (a) Maps

(b) 4th MEBO P3000.1, SOP for Operations
(c) 4th MEBO P2000.1, SOP for Communications-
Electronics

Time Zone: Q

Fig 3-13. OpPlan heading format.

Table 3-5. OpPlan Body Contents

+)))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* Paragraph * Contents *
G44444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* 1 * Titled SITUATION, contains essential information *
* * regarding the enemy force and friendly forces, as *
* * well as attachments to and detachments from the *
* * issuing command. This paragraph is devoted exclu-*
* * sively to information for subordinate commands and*
* * contains no part of the plan or instructions of *
* * the commander. Any assumptions made by the com- *
* * mander appear in this paragraph of the plan. *
* * Assumptions are not used in operation orders. *
* * *
* 2 * Titled MISSION, contains a concise statement of *
* * the mission. *
* * *
* 3 * Titled EXECUTION, contains a brief statement of *
* * the concept of operations and assigns definite *
* * tasks or missions to each element of the command *
* * charged with the execution of tactical details of *
* * the mission. It provides details of coordination *
* * and the organization for combat, if not already *
* * included under task organization. *
* * *
* 4 * Titled ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS, contains a *
* * statement of combat service support arrangements *
* * for the operation and assignment of definite com- *
* * bat service support tasks to each element of the *
* * command. Arrangements for CSS of the command by *
* * external agencies will also be defined. *
.)))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

3-35
 Table 3-5. OpPlan Body Contents--cont'd

+)))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* 5 * Titled COMMAND AND SIGNAL, contains instructions *
* * relative to command and communications-electronics*
* * arrangements. It will include the locations, *
* * afloat and ashore, if known, of the command posts *
* * of major elements of the command. If specific *
* * location of the command post ashore is not known *
* * at the time of issuance of the order, the approxi-*
* * mate location should be indicated or the comment *
* * "to be announced" should be entered. *
.)))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

(3) Ending. The ending of the operation plan contains acknowledgement

instructions, signature, authentication, list of annexes, and
distribution (figure 3-14).

ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT
JOHN H. SMITH
Colonel, U. S. Marine Corps
Commanding

OFFICIAL:

U. R. WRIGHT Major,
USMC S-3
CLASSIFICATION

Fig 3-14. OpPlan ending format.

That covers just the basics of the operation order. Since our job will mainly
deal with paragraph 5, let's discuss it in more detail and see what type of
information it contains.

f. Command and signal. Paragraph 5 deals with a number of subjects. It

contains not only instructions for the establishment and maintenance of
communications, but also instructions about the location of command posts,
probable locations of future command posts, and command relationships.
Earlier in this course in Study Unit 2, paragraph 2102f we discussed the
format for paragraph 5 of the operation order. As a member of the commander's
special staff, the communications officer is responsible for the preparation
of paragraph 5.

3-36
Lesson Summary. This lesson provided you with the information required to
properly draft the heading and the ending of the operations plan or order. It
showed that the body is a five-paragraph order. Paragraph 5 of the operation
plan/order was covered in more detail in Study Unit 2.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 and 2 by performing the action required. Check

your responses against those listed
at the end of this study unit.

1. What is contained in the heading of an operation order?

a. Date time group, reference used, time zone used in the plan,
and acknowledgement instructions
b. Situation, mission, execution, administration and logistics,
and command and signal
c. References, time zone, issuing headquarters, and title of plan
d. Issuing headquarters, list annexes, signature, month and year
of issue

2. What is contained in the ending of an operations order?

a. Acknowledgement instructions, references, time zone

b. Acknowledgement instructions, signature, list of annexes
c. Signature, list of annexes, maps
d. Numbering of copies, date time group, distribution

UNIT SUMMARY

This study unit provided you with the terminology, knowledge, and skills
required to draft detailed plans to assist the commander in preparation of
combat orders and plans relating to communications-electronics. Not only did
we look at the terms of combat plans and orders, but we also covered rapid
response planning steps for the communications estimate and paragraph 5 of the
operation order, the communications estimate format, and the operation plan.
Your next study unit will lead you into the detailed preparation of your basic
communications
document--Annex K.

3-37
Lesson 1 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. Comm plan 3101

2. Comm order 3102
3. d. 3103
4. b. 3104
5. a. 3104
6. a. 3104
7. b. 3104
8. b. 3104
9. a. 3104
10. a. 3104
11. c. 3104
12. a. Timeliness 3104
b. Simplicity and brevity
c. Completeness
d. Flexibility

Lesson 2 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. c. 3201
2. b. 3201
3. d. 3201
4. a. 3201
5. e. 3201
6. c. 3201
7. e. 3201
8. b. 3201
9. d. 3202
10. a. 3202
11. e. 3202
12. b. 3202

3-38
Lesson 3 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. b. 3301
2. c. 3302
3. e. 3302
4. a. 3302
5. d. 3302
6. b. 3302
7. c. 3303
8. f. 3303
9. a. 3303
10. b. 3303
11. d. 3303
12. e. 3303

Lesson 4 Exercise Solutions

Reference

1. c. 3401
2. b. 3401

3-39
 STUDY UNIT 4

ANNEX K

Introduction. An annex is a document appended to a plan or an order (or

to other items). The annex pertains to a type of activity or subject
that is not of general interest or is just too voluminous to put in the
body of the document. It can be prepared in any form appropriate to its
subject matter. It may not necessarily be in the format of the body of
the operation plan or order to which it is attached.

The communications-electronics annex is the plan for coordinating the

establishment and operation of the communications systems and agencies
throughout the landing force. It takes the same form at all levels of
command within the landing force and is based upon and supports the
tactical and logistical plans.

Annex K comprises communications plans and orders. This study unit will
discuss Annex K in detail, including the formatting of its amplifying
instructions: appendixes, tabs, enclosures, and attachments.

Before we discuss drafting Annex K, you need to learn the material and
information needed to prepare it.

Lesson 1. GATHERING DATA TO USE IN ANNEX K

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the responsibilities of the general and special staff

sections.

2. Identify communications resources available for use when conducting

an operation.

3. Identify the three purposes of the communications- electronics

annex.

4101. Staff Responsibilities for Drafting the Communications-

Electronics Annex

The actual drafting of the communications-electronics annex is the

responsibility of the communications-electronics officer and his staff.
Throughout its preparation of the communications-electronics annex, the
communications-electronics officer coordinates with each staff section of the
landing force as well as with the communications-electronics officers at
parallel and lower commands, ensuring that all requirements are satisfied.
Any officer or staff noncommissioned officer who may be assigned
communications duties must be prepared to write the communications-electronics
annex.

4-1
Annex K is referred to by one of three names. FMFM 3-1 calls it Annex K
(Communications-Electronics) while FMFM 3-30, which is used for joint or
combined operations, refers to Annex K as Annex K (Command and Control
Systems), and the Joint Pub 5-03.2 (JOPS Vol II) uses the term Supplemental
Planning Formats and Guidance. For the purpose of this study unit, we will
refer to the document as simply Annex K. See Appendix A of either FMFM 3-30
or FMFM 3-1 for the exact formatting of the different types of Annex Ks.

The skill that you use to prepare Annex K for tactical employment of your
communications unit and equipment will make the difference between producing
an effective communications system that supports the mission or a confusing
document that invites communications failure and tactical disaster.

You must prepare your communications plan along with the operation plan.
Doing this ensures your capability of setting up adequate communications
support when and where you need it. Preparing your communications plan along
with the operation will also enable you to supervise the installation,
operation, and maintenance of communications during the execution of those
plans. Begin the planning process by using the following five planning
process phases:

1. Collect information

2. Analyze communications requirements

3. Analyze planning factors

4. Prepare plans

5. Develop your communications concept

The first, fourth, and fifth phases will be discussed in this lesson. The
second and third are analytical phases and are performed mentally during the
thought processes used in the other phases. The second and third phases will
therefore not be discussed in the lesson.

Let's begin our discussion with the first phase, collect information. During
the rapid response planning process, you received information from other
personnel. Now, what other information do you need? You need current and
detailed information. So, even though you have some information, you must
talk to the staff officers or NCOICs of each staff office to obtain the
current and detailed information you need to complete the annex.

Take a look at table 4-1 and see what information you could obtain from these
staff officers/NCOICs.

4-2
 Table 4-1. Information From General/Special Staff

+)))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*STAFF SECTION* TYPES OF INFORMATION *
G4444444444444P4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*G-1/S-1 *The personnel officer provides information *
* *concerning personnel strengths, replacements, *
* *command post organization and operation, and any *
* *special communications requirements pertaining to*
* *personnel and administration. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*G-2/S-2 *The intelligence officer provides information *
* *concerning weather, terrain, the enemy situation,*
* *communications security, and any special *
* *communications requirements pertaining to *
* *intelligence. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*G-3/S-3 *The operations and training officer provides *
* *information concerning the mission, concept of *
* *operations, task organization, anticipated rates *
* *of advance, proposed locations of command posts, *
* *axis of communications, and any special *
* *communications requirements pertaining to *
* *operations. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*G-4/S-4 *The combat service support (CSS) officer provides*
* *information concerning initial allowances and *
* *resupply of communications-electronics material, *
* *available CSS, proposed location of CSS *
* *installations, and any special communications *
* *requirements pertaining to CSS. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*G-5/S-5 *The civil affairs officer provides information *
* *concerning the relationship among U.S. Marine *
* *Forces, civil authorities, and people in a *
* *friendly or occupied country where Marine Forces *
* *are present,including any special communications *
* *requirements pertaining to civil affairs. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Special *Other staff officers listed under special staff *
*Staff *in FMFM 3-1 (NBC, MMO, Embarkation, etc.), *
*Officers *including liaison representatives from attached *
* *and supporting units, provide information *
* *relative to their specialties including any *
* *special communications requirements. *
/)))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Other *Other headquarters provide information that you *
*Headquarters *must consider during planning. Senior *
* *headquarters may assign special communications *
* *units, impose special communications *
* *requirements, or issue communications operation *
* *instructions for the operation. Subordinate *
* *headquarters may request special units or equip- *
* *ment, additional personnel or material, or other *
* *assistance necessary to accomplish their mission.*
.)))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

4-3
As you can see, you obtain vital information from everyone on the general and
special staff. You need to consult them about their specific communications
plans and requirements. Establish good working relationships with all staff
sections.

Information requirements, located in the left column of the following

challenge, are typical subjects that general and special staffs may need to
study during operation planning.

Take a minute to complete the challenge below.

Using the types of information that staff sections can provide from table
4-1, fill in each responsible staff section you would contact for detailed
information on each subject.

+)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))),
* INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS * RESPONSIBLE SECTION *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Assignment of special *Other headquarters *
*communications units * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Task organization * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Personnel strengths * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Relationships between U. S. Marine * *
*Forces and other agencies * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Personnel replacements * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Anticipated rates of advance * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Enemy situation * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Allowances and resupply * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Weather * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Provide liaison representatives * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Terrain * *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))-

Your answer should appear as shown in the right column under the responsible
section of the chart on the next page. If you answered correctly, continue.
If you missed something, look it up in paragraph 4101 before continuing.

4-4
+)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))),
* INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS * RESPONSIBLE SECTION *
G444444444444444444444444444444444444444P44444444444444444444444I
*Senior headquarters may assign special * Other Headquarters *
*communications units * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Task organization * G-3/S-3 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Personnel strengths * G-1/S-1 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Relationships between U.S. Marine * G-5/S-5 *
*Forces and other agencies * *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Personnel replacements * G-1/S-1 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Anticipated rates of advance * G-3/S-3 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Enemy situation * G-2/S-2 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Allowances and resupply * G-4/S-4 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Weather * G-2/S-2 *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Provide liaison representatives *Special Staff Officers *
/)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Terrain * G-2/S-2 *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))-

4102. Determining Communications Resources in the Objective Area

To determine communications requirements you must compare all available

resources with the enemy's potential resources. Consider the following:

a. Available resources. Consider the kinds of personnel, equipment,

supplies, and maintenance facilities that will support your plans during the
operation. Specific items to consider include the following:

(1) Personnel. When evaluating personnel, you must consider the types
and numbers of particular military occupational specialties that are
available, the state of training of assigned personnel, and the
availability of replacements in the objective area.

(2) Equipment. You must consider the quantity, condition, and

operational characteristics of authorized equipment (or augmentation
equipment if required); availability of replacement equipment; and
the maintenance facilities in the objective area. Automated data
processing equipment (ADPE) will help you handle increasing
requirements for communications.

4-5
 (3) Supplies. The quantity and condition of available supplies, such as
wire, batteries, and repair parts, and the availability of resupply
in the objective area are all critical considerations.

(4) Maintenance support. You must plan for maintenance support during
each phase of the operation. Give particular attention to such
items as interservice agreements and the availability of test
equipment to support maintenance efforts in the objective area.

Stop to try this challenge!

What staff sections will supply you with information about personnel and
equipment/supplies?

1. _________________________ 2. __________________________

Recalling the information from table 4-1, your responses should have been
along the following lines:

For personnel, your answer should be G-1/S-1 and for equipment/ supplies, the
correct answer is G-4/S-4. If you answered correctly, continue. If your
answers were different, take another look at paragraphs 4101 and 4102a before
continuing.

b. Enemy resources. Enemy resources can significantly affect communications

during the operation. Enemy resources of significant interest (along with
their countermeasures) are outlined in table 4-2.

Table 4-2. Enemy Resources Affecting Communications

+))))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ENEMY RESOURCE * COUNTERMEASURES *
G44444444444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Signal Intelligence/*Always assume the enemy has a SIGINT/EW *
*Electronic Warfare *capability affecting all communications *
*(SIGINT/EW) *during the operation. Take these *
* *automatic precautions: *
* * *
* *(1) Use communications security (COMSEC) *
* * principles in all communications *
* * planning. *
* * *
* *(2) Plan to quickly install wire circuits *
* * and alternate circuits in case the *
* * enemy is able to disrupt primary ones.*
.))))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

4-6
 Table 4-2. Enemy Resources that Affect Communications--cont'd

+))))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ENEMY RESOURCE * COUNTERMEASURES *
G44444444444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* (SIGINT/EW (cont'd)*(3) Plan to use messengers to physically *
* * deliver message traffic in case the *
* * enemy is successful in disrupting *
* * radio circuits. *
* * *
* *(4) Train communications personnel in *
* * special measures to take in case of *
* * enemy jamming or deception. *
* * *
* *(5) Ensure that all communications users *
* * are aware of procedures to follow in *
* * case enemy electronics counter- *
* * measures temporarily disrupt *
* * communications. *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Enemy Nuclear *If the enemy is known to possess *
*Capability *nuclear capability, plan to increase *
* *dispersion between units. You must *
* *also make provisions for as much physical *
* *protection as possible for communications *
* *facilities. *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Objective Area *Be aware of the nature and location of *
*Facilities *existing radio stations, telephone *
* *exchanges, pole lines, underground *
* *cables, electric power systems, and *
* *similar facilities in the objective area *
* *for possible friendly use. *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Electronics *Follow these electronic communications *
* *security procedures: *
* * *
* * (1) Coordinate closely with the G-3/S-3 *
* * to ensure the communications plan and*
* * activities are in harmony with the *
* * unit's command, control, and *
* * communications (C3) plan. *
* * *
*(TEMPEST) * (2) Understand the danger of TEMPEST *
* * hazards and how to lessen or *
* * eliminate emanations resulting from *
* * improper TEMPEST control. *
* * *
*(Crypto Assets) * (3) Work closely with the communications *
* * security material system (CMS) *
* * custodian to safeguard our system in *
* * garrison, in transit, and in a *
* * tactical environment. *
.))))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

4-7
c. Environmental characteristics affecting the selection of available
resources. These characteristics greatly affect communications as explained
below:

(1) Terrain. You should be aware of the topography, vegetation, road

networks, soil conditions and other terrain features affecting the
location of facilities, installation of wire lines, operation of
radio circuits, and messenger service.

Note: Remember, any terrain offers both advantages and disadvantages, so

the goal is to capitalize on the advantages and minimize the
disadvantages.

Examples: Mountainous areas have a major impact on the operating range of

VHF equipment. In places like Norway, HF may be the only
reliable communications for ground troops without an extensive
retransmission capability.

In the desert, the conductivity of the soil is so poor in most

places you will need synthetic grounding systems (rock salt,
copper piping, and large amounts of water) to protect equipment
and improve the operating performance.

In jungles or densely vegetated areas, you may need to elevate

antennas above the tree line.

(2) Weather. To operate in adverse weather conditions, you will need

special equipment or supplies such as heaters, air conditioners,
shelters, water proofing materials, or cold weather batteries.
Being informed of weather conditions will help you take precautions
to minimize the effects of weather on communications.

(3) Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3). The electromagnetic

environment affects the maneuverability of military forces and the
operation of equipment, systems, and platforms. Some
electromagnetic environmental effects include

(a) Electromagnetic compatibility/electromagnetic interference

(b) Electromagnetic vulnerability

(c) Electromagnetic pulse

(d) Electronic counter-countermeasures

(e) Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel

(f) Ordnance and volatile materials

4-8
 (g) Natural phenomena effects of lightning and precipitation
static.

The key to controlling E3 is an effective training program for operator and

maintenance personnel.

Note: You may have noticed that these characteristics came from the rapid
response planning process, step 3 - Determine Information
Requirements.

Answer this challenge.

Name the four main resources you must consider during operational
planning.

1. _________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________

Your answer should be: personnel, equipment, supplies, and maintenance

support. If you answered correctly, continue. If you didn't, review
paragraph 4102 before continuing.

As you can see, a great deal of research needs to be done before you can begin
to put together an effective plan. Personnel, equipment, supplies,
maintenance, the enemy's capabilities, and the terrain are only a few
considerations. So far in this lesson, we discussed who you will work with to
help develop your plan and what resources are available or needed.

4103. Defining the Purposes of Annex K

Annex K is a tool you use to coordinate the establishment, maintenance, and

operation of the communications system in support of the command and agencies
involved in the operation. Annex K amplifies the instructions contained in
paragraph 5 of the operation plan or order. It contains details about the
following:

• The communications mission of the command

• The communications situation of enemy and friendly forces

• The assignment of communications tasks and responsibilities

• Instructions concerning supply and maintenance

4-9
By incorporating these details, we are in effect developing our communications
concept for operations. Doing this is one of the five phases of the planning
process. Annex K describes the following:

• The primary communications-electronics missions the command must

accomplish

• Those missions other than routine assigned to

communications-electronics personnel at the headquarters

• Those nonstandard communications-electronics missions assigned to

commanders of subordinate units

• Certain administrative and logistics details concerning

communications-electronics

a. Formulating a plan or order. When formulating an operation plan, your

Annex K can become voluminous because of the large amount of information to
cover. When you develop an Annex K for a small subordinate organization, the
material is less detailed; this means you can create a more concise Annex K.

Note: When creating an Annex K for a subordinate organization, ensure a

copy of the major organization's COMPLAN is available for use.
Doing this helps you avoid repetition of
detailed information.

b. You can save time by preparing a standing Annex K rather than creating a
new, comprehensive Annex K every time details and specifics change. This is
done by shifting blocks of information on your computer as changes occur. If
you are assigned to a subordinate organization, you may be able to place the
necessary instructions in paragraph 5 of its operation plan or order.

Note: Remember, you can employ the COMMSOP and CEOI. You may also employ
your senior headquarter's annex.

If you are assigned to a subordinate organization, there are times when you
may need only to include information in paragraph 5 of your operation plan or
order.

c. Annexes are prepared for three purposes: 1. to amplify parts of an order

with data that is technical in nature or somewhat limited in application to
the command as a whole, 2. to promote clarity, brevity, and simplicity within
the body of an order, and 3. to furnish the substance of a plan or order to a
subordinate unit. Annex K actually fulfills all three purposes, but primarily
the first, since it amplifies paragraph 5 with data that is technical in
nature and, for the most part, limited in application to
communications-electronics units.

4-10
Knowing the purposes of Annex K and without using the information contained in
the COMMSOP and CEOI (except by referring to it), you can begin preparing the
annex based on orders received from higher headquarters and the conclusions
reached in the commander's estimate of the situation (step 9).

Here's another challenge. See if you can answer the following question
without looking back at Annex K.

What are the three purposes of Annex K?

1. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Check your responses to see if they substantially agree with the following
correct responses. If you answered correctly, continue. If you did not
remember the purposes, go back to the beginning of paragraph 4103 and review
it before continuing.

1. To amplify parts of an order with data that is technical in nature or

somewhat limited in application to the command as a whole

2. To promote clarity, brevity, and simplicity within the body of an order

3. To furnish the substance of a plan or order to a subordinate unit

Lesson Summary. This lesson taught the types of information each staff
section produces. In particular, it covered the staff responsibilities of
drafting the communications-electronics annex, determining and evaluating
communications resources in the objective area, and defining the purposes of
the Annex K. The next lesson will address how to format Annex K.

4-11
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 10 by performing the action required.
Check your responses against those listed at the end of the study
unit.

Matching: For items 1 through 7, match the general and special staff
section in column 1 to the information requirements it provides to the
communications section in column 2. Place your responses in the spaces
provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Staff Section Information Requirements

___ 1. G-1/S-1 a. Allowances and resupply

___ 2. G-2/S-2 of communications-
___ 3. G-3/S-3 electronics material
___ 4. G-4/S-4 b. Information concerning
___ 5. G-5/S-5 the weather, terrain,
___ 6. Special staff and enemy situation
officers c. Information concerning personnel
strengths and replacements
d. Information concerning the mission
and concept of operations
e. Includes liaison representatives
from attached and supporting units
f. Provides information concerning
the relationships among U.S.
Marine forces and agencies in an
occupied country

7. Personnel resources for communications operations include the types

and numbers of military occupational specialties, the state of
_____________________________, and the availability

of________________________________.

8. Equipment resources for communications operations include the

quantity, condition, and operational characteristics of authorized
equipment; the availability of replacement equipment; and

________________________________________________________.

9. Supply resources for communications operations include the

availability of

_______________________ and ____________________________

4-12
 10. What are the three purposes of Annex K?

a. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lesson 2. FORMATTING ANNEX K

Introduction. The communications officer is responsible for

communications planning. The communications chief should assist by
analyzing all aspects of the situation to determine what communications
means are necessary to satisfy requirements. You must be prepared to
provide the appropriate information and instructions concerning the
installation, operation, and maintenance of communications, including
Annex K. When you plan communications for an operation, you can best
ensure clarity by planning in reverse order. For example, if planning an
amphibious assault, you would start by first analyzing the ship-to-shore
phase; then, the afloat, movement, and rehearsal phases; and, finally,
the embarkation phase.

Having considered both the requirements and factors affecting the

employment of communications through reverse planning, you must then
develop a "concept of employment." The "communications concept," table
4-3, lists the significant factors you must consider.

4-13
 Table 4-3. Communications Concept

+))))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*COMMUNICATIONS MEANS* SPECIFIC PLANNING TASKS *
G44444444444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* Electrical *Types of service required by individual *
* *users, anticipated traffic loads and *
* *distances, characteristics of the *
* *objective area, available resources, and *
* *the enemy electronic capability *
* * *
* *Specifically, determine the number and *
* *types of the following items: *
* * *
* *(1) Radio nets (composition, location of *
* * stations, and mode of operation) *
* * *
* *(2) Wire circuits (including location of *
* * terminal equipment, types of *
* * construction, and methods of *
* * operation) *
* * *
* *(3) Channelization of multichannel radio *
* * circuits (including the location of *
* * needed terminals and retransmission *
* * sites) *
* * *
* *(4) Location and method of operation of *
* * switching centers *
* * *
* *(5) Location and method of operation of *
* * technical control facilities *
* * *
* *(6) Method of operation of radio, wire, *
* * ADPE integration (RWI) facilities *
* * *
* *(7) Frequency requirements *
* * *
* *(8) Callsign requirements *
* * *
* *(9) Generators required for electrical *
* * power *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Sound *Plan types of signals and assign meanings *
* *for alerts and warnings. *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Mail *Plan low precedence traffic delivery *
* *around other communications means for *
* *peak traffic periods. *
.))))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

4-14
 Table 4-3. Communications Concept--cont'd

+))))))))))))))))))))0)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*COMMUNICATIONS MEANS* SPECIFIC PLANNING TASKS *
G44444444444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
* Visual *Requirements for recognition, *
* *identification, and transmission of *
* *prearranged visual messages, specifically:*
* * *
* *(1) Panel codes to mark friendly *
* * positions, command posts, and vehicles*
* * *
* *(2) Pyrotechnic codes to transmit signals *
* * and prearranged messages *
* * *
* *(3) Signal lamps to transmit Morse code *
* * *
* *(4) Signal flags to transmit semaphore *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Messenger *Expected traffic loads, location of units,*
* *availability of transportation, terrain, *
* *weather, and enemy situation, *
* *specifically: *
* * *
* *(1) Number and types of messengers, *
* * schedules, and routes *
* * *
* *(2) Requirements for special messengers *
* * or couriers *
* * *
* *(3) Methods for pouching, pickup and *
* * delivery, and receipting *
/))))))))))))))))))))3))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
* Communications *Analyze to determine system control *
* Control (COMMCON) *requirements. Then, plan for the most *
* *effective use of available resources and *
* *overall management. *
.))))))))))))))))))))2))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

With a solid plan in mind, you are now ready to put the information into the
operation order under Annex K. You must know the correct format and be able
to use it. This lesson will assist you in this pursuit by explaining the
format of Annex K.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe the heading of Annex K.

2. Name the six main paragraphs of Annex K.

3. Describe the information contained in subparagraphs of Annex K.

4. Describe what is contained in the ending of Annex K.

4-15
 5. Name the only mandatory appendix to include in Annex K.

6. Identify the amplifying segments of appendixes to Annex K.

4201. Preparing Annex K's Heading

In preparing the heading of Annex K, you will find that it is similar to the
heading of the operation plan or order described in Study Unit 3. The total
content of the heading will depend on whether the annex is issued with or
separately from the basic operation plan or order. If the annex is issued
with the basic operation plan or order, some of the information will have
already been included within the plan or order format. If the annex is issued
separately, it must address all items of information. The next few paragraphs
will explain this in detail.

All possible items of information contained in the heading are discussed and
illustrated in the following:

a. Copy number. The copy

number is assigned to each copy by the Copy No.____of____copies
issuing headquarters. (A log is
maintained to identify the recipient of
each copy when the annex is
classified.)

b. Issuing headquarters. This

consists of the official designation 22nd MEU
of your unit. (When secrecy is
required, use a code name in lieu of
your unit name.)

c. Place of issue. This shows the physical location of the unit issuing the
annex. It is always capitalized. The place of issue may be shown in the
following three ways:

(1) Geographical location

(1) CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C.

(2) Postal designator

(2) APO NEW YORK NY

(3) Code name

(3) OPERATION SHARP EDGE

4-16
d. Date-time group. This shows the
date and time the plan or order is 301500R Jun 1992
signed and, unless otherwise specified
in the plan or order, the date and
time the annex is effective. It is
expressed in standard military
sequence: day, hour, time zone
of the operating area.

e. Message reference number.

The message reference number is ABD-1
assigned by the originator. It
consists of letters, numbers, or a
combination of both and allows
acknowledgement in the clear.

f. Designation and title.

The designation will contain the word ANNEX K (Communication-
"annex" in all capital letters Electronics) to Operation
followed by the letter designation. Order 5-92
The title of the annex will be in
parenthesis followed by the operation
plan or order number
to which the annex is attached.

g. References of the annex.

Refers to documents (maps, charts, Ref: (a) MEFO P2000.1
publications, photomaps, and SOPs) (COMMSOP)
needed to understand the annex; any (b) MEFO P2000.2
reference used must be made available (CEOI)
to recipients. (Entry is always (c) Map: KOREA
included even if no references are 1:50,000 AMS
used.) Map entries require series Series L7014
number, country, sheet names or Sheets 6047
numbers, edition, and scale. I- IV
or
h. Time zone. This shows the time Ref: None
zone used throughout the plan or Time Zone: R
order. Normally, the time zone is
applicable in the objective area.
Look at figure 4-1 to see what the
heading will look like. Remember that the Annex K heading you use depends on
whether the annex is issued with or separately from the basic operation plan
or order. Compare the two headings in figure 4-1 (issued with a plan or
order) and figure 4-2 (issued separately).

4-17
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* CLASSIFICATION *
* *
* I MEF FWD (TF 77) *
* Camp HANSEN, OKINAWA *
* 200800R July 1992 *
* *
*ANNEX K (Communications-Electronics) to Operation Order 4-92 *
* *
*Ref: (a) MEFO P2000.1 (COMMSOP) *
* (b) MEFO P2000.2 (CEOI) *
* (c) Maps: Korea 1:50,000 AMS Series L7014 Sheets 6047 *
* I - IV *
* *
*Time Zone: R *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-1. Annex K heading issued with an order.

Answer the following challenge. Refer to figure 4-1, which shows Annex K
issued with the operation order or plan.

What two elements are missing in figure 4-1?

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

The two elements missing in figure 4-1 are

1. The copy number ("Copy no.____of____copies")

2. The message reference number

If your answer matches this, continue. If your answer is different, review

paragraph 4201 before continuing.

Now, let's take a look at figure 4-2. It shows the Annex K issued separately
from the operation plan or order with all information included.

4-18
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* UNCLASSIFIED *
* *
* Copy No ___ of ___ copies *
* I MEF FWD (TF 77) * *
Camp HANSEN, OKINAWA * *
301500R June 1992 *
* PBX-3 *
* *
*Annex K (Communications-Electronics) to Operation Order 4-92 *
* *
*Ref: None *
* *
*Time Zone: R *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-2. Annex issued separately from operation plan or order.

4202. Preparing the Six Main Paragraphs of Annex K

As with all plans and orders, the G-3/S-3 is the staff officer responsible for
the preparation and promulgation of the annex. Granted, he doesn't do the
actual writing of the annex (that's your job), but he has overall awareness of
its preparation.

You must remember that the most important rule when drafting Annex K is to be
brief, concise, and avoid duplicating any information if you can.

Note: If certain information is contained in the COMMSOP, CEOI, or the

COMMPLAN, reference that information.

When you prepare an Annex K, you must address the six main paragraphs.

• General

• Mission

• Execution

• Special measures

• Logistics

• Administration

These paragraphs are the major components and are essential to the development
of Annex K. The following section of the course discusses the contents of
these paragraphs and their subparagraphs in detail.

4203. Preparing Annex K's Paragraphs and Subparagraphs

We'll discuss the details of the written format of Annex K's paragraphs and
subparagraphs in the order they appear in Annex K.

4-19
Use this format when you prepare Annex K. (Note: Either the FMFM 3-30 or the
FMFM 3-1 forms are appropriate, although minor differences exist. This
follows the 3-30 format).

a. General. Like the body of the operation plan or order, the body of the
communications-electronics order, Annex K, always contains specific
information. The first paragraph of the body is titled "General." It
provides background information and/or references. It also gives an overview
of the circumstances and environment under which the communications system
described in the annex will be developed. In addition, the general paragraph
includes the purpose of the annex, and the situations that may be encountered
during the operation.

(1) Purpose. This subparagraph contains a brief, general statement that

describes the purpose of Annex K with respect to the objectives of
the basic plan. It also provides guidance for the conduct of
communications-electronics operations in support of the operation.

(2) Situations

(a) General. This subparagraph includes the concept of operations

as it pertains to communications.

(b) Enemy forces. The enemy forces subparagraph contains enemy

forces information that will affect the
communications-electronics systems. You can write this by
referencing the Intelligence Annex or by providing specific
information on enemy electronic warfare capability,
communications facilities and capabilities, and the
exploitation of enemy assets.

(c) Friendly forces. This subparagraph contains information on the

higher, adjacent, and/or supporting units or facilities
involved in the communications-electronics support of the
operation. (This subparagraph contains
communications-electronics elements attached or detached for
the operation. This subparagraph may make reference to the
task organization annex.)

(3) Attachments and detachments. This subparagraph lists units assigned

to augment a larger unit or detached to other units. You can obtain
this information by referencing the Task Organization Annex.

(4) Assumptions. This subparagraph contains assumptions that establish

essential criteria for development of the annex. If, as the
planning phase progresses, the situation develops differently from
that covered in the assumptions, you will need to modify the plan
accordingly. Assumptions define the situation the plan is designed
to meet; these are restrictions on the plan.

4-20
 You should hold the number of assumptions to a minimum and word them
accurately to describe the conditions under which the plan is to be
used. Assumptions are applicable only to plans.

Take a look at figure 4-3 on the next page to see what paragraph 1 (the
"General" paragraph) actually looks like.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*1. GENERAL *
* *
* a. Purpose. This annex provides communications-electronics*
* instructions and detailed tasking to communications *
* elements of I MEF FWD for the support of operational *
* requirements in the basic Operation Order 4-92. *
* *
* *
* b. Situation. *
* *
* (1) General. *
* (See "Concept of Operations, Annex C Operations) *
* *
* (2) Enemy Forces. *
* *
* (a) See Annex B (Intelligence) to Operation *
* Order 4-92. *
* *
* (b) The enemy has the capability to: *
* *
* 1 Conduct signal intelligence and *
* electromagnetic warfare operations. *
* Intelligence indicates highest activity *
* occurring before attack by enemy forces. *
* *
* 2 Conduct extensive and imitative deception *
* on all communications circuits. *
* *
* (c) Evacuate all captured communications- *
* electronics equipment to this headquarters *
* for exploitation. *
* *
* (3) Friendly Forces. *
* (See Annex A Task Organization) *
* *
* (4) Attachments and Detachments. See Annex A (Task *
* Organization) to Operation Order 4-92. *
* *
* (5) Assumptions. Mobile communications assets from *
* CINCLANTFLT will not be available to the Landing *
* Force to establish entry into the Defense *
* Communications System (DCS). Entry will be *
* established using organic resources. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-3. Sample paragraph 1 of Annex K.

4-21
b. Mission. The mission paragraph is the second paragraph of the annex. It
normally indicates the time the communications elements will commence
operations, the expected duration of the operation, and a brief statement
about the general communications-electronics mission of the command. Figure
4-4 shows a sample of the mission paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*2. MISSION *
* *
* Commencing at H-4, D-day, I MEF FWD (TF 77) communications-*
* electronics elements will provide support for the Landing *
* Force and subsequent operations ashore. Communications *
* support will continue until amphibious withdrawal of all *
* I MEF FWD Forces is complete. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-4. Sample paragraph 2 of the annex.

c. Execution. This is the third paragraph of the annex. It deals with

specific instructions on the "who" and "how" for establishing communications
support for the operation. This paragraph assigns specific missions to
subordinate units as well as to the communications organization of the issuing
unit. The execution paragraph contains the following four subparagraphs:

(1) Guiding principles. This subparagraph contains guiding principles

that refer to the unit's communications policies or procedures (from
the heading references) that require emphasis. It may also outline
principles not covered in the SOPs that are necessary for
coordination and guidance.

(2) Operational concepts. This subparagraph describes how the entire

operation is visualized from a communications-electronics viewpoint.
The particular emphasis is placed on aspects of the basic operation
order that establishes communications-electronics requirements,
capabilities, and limitations.

(3) Tasks and responsibilities. This subparagraph assigns specific

communications-electronics missions or tasks for both issuing and
subordinate units. The tasks for each unit are shown in separate
subparagraphs. In addition, instructions for functional-type
communications-electronics systems, such as fire support, air
defense, and special intelligence communications, are stated in
specific subparagraphs.

(4) Coordinating instructions. This subparagraph provides instructions

for communications-electronics tasks that apply to two or more
units. It covers the communications means and agencies
(communications center, radio, wire, multi-channel radio, messenger
service, visual and sound, and communications and control).

Figure 4-5 shows a sample execution paragraph.

4-22
The execution paragraph could be lengthy, depending on the number of
subordinate units attached.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*3. EXECUTION *
* *
* a. Guiding Principles. These include current policy that *
* emphasizes maximum use of communications security *
* procedures and assets available to enhance *
* communications security. All command and tactical *
* circuits will be secured to the maximum extent *
* feasible. Callsigns will be changed daily. Use *
* proper authentication procedures and numeral encryption*
* on all nonsecure circuits. Report all suspected *
* intruders and erroneous calls IAW unit SOPs. *
* *
* b. Operational Concept. *
* *
* (1) I MEF FWD Headquarters will initially collocate *
* with RLT-2 on D+1. It will make maximum use of *
* mobile communications assets. *
* *
* (2) Remaining communications assets will phase ashore *
* and establish communications circuits to support *
* total command and control of the Landing Force *
* vicinity of 235013 by D+2. *
* *
* (3) Any additional needed subparagraphs will be added.*
* *
* c. Tasks and Responsibilities. *
* *
* (1) Communications Company (-) (rein) *
* *
* (a) Install, operate, and maintain communications*
* facilities for the I MEF FWD Headquarters *
* ashore in accordance with references (b) and *
* (c) and this annex. *
* *
* (b) On order, establish advance communications *
* control center, switching central, and *
* technical control facility vicinity 235013. *
* *
* (c) Add any other subparagraphs deemed necessary *
* or appropriate. *
* *
* (2) RLT-2 *
* *
* (a) Install, operate, and maintain communications*
* in accordance with references (b), (c), and *
* this annex. *
* *
* (b) Be prepared to provide communications as an *
* alternate I MEF FWD command post if CP *
* becomes a casualty. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-
Fig 4-5. Sample execution paragraph of Annex K.

4-23
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* (3) MAG-40 *
* *
* (a) Install, operate, and maintain communications*
* in accordance with references (b), (c) and *
* this annex. *
* *
* (b) Be prepared, on order, to establish airborne *
* retransmission facilities for the I MEF FWD *
* tactical net 1 (AM 713) commencing H-4 and *
* terminating on order. *
* *
* (4) Brigade Service Support Group 4 *
* *
* (a) Install, operate, and maintain communications*
* in accordance with references (b), (c), and *
* this annex. *
* *
* (b) Provide communications support to the Shore *
* Party Group once ashore. *
* *
* Note: Additional subparagraphs could be *
* required if there were more *
* responsibilities. *
* *
* d. Coordinating Instructions. *
* *
* (1) Communications Center. Operations in accordance *
* with reference (b) and Appendix 1 (Communications *
* Security). *
* *
* (2) Radio *
* *
* (a) Maintain radio silence until notified by this*
* Headquarters. *
* *
* (b) See Appendix 2 (Radio Circuit Plan). *
* *
* (c) Radio callsigns are in accordance with *
* reference (c) and Appendix 3 (Radio *
* Callsigns and Routing Indicators). *
* *
* (3) Wire and Multichannel Radio. See Appendix 4 (Wire*
* and Multichannel Radio Plan). *
* *
* (4) Messenger Service. Scheduled messenger service *
* will be announced. *
* *
* (5) Visual and Sound. See Appendix 5 (Visual and *
* Sound). *
* *
* (6) Systems Management and Control. See Appendix 6 *
* (Systems Management and Control). *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-5. Sample execution paragraph of Annex K--cont'd.

4-24
Stop to review what you've covered so far and try this challenge.

What is the title of the first paragraph in Annex K?

________________________________________________________

If your answer is "General," you are correct. Continue. If your answer was
incorrect, review paragraph 4203a before continuing.
Try the next challenge.

List two of the four subparagraphs found in paragraph 3.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

If you listed any two of the following, you are correct and may continue. If
you answered incorrectly, review paragraphs 4203b through 4203c before
continuing.

1. Guiding Principles

2. Operational Concept

3. Tasks and Responsibilities

4. Coordinating Instructions

d. Special measures. This is the fourth paragraph of the annex. It provides

information not covered in separate subparagraphs regarding each special
measure or procedure necessary to support the mission. It must include
information that is not part of the main communications effort. Figure 4-6
shows the special measures paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*4. SPECIAL MEASURES *
* *
* a. Coordinate with ship's communications officers to *
* determine requirements for joint communications tasks *
* while embarked and utilization of field radio *
* equipment on board, if required. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-6. Sample special measures paragraph of Annex K.

4-25
e. Logistics. This is the fifth paragraph of the annex. It provides a
statement of logistical matters affecting the communications-electronics
system of the command. Generally, logistics will be adequately covered by
referring to Annex D (Logistics) and Annex P (Combat Service Support). Figure
4-7 illustrates an example of the logistics paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*5. LOGISTICS *
* *
* a. See Annex D (Logistics) and Annex P (Combat Service *
* Support). *
* *
* b. See Appendix 6 (Special Maintenance Procedures) to this*
* Annex. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-7. Sample logistics paragraph of Annex K.

f. Administration. This is the sixth and final paragraph of the

annex. It contains administrative procedures concerning
communications-electronics personnel as well as administrative matters
significant to the overall communications-electronics mission. Normally, the
requirements for communications-electronics records and reports will be
listed. The command post ashore or afloat locations are also found in this
paragraph. Figure 4-8 on the next page is an example of the administration
paragraph.

4-26
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*6. ADMINISTRATION *
* *
* a. See Annex E (Personnel). *
* *
* b. Reports will be in accordance with Annex N (Reports), *
* and as may be directed. *
* *
* c. All units submit frequency usage reports to the I MEF *
* FWD G-6 in accordance with reference (a). *
* *
* d. Command Posts. *
* *
* (1) Afloat *
* *
* (a) Amphibious Task Force (TF 76): USS Blue *
* Ridge *
* *
* (b) 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (TF 77): *
* USS Blue Ridge *
* *
* (c) Regimental Landing Team 2: USS Tarawa *
* *
* (2) Ashore *
* *
* (a) 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (TF 77) *
* vicinity of 235013. *
* *
* (b) All Landing Force units report command post *
* locations when established ashore. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-8. Sample administration paragraph of Annex K.

You have completed the six paragraphs of the annex. To check your accumulated
knowledge, answer the challenge.

List the six paragraphs of Annex K.

1. ______________________ 4. ______________________

2. ______________________ 5. ______________________

3. ______________________ 6. ______________________

If you answered, "General, Mission, Execution, Special Measures, Logistics,

and Administration," you are correct and may continue. If your answer was
different, review paragraph 4202 before continuing.

4-27
4204. Ending Annex K

Preparing the ending of any annex is easy because the ending of an annex
contains very little information. However, the signature can be very
confusing. You must know who is authorized to sign Annex K. The following
individuals are officially authorized to sign Annex K:

• Commanding Officer

• Executive Officer

• Operations Officer

Each variation of signature will be discussed as you progress into the

elements that make up the ending. The ending of the
communications-electronics annex contains the signature, acknowledgement
instructions, distribution, and a list of appendixes.

Following paragraph 6, the next item is the acknowledgement.

a. Acknowledgement instructions. These instructions are included in every

order and annex. They will ensure that the recipients receive and understand
the order.

b. Signature. The operation order, or an annex, can have three variations of

signatures. Each one is unique in the way it is shown on the annex.

(1) The first variation is the signature of the commanding officer that
is a basic endorsement of the plan. His signature will resemble
that shown in figure 4-9.

JOHN H. SMITH
Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding

Fig 4-9. Sample CO signature.

(2) The second variation is the signature of the executive officer when
he is granted the authority to sign by the commanding officer.
Figure 4-10 shows a sample of the XO's signature on the annex.

4-28
 BY COMMAND OF COLONEL SMITH

R. E. BRISTOW
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps
Executive Officer

Fig 4-10. Executive officer’s signature.

(3) The third variation of signature authorized on Annex K is referred

to as the "authentication." Only copies are authenticated!

You will use authentication when copies of the annex do not bear the
signature of the commander or the executive officer. Then, the
copies are authenticated by the staff officer responsible for the
preparation or assembly. Figure 4-11 is a sample of an annex with
"authentication signatures." In this case, "authentication"
consists of the capitalized word "OFFICIAL," followed by the
signature, name, rank, service, and official position of the
authenticating officer. The authentication indicates that the copy
is an exact copy of the original. Normally, the individual
authorized to sign the official copies is the Chief of
Staff/Operations Officer.

OFFICIAL:

U. R. WRIGHT
Major, USMC
S-3

Fig 4-11. Sample authentication

signature.

4-29
c. The list of appendixes. The next item of information on the ending would
be the list of appendixes. The appendixes are listed in order and attached to
the parent annex. See figure 4-12.

Appendixes:
1-Communication Security
2-Communication Planning
3-Radio Circuit Plan

Fig 4-12. Sample list of appendixes.

d. The distribution. The last item of information is distribution. This

item indicates to whom the annexes should be sent. This item is important
because annexes are not necessarily given the same distribution as their
parent document (the operation plan or order); instead, annexes are
distributed only to units and activities affected by the information and
instructions contained in them. Distribution is determined by reference to a
standard distribution list or a distribution annex accompanying the parent
plan or order. Figure 4-13 shows a sample distribution list of an annex.

DISTRIBUTION: Annex (Distribution)

or

DISTRIBUTION: CO, RLT-2

CO, MAG-40
CO, BSSG-4

Fig 4-13. Sample distribution.

4205. Identifying the Mandatory Appendix for Annex K

The only mandatory appendix required with Annex K is titled "Communications

Security." Figure 4-14 shows a listing for this mandatory appendix.

APPENDIXES:

1 - Communications Security

Fig 4-14. Sample appendix.

4-30
4206. Following Annex K's Amplifying Instructions

Remember, all annexes amplify the operation plan or order. Certain rules are
applied when drafting the annex. Details to remember about security
classification and format are covered below.

a. Use of appendixes, tabs, enclosures, and attachments. Annex K is

appended to the operation order to increase understanding of the order.
Similarly, appendixes, tabs, enclosures, and attachments are appended to Annex
K to provide further information that is too voluminous or complex to include
in Annex K itself. An appendix amplifies an annex, a tab amplifies an
appendix, an enclosure amplifies a tab, and an attachment amplifies an
enclosure. Figure 4-15 shows the relationship of amplifying documents to the
annex.

+)))))))))),
* Annex *
.)))))))0))-
+)))2)))))),
* Appendix *
.))))))0)))-
+)))2)))))),
* Tab *
.)))))))0))-
+)))2)))))),
* Enclosure*
.))))))0)))-
+))2))))))),
*Attachment*
.))))))))))-

Fig 4-15. Order of amplifying documents

b. The security classification of the annex. Place the security

classification in capital letters and center at the top and bottom of each
page.

(1) Be sure you use the FMFM 3-1 format. Ensure each main paragraph has
the appropriate security classification marking following the
numeral designation.

(2) Keep in mind for future reference: the JOPS format requires every
paragraph (including subparagraphs and sub-subparagraphs) to have
the appropriate security classification marking following the
numeral or letter designation.

c. The designation of letters to the annex. Assign each annex an uppercase

letter corresponding to the annex's succession in the operation order. The
annex you will study on the following page will be designated as Annex K.

4-31
d. The placement of the page number. Place page numbers (Arabic numerals)
above the security classification and centered on the bottom of every page.

(1) The page number will always 644444444444444444444447

begin with the letter 5 Annex Page Numbering 5
designation of the annex K))))))))))))))))))))))M
followed by the appropriate 5 K-1 5
page number (Arabic numeral) 94444444444L4L4444444448
for the annex, as shown at * *
the right. * *
+))))))))- .))))))),
Annex K Page 1

(2) A page number for 6444444444444444444444447

appendixes, tabs, and 5 Appendix Numbering 5
enclosures will always K)))))))))))))))))))))))M
start with the annex 5 K-3-1 5
letter. The appendix 9444444444L4L4L4444444448
is indicated by an Arabic * * *
numeral. The page +)))))))))))- * *
number, also indicated Annex * *
by an Arabic numeral, +))))- .))))))),
follows as shown at the R R
right. Appendix Page number
to appendix

(3) Designate a tab using an 6444444444444444444447

uppercase letter. To 5 TAB Numbering 5
indicate Tab B attached K))))))))))))))))))))M
to appendix 3, type it as 5 K-3-B-1 5
shown at the right. 94444444L4L4L4L4444448
* * * *
* * * *
+)))))))))))- * * *
Annex * * .)))))),
+)))))- .)))), R
* * Page
R R Number
Appendix Tab

(4) Designate an enclosure

using an Arabic numeral. 6444444444444444444447
To indicate Enclosure 1 5Enclosure Numbering 5
to Tab B of Appendix 3, K))))))))))))))))))))M
type it as shown at the 5 K-3-B-1-1 5
right. 944444L4L4L4L4L4444448
* * * * *
+))))))- * * * .))),
Annex +))- * * Page
Appendix * * Number
* *
* *
+)))))- .)))),
Tab Enclosure

4-32
 (5) Designate an attachment 64444444444444444444444447
using an uppercase 5 Attachment Numbering 5
letter. To indicate K))))))))))))))))))))))))M
Attachment A to 5 K-3-B-1-A-1 5
Enclosure 1 to Tab B 94444444L4L4L4L4L4L4444448
to Appendix 3, type * * * * * *
it as shown at the +))))))))))- * * * * *
right. Annex * * * * .))))),
+))))))- * * * Page
Appendix * * .))),
* * Attachment
+))- .)),
Tab Enclosure

Lesson Summary. This lesson provided you the information required to draft an
Annex K using the FMFM 3-1 format. You have learned to write the heading, the
paragraphs and subparagraphs in the body, and the elements that make up the
ending of Annex K. The next lesson will teach you to use the Joint Operation
Planning System (JOPS) format.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 21 by performing the action required.

Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study
unit.

Matching: For items 1 through 5, match the information given in column 1

to the appropriate heading element in column 2. Place your responses in
the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Information Heading Element

___ 1. Assigned by the a. Copy number

issuing headquarters b. Issuing headquarters
___ 2. Physical location of c. Place of issue
unit issuing annex d. References
___ 3. Official designation e. Message reference number
of your unit
___ 4. Allows acknowledgement
in the clear
___ 5. Documents needed to
understand the annex

4-33
6. Which six paragraph titles listed below are used when composing
Annex K?

(1) Situation
(2) Mission
(3) Execution
(4) Administration
(5) Logistics
(6) Command
(7) Signal
(8) Special Measures
(9) General

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c. 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9
b. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 d. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

7. The subparagraphs "purpose" and "situation" are found in which

paragraph of Annex K?

a. General c. Mission
b. Logistics d. Administration

8. In which paragraph of Annex K is the mission statement located?

a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4

9. What is the title of the third paragraph of Annex K?

a. Mission c. Execution
b. Special Measures d. Administration

10. What are the four subparagraphs found in the execution paragraph of
Annex K?

a. Guiding Principles, Special Measures, Operational Concepts, and

Tasks and Responsibilities
b. Tasks and Responsibilities, Administration and Logistics,
Command and Signal, and Special Measures
c. General, Mission, Guiding Principles, and Operational Concepts
d. Coordinating Instructions, Operation Concepts, Tasks and
Responsibilities, and Guiding Principles

11. What is the title of the fourth paragraph of Annex K?

a. Mission c. Execution
b. Special Measures d. Logistics

12. What is the title of the fifth paragraph of Annex K?

a. Mission c. Execution
b. Special Measures d. Logistics

4-34
 13. Which paragraph of Annex K includes command posts ashore and afloat?

a. Mission c. Administration
b. Special Measures d. Tasks and Responsibilities

Matching: For items 14 through 17, match the information given in column
1 to the appropriate ending element in column 2. Place your responses in
the spaces provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Information Element

___ 14. Indicates to whom the a. Acknowledgement

annex is being sent Instructions
___ 15. Ensures recipients b. Signature
receive and under- c. List of appendixes
stand the order d. Distribution
___ 16. Can have three
variations
___ 17. Listed in order and
attached to the
parent annex

18. Which appendix must be included in Annex K?

a. Radio Circuit Plan c. Communications Center

b. Safety d. Communications Security

19. Which document amplifies Annex K?

a. Appendix c. Enclosure
b. Tab d. Attachment

20. Which document amplifies an appendix?

a. Annex c. Enclosure
b. Tab d. Attachment

21. Which document amplifies a tab?

a. Appendix c. Enclosure
b. Annex d. Attachment

4-35
Lesson 3. JOINT OPERATION PLANNING SYSTEM (JOPS) FORMAT OR JOINT OPERATION
PLANNING EXECUTION SYSTEM (JOPES), ALTERNATIVE ANNEX K FORMATS

Introduction. Originally the Joint Operation Planning System (JOPS) was

established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and directed for use in
joint planning. Work began on the development of JOPS in 1967, and
initial designs of JOPS were approved by the Joint Chief of Staff (JCS)
in 1970. Since that time, the system has been further updated to include
the improvement of the Joint Deployment System (JDS). The systems have
been combined, eliminating the disadvantage of having to move back and
forth between the two. Combined, the two systems produce a single system
that is both improved and user-friendly--JOPES. This new system was
scheduled for fielding in November 1989, but due to development problems
and operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, it was not fielded until
the Spring of 1993. The JOPES system provides the framework for all
joint planning in which the strategic deployment of forces is the prime
concern. It is oriented toward the solution of complex strategic
mobility problems associated with force deployment and support. Today
the plan is time-sensitive. JOPES is described in Joint Pub 5-03.1,
Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Volume I, "Planning,
Policies, and Procedures."

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the six objectives of JOPS/JOPES.

2. Distinguish between Annex K Command and Control Systems (JOPS/JOPES

format) and the Annex K Communications-Electronics format.

There are a number of Marine units whose mission requires use of the
JOPS/JOPES format from time to time. Our Marine Expeditionary Forces' (MEFs')
mission of "worldwide disaster relief and humanitarian aid" is an example.

4301. JOPS/JOPES Objectives

The JOPS/JOPES is a coordinated process that produces a detailed plan to best

accomplish the military mission. The process includes people, procedures,
communications, and automated data processing (ADP) hardware and software.
The following are the six objectives of JOPS/JOPES:

a. Minimize the number of operation plans that must be prepared

b. Make it easier to prepare operation plans by standardizing format and

reducing content

c. Make it easier to use and understand operation plans

d. Incorporate all ADP techniques

4-36
e. Standardize the plan review process and the plans themselves (such as
emergency evacuation and disaster relief plans)

f. Establish procedures for reporting and processing resource shortfalls and

limiting factors identified during the planning process

Unified and specified commanders are directed to employ the principles and
procedures prescribed in JOPS/JOPES for planning new and revised plans. As a
result, these principles and procedures are incorporated into the staff and
command instructions of the unified and specified commands, and, in certain
instances, the staff and command instructions of the services and service
component commanders.

Although specific staff division responsibilities for the development of

elements of a plan may differ among the various staffs, JOPS/JOPES procedures
are employed in all joint planning.

4302. Distinguishing Between JOPS/JOPES and Annex K Communications-Electronics

Formats

The standardized JOPS/JOPES operation plan format was developed to facilitate

documentation of the strategic, not tactical, deployment of forces.
Nevertheless, MAGTF and other unit commanders operating in a joint environment
are directed to prepare operation plans and orders in the JOPS/JOPES format.
Consequently, you need to know the JOPS/JOPES format. An example of the
JOPS/JOPES format for Command and Control Systems Annex (Annex K to the
Operation Order) is contained in the FMFM 3-30.

a. General differences. You will see that the JOPS/JOPES in Annex K, Command
and Control Systems format (illustrated in FMFM 3-30) looks quite different in
its structure from the Annex K, Communications-Electronics format (illustrated
in FMFM 3-1). A first glance will tell you that JOPS/JOPES is in open (rather
than blocked) format and every subparagraph is introduced with its security
classification symbol. Looking further, you see the general outline tracks
the same subjects, but JOPS/JOPES breaks these subjects down into more
subparagraphs to reference other orders. JOPS/JOPES provides references
rather than the detailed information itself. In fact, JOPS/JOPES is a message
system of references.

b. Heading. Another major difference between the JOPS/JOPES format and the
Annex K, Communications-Electronics format, is the heading format. The
heading of the JOPS/JOPES Annex K format contains less information than does
the Annex K Communications-Electronics format described in Lesson 2. This is
true because the JOPS/JOPES heading does not include the separate line for the
time zone. But, notice the JOPS/JOPES heading does show security
classifications. Table 4-4 shows the required information for the heading
using the JOPS/JOPES format.

4-37
 Table 4-4. JOPS/JOPES Heading Format

+)))))))))))))))))0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* ELEMENT * CONTENTS *
G44444444444444444P444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444I
*Issuing * Official designation of your command *
*Headquarters * (same as FMFM 3-1 format) *
/)))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Place of Issue * Shows the physical location of the issuing *
* * headquarters (all letters are always upper- *
* * case). Examples: *
* * *
* * APO NEW YORK *
* * FPO SAN FRANCISCO *
/)))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Date-Time Group * Indicates the date and time the plan or *
* * order is signed and, unless otherwise *
* * specified in the plan or order, the date *
* * and time the annex is effective. It is *
* * expressed in standard military sequence: *
* * day, hour, minutes, time zone suffix, month,*
* * and year. The time zone used will be that *
* * of the operations area or universal *
* * coordinated time. *
/)))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Designation and * Consists of an uppercase letter followed by *
*Title of the * the subject matter and the number of the *
*Annex * operation plan or order to which it is *
* * attached. *
/)))))))))))))))))3)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1
*Reference(s) * Documents needed to understand the annex. *
* * The caption "REFERENCES:" is always *
* * included. When there are no references, the*
* * caption will be followed by the word "NONE."*
* * (Each item cited as a reference is preceded *
* * by a letter in parenthesis and is arranged *
* * in alphabetical sequence. Information *
* * regarding maps and charts should include the*
* * country, scale, name, and sheet number of *
* * the maps.) *
.)))))))))))))))))2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

To fully understand the differences between headings for the Annex K

(Communications-Electronics, FMFM 3-1 format) and the Annex K (Command and
Control Systems, FMFM 3-30 format), look at the differences in figures 4-16
and 4-17.

4-38
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* I MEF FWD (TF 77) *
* Camp HANSEN, OKINAWA*
* 200800R July 1992 *
* *
*ANNEX K (Communications-Electronics) to Operation Order 4-92 *
* *
*Ref: None *
* *
*Time Zone: R *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-16. Communications-electronics format (FM 3-1).

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* I MEF FWD (TF 77) *
* FPO SAN FRANCISCO CA*
* 200800R July 1992 *
* *
*ANNEX K TO I MEF FWD OPORD 4-92 (U) *
*COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (U) *
* *
*(U) REFERENCES: a. FMFM 3-30 *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-17. Command and control JOPS/JOPES format (FMFM 3-30).

Can you readily identify the differences between the two formats? Try this
challenge to be sure.

List the differences between Annex K format (Communication-Electronics)

and the JOPS/JOPES format (Command and Control Systems).

1. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

4-39
If your answer is as follows you are correct; you may continue. If you
answered differently, review paragraph 4302 before continuing.

1. The Command and Control Systems Annex format identifies its security
classification at the beginning of each subparagraph.

2. The Command and Control Systems Annex format does not have a time zone
line.

3. The Command and Control Systems Annex format uses an FPO address.

4. The Command and Control Systems Annex format breaks paragraphs down into
more subparagraphs to reference other orders instead of giving detailed
information.

5. The Command and Control Systems Annex format is contained in FMFM 3-30
and the Communications-Electronics Annex format is contained in FMFM 3-1.

c. Body. As in the operation plan or order, the body of an annex always

contains specific information. The body of the JOPS/JOPES Annex K format
contains the same six main paragraphs found in the Annex K
Communications-Electronics format. To refresh your memory, they are

a. General

b. Mission

c. Execution

d. Special Measures

e. Logistics

f. Administration

Note: The security classification is listed at the beginning of each

paragraph and subparagraph in the JOPS/JOPES format.

Two differences between the JOPS/JOPES Annex K Command and Control (FMFM 3-30)
and Annex K Communications-Electronics (FMFM 3-1) formats can be seen in the
types of information and in the number of subparagraphs contained in each of
their six main paragraphs.

For example, consider the first paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES format. Here the
"general" paragraph consists mostly of references.

4-40
 (1) General. The "general" paragraph is divided into two subparagraphs
titled "purpose" and "situation." Throughout, the paragraph
references information about the background and present environment
under which the communications system (described in the annex) will
be developed. This includes the reason for the annex, the
situations that could be encountered during the operation, and
assumptions that will influence planning.

(a) Purpose. This paragraph states the purpose of the annex. It

provides guidance for the conduct of communications-electronics
operations in support of the operation.

(b) Situation. This paragraph is further divided into four

subparagraphs for easy identification of specific areas.

1. General. This always refers to the concept of operations,

Annex C (Operations to the Operation Plan or Order)

2. Enemy. This paragraph is further divided into two

subparagraphs:

a. The first subparagraph always refers to Annex B

(Intelligence to the Operation Plan or Order).

b. The second subparagraph refers to the enemy

capabilities.

3. Friendly. This paragraph always refers to Annex A (Task

Organization to the Operation Plan or Order) and contains
a minimum of three additional subparagraphs. These
subparagraphs list:

a. Higher headquarters or other units that will provide

communications

b. Command relationships that will usually be referred to

through Annex J (Command Relationships to the
Operation Plan or Order)

c. Attachments and Detachments. Uses Annex A (Task

Organization to the Operation Plan or Order) as a
reference

4. Assumptions. Contains those assumptions established

during the planning phases

Refer to figure 4-18 on the following page for a sample paragraph 1 (General)
in the JOPS/JOPES format.

4-41
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*1. (U) GENERAL *
* *
* a. (U) Purpose. This annex provides guidance for the *
*establishment of universally standard communications required *
*in support of I MEF FWD operations. *
* *
* b. (U) Situation *
* *
* (1) (U) General. See Concept of Operations, Annex C *
*(Operations) to Operation Order 4-92. *
* *
* (2) (U) Enemy *
* *
* (a) (U) Annex B (Intelligence) to Operations Order *
*4-92. *
* (b) (U) The enemy has the capability to *
* *
* 1 (U) Conduct ECM to include imitative *
*communications deception (ICD), jamming (communications and *
*radar), and radar deception operations. *
* *
* 2 (U) List all areas that would apply. *
* *
* (3) (U) Friendly. See Annex A (Task Organization) to *
*Operations Order 4-92. *
* *
* (a) (U) Higher headquarters or other specific *
*organizations that will provide communications to I MEF FWD *
*in a specific operation. *
* *
* (b) (U) See Annex J (Command Relationships) to *
*Operation Order 4-92. *
* *
* (c) (U) Attachments and Detachments *
* *
* 1 (U) See Annex A (Task Organization) to *
*Operation Order 4-92. *
* *
* 2 (U) When OPCON is taken of MAGTF units as *
*I MEF FWD forms MARFOR communications assets will be listed *
*separately. *
* *
* (4) (U) Assumptions. State the assumptions that *
*establish essential criteria for development in the annex. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-18. Sample paragraph 1 of a JOPS/JOPES format annex.

Looking over figure 4-18, did you notice the obvious, basic differences
between it and the FMFM 3-1 format that you learned in Lesson 2? The
JOPS/JOPES format annex is not blocked like the previous annex and the
JOPS/JOPES format uses a security classification symbol at the beginning of
each paragraph and subparagraph of the annex.

4-42
You may also notice that some of the subparagraphs are different throughout.

(2) Mission. The JOPS/JOPES format mission paragraph, like the Annex K
Communications-Electronics format mission paragraph, is a concise
statement of the communications-electronics mission of the command.
Normally, this paragraph states the time the
communications-electronics agencies will commence and terminate
operations. See figure 4-19 for an example of the JOPS/JOPES format
mission paragraph.

2. (U) MISSION. Commencing and terminating on order, 5th MEB

communications-electronics activities will install, operate, and maintain
the internal and external communications systems and facilities to provide
reliable command and control communications support for assigned
operations.

Fig 4-19. Sample JOPS/JOPES format mission paragraph.

(3) Execution. This is the third paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES format

Annex K. It deals with specific instructions on the "who and how"
for establishing communications support for the operation. This
paragraph assigns specific missions to subordinate units as well as
to the communications organization of the issuing unit. The
execution paragraph contains the following three subparagraphs:

(a) Guiding principles. This subparagraph outlines principles

necessary to coordinate and guide all commands and agencies.
It also mentions selected policies, doctrines, or procedures
from the references that need emphasis. (New procedures and
authorized deviations from standard procedures are included in
a separate subparagraph.)

(b) Operational concepts, capabilities, and limitations. This

subparagraph describes how the entire operation is visualized
from a communications-electronics viewpoint. Particular
emphasis is given to the aspects of the basic operation order
that establish communications-electronics requirements,
capabilities, and limitations.

4-43
 (c) Tasks and responsibilities. This subparagraph separates the
issuing unit's communications-electronics tasks from the
subordinate units' tasks. The tasks for each unit are shown in
separate subparagraphs. Also, instructions for functional-type
communications-electronics systems, such as fire support, air
defense, and special intelligence communications, are included
in specific subparagraphs.

Take a look at figure 4-20 to see what the execution paragraph looks like.
Remember, this could be a lengthy paragraph depending on the number of
subordinate units attached.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*3. (U) EXECUTION *
* *
* a. (U) Guiding Principles *
* *
* (1) (U) The communications procedures contained in refer-*
*ences (a) through (c) and appropriate ACPs and JANAPs listed in*
*reference (b) will be used by communications elements of I MEF *
*FWD. *
* (2) (U) Communication is the voice of command. *
*Communications provide the means by which the commander not *
*only exerts his influence on the battlefield, but also allows *
*him to exercise command over all his assigned forces. To be *
*effective, the communications systems must be flexible and *
*provide rapid, reliable service without disclosing vital *
*information to enemy forces. *
* *
* (3) (U) When I MEF FWD operations are conducted in a *
*hostile communications environment, the following communication*
*degradations may be expected: *
* *
* (a) (U) Loss of DCS entry due to equipment damage or *
*circuit path loss. *
* *
* (b) (U) Isolation of headquarters due to loss of *
*wideband systems. *
* *
* (4) (U) Frequency changes, radio transmission brevity, *
*and, on occasion, complete emission control will be employed *
*to facilitate control and reduce anticipated interference with *
*communications. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-20. Sample execution paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES format.

4-44
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* b. (U) Operation Concept, Capabilities, and Limitations *
* *
* (1) (U) Every communications means available will be *
*utilized to provide the commander with the ability to exert his*
*authority and fulfill his responsibilities. It is the *
*responsibility of G-6/S-6 to make the commander fully aware of *
*the capabilities and limitations of the communications system. *
* *
* (2) (U) The major limitation of the communications system*
*centers on the high EW threat environment. *
* *
* (a) (U) The enemy has the full capability to disrupt,*
*intercept, and confuse friendly forces communications. *
* *
* (b) (U) ALL personnel using voice communications must*
*display exceptional care to ensure that intelligence *
*information is denied the enemy. This can be done best using *
*authentication, encryption systems, and GOOD COMMON SENSE. *
* *
* (3) (U) Appendix 1 (Communications Security) to this *
*annex outlines those measures designed to deny unauthorized *
*persons information that can be derived from an analysis of *
*the friendly forces communications system. *
* *
* c. (U) Tasks and Responsibilities. Appendix 3 *
*(Communications Planning) to this annex highlights those *
*communications planning considerations that must be taken in *
*the execution of the assigned mission. *
* *
* (1) (U) I MEF FWD *
* *
* (a) (U) Provide the net control station for all I MEF *
*FWD controlled radio circuits. Appendix 4 (Radio Circuit Plan)*
*to this annex. *
* *
* (b) (U) Install, operate, and maintain a systems *
*control and technical control facility in support of all I MEF *
*Control to this annex. Appendix 8 (System Management and *
*Control) to this annex. *
* *
* 1 (U) Ensure that a communications liaison *
* representative is at higher and adjacent headquarters to *
* facilitate the direct handling of communications-electronics *
* questions and/or problems. *
* *
* 2 (U) Ensure that the CEO and the command are *
*informed of the communications circuit status. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-20. Sample execution paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES format--

cont'd.

4-45
+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
* (2) (U) Det 2nd Radio BN *
* *
* (a) (U) Provide EW communications support for I MEF *
*FWD in accordance with normal SOP and Appendix 3 (Electronic *
*Warfare) to Annex C (Operations) and this annex. *
* *
* (b) (U) Establish and maintain a I MEF FWD signals *
*intelligence/electronic warfare control center (S/EWCC) in *
*accordance with reference (c). *
* *
* (3) (U) Ground Combat Element *
* *
* (a) (U) Install, operate, and maintain internal and *
*external communications circuits as directed in unit SOPs and *
*this annex. *
* *
* (b) (U) Be prepared to assume communications and *
*crypto guard for I MEF FWD and to assume net control of I MEF *
*FWD circuits in the event this headquarters becomes a casualty.*
* *
* (4) (U) Aviation Combat Element *
* *
* (a) (U) Install, operate, and maintain internal and *
*external communications circuits as directed in unit SOPs and *
*this annex. *
* *
* (b) (U) Be prepared to maintain TADIL A and TADIL B *
*connectivity with COMPHIBRON SEVEN and FSCC as required. *
* *
* (5) (U) Combat Service Support Element *
* *
* (a) (U) Install, operate, and maintain a SYSCON/ *
*TECHCON facility to ensure the rapid restoration or rerouting *
*of communications circuits. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-20. Sample execution paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES format--

cont'd.

Try the next challenge. You may refer to figures 4-5, 4-17, 4-18, and 4-20.

When comparing the JOPS/JOPES execution format to the Annex K

Communication-Electronics execution format, what subparagraph is found in
the Annex K format but not in the JOPS/JOPES format?

_____________________________________________________________

If your answer is the coordinating instructions subparagraph, you are

correct. If your answer is different, compare figures 4-17 through 4-20 with
figure 4-5 (paragraph 4203) before continuing.

4-46
 (4) Special Measures. This is the fourth paragraph of the JOPS/JOPES
annex and provides, in separate subparagraphs, information regarding
each special measure or procedure necessary to support the mission
not covered in paragraph 3. This paragraph includes information on
the communications-electronics operations that are not part of the
main effort, such as C2 measures, routing indicators, electronic
identification procedures, and liaison teams. Figure 4-21
illustrates the special measures paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*4. (U) SPECIAL MEASURES *
* *
* a. (U) The CEO and other communications personnel will make *
*special efforts to indoctrinate staff/command personnel in *
*alternate routes/means of communications to preclude the *
*confusion or delay of information due to outages in the high *
*threat EW environment. *
* *
* b. (U) The communications necessary for linkup operations is*
*found in Appendix 18 (Communications for Linkup Operations) to *
*this annex. *
* *
* c. (U) Detailed instructions for the establishment of *
*communications entry into the DCS communications network is *
*found in Appendix 21 (Entry into DCS Communications Network) *
*to this annex. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-21. Sample special measures paragraph in JOPS/JOPES

format.

(5) Logistics. This is the fifth paragraph of the annex and contains
logistical matters that affect the communications-electronics system
of the command. Reference is usually made in this paragraph to the
Annex D (Logistics) and Annex P (Combat Service Support). Figure
4-22 provides a sample of the logistics paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*5. (U) LOGISTICS *
* *
* a. (U) See Annex D (Logistics) and Annex P (Combat Service *
*Support). *
* *
* b. (U) Units will deploy with the capability to perform *
*basic organizational and field maintenance. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-22. Sample logistics paragraph in the JOPS/JOPES format.

4-47
 (6) Administration. This is the sixth and final paragraph of the
JOPS/JOPES annex and it contains administrative procedures
concerning communications-electronics in the areas such as
personnel, records, and reports that are significant to the mission
as a whole. Command posts ashore and afloat are also shown in this
paragraph. Figure 4-23 illustrates an example of the administration
paragraph.

+))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),
*6. (U) ADMINISTRATION *
* *
* a. (U) Communications-electronics status and other related *
*reports are determined in Appendix 31 (Communications Reports) *
*to this annex. *
* *
* b. (U) Security and COMSEC violations will be reported in *
*accordance with Appendix 1 (Communications Security) to this *
*annex. *
* *
* d. (U) Command Posts *
* *
* (1) (U) Afloat *
* *
* (a) (U) Amphibious Task Force (TF 76): USS Blue *
*Ridge *
* *
* (b) (U) 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (TF 77): *
*USS Blue Ridge *
* *
* (c) (U) Regimental Landing Team 2: USS Tarawa *
* *
* (2) (U) Ashore *
* *
* (a) (U) 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (TF 77) *
*vicinity of 235013. *
* *
* (b) (U) All Landing Force units report command post *
*locations when established ashore. *
.)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-

Fig 4-23. Sample administration paragraph in JOPS/JOPES format.

d. Ending. The ending to the JOPS/JOPES format is identical to that used in

the Annex K Communications-Electronics (FMFM 3-1) format shown in figures 4-9
through 4-14. The ending of the JOPS/JOPES Annex K (FMFM 3-30) Command and
Control Systems Annex consists of the following:

(1) Acknowledgement instructions

(2) Signature of either the commander or his authorized representative.

Authentication by the authorized representative is also acceptable.

4-48
 (3) List of the appendixes that are attached to the annex

(4) Distribution

Lesson Summary. This lesson taught you to identify the six objectives of the
JOPS/JOPES. You also learned to distinguish the differences between the
JOPS/JOPES Command and Control format and the Annex K
Communications-Electronics format.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Exercise: Complete items 1 through 5 by performing the action required. Check

your responses against those listed at the end of this study unit.

1. Which statement(s) best describe(s) the objective(s) of the

JOPS/JOPES?

(1) Minimize the number of operation plans that must be prepared in

complete detail.
(2) Accelerate the actions the commander can take to meet a
foreseen contingency.
(3) Standardize formats and reduces content, making it easier to
prepare operation plans.
(4) Make it easier to use and understand operation plans.
(5) Assist the commander in summarizing significant aspects of the
situation that influence a course of action.

a. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 3, 4
b. 2, 4, 5 d. 3, 4, 5

2. What two subparagraphs are found under the General paragraph of a

JOPS/JOPES Annex K?

a. Situation, Enemy Forces

b. Situation, Purpose
c. Attachments, Detachments
d. Purpose, Enemy

3. How many subparagraphs are listed in the Execution paragraph of a

JOPS/JOPES Annex K?

a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4

4. Which FMFM references information concerning the JOPS/JOPES Command

and Control Systems Annex?

a. FMFM 3-32 c. FMFM 3-1

b. FMFM 3-30 d. FMFM 1-3

4-49
 5. Which FMFM references information concerning the
Communications-Electronics Annex?

a. FMFM 3-32 c. FMFM 3-1

b. FMFM 3-30 d. FMFM 1-3

UNIT SUMMARY

This study unit examined Annex K and its purposes. It highlighted the
composition of the general and special staff as well as important information
in the annex. Specifically, the three lessons covered gathering data to use
in Annex K, the format of Annex K, and an alternative Annex K format
(JOPS/JOPES). You also examined the differences between an Annex K
Communications-Electronics format and the JOPS/JOPES Command and Control
execution format. Check your answers to the lesson exercise and move on to
the Review Lesson when you're ready.

Lesson 1 Exercise Solutions

References

1. c. 4101
2. b. 4101
3. d. 4101
4. a. 4101
5. g. 4101
6. f. 4101

7. the state of training of assigned 4102

personnel, and the availability of
replacements in the objective area

8. maintenance facilities in the objective 4102

area

9. resupply in the objective area 4102

the quantity and condition of

available supplies such as wire,
batteries, and repair parts

10. a. To amplify parts of an order with 4103

data that is technical in nature or
somewhat limited in application

b. To promote clarity, brevity, and

simplicity within the body of the order

c. To furnish the substance of a plan

or order to a subordinate unit

4-50
Lesson 2 Exercise Solutions
References

1. a. 4201
2. c. 4201
3. b. 4201
4. e. 4201
5. d. 4201
6. c. 4202
7. a. 4203
8. b. 4203
9. c. 4203
10. d. 4203
11. b. 4203
12. d. 4203
13. c. 4203
14. d. 4204
15. a. 4204
16. b. 4204
17. c. 4204
18. d. 4205
19. a. 4206
20. b. 4206
21. c. 4206

Lesson 3 Exercise Solutions

References

1. c. 4301
2. b. 4302
3. c. 4302
4. b. 4302
5. c. 4302

4-51
 COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

REVIEW LESSON EXAMINATION

INSTRUCTIONS: The purpose of the review lesson is to prepare you for your
final examination. We recommend that you try to complete your review lesson
without referring to the text, but for those items (questions) you are unsure
of, restudy the text. When you have finished your review lesson and are
satisfied with your responses, check your responses against the answers
provided at the end of this review lesson examination.

Select the ONE answer which BEST completes the statement or answers the item.
For multiple-choice items, circle your response. For matching items, place
the letter of your response in the space provided.

1. Which of the following are the four elements of a MAGTF?

a. FSSG, MEU, MEB, and MEF

b. CE, GCE, ACE, and CSSE
c. GCE, RLT, MAG, and ACE
d. RLT, BLT, MSSG, and ACE

2. Which six of the following eight are capabilities inherent in all MAGTF
units?

(1) Enter and exit a battle area at night

(2) Operate under adverse weather conditions
(3) Operate from over-the-horizon, without electronic emissions, by
surface or air
(4) Plan and commence execution within 2 hours of receipt of the warning
order
(5) Provide 30 days' sustainment
(6) Locate and fix the enemy
(7) Engage, kill, or capture the enemy in a rural or urban setting
(8) Operate in hostile nuclear, biological, and chemical environments

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 c. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8
b. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 d. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8

R-1
 Matching: For items 3 through 7, match each unit in column 1 to its
appropriate symbol in column 2. Place the letter of your response in
the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Unit Symbol

___ 3. MAGTF a.

___ 4. GCE b.

___ 5. ACE c.

___ 6. CSSE d.

___ 7. MEU e.

8. A MEU is composed of a

a. reinforced infantry battalion, a reinforced helicopter squadron,

and a MEU service support group.
b. light infantry battalion, a wing group, and an MSSG.
c. Marine infantry battalion, a reinforced helicopter squadron, and a
combat service support group.
d. reinforced infantry battalion, a reinforced harrier squadron, and
an MSSG.

9. For sustained operations ashore, the MEUs may serve as the

forward elements of

a. an invading ground force.

b. a MEF.
c. a peace-keeping operation.
d. a special MAGTF.

R-2
10. A MEF is composed of

a. an infantry regiment, a Marine aircraft wing, and a BSSG.

b. one or more Marine divisions, a Marine aircraft group, and an FSSG.
c. an infantry corps, a Marine aviation squadron, and a CSSD.
d. one or more Marine divisions, a Marine aircraft wing, and an FSSG.

11. Which of the following amphibious task force designators is used for
Pacific fleets?

a. 77 c. 26
b. 60 d. 02

12. Which of the following orders assigns task force designators?

a. Warning Order c. Operation Order

b. Mission Assignment d. Initiating Directive

13. Which of the following is the primary function of the landing force
operation center?

a. To effect overall coordination of fires in support of naval

operations and the landing force scheme of maneuver ashore
b. To control air support and anti-air warfare means including fighter
and attack aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft guns,
and air warning facilities
c. To provide the means to direct and control helicopters during the
ship-to-shore movement
d. To control and monitor the activities of the landing force,
especially during the assault phase

14. Which of the following is the primary function of the supporting arms
coordination center?

a. To advise and assist the Navy control group during the conduct of
the ship-to-shore movement of both surface and helicopter-borne
assault
b. To effect overall coordination of fires in support of naval
operations and the landing force scheme of maneuvers ashore
c. To closely coordinate the debarkation of helicopter-borne serials
in accordance with the landing plan
d. To serve as a single intelligence agency formed during the
pre-assault phase of amphibious operations

R-3
15. Which of the following is the primary function of the FSCC?

a. To coordinate close air support and control RPVs

b. To plan and coordinate artillery support for subordinate and
adjacent units
c. To plan, coordinate, and control their units' available fire
support
d. To coordinate naval gunfire support for subordinate and adjacent
units

16. Which of the following is the primary function of the FDC?

a. To provide tactical and technical fire direction as the artillery

COC
b. To act as the control point for the HQ Commandant's supervision of
the command post
c. To control the direction of fire support for the infantry battalion
d. To coordinate air support operations with appropriate amphibious
task force and landing force air control agencies

17. Which of the following is the primary function of the tactical air
command center?

a. To control and monitor the activities of the landing force,

especially during the assault phase
b. To act as the senior Marine air command and control system agency
c. To advise and assist the Navy control group during the conduct of
the ship-to-shore movement of both surface and helicopter-borne
assault forces
d. To direct the execution of fire support coordination measures and
promulgate instructions concerning troop safety

18. Which of the following is the primary function of the TAOC?

a. To effect overall coordination of fires in support of naval

operations and the landing force scheme of maneuvers ashore
b. To exercise operational control and coordination of all rotary and
fixed wing aircraft assigned to troop support missions
c. To control air support and act as anti-air warfare means that
include fighter and attack aircraft, surface-to-air missiles,
anti-aircraft guns, and air warning facilities
d. To detect, identify, and control the intercepts of hostile aircraft
and missiles, and provide navigational assistance to friendly
aircraft

R-4
19. Which of the following is the primary function of the DASC?

a. To coordinate air support operations with appropriate amphibious

task force and landing force air control agencies
b. To direct the execution of fire support coordination measures and
promulgate instructions concerning troop safety
c. To directly support ground forces by coordinating and controlling
close air support and other direct air operations and stingers
d. To closely coordinate debarkation of helicopter-borne serials in
accordance with the loading plan

20. Which of the following is a function of the battery control center?

a. To exercise fire control over missile launcher selections

b. To exercise the artillery battery fire control
c. To handle the naval gunfire call for the fire control center
d. To control the company commander's mortar section

21. Which of the following is the primary function of the helicopter

direction center?

a. To provide the means to direct and control helicopters during the

ship-to-shore movement
b. To closely coordinate the debarkation of helicopter-borne serials
in accordance with the landing plan
c. To exercise operational control and coordination of all rotary and
fixed wing aircraft assigned to the troop support mission
d. To coordinate air support operations with appropriate amphibious
task force and landing force air control agencies

22. What is the primary function of the tactical logistical group?

a. To coordinate air support operations with appropriate amphibious

task force and landing force air control agencies
b. To advise and assist the Navy control group during the conduct of
the ship-to-shore movement of both surface and helicopter-borne
assault forces
c. To establish provisions to ensure adequate communications for the
naval elements of the ATF during the planning phase
d. To announce the requirements for establishing liaison among all
commands of the participating forces for communications planning

R-5
23. Which of the following is the primary function of the helicopter
logistics support center?

a. To closely coordinate debarkation of helicopter-borne serials in

accordance with the landing plan
b. To exercise operational control and coordination of all rotary and
fixed wing aircraft
c. To advise and assist the Navy control group during the conduct of
the ship-to-shore movement of both surface and helicopter-borne
assault
d. To coordinate air support operations with appropriate amphibious
task force and landing force air control agencies

24. Which of the following is the primary function of the CSSOC?

a. To control landing force traffic as it crosses the beach

b. To exercise COC as related to combat service support
c. To maintain a record of targets in the objective area
d. To serve as a single intelligence agency formed during the
pre-assault phase

25. Which of the following publications describes radio nets required to

support a MAGTF operation?

a. FMFM 7-24 c. FMFM 3-30

b. NTP-3 d. NTP-4

Matching: For items 26 through 37, match the MAGTF unit in column 1 to
its supporting communications unit in column 2. Place the letter of
your response in the space provided. Match the answers only with items
in the same group

Column 1 Column 2

MAGTF Unit Comm Unit

(Group 1)

___ 26. Division HQ a. Comm Plt H&S Co

___ 27. MEF HQ b. Comm Plt HQ Battery
___ 28. Infantry Bn HQ c. Comm Co HQ Bn
___ 29. Artillery Regt HQ d. Comm Battery
e. Comm Battalion
---------------------------------------------------
(Group 2)
___ 30. AAV Bn a. Comm Plt H&S Co
___ 31. Tank Bn b. Comm Plt HQ Battery
___ 32. Combat Engr Bn c. Comm Section H&S Co
___ 33. Artillery Bn
___ 34. LAI Bn
---------------------------------------------------
(Group 3)
___ 35. Air Wing a. Comm Co H&S Bn
___ 36. FSSG b. MWCS
___ 37. Radio Bn c. Comm Plt H&S Co
d. Comm Section H&S Co

R-6
38. Which of the following units is responsible for communications between a
senior and subordinate unit?

a. The first unit to set up its communications equipment

b. The senior unit
c. The unit with the elevated antennas
d. The subordinate unit

39. Which of the following units is responsible for communications between a

supporting and a supported unit?

a. The first common senior unit

b. The supported unit
c. The senior unit
d. The supporting unit

40. Which of the following units is responsible for communications between a

reinforcing and a reinforced unit?

a. The first common senior unit

b. The reinforcing unit
c. The junior unit
d. The reinforced unit

41. Which of the following units is responsible for communications between a

unit and its attached unit?

a. The first common senior unit

b. The unit to which attachment is made
c. The junior unit
d. The attached unit

42. Which of the following units is responsible for communications between

adjacent units?

a. The first common senior unit

b. The senior unit
c. The junior unit
d. The first unit in the area

43. An attack launched from the sea by naval and landing forces embarked in
ships or craft involving a landing on a hostile shore defines a (an)

a. amphibious operation.
b. airborne operation.
c. beach landing assault.
d. amphibious reconnaissance.

R-7
44. Which two of the following four statements support the responsibilities
for a CATF?

(1) Establishes provisions for adequate LF communications during the

planning phase
(2) Acquires and assigns necessary technical facilities to subordinate
elements of the force
(3) Prepares instructions in support of cover and deception plans
prescribed for the operation
(4) Prepares requests for the allocation of shipboard communications
services or facilities for use of landing force units while
embarked

a. 1, 2 c. 2, 3
b. 1, 4 d. 3, 4

45. Which of the following statements best describes the responsibilities of

the CLF?

a. Determines, consolidates, and coordinates the electronic warfare

requirements of all participating forces
b. Prepares and promulgates a complete and coordinated plan for the
employment of communications during the operation
c. Establishes provisions for adequate LF communications during the
planning phase
d. Acquires and assigns necessary technical facilities to subordinate
elements of the force

R-8
 Matching: For items 46 through 53, match each communications
requirement in column 1 with its appropriate planning phase in column 2.
Place the letter of your response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Comm Requirements Planning Phase

___ 46. Establish secure voice a. Embarkation Plan

radio or teletype b. Rehearsal
___ 47. Conduct an objective c. Movement
critique of performance d. Planning
___ 48. Establish voice radio e. Assault
or communications
between control points
(base station, convoy
control and assembly
area)
___ 49. Employ landing force
communications personnel
and equipment to augment
Navy comm facilities
___ 50. Establish initial allowance
of resupply of equipment
and spare parts
___ 51. Enforce strict EMCON
conditions to prevent
intelligence disclosures
to the enemy
___ 52. Establish ship-to-shore
radio circuits for the
control of loading ships
___ 53. Control and coordinate
logistics support to the
landing force during ship-
to-shore movement

54. A command that has broad continuing mission under a single commander and
is composed of significant assigned components of two or more services
is a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

55. A military force composed of elements of two or more allied nations

defines a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

R-9
56. A command with a broad continuing mission that was established and
designated by the President through the Secretary of Defense and is
normally composed of forces from one service is called a

a. unified command. c. specified command.

b. joint task force. d. combined force.

Matching: For items 57 through 61, match each publication listed in

column 1 with its proper definition in column 2. Place the letter of
your response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Publication Definition

___ 57. Naval Warfare a. Prepared in conjunction

Information with allied nations and
Publications (NWIPs) contains information and
___ 58. Joint Army Navy Air instructions concerning
Publications (JANAPs) the employment of
___ 59. Naval Telecommunications communications
Publications (NTPs) b. Prepared and approved
___ 60. Allied Communications under the cognizance of
Publications (ACPs) the U.S. Military
___ 61. Naval Warfare Communications Electronics
Publications (NWPs) Board (MCEB)
c. Contain detailed technical
instructions
d. Prepared and approved by CNO,
contain basic doctrine applicable
to the Navy and Marine Corps that
is general in nature and relates
to planning
e. Contain the policies and
procedures for the employment of
communications

62. Which of the following commplans/orders is a set of instructions

covering those features of operations that lend themselves to a definite
or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness?

a. COMMPLAN
b. COMMSOP
c. CEOI
d. Paragraph 5 of the operation plan or order

R-10
63. Which of the following commplans/orders is created by combining the
COMMSOP and the CEOI?

a. COMMPLAN
b. Communications Electronics Estimate
c. Command and Control Systems Annex
d. LOI

64. Which of the following commplans/orders contains technical guidance

required to establish and maintain communications in support of
operations?

a. COMMPLAN c. CEOI
b. COMMSOP d. LOI

65. Which of the following commplans/orders is a problem-solving process

that requires a systematic analysis of all essential data?

a. CEOI
b. LOI
c. Comm Estimate
d. Paragraph 5 of the Operation Order

66. Which of the following commplans/orders is used in the higher echelons

of military service to convey broad aims and strategic plans?

a. CEOI
b. LOI
c. Comm Estimate
d. Paragraph 5 of the Operation Order

67. Which of the following commplans/orders has the following subparagraphs:

command relationships, signal, and command posts?

a. Command and Control Systems Annex

b. Letter of Instruction
c. Comm Estimate
d. Paragraph 5 of the Operation Order

68. Which of the following commplans/orders is an amplification of paragraph

5 of the operation plan or order?

a. Command and Control Systems Annex

b. Letter of Instruction
c. Comm Estimate
d. COMMPLAN

R-11
69. One of the advantages of the COMMSOP is that "it reduces the need for
other types of orders and simplifies the preparation and transmission of
orders." What are the other three advantages?

a. (1) Promotes understanding and teamwork throughout the command, (2)

simplifies and perfects troop training by establishing uniform
practices for the unit, and (3) standardizes coordination and
control of fire and maneuver

b. (1) Simplifies and perfects troop training by establishing uniform

practices for the unit, (2) facilitates and expedites tactical and
administrative operations and minimizes confusion and errors, and
(3) promotes Marine Corps-wide control of the electromagnetic
spectrum

c. (1) Simplifies and perfects troop training by establishing uniform

practices for the unit, (2) promotes understanding and teamwork
throughout the command, and (3) facilitates and expedites tactical
and administrative operations and minimizes confusion and error

d. (1) Facilitates and expedites tactical and administrative

operations and minimizes confusion and error, (2) promotes
understanding and teamwork throughout the command, and (3) can be
used as a guide for the conduct of an entire operation

Matching: For items 70 through 77, match the COMMSOP information in

column 1 to the communications means in column 2. Place the letter of
your response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Information Communications Means

___ 70. Remoting a. Single Channel Radio

___ 71. Types of construction b. Wire Communications
___ 72. Retransmission c. Telecommunications Center
___ 73. Releasing Authority
___ 74. Use of commercial or
enemy lines
___ 75. Antennas
___ 76. Message Forms
___ 77. Message Preparation

78. Which of the following publications gives detailed instructions for a

Comm Guard Shift?

a. ACP-125 c. CSP-1
b. NTP-3 d. NTP-4

R-12
79. Which of the following is the standard request time in hours allowed for
a "routine" commshift?

a. 48 to 72 c. 24
b. 24 to 48 d. 12

80. Which of the following is the standard request time in hours allowed for
a "priority" commshift?

a. 48 to 72 c. 24
b. 24 to 48 d. 12

81. The standard request time allowed for an "immediate" comm shift is less
than _____ hours.

a. 36 c. 12
b. 24 d. 6

82. A combat plan

a. carries with it the obligation of immediate execution or execution

at a specified time or date.
b. is effective immediately for planning purposes or for specified
preparatory action.
c. contains assumptions and calls for immediate execution or execution
at a specified time or date.
d. is issued in message form and contains instructions of immediate
concern.

83. A combat order

a. carries with it the obligation of immediate execution or execution

at a specified time or date.
b. is effective immediately for planning purposes or for specified
preparatory action.
c. contains assumptions and calls for immediate execution or execution
at a specified time or date.
d. is for a series of related military operations to accomplish a
common objective.

84. The two classifications of combat orders are

a. contingency plans and operations plans/orders.

b. warning orders and operation plans/orders.
c. letters of instruction and operation plans/orders.
d. letters of instruction and fragmentary orders.

R-13
 Matching: For items 85 through 92, match the plan or order in column 1
with the type of order in column 2. Place the letter of your response
in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Plan or Order Type of Order

___ 85. Warning a. Combat plan

___ 86. Outline b. Combat order
___ 87. Campaign c. Both combat plan or order
___ 88. Letter of Instruction
___ 89. Fragmentary
___ 90. Contingency
___ 91. Alternate
___ 92. Operation

93. Sequence the following seven rapid response steps as they are actually
performed prior to preparing a communications-electronics estimate.

(1) Mission analysis

(2) Initial staff orientation
(3) Develop courses of action
(4) MAGTF commander approves courses of action
(5) Receipt of mission
(6) Determine information requirements
(7) MAGTF commander's planning guidance

a. 5, 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 c. 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4
b. 5, 1, 6, 7, 2, 4, 3 d. 5, 1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 4

94. Sequence the following three rapid response steps as they are actually
performed after the MAGTF staff elements complete their staff estimate.

(1) Preparation of detailed plans

(2) MAGTF concept of operation
(3) MAGTF commander's estimate and decision

a. 3, 1, 2 c. 1, 2, 3
b. 3, 2, 1 d. 2, 1, 3

R-14
95. Which three of the following five statements best describe the purposes
of the communications-electronics estimate?

(1) It is a possible plan open to a commander that may lead to the

accomplishment of his mission

(2) It assists the commander in summarizing the significant aspects of

the situation

(3) It analyzes the impact of all factors on a particular course of

action

(4) It evaluates and determines how the means available can best be
employed

(5) It normally expresses in a general statement a description of the

type of operation contemplated

a. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 3, 5
b. 2, 3, 4 d. 3, 4, 5

96. In addition to supporting the commander's estimate of the situation,

staff estimates assist the staff officer in determining the detailed
actions necessary to

a. write the appropriate annex.

b. draft the concept of operations.
c. accomplish the mission.
d. complete paragraph 5 of the Op Plan.

97. Which paragraph of the communications-electronics estimate contains the

communications-electronics analysis?

a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5

98. Which of the following is the title for paragraph 5 of the

communications-electronics estimate?

a. Mission
b. Situation and considerations
c. Evaluation
d. Conclusions

99. What is the title for paragraph 2 of the communications-electronics

estimate?

a. Mission
b. Situation and considerations
c. Conclusions
d. Evaluation

R-15
100. Which paragraph of the communications-electronics estimate contains the
evaluation?

a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4

101. What is the title of paragraph 1 to the communications-electronics

estimate?

a. Mission
b. Situation and considerations
c. Communications-electronics analysis
d. Evaluation

102. Of the nine choices below, select the six subparagraphs contained in the
situations and considerations paragraph.

(1) Mission
(2) Intelligence
(3) Personnel
(4) Tactical
(5) Administration
(6) Logistics
(7) Execution
(8) Assumptions
(9) Communications-electronics

a. 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 c. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9
b. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 d. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9

Matching: For items 103 through 110, match the type of information in
column 1 to its responsible staff section in column 2. Place the letter
of your response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Types of Information Staff Section

___ 103. Civil affairs a. G-2/S-2

___ 104. Resupply b. G-3/S-3
___ 105. Task organization c. G-4/S-4
___ 106. Terrain d. G-5/S-5
___ 107. NBC e. Special staff officers
___ 108. Enemy situation
___ 109. Artillery
___ 110. Concept of operations

R-16
111. Personnel resources for communications operations include the types and
numbers of particular military occupational specialties, the state of
training of assigned personnel, and the

a. condition of equipment.
b. availability of re-supply in the objective area.
c. availability of replacements in the objective area.
d. first aid location and procedures.

112. Equipment resources for communications operations include the quantity,

condition, and operational characteristics of authorized equipment,
availability of replacement equipment, and the

a. number of batteries available.

b. state of training of assigned personnel.
c. maintenance facilities in the objective area.
d. availability of repair parts.

113. Supply resources for communications operations include the availability

of resupply in the objective area and

a. the quantity and condition of available callsigns and radio

frequencies.
b. the quantity and condition of available supplies such as wire,
batteries, and repair parts.
c. the location of all the COCs and FSCCs.
d. the number of trucks and tracked vehicles available.

114. Which three of the following four statements are the three purposes of
Annex K?

(1) To amplify parts of an order with data that is technical in nature

or somewhat limited in application to the command as a whole

(2) To explain service required by individual users, anticipated

traffic loads and distances, characteristics of the objective area,
available resources, and the enemy electronic capability

(3) To promote clarity, brevity, and simplicity within the body of the
order

(4) To furnish the substance of a plan or order to a subordinate unit

a. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 3, 4
b. 2, 3, 4 d. 4, 1, 2

R-17
115. Which of the following items of information is deleted from the heading
when Annex K is issued with the operation order?

a. Copy number c. Place of issue

b. Date/time group d. References

116. Which of the following is the purpose of the message reference number in
the heading of Annex K?

a. To allow acknowledgement in the clear

b. To describe the specifications of a tactical mission
c. To establish groupings into which the command will be divided
d. To give sequence to mission requirements

117. Arrange the following paragraphs in the order they are addressed in
Annex K.

(1) Logistics
(2) Special Measures
(3) Administration
(4) General
(5) Execution
(6) Mission

a. 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4 c. 3, 4, 6, 1, 2, 5
b. 2, 6, 5, 3, 4, 1 d. 4, 6, 5, 2, 1, 3

Matching: For items 118 through 125, match the information listed in
subparagraph column 1 to its appropriate paragraph in column 2. Place
the letter of your response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Subparagraph Paragraph

___ 118. Command Post Afloat a. General

___ 119. Coordinating b. Execution
Instructions c. Administration
___ 120. Guiding Principles
___ 121. Situation
___ 122. Responsibilities and Tasks
___ 123. Operational Concept
___ 124. Command Post Ashore
___ 125. Assumptions

126. Which of the following subparagraphs are found under the "General"
paragraph of Annex K?

a. Purpose, situation, and acknowledgement

b. Guiding principles, operational concept and tasks
c. Coordinating instructions, attachments, and command posts
d. Enemy forces, friendly forces, and attachments

R-18
127. The tasks and responsibilities are found under the
______________________ paragraph of Annex K.

a. mission c. execution
b. general d. administration

128. Which four of the following six are contained in the ending of Annex K?

(1) Acknowledgement
(2) Signature
(3) Authentication of all copies
(4) Precedence
(5) Distribution
(6) List of Appendices

a. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 1, 2, 5, 6
b. 1, 2, 4, 5 d. 1, 3, 4, 5

129. Which three of the following five persons are authorized to sign Annex K?

(1) Commanding officer

(2) Executive officer
(3) Operations officer
(4) Communications officer
(5) Communications chief

a. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 4, 5
b. 1, 3, 4 d. 3, 4, 5

130. Which appendix must be included in Annex K?

a. Frequency Management
b. Communications Reports
c. Communications Security
d. Systems Management and Control

Matching: For items 131 through 134, match each segment in column 1
with the document it amplifies in column 2. Place the letter of your
response in the space provided.

Column 1 Column 2

Segment Document

___ 131. Appendix a. Operation order

___ 132. Annex b. Annex
___ 133. Enclosure c. Appendixes
___ 134. Tab d. Tabs
e. Enclosure

LAST PAGE OF THE REVIEW LESSON

R-19
Review Lesson Solutions
Reference

1. b. 1101
2. c. 1102
3. d. 1103
4. a. 1103
5. e. 1103
6. b. 1103
7. c. 1103
8. a. 1104
9. b. 1104
10. d. 1105
11. a. 1106
12. d. 1106
13. d. 1201
14. b. 1201
15. c. 1201
16. a. 1201
17. b. 1201
18. d. 1201
19. c. 1201
20. a. 1201
21. a. 1201
22. b. 1201
23. a. 1201
24. b. 1201
25. c. 1202
26. c. 1203
27. e. 1203
28. a. 1203
29. b. 1203
30. c. 1203
31. c. 1203
32. a. 1203
33. b. 1203
34. a. 1203
35. b. 1203
36. a. 1203
37. c. 1203
38. b. 1204
39. d. 1204
40. b. 1204
41. b. 1204
42. a. 1204
43. a. 1301
44. c. 1302
45. c. 1302
46. a. 1303
47. b. 1303
48. a. 1303
49. a. 1303
50. d. 1303

R-20
Review Lesson Solutions, continued
Reference

51. c. 1303
52. a. 1303
53. e. 1303
54. a. 1304
55. d. 1304
56. c. 1304
57. c. 1305
58. b. 1305
59. d. 1305
60. a. 1305
61. e. 1305
62. b. 2101
63. a. 2102
64. c. 2102
65. c. 2102
66. b. 2102
67. d. 2102
68. a. 2102
69. c. 2201
70. b. 2202
71. b. 2202
72. a. 2202
73. c. 2202
74. b. 2202
75. a. 2202
76. c. 2202
77. c. 2202
78. d. 2203
79. a. 2204
80. b. 2204
81. b. 2204
82. b. 3101
83. a. 3102
84. c. 3103
85. b. 3104
86. a. 3104
87. a. 3104
88. b. 3104
89. b. 3104
90. a. 3104
91. a. 3104
92. c. 3104
93. d. 3201
94. b. 3202
95. b. 3301
96. c. 3301
97. b. 3303
98. d. 3303
99. b. 3303
100. d. 3303

R-21
Review Lesson Solutions, continued
Reference

101. a. 3303
102. a. 3303
103. d. 4101
104. c. 4101
105. b. 4101
106. a. 4101
107. e. 4101
108. a. 4101
109. e. 4101
110. b. 4101
111. c. 4102
112. c. 4102
113. b. 4102
114. c. 4103
115. a. 4201
116. a. 4201
117. a. 4202
118. c. 4203
119. b. 4203
120. b. 4203
121. a. 4203
122. b. 4203
123. b. 4203
124. c. 4203
125. a. 4203
126. d. 4204
127. c. 4204
128. d. 4204
129. a. 4204
130. c. 4204
131. b. 4204
132. a. 4204
133. d. 4204
134. c. 4204

R-22
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOURCE MATERIALS

AFSC PUB-1 The Joint Staff Officer's Guide (1993)

FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Operations

FMFM 3-1 Command and Staff Action

FMFM 3-30 Communications

FMFRP 2-12 Marine Air-Ground Task Force: A Global Capability

FMFRP 3-32 Tri-MEF Standing Operating Procedures for

Communication and Computer Systems

FMFRP 14-5 Marine Air Command and Control System Operational

Concept (MACCS 2000)

FMFRP 14-7 Over The Horizon (OTH) Amphibious Operations

Operational Concept

NTP-3 Telecommunications User's Manual

Joint Pub DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated

1-02 Terms
 MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE
MCI 2540 COMMUNICATIONS PLANS AND ORDERS

Use this form for questions you have about this course. Write down your question(s) and
refer to the study unit, lesson exercise item, or the review lesson exam item causing you a
problem. Before mailing, fold the form and staple it so that MCI’s address is showing.
Additional sheets may be attached to this side of the form. Your question(s) will be
answered promptly by the Distance Learning Instructor responsible for this course.

NAME RANK MOS

COMPLETE MILITARY ADDRESS (INCLUDING RUC IF KNOWN)

TELEPHONE NUMBER

YOUR QUESTION:

INSTRUCTOR’S RESPONSE:
MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE--STUDENT REQUEST/INQUIRY-MCI - R-11 (3/96)
MCI 2540 Communications Plans and Orders DATE: ____________

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FROM: TO:
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Final Exam Overdue:
Lessons: Lessons sent to MCI on __________
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Others: (day) ________ (month) ________ (year) ________

Exam sent to MCI on ____________

Request Extension _____ Request Reenrollment _____

(Students are only eligible for one extension prior to (Students are only eligible for reenrollment once and only
their Course Completion Date (CDD)) after their CDD. If already reenrolled and disenrolled, a new
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