ABS Guide For Access To Tanks and Holds For Inspection

Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection
GUIDE FOR
MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION
MARCH 2007 (Updated February 2009 see next page)
American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862
Copyright 2007 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA
Updates
February 2009 consolidation includes:
June 2007 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials
June 2007 consolidation includes:

March 2007 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials
Foreword
Background
The maritime industry has long recognized that periodic surveys/inspections are the primary means for ensuring that a vessels structure is maintained within applicable requirements throughout its operational life. These surveys/inspections help ensure that the vessel is free from damage such as cracks, buckling, corrosion and overloading, and that material thickness are within established limits. For surveys/inspections to be carried out effectively, suitable means of access to the vessels structure are required. To address the issue of suitable access, the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) adopted the following resolutions into SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 on Access to and within spaces in the cargo area of oil tankers and bulk carriers: MSC.151(78) Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea, 1974, and MSC.158(78) Adoption of Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections.
To assist in the implementation of these new IMO resolutions, the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) developed the Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191, for the application of amended SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 (Resolution MSC.151(78)) and revised Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections (Resolution MSC.158(78)).
Application
The vessel types and sizes listed below, if constructed on/after 1 January 2006 are required to comply with SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 and Resolutions MSC.151(78) and MSC.158(78): Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage Bulk carriers (as defined in SOLAS regulation IX/1) of 20,000 gross tonnage and over.
Scope
In support of the Statutory and IACS guidance, ABS has prepared the Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection. This Guide provides graphical illustrations and additional textual clarification of the means of access requirements. The goal is to improve the comprehension and application of the Statutory and IACS guidance. This Guide presents two (2) levels of means of access guidance. The first provides the base criteria to meet the IMO requirements. The second, and preferred, level of guidance incorporates the application of current ergonomics practices to the means of access requirements. The application of ergonomics to the means of access requirements will enhance levels of safety as well as quality of work by providing appropriate access for survey, inspection and maintenance activities for tanks and holds. This Guide also presents the process to obtain ABS approval for the use of alternative materials for the construction of means of access as presented in MSC.151(78), MSC.158(78) and SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6.
Associated Notations
This Guide offers two optional notations related to means of access, PMA and PMA+. The PMA notation is awarded for compliance with all IMO permanent means of access requirements. The PMA+ notation is awarded for compliance with the enhanced ergonomic level of means of access guidance contained in this Guide.
ABS GUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION . 2007
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Table of Contents
GUIDE FOR
MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION

CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Introduction ............................................................................1
1 2 3 4 Introduction ............................................................................1 Application .............................................................................1 Scope.....................................................................................2 Notations................................................................................2
4.1 4.2 PMA Notation.................................................................... 2 PMA+ Notation.................................................................. 2 Overview ........................................................................... 3 Example of the Application of the PMA+ Notation ............ 3 Examples of PMA+ Notation Opportunities ....................... 3 IMO Means of Access Requirements verses Ergonomic Practices ........................................................................... 4 Annual Surveys ................................................................. 6 Intermediate Survey .......................................................... 6 Special Periodical Surveys................................................ 6 Requirements for Vessel Alterations ................................. 7
PMA+ Notation.......................................................................3
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Surveys after Construction ....................................................6

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Units of Measure....................................................................7
SECTION 2
Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations .........9

1 2 3 4 Introduction ............................................................................9 Associated Documentation ....................................................9 Overview of Means of Access Requirements......................10 Specific Means of Access Requirements for Oil Tankers ................................................................................11
4.1 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures)....................... 12 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures)....................... 13 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures)....................... 14
4.2
4.3
4.4
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures).......................15 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.4 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures).......................16 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.5 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures).......................17 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures).......................18 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height < 6 m) ..............................................................................18 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks) ............18 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks) .............19 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks) .............19 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/ 2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Water Ballast Wing Tanks 5 m Width Forming Double Side Spaces and their Bilge Hopper Sections).....................................19 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Double Side Spaces < 5 m in Width Above the Upper Knuckle Point of the Bilge Hopper Sections)..............................................20 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Continuous Longitudinal Means of Access)............................................................21 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Continuous Longitudinal Means of Access)............................................................21 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Access for Distances 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point) ...............................................................................22 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Continuous Longitudinal Means of Access)............................................................23 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Continuous Longitudinal Means of Access)............................................................24 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Access for Distances < 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point) ...............................................................................25 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structure)......................................27 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structures) ....................................28 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structure)......................................29
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
Specific Means of Access Requirements for Bulk Carriers .26

5.1
5.2
5.3
vi
5.4
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.4 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structure)...................................... 29 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.5 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structure)...................................... 29 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 30 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.7 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 31 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.8 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 31 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.9 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 31 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.10 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 32 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.11 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures) ......................................... 32 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Top Side Tanks).............................................................. 33 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Top Side Tanks).............................................................. 34 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Top Side Tanks).............................................................. 35 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.4 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Top Side Tanks).............................................................. 35 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 36 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 37 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 38 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 39 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.6 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 40 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.7 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks) ....................................................... 40 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.8 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks Double-skin Side Tanks).............. 40
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
vii
5.23
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)............................................................41 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)............................................................41 Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)............................................................41
5.24
5.25
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 1 for Oil Tankers.................................................................10 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers ..............................................................11 Access at Transverse Bulkhead on Stiffened Side of an Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height ...................................................13 Continuous Longitudinal Access on Each Side of the Tank of the Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height .................14 Integrated Continuous Longitudinal Access of a Longitudinal Bulkhead of Cargo Tanks or Holds .......16 Access for Cross-ties 6 m Above the Tank Bottom of Cargo Tanks or Holds................................17 Access Where the Vertical Distance Between the Horizontal Uppermost Stringer and Deck Hold is 6 m ..........................................................................20 Access for Bilge Hopper Sections Where the Vertical Distance from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point is 6 m...............................22 Access for Bilge Hopper Tank ...................................23 Alternative Means of Access......................................24 Access for Vertical Distances < 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point...........................25 Access to Underdeck Structures 17 m in Height ....27 Athwartship Access Fitted on the Transverse Bulkhead 17 m in Height.........................................28 Bulk Carriers Having Transverse Bulkheads with Full Upper Stools 17 m in Height ............................30 Upper Topside Tank Access with a Height > 6 m......33 Transverse Web Access for Bulk Carriers.................34 Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m.........36 Access Ladder between the Longitudinal Continuous Means of Access and the Bottom of the Space ..................................................37 Alternate Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m ..........................................................................38 Access for Foremost and Aftmost Bilge Hopper Tanks .........................................................................39
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 FIGURE 16
FIGURE 17 FIGURE 18
viii
SECTION 3
Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms .............................43

1 2 General ................................................................................43
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 Design Loads .................................................................. 43 General Principles........................................................... 44 Toeboards ....................................................................... 44 Walkway Design.............................................................. 45 General Principles........................................................... 49
Walkways and Ramps .........................................................44
Work Platforms ....................................................................49

3.1
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
Handrail Dimensions with a Toeboard.......................45 Walkway and Ramp Design.......................................46 Web Frame Walkways ...............................................47 Discontinuous Handrail where Top and Mid Rails are Connected ...........................................................47 Discontinuous Handrails where Top and Mid Rails are not Connected .....................................................48 Work Platform Dimensions ........................................49
SECTION 4
Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles ..............51

1 General ................................................................................51
1.1 1.2 Design Loads .................................................................. 51 Use and Selection of Ladders ......................................... 52 General Principles........................................................... 52 Vertical Ladder Design.................................................... 53 Climber Safety Devices................................................... 57 Individual Rung Ladders ................................................. 60 General ........................................................................... 62 Tread/Step Design .......................................................... 62 Handrail Design............................................................... 62 Inclined Ladder Design ................................................... 62 General ........................................................................... 65 Handle Design/Placement............................................... 66
Vertical Ladders ...................................................................52

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Inclined Ladders...................................................................62
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Handles................................................................................65
4.1 4.2
TABLE 1 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
Selection of Access Type...........................................52 Vertical Ladders (General Criteria) ............................54 Staggered Vertical Ladder .........................................55 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount)................56 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform).....................................................................57 Arrangement for Cage of Vertical Ladder ..................58 Cage of Vertical Ladder Side View .........................59 ix
FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15
Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables ............60 Individual Rung Ladder Design..................................61 Inclined Ladders.........................................................63 Inclined Ladders with Landings..................................64 Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform ..............................65 Handle Dimensions....................................................66 Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform).....................................................................67 Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch).........................................................................68 Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder).......................................................................69
SECTION 5
Hatches ................................................................................. 71
1 2 3 4 General ................................................................................71 General Principles................................................................71 Hatch Design .......................................................................71 Hatch Access .......................................................................73 Hatch Design..............................................................72 Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement) ...................73 Ladder Distance from Hatch Coaming.......................74 Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.) ...........74
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
SECTION 6
Alternative Means of Access .............................................. 75

1 2 3 4 General ................................................................................75
1.1 Definitions........................................................................75
Application ...........................................................................75 Associated Documentation ..................................................76 Guidance for Alternative Means of Access..........................76
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Portable Ladders .............................................................76 Hydraulic Arm Vehicles ...................................................78 Wire Lift Platform.............................................................79 Portable Platforms...........................................................80 Scaffolding and Staging ..................................................81 Rafting .............................................................................82 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) .................................84
SECTION 7
Alternative Material Selections........................................... 85

1 2 3 General ................................................................................85
1.1 Definitions........................................................................85
Applicability ..........................................................................85 Alternative Materials ............................................................86
Material Characteristics .......................................................86

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Material Properties Data ................................................. 86 Coating Specification ...................................................... 86 Method of Attachment ..................................................... 86 Environmental Variables ................................................. 86
Approval Process.................................................................87 Equivalent or Alternative Materials Approval Process ......................................................................87
FIGURE 1
APPENDIX 1 References............................................................................89 APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................91
xi
Section 1: Introduction
SECTION
Introduction
Introduction
The ability to survey/inspect the condition of a vessel is a principal means to help verify that the vessels structure is maintained to comply with applicable requirements. These surveys/inspections assist Owners; Flag Administrations and classification societies in determining that vessels are free from damage and that material thickness are within established limits. For surveys/inspections to be carried out safely and effectively, suitable means of access to the vessels structure is required. The most recent adoptions to IMO legislation (SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6) have established new requirements for means of access. Throughout the life of a vessel, this access enables overall and close-up inspections and material thickness measurements of the vessels structures. These means of access may be used by Flag Administrations, classification societies, vessel personnel and others as necessary. To assist in the implementation of these new requirements, IACS has developed Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191 for the application of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78)) and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78)). In support of this document, ABS has prepared the Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection. This Guide provides additional information, via text and graphics, about the means of access requirements interpretation and application, as well as the criteria for the PMA and PMA+ notations.
Application
The means of access requirements in SOLAS and in this Guide apply to: Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage and over constructed on or after 1 January 2006. This regulation is only applicable to oil tankers having tanks integral with the structure of the vessel which are used for carriage of oil in bulk, which is contained in the definition of oil in Annex 1 of MARPOL 73/78. Independent oil tanks can be excluded. Bulk carriers (as defined in SOLAS regulation IX/1) of 20,000 gross tonnage and over, constructed on or after 1 January 2006. SOLAS Regulation IX/1 defines a bulk carrier as a ship which is constructed generally with single deck, topside tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, and includes such types as ore carriers and combination carriers.
Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage and over constructed on or after 1 October 1994 but before 1 January 2005 shall comply with the provisions of regulation II-1/12-2 adopted by resolution MSC.27(61). Also, for oil tankers of less than 5,000 tonnes deadweight, Administrations may approve, in special circumstances, smaller dimensions for access through vertical and horizontal openings, if the ability to traverse such openings or to remove an injured person can be proved to the satisfaction of the Administration.
Note:
Section
Introduction
Scope
To enable physical surveys, inspections, and maintenance activities to be conducted effectively, consideration needs to be given to how the vessel will be designed, in particular, means of access arrangements. The effectiveness of the design of means of access can be maximized, as illustrated in this Guide, through the application of ergonomics to the vessels structural designs and arrangements. This Guide presents two (2) levels of means of access guidance. The first level provides the base criteria to meet the IMO requirements. The second, and preferred, level of guidance incorporates the application of ergonomics to the IMO means of access requirements. This Guide also presents the process to obtain ABS approval for the use of alternative materials, equivalent in strength and stiffness to steel, for the construction of means of access as allowed for in MSC.151 (78) and MSC.158 (78). This Guide overlaps, in several areas, with an existing ABS document called the ABS Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems, which addresses design and layout considerations for human-system interfaces at the individual task and workstation levels. This includes physical and perceptual issues for the design of the personnel interface with controls, displays, alarms, video-display units, labeling, and workspace access and workspace arrangement. These Guidance Notes are an excellent and highly recommended companion document to further promote the application and understanding of ergonomics principles to vessel designs. The application of ergonomics to the means of access requirements can improve overall personnel performance and safety, while reducing the potential for human error.
Notations
This Guide offers two optional notations related to means of access, PMA and PMA+. The PMA notation is awarded for compliance with all IMO permanent means of access requirements. The PMA+ notation is awarded for compliance to the enhanced ergonomic level of means of access guidance contained in this Guide.
4.1
PMA Notation
The optional PMA notation will be assigned to vessels to signify that the vessels permanent means of access meets the following: IMO Resolution MSC.151(78) Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea, 1974 IMO Resolution MSC.158(78) Adoption of Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections IACS Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191 for the application of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78)) and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78))
The PMA notation does not include IMO requirements for alternative or temporary means of access.
Note:
4.2
PMA+ Notation
The optional PMA+ notation will be assigned to vessels meeting the PMA notation requirements plus the additional ergonomic considerations presented in this Guide. The PMA+ notation is discussed in more detail in the following Subsection.
Section
Introduction
5
5.1
PMA+ Notation
Overview
The PMA+ notation applies ergonomics and safety design practices to the design and arrangement of the permanent means of access requirements where allowable. These instances include those areas where the means of access requirements have prescribed minimums and/or maximums and a preferred ergonomic dimension exists within the allowable range. For those means of access requirements where no specific dimensioning is provided, ergonomic guidance and dimensioning is provided.
Note: If any PMA+ requirements are found to conflict with MSC requirements or IACS interpretations, the MSC requirements or IACS interpretations take precedence.
5.2
Example of the Application of the PMA+ Notation

For tankers, IMO states Continuous athwartship permanent access arranged at each transverse bulkhead on the stiffened surface, at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck head. This 1.6 m (63.0 in.) minimum is below current ergonomic practices, which is a minimum of 1975 mm (78.0 in.) with a preferred clearance height of 2030 mm (80 in.). The minimum overhead clearance of 1600 mm (63.0 in.) is approximately 117 mm (4.5 in.) less than the mean male stature (height) presented in Appendix 1, Figure 1, Differences in 50th Percentile Male Stature for 12 Regions, from the Average Stature of 1717 mm (67.6 in.) of the ABS Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. Also, this mean value does not include clothing allowances of approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.) for footwear and 75 mm (3.0 in.) for safety helmets. By combining these two clothing allowances to the mean stature we have an average male height of 1817 mm (71.5 in.). This value is approximately 220 mm (8.5 in.) higher than the IMO minimum height. For a large majority of personnel this 1600 mm (63.0 in.) minimum would increase the likelihood of head strikes against overhead surfaces, potentially causing head and neck injuries as well as causing personnel to work/walk in awkward postures causing potential upper and lower back pain, discomfort or injury. The current ergonomic practice of a 1975 mm (78.75 in.) minimum overhead clearance will allow the vast majority of personnel to work upright without the potential for head strikes against upper surfaces or from working in awkward postures. The way IMO states the overhead clearances, from a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m provides designers the opportunity to use the PMA+ requirement of 1975 mm (78.0 in.) [Preferably 2030 mm (80.0 in.)] as a design requirement.
5.3
Examples of PMA+ Notation Opportunities

The majority of the dimensional aspects of the means of access requirements are stated in a manner that provides the designer with some latitude with respect to dimensioning. Several examples include: The minimum clear opening shall not be less than 600 mm 600 mm which means that the clear opening can be greater than the dimension specified. Elevated passageways forming sections of a permanent means of access, where fitted, shall have a minimum clear width of 600 mm which means the passageway can have a greater clear width. Stanchions shall be not more than 3 m apart this establishes a maximum distance only. A shorter dimension is allowed. Permanent inclined ladders shall be inclined at an angle of less than 70 degrees which means that inclined ladders cannot exceed 70 degrees, but inclined ladders can be at less of an angle.
Additionally, there are instances where no dimensional aspects of the means of access requirements are provided.
Section
Introduction
Inclined ladders shall be provided with handrails of substantial construction on both sides fitted at a convenient distance above the treads No dimensional requirements are provided for the size of the handrail or the handrails height above the tread or any intermediate rails.
5.4
IMO Means of Access Requirements verses Ergonomic Practices

There are other instances of IMO means of access requirements, which could be enhanced through the application of ergonomic practices, but cannot because the specific wording of the IMO means of access requirements prohibits any modification of these requirements. These instances include the design of guardrail heights, openings in horizontal stringers, and the tread design and spacing of inclined ladders. These are discussed in more detail in the following Subparagraphs.
Note: The discussion in the following Subparagraphs (1/4.4.1, Guardrail Heights, 1/5.4.2, Openings in Horizontal Stringers, 1/5.4.3, Tread Spacing (Inclined Ladders) and 1/5.4.4, Tread Design (Inclined Ladders)) are not PMA+ requirements. These Subparagraphs discuss examples of where ergonomics practices should be applied but cannot due to the specific wording of the IMO means of access requirements.
5.4.1
Guardrail Heights MSC.158 (78), Technical Provisions 3.3, requirement states that Guardrails shall be 1,000 mm in height and consist of a rail and an intermediate bar 500 mm in height and of substantial construction... This specific wording allows no opportunity to apply ergonomic principles to the design of guardrails. From an ergonomics and safety perspective a guardrails height should be 1070 mm (42.0 in.). The rational for this change in guardrail height is based on the biomechanics (including center of gravity) of a worker leaning or falling over a guardrail. Biomechanical analyses show that the center of gravity of a human body is approximately 75 mm (3.0 in.) above the midpoint of a persons stature (the center of gravity varies slightly among individuals and genders). Biomechanical analyses also show that if the center of gravity of a human body acts above a guardrail, a person falling against the rail would have a higher tendency to rotate over the top of the railing. Additionally, if the center of gravity of a human body acts below the top of a rail, a person would have a tendency to rotate under the railing. This action (rotating under) along with intermediate rail(s) will help prevent a fall to a lower surface. To illustrate this point, a person 1830 mm (72.0 in.) tall would have a center of gravity of approximately 1000 mm (39.0 in.). This means that persons with a stature greater than 1830 mm (72.0 in.), including footwear, would have a higher likelihood of rotating over the top of a 1000 mm (39 in.) guardrail than a 1070 mm (42.0 in.) guardrail. The requirement for a guardrail height of 1000 mm (39.0 in.) is more effective for personnel less than 1830 mm (72.0 in.) tall (including footwear), leaving those workers who are taller at a safety disadvantage. Current ergonomics design practices for the height of guardrails take into consideration taller potential workers (up to 1975 mm (78.0 in.) in height). When considering the taller potential worker population, a guardrail height of 1070 mm (42.0 in.) will help protect approximately 99% of all workers.
5.4.2
Openings in Horizontal Stringers MSC.158 (78) Table 1 requirement 2.3, To facilitate the operation of the alternative means of access, in-line openings in horizontal stringers shall be provided From a personnel safety perspective, openings in stringers should not be in-line with each other. The use of in-line openings allows the potential for a worker who falls through one opening, to fall through the in-line openings on lower stringer levels, possibly even to the bottom of the tank or hold. Current safety practices discourage the use of in-line openings. Staggering the openings as depicted in the following figure is a preferred design alternative.
Section
Introduction
In-line Openings
Staggered Openings
Staggering openings is a common safety practice to help limit the height of a fall. This will also reduce the energy level associated with the fall and decrease the potential of a fatality. 5.4.3 Tread Spacing (Inclined Ladders) MSC.158 (78), Technical Provisions 3.6, The treads shall be equally spaced at a distance apart, measured vertically, of between 200 mm and 300 mm... From an ergonomic perspective, the range provided for the spacing of treads should be expanded to 180 mm 300 mm (7.0 in. 12.0 in.). It is noted that there is not much difference between the MSC requirements and the current ergonomic practice for the tread spacing for inclined ladders. The reasoning behind the current ergonomic practice is based on designing for the 5th percentile (shorter) female and to provide a wider range and opportunity to make sure the inclined ladder treads are equally spaced throughout the flight of the ladder. 5.4.4 Tread Design (Inclined Ladders) MSC.158 (78), Technical Provisions 3.6, When steel is used, the treads shall be formed of two square bars of not less than 22 mm by 22 mm in section, fitted to form a horizontal step with the edges pointing upward... Walking on the corner edges of square bars provides for less contact with the foot and the stepping surface and an increased opportunity for slipping. Also, standing on the corner edges for extended period of time (e.g., performing an inspection) causes pressure points and pain on the bottom of the foot. The tread design should be a solid plate or circular cross section bars. Treads should be formed of a solid step (not less than 100 mm in depth) with non-slip surface or non-slip circular cross section bars (not less than 25 mm in diameter). If the steps are constructed using circular cross-section bars (which is preferred so as to minimize sludge accumulations on treads of ladders fitted in cargo oil tanks), they should consist of two or more parallel bars arranged on the same horizontal plane, with the distance between the centers of adjacent bars being not less than 65 mm and not more than 75 mm. IMO does not provide any guidance with respect to step depth or the spacing of the adjacent bars.
Section
Introduction
Surveys after Construction

Surveys after construction of the means of access are to be in conjunction with, or prior to, Hull Classification Surveys.
6.1
Annual Surveys
In order to maintain the PMA or PMA+ notation, an Annual Survey shall be made within three (3) months before or after each annual anniversary date of the crediting of the previous Special Periodical Survey or original construction date. The following information shall be reviewed by the attending ABS Surveyor for issues that could impact the PMA or PMA+ notation. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Vessels log book since previous hull survey or date of build Hull maintenance records since previous hull survey or date of build Repair and damage reports since previous hull survey or date of build Previous hull classification reports Approved copy of the Ships Structure Access Manual A list of all means of access alterations/repairs to the vessel since the previous hull survey or date of build General condition of means of access as accessible in any tanks that are internally examined as part of the applicable annual survey
The attending Surveyor will review the above information to determine if any changes or alterations have been made that could affect the PMA or PMA+ notation. As a result, the details of any modification or alterations may need to be submitted for review and approval to one of the ABS Technical Offices.
6.2
Intermediate Survey
In order to maintain the PMA or PMA+ notation, an Intermediate Survey shall be completed either at or between the second and third Annual Surveys after Special Periodical Survey No. 1 and subsequent Special Periodical Surveys. In addition to the requirements of the Annual Survey, means of access are to be surveyed as part of the Intermediate Survey Hull, as follows: Examination of means of access in all tanks that are examined internally as part of the intermediate hull survey.
6.3
Special Periodical Surveys

In order to maintain the PMA or PMA+ notation, a Special Periodical Survey shall be completed within five (5) years after the date of build or after the crediting date of the previous Special Periodical Survey. A Special Periodical Survey will be credited as of the completion date of the survey but not later than five (5) years from date of build or from the date recorded for the previous Special Periodical Survey. If the Special Periodical Survey is completed within three (3) months prior to the due date, the Special Periodical Survey will be credited to agree with the effective due date. The Special Periodical Survey may be commenced fifteen (15) months prior to the due date and be continued with completion by the due date. 6.3.1 Special Periodical Surveys In addition to the requirements of the Annual Survey, means of access are to be surveyed as part of the Special Periodical Survey Hull, as follows: Examination of all means of access in all tanks.
Section
Introduction
6.4
Requirements for Vessel Alterations

No alterations that affect or may affect the means of access PMA or PMA+ notations are to be made to the vessel unless plans of the proposed alterations are submitted and approved by an ABS Technical Office before the work of alteration is commenced. If the ABS Technical Office determines that the alteration will affect the means of access notation, the altered vessel shall be subject to review.
Units of Measure
The Guide uses both SI and US units of measure. Within this document the SI unit is listed first with the US unit of measure in parentheses. The SI unit indicates the driving measure, not the US unit. The US units are provided for the convenience of general users.
Note: US units are not provided when direct quotes from IMO or IACS are referenced.
To maintain consistency between other ABS ergonomics and human factors documentation, the same US unit of measure rounding scheme has been used in this document. US units of measure expressed in inches (in.) are rounded to the nearest one-quarter inch (0.25 in.). US units of measure expressed in feet (ft) are rounded to the one-half foot (0.5 ft).
Section 2: Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations
SECTION
Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations
Introduction
This Section presents the means of access requirements set forth in MSC Resolution MSC.151(78), MSC Resolution MSC.158(78), and the associated IACS Unified Interpretations. Subsection 2/3, Overview of Means of Access Requirements presents a summary of the IMO requirements in tabular form. Subsection 2/4, Specific Means of Access Requirements for Oil Tankers and Subsection 2/5, Specific Means of Access Requirements for Bulk Carriers present the actual requirements and interpretations contained in the MSC and the IACS documentation. Where appropriate, additional guidance, via text and graphics, has been provided to further promote the interpretation and application of the means of access requirements.
Associated Documentation
The following documents provide specific details about the IMO requirements for means of access contained in this Section: SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6, Access to and Within Spaces in, and Forward of, the Cargo Area of Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers MSC Resolution MSC.151 (78) (adopted on 20 May 2004), Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC Resolution MSC. 158 (78) (adopted 20 May 2004), Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections IACS Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191 for the application of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78)) and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78))
There have been several recent revisions to IACS Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191. The information contained in this document is current as of Revision 3 from March 2006. It is the responsibility of the reader to check if there have been any revisions since March 2006. If so, the revised UI SC 191 should be used in conjunction with this Guide.
Note:
Section
Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations
Overview of Means of Access Requirements

This Subsection summarizes the means of access requirements for oil tankers and bulk carriers as presented in MSC.158(78). The following two (2) tables, Section 2, Table 1 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 1 for Oil Tankers and Section 2, Table 2, Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers were created to simplify the use and application of the extensive tables containing the MSC means of access requirements. These tables are arranged with column and row headings for different areas of vessel tanks and holds/spaces as well as tank or hold/space dimensions (heights and widths). This format allows for the quick identification of means of access requirements. To reduce potential confusion for users of this Guide who may already be familiar with the MSC.158(78) tables, the requirements contained in this Guides Section 2, Table 1 summarize the requirements contained in the MSC.158(78) Table 1. This Guides Section 2, Table 2 summarizes the requirements contained in the MSC.158(78) Table 2. To further simplify the use of these tables, the numbering scheme used in the MSC tables has been preserved. For example, in Section 2, Table 1, in the Underdeck Structure row, tanks with a height of 6 meters or more are required to meet MSC.158(78) Table 1 requirements of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and 1.1.3. The same rational has been applied to MSC.158(78) Table 2.
TABLE 1 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 1 for Oil Tankers*

Cargo/Ballast Tanks Underdeck Structure Longitudinal Bulkhead Cross Tie ( 6 m above tank bottom) Ballast Tank and Double Side Skin Space Wall-sided Mid-Depth Portion (Between Topside and Hopper Portions) Lower Hopper Portion/Tank Fore Peak Tanks
+
Tank Height 6 m 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 1.1.4 or 1.1.6+ 1.1.5 Tank/Space Width 5 m 1.1.4 or 1.1.6 1.1.5 1.3
+
Tank Height < 6 m 1.2 Tank/Space Width < 5 m Height 6 m 2.1 2.2 1.3 Height < 6 m Not Applicable 2.3
* = Numbers in this table correspond to MSC.158 (78) Table 1, Means of Access for Ballast/Cargo Tanks of Oil Tankers. = If Height < 17 m
10
Section
TABLE 2 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers*

Cargo Holds Underdeck Structure Side Shell Vertical Bulkhead Ballast and Double Side Skin Spaces Wall-sided Mid-Depth Portion (Between Topside and Hopper Portions) Upper Topside Tank Lower Hopper Portion/Tank Fore Peak Tanks
+
Hold Height 17 m 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 1.6+ or 1.8, 1.7, 1.9+, 1.10+ 1.7 Tank/Space Height 6 m 2.8 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 2.5 and 2.6 2.9
Hold Height < 17 m 1.5 Not Applicable Tank/Space Height < 6 m 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.9
* = Numbers in this table correspond to MSC.158 (78) Table 2, Means of Access for Bulk Carriers. = Single side skin construction only.
Specific Means of Access Requirements for Oil Tankers

The specific means of access requirements for oil tankers displayed in Section 2, Table 1 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 1 for Oil Tankers, as interpreted by IACS UI SC 191, are presented in this Subsection.
Note: Those requirements that relate to permanent means of access are prerequisites for the PMA notation. The PMA notation does not include the IMO requirements or allowances for alternative or temporary means of access.
Each MSC requirement is presented in its entirety along with any associated IACS unified interpretation. Graphical representations for some of the means of access requirements have been provided to help clarify or demonstrate the requirements intent. Also, additional guidance related to the design of the means of access is provided.
Note: Graphics are for demonstrative purposes only and are not to scale.
In some of the figures, specific dimensions are provided. These dimensions will help clarify the means of access requirement and/or the interpretation. Where appropriate, IMO, PMA and PMA+ dimensional requirements are provided. These dimensions are to be used in conjunction with the additional guidance contained in the following Sections: Section 3, Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms, Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles, and Section 5, Hatches.
11
Section
4.1
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement For tanks of which the height is 6 m and over containing internal structures, permanent means of access shall be provided in accordance with .1 to .6: Sub-paragraphs .1, .2 and .3 define access to underdeck structure, access to the uppermost sections of transverse webs and connection between these structures. Sub-paragraphs .4, .5 and .6 define access to vertical structures only and are linked to the presence of transverse webs on longitudinal bulkheads. If there are no underdeck structures (deck longitudinals and deck transverses) but there are vertical structures in the cargo tank supporting transverse and longitudinal bulkheads, access in accordance with subparagraphs from .1 through to .6 is to be provided for inspection of the upper parts of vertical structure on transverse and longitudinal bulkheads. If there is no structure in the cargo tank, section 1.1 of Table 1 is not to be applied. Section 1 of Table 1 is also to be applied to void spaces in cargo area, comparable in volume to spaces covered by the regulation II-1/3-6, except those spaces covered by Section 2. The vertical distance below the overhead structure is to be measured from the underside of the main deck plating to the top of the platform of the means of access at a given location. The height of the tank is to be measured at each tank. For a tank the height of which varies at different bays, item 1.1 is to be applied to such bays of a tank that have height 6 m and over. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Section 3, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder and handle guidance is available in Section 4, guidance Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders, and Handles Detailed guidance for hatch design is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA Requirement
IACS Interpretation
PMA+ Requirement
No additional PMA+ requirements.
Additional Guidance
12
Section
4.2
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height > 6 m and Containing Internal Structures)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement Continuous athwartship permanent access arranged at each transverse bulkhead on the stiffened surface, at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck head. Dimension A IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
PMA Requirement
The vertical distance below the overhead structure is to be measured from the underside of the main deck plating to the top of the platform of the means of access at a given location. Dimension A Distance below deckhead PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Section 2, Figure 1, Access at Transverse Bulkhead on Stiffened Side of an Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Continuous athwartship PMA is usually arranged at the same level as integrated structural members (horizontal girders).
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 1 Access at Transverse Bulkhead on Stiffened Side of an Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height
13
Section
4.3
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers At least one continuous longitudinal permanent means of access at each side of the tank. One of these accesses shall be at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 6 m below the deck head and the other shall be at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck head. Dimension A B IACS Interpretation Distance below deckhead Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 1600 mm (63.0 in.) and 6 m (19.5 ft)
PMA Requirement
Means of Access Requirement
There is need to provide continuous longitudinal permanent means of access when the deck longitudinals and deck transverses are fitted on deck but supporting brackets are fitted under the deck. Dimension PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 6 m (19.5 ft) A B Distance below deckhead Distance below deckhead
PMA+ Requirement
Section 2, Figure 2, Continuous Longitudinal Access on Each Side of the Tank of the Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height is provided to help illustrate these requirements. Distances A and B below the deckhead are measured from the underside of the plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 2 Continuous Longitudinal Access on Each Side of the Tank of the Underdeck Structure for Ballast/Cargo Tanks 6 meters in Height
A B
14
Section
4.4
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation Access between the arrangements specified in 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 and from the main deck to either 1.1.1 or 1.1.2. Means of access to tanks may be used for access to the permanent means of access for inspection. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA+ Requirement
15
Section
4.5
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.4 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement Continuous longitudinal permanent means of access which are integrated in the structural member on the stiffened surface of a longitudinal bulkhead, in alignment, where possible, with horizontal girders of transverse bulkheads are to be provided for access to the transverse webs unless permanent fittings are installed at the uppermost platform for use of alternative means, as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions, for inspection at intermediate heights. IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement The permanent fittings required to serve alternative means of access such as wire lift platform, that are to be used by crew and Surveyors for inspection shall provide at least an equal level of safety as the permanent means of access stated by the same paragraph. These means of access shall be carried on board the ship and be readily available for use without filling of water in the tank. Therefore, rafting is not acceptable under this provision. Alternative means of access are to be part of Access Manual, which is to be approved on behalf of the Flag State. Section 2, Figure 3, Integrated Continuous Longitudinal Access of a Longitudinal Bulkhead of Cargo Tanks or Holds, shows two views of this requirement. Graphic A shows the intent of this requirement. Graphic B shows an alternative design if permanent fittings (e.g., to accommodate a wire lift platform) are installed at the uppermost platform to obtain access to the vertical web. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
PMA Requirement
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 3 Integrated Continuous Longitudinal Access of a Longitudinal Bulkhead of Cargo Tanks or Holds
16
Section
4.6
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.5 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement For ships having cross-ties which are 6 m or more above tank bottom, a transverse permanent means of access on the cross-ties providing inspection of the tie flaring brackets at both sides of the tank, with access from one of the longitudinal permanent means of access in 1.1.4. Dimension A Handrail height MSC.158(78) Requirement 1000 mm (39.0 in.)
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided. A continuous walkway (as illustrated below) is provided for at least 25 percent of all cross-ties in a tank, or at least one (1) per tank, which ever is greater. Section 2, Figure 4, Access for Cross-ties 6 m Above the Tank Bottom of Cargo Tanks or Holds is provided to help illustrate this requirement. This figure shows a continuous walkway extending across the cross-tie. This ergonomic improvement will help enhance inspection and facilitate quicker access to flaring brackets on both sides of the tank. An important design consideration is the distance of the walkway below the top of the cross-tie. The distance of the walkway below the cross-tie should be approximately 1000 mm. This will help eliminate a potential falling hazard. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 4 Access for Cross-ties 6 m Above the Tank Bottom of Cargo Tanks or Holds
17
Section
4.7
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Alternative means as defined paragraph 3.9 in the Technical provisions may be provided for small ships as an alternative to 1.1.4 for cargo oil tanks of which the height is less than 17 m. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
4.8
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height < 6 m)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance For tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions or portable means may be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
4.9
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the center line of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of access shall be provided for access to critical areas such as the underdeck structure, stringers, collision bulkhead and side shell structure. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA+ Requirement
18
Section
4.10
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance from the deck head or a stringer immediately above are considered to provide suitable access in combination with portable means of access. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Additional guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
PMA Requirement
PMA+ Requirement
4.11
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.3.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers In case the vertical distance between the deck head and stringers, stringers or the lowest stringer and the tank bottom is 6 m or more, alternative means of access as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions shall be provided. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Additional guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement
4.12
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/ 2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Water Ballast Wing Tanks 5 m Width Forming Double Side Spaces and their Bilge Hopper Sections)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation
PMA Requirement
For double side spaces above the upper knuckle point of the bilge hopper sections, permanent means of access are to be provided in accordance with .1 to .3: Section 2 of Table 1 (The above requirement 4.10 MSC Requirement 1.3.2 (Fore Peak Tanks) is also to be applied to wing tanks designed as void spaces. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance
19
Section
4.13
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Double Side Spaces < 5 m in Width Above the Upper Knuckle Point of the Bilge Hopper Sections)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Where the vertical distance between horizontal uppermost stringer and deck head is 6 m or more, one continuous permanent means of access shall be provided for the full length of the tank with a means to allow passing through transverse webs installed a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck head with a vertical access ladder at each end of tank. Dimension A Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
This paragraph (2.1.1) represents requirements for access to underdeck structures. For a tank the vertical distance between horizontal upper stringer and deck head of which varies at different sections item 2.1.1 is to be applied to such sections that fall under the criteria. The continuous permanent means of access may be a wide longitudinal, which provides access to critical details on the opposite side by means of platforms as necessary on web frames. In case the vertical opening of the web frame is located in way of the open part between the wide longitudinal and the longitudinal on the opposite side, platforms shall be provided on both sides of the web frames to allow safe passage through the web frame. Where two access hatches are required by SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6.3.2, access ladders at each end of the tank are to lead to the deck. Dimension A Distance below deckhead PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
PMA Requirement IACS Interpretation
Section 2, Figure 5, Access Where the Vertical Distance Between the Horizontal Uppermost Stringer and Deck Hold is 6 m is provided to help illustrate these requirements. Distance A below the deckhead is measured from the underside of the plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
FIGURE 5 Access Where the Vertical Distance Between the Horizontal Uppermost Stringer and Deck Hold is 6 m
Longitudinal Stiffener
20
Section
4.14
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Continuous Longitudinal Means of Access)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement Continuous longitudinal permanent means of access, which are integrated in the structure, at a vertical distance not exceeding 6 m apart. Dimension A PMA Requirement IACS Interpretation Access height MSC.158(78) Requirement 6 m (19.5 ft)
This paragraph (2.1.2) is a requirement for access for survey and inspection of vertical structures on longitudinal bulkheads (transverse webs). The continuous permanent means of access may be a wide longitudinal, which provides access to critical details on the opposite side by means of platforms as necessary on web frames. In case the vertical opening of the web is located in way of the open part between the wide longitudinal and the longitudinal on the opposite side, platforms shall be provided on both sides of the web to allow safe passage through the web. A "reasonable deviation" as noted in TP/1.4, of not more than 10% may be applied where the permanent means of access is integral with the structure itself. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps and Subsection 3/3, Platforms. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches. With the Administrations approval, reasonable deviations may be applied to facilitate this means of access. IACS UI (SC) 191 has interpreted this to be no more than 10% for vertical distances exceeding 6 m (19.5 ft).
PMA+ Requirement
Additional Guidance
4.15
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/ 2.1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation Plated stringers shall, as far as possible, be in alignment with horizontal girders of transverse bulkheads. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
21
Section
4.16
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Access for Distances 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers For bilge hopper sections of which the vertical distance from the tank bottom to the upper knuckle point is 6 m and over, one longitudinal permanent means of access shall be provided for the full length of the tank. It shall be accessible by vertical permanent means of access at both ends of the tank. Dimension A Distance from the top of the bilge hopper Hopper height MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 6 m (19.5 ft)
PMA Requirement
B IACS Interpretation
Permanent means of access between the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access and the bottom of the space is to be provided. The height of a bilge hopper tank located outside of the parallel part of vessel is to be taken as the maximum of the clear vertical distance measured from the bottom plating to the hopper plating of the tank. The foremost and aft most bilge hopper ballast tanks with raised bottom, of which the height is 6 m and over, a combination of transverse and vertical MA for access to the upper knuckle point for each transverse web is to be accepted in place of the longitudinal permanent means of access. Dimension PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) Distance from the top of the bilge hopper
PMA+ Requirement
Section 2, Figure 6, Access for Bilge Hopper Sections Where the Vertical Distance from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point is 6 m is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Distance A from the top of the bilge hopper is measured from the underside of the plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 6 Access for Bilge Hopper Sections Where the Vertical Distance from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point is 6 m
Critical Area for Inspection
22
Section
4.17
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers The longitudinal continuous permanent means of access may be installed at a minimum 1.6 m to maximum 3 m from the top of the bilge hopper section. In this case, a platform extending the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access in way of the web frame may be used to access the identified structural critical areas. Dimension A B IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Distance from the top of the bilge hopper Hopper height MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 6 m (19.5 ft)
PMA Requirement
The bilge hopper tanks at fore and aft of cargo area narrow due to raised bottom plating and the actual vertical distance from the bottom of the tank to hopper plating of the tank is more appropriate to judge if a portable means of access could be utilized for the purpose. Dimension A Distance from the top of the bilge hopper PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Section 2, Figure 7, Access for Bilge Hopper Tank is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Distance A from the top of the bilge hopper is measured from the underside of the plating to the top of the platform. In this figure, B refers to the height of bilge hopper tank. This is the maximum of the clear vertical distance from bottom plating to hopper plating. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
FIGURE 7 Access for Bilge Hopper Tank
23
Section
4.18
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Means of Access Requirement Alternatively, the continuous longitudinal permanent means of access may be installed at a minimum of 1.2 m below the top of the clear opening of the web ring allowing a use of portable means of access to reach identified structural critical areas. Dimension A IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Distance below web ring MSC.158(78 Requirement 1200 mm (47.25 in.)
PMA Requirement
In the foremost or aft most bilge hopper tanks where the vertical distance is 6 m or over but installation of longitudinal permanent means of access is not practicable permanent means of access of combination of transverse and vertical ladders provides an alternative means of access to the upper knuckle point. Dimension A Distance below web ring PMA+ Requirement 1500 mm (59.0 in.)
Section 2, Figure 8, Alternative Means of Access is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
FIGURE 8 Alternative Means of Access

Portable Ladder
24
Section
4.19
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Access for Distances < 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point)
Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/2.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers Where the vertical distance referred to in 2.2 is less than 6 m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions or portable means of access may be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access. To facilitate the operation of the alternative means of access, in-line openings in horizontal stringers shall be provided. The openings shall be of an adequate diameter and shall have suitable protective railings. Dimension A B IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Handrail height Distance between longitudinal stringers MSC.158(78) Requirement 1000 mm (39.0 in.) < 6 m (19.5 ft)
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Section 2, Figure 9, Access for Vertical Distances < 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point is provided to help illustrate these requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access. With the Administrations approval, reasonable deviations may be applied to facilitate this means of access. IACS UI (SC) 191 has interpreted this to be no more than 10% for vertical distances exceeding 6 m (19.5 ft).
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 9 Access for Vertical Distances < 6 m from the Tank Bottom to the Upper Knuckle Point
25
Section
Specific Means of Access Requirements for Bulk Carriers

The specific means of access requirements for bulk carriers are presented in this Subsection. The following table, Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers, as interpreted by IACS UI SC 191, has been duplicated (from Subsection 2/3) for the readers convenience.
Note: Those requirements that relate to permanent means of access are prerequisites for the PMA notation. The PMA notation does not include the IMO requirements or allowances for alternative or temporary means of access.
Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers*

Cargo Holds Underdeck Structure Side Shell Vertical Bulkhead Ballast and Double Side Skin Spaces Wall-sided Mid-Depth Portion (Between Topside and Hopper Portions) Upper Topside Tank Lower Hopper Portion/Tank Fore Peak Tanks
+ +
Hold Height 17 m 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 1.6 or 1.8, 1.7, 1.9 , 1.10 1.7 Tank/Space Height 6 m 2.8 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 2.5 and 2.6 2.9
+ +
Hold Height < 17 m 1.5 Not Applicable Tank/Space Height < 6 m 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.9
* = Numbers in this table correspond to MSC.158 (78) Table 2, Means of Access for Bulk Carriers. = Single side skin construction only.
Each MSC requirement is presented in its entirety along with any associated IACS unified interpretation. Graphical representations for some of the means of access requirements have been provided to help clarify or demonstrate the requirements intent. Also, additional guidance related to the design of the means of access is provided.
Note: Graphics are for demonstrative purposes only and are not to scale.
In some of the figures, specific dimensions are provided. These dimensions will help clarify the means of access requirement and/or the interpretation. Where appropriate, IMO, PMA and PMA+ requirements are provided. These dimensions are to be used in conjunction with the additional guidance contained in the following Sections: Section 3, Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms, Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles, and Section 5, Hatches.
26
Section
5.1
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structure)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Permanent means of access shall be fitted to provide access to the overhead structure at both sides of the cross deck and in the vicinity of the centerline. Each means of access shall be accessible from the cargo hold access or directly from the main deck and installed at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck. Dimension A PMA Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Means of access shall be provided to the crossdeck structures of the foremost and aftermost part of the each cargo hold. Interconnected means of access under the cross deck for access to three locations at both sides and in the vicinity of the centerline is acceptable. Permanent means of access fitted at three separate locations accessible independently, one at each side and one in the vicinity of the centerline is acceptable. Special attention is to be paid to the structural strength where any access opening is provided in the main deck or cross deck. The requirement for bulk carrier cross deck structure is also considered applicable to ore carriers. Dimension A Distance below deckhead PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Section 2, Figure 10, Access to Underdeck Structures 17 m in Height is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Distance A below the deckhead is measured from the underside of the deck plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
FIGURE 10 Access to Underdeck Structures 17 m in Height

A
27
Section
5.2
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Underdeck Structures)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement An athwartship permanent means of access fitted on the transverse bulkhead at a minimum 1.6 m to a maximum 3 m below the cross-deck head is accepted as equivalent to 1.1. Dimension A Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided Dimension A Distance below deckhead PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Section 2, Figure 11, Athwartship Access Fitted on the Transverse Bulkhead 17 m in Height is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Distance A below the deckhead is measured from the underside of the deck plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 11 Athwartship Access Fitted on the Transverse Bulkhead 17 m in Height

A
28
Section
5.3
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation Access to the permanent means of access to overhead structure of the cross deck may also be via the upper stool. Particular attention is to be paid to preserve the structural strength in way of access opening provided in the main deck or cross deck. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
5.4
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.4 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Ships having transverse bulkheads with full upper stools with access from the main deck which allows monitoring of all framing and plates from inside, do not require permanent means of access of the cross deck. Full upper stools are understood to be stools with a full extension between top side tanks and between hatch end beams. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
5.5
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.5 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement Alternatively, movable means of access may be utilized for access to the overhead structure of cross deck if its vertical distance is 17 m or less above the tank top. IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement The movable means of access to the underdeck structure of cross deck need not necessarily be carried on board the vessel. It is sufficient if it is made available when needed. The requirement for bulk carrier cross deck structure is also considered applicable to ore carriers. This movable means of access should not be a vertical ladder, except for heights under 6 m (19.5 ft). Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
No additional PMA+ requirements
Additional Guidance
29
Section
5.6
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Cargo Holds Access to Vertical Structures)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Permanent means of vertical access shall be provided in all cargo holds and built into the structure to allow for an inspection of a minimum of 25% of the total number of hold frames port and starboard equally distributed throughout the hold including at each end in way of transverse bulkheads. But in no circumstance shall this arrangement be less than 3 permanent means of vertical access fitted to each side (fore and aft ends of hold and mid-span). Permanent means of vertical access fitted between two adjacent hold frames is counted for an access for the inspection of both hold frames. A means of portable access may be used to gain access over the sloping plating of lower hopper ballast tanks. Dimension A IACS Interpretation Distance between rungs MSC.158(78) Requirement 350 mm (13.75 in.)
PMA Requirement
The maximum vertical distance of the rungs of vertical ladders for access to hold frames is to be 350 mm. If safety harness is to be used, means should be provided for connecting the safety harness in suitable places in a practical way. Dimension A Distance between rungs PMA+ Requirement 275 mm (11.0 in.) and 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Section 2, Figure 12, Bulk Carriers Having Transverse Bulkheads with Full Upper Stools 17 m in Height is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Permanent access can be a vertical ladder or horizontal bars/rungs in the hold frames. Ladder rung-to-rung distance consistent for the full run of the ladder. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
FIGURE 12 Bulk Carriers Having Transverse Bulkheads with Full Upper Stools 17 m in Height
A
Permanent Access
Portable Means of Access
30
Section
5.7
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.7 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance In addition to 1.6, portable or movable means of access shall be utilized for access to the remaining hold frames up to their upper brackets and transverse bulkheads. Portable, movable or alternative means of access also is to be applied to corrugated bulkheads. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
5.8
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.8 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Portable or movable means of access may be utilized for access to hold frames up to their upper bracket in place of the permanent means required in 1.6. These means of access shall be carried on board the ship and readily available for use. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
5.9
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.9 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation The width of vertical ladders for access to hold frames shall be at least 300 mm, measured between stringers. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
31
Section
5.10
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.10 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation A single vertical ladder over 6 m in length is acceptable for the inspection of the hold side frames in a single skin construction. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Climber safety devices (rails) should be used for vertical ladders over 6 m (19.5 ft). Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
PMA+ Requirement
5.11
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/1.11 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation For double-side skin construction no vertical ladders for the inspection of the cargo hold surfaces are required. Inspection of this structure should be provided from within the double hull space. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
32
Section
5.12
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Top Side Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers For each topside tank of which the height is 6 m and over, one longitudinal continuous permanent means of access shall be provided along the side shell webs and installed at a minimum of 1.6 m to a maximum of 3 m below deck with a vertical access ladder in the vicinity of each access to that tank. Dimension A IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Distance below deckhead MSC.158(78) Requirement 1.6 m (63 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided. Dimension A Distance below deckhead PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft)
Section 2, Figure 13, Upper Topside Tank Access with a Height > 6 m is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Distance A below the deckhead is measured from the underside of the plating to the top of the platform. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
FIGURE 13 Upper Topside Tank Access with a Height > 6 m
33
Section
5.13
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement If no access holes are provided through the transverse webs within 600 mm of the tank base and the web frame rings have a web height greater than 1 m in way of side shell and sloping plating, then step rungs/grab rails shall be provided to allow safe access over each transverse web frame ring. Dimension A IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Step rungs/grab rails MSC.158(78) Requirement Not Provided
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided. Dimension A Step rungs/grab rails PMA+ Requirement 275 mm (11 in.) and 300 mm (12 in.)
Section 2, Figure 14, Transverse Web Access for Bulk Carriers is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Detailed guidance on the design of handles is available in Subsection 4/4, Handles. Detailed guidance for individual stairs is available in Paragraph 4/2.2, Individual Rung Ladders.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 14 Transverse Web Access for Bulk Carriers
34
Section
5.14
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance Three permanent means of access, fitted at the end bay and middle bay of each tank, shall be provided spanning from tank base up to the intersection of the sloping plate with the hatch side girder. The existing longitudinal structure may be used as part of this means of access. If the longitudinal structures on the sloping plate are fitted outside of the tank a means of access is to be provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed guidance on the design of handles is available in Subsection 4/4, Handles.
PMA Requirement
5.15
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.4 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance For topside tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions or portable means may be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
35
Section
5.16
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers For each bilge hopper tank of which the height is 6 m and over, one longitudinal continuous permanent means of access shall be provided along the side shell webs and installed at a minimum of 1.2 m below the top of the clear opening of the web ring with a vertical access ladder in the vicinity of each access to the tank. Dimension A IACS Interpretation Distance below web ring MSC.158(78) Requirement 1200 mm (47.25 in.)
Means of Access Requirement PMA Requirement
The height of a bilge hopper tank located outside of the parallel part of vessel is to be taken as the maximum of the clear vertical height measured from the bottom plating to the hopper plating of the tank. It should be demonstrated that portable means for inspection can be deployed and made readily available in the areas where needed. Dimension A Distance below web ring PMA+ Requirement 1500 mm (59.0 in.)
Section 2, Figure 15, Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m is provided to help illustrate these requirements. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
FIGURE 15 Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m
36
Section
5.17
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation An access ladder between the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access and the bottom of the space shall be provided at each end of the tank. No interpretation provided No additional PMA+ requirements Additional Guidance Section 2, Figure 16, Access Ladder between the Longitudinal Continuous Means of Access and the Bottom of the Space is provided to help illustrate this requirement. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
PMA Requirement
PMA+ Requirement
FIGURE 16 Access Ladder between the Longitudinal Continuous Means of Access and the Bottom of the Space
Sloping Plate
Tank End
Access to Bottom
37
Section
5.18
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Alternatively, the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access can be located through the upper web plating above the clear opening of the web ring, at a minimum of 1.6 m below the deck head, when this arrangement facilitates more suitable inspection of identified structurally critical areas. An enlarged longitudinal frame can be used for the purpose of the walkway. Dimension A B IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Distance below deck head Access width MSC.158(78) Requirement 1600 mm (63.0 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.)
PMA Requirement
A wide longitudinal frame of at least 600 mm clear width may be used for the purpose of the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access. Dimension A B Distance below deck head Access width PMA+ Requirement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) No additional Requirement
Section 2, Figure 17, Alternate Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m is provided to help illustrate these requirements. Vertical walkway clearance from a PMA+ perspective shall be measured from the top of the walking platform/surface to the lowest structure directly above the walkway (e.g., stiffener). Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
Additional Guidance
FIGURE 17 Alternate Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m
38
Section
5.19
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.5.3 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance For double-side skin bulk carriers, the longitudinal continuous permanent means of access may be installed within 6 m from the knuckle point of the bilge, if used in combination with alternative methods to gain access to the knuckle point. Dimension A Distance below web ring MSC.158(78) Requirement 1200 mm (47.25 in.)
PMA Requirement
No interpretation provided. Dimension A Distance below web ring PMA+ Requirement 1500 mm (59.0 in.)
Section 2, Figure 18, Access for Foremost and Aftmost Bilge Hopper Tanks are provided to help illustrate these requirements. Vertical walkway clearance from a PMA+ perspective shall be measured from the top of the walking platform/surface to the lowest structure directly above the walkway (e.g., stiffener). Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles.
FIGURE 18 Access for Foremost and Aftmost Bilge Hopper Tanks

39
Section
5.20
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.6 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance If no access holes are provided through the transverse ring webs within 600 mm of the tank base and the web frame rings have a web height greater than 1 m in way of side shell and sloping plating, then step rungs/grab rails shall be provided to allow safe access over each transverse web frame ring. The height of web frame rings should be measured in way of side shell and tank base. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA Requirement
5.21
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.7 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance For bilge hopper tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alternative means as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions or portable means may be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access. Such means of access shall be demonstrated that they can be deployed and made readily available in the areas where needed. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access.
5.22
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.8 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Bilge Hopper Tanks Double-skin Side Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.8 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation Permanent means of access shall be provided in accordance with the applicable sections of Resolution MSC158(78), Table 1 No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA+ Requirement
40
Section
5.23
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers PMA Requirement Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the centerline of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of access shall be provided for access to critical areas such as the underdeck structure, stringers, collision bulkhead and side shell structure. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
PMA+ Requirement
5.24
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.1 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance from the deck head or a stringer immediately above are considered to provide suitable access in combination with portable means of access. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
5.25
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers (Ballast Tanks Fore Peak Tanks)
Means of Access Requirement for Table 2/2.9.2 of MSC.158(78) for Bulk Carriers Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement In case the vertical distance between the deck head and stringers, stringers or the lowest stringer and the tank bottom is 6 m or more, alternative means of access as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions shall be provided. No interpretation provided. No additional PMA+ requirements. Additional Guidance Detailed guidance on the design and selection of alternative means of access is available in Section 6, Alternative Means of Access. Detailed walkway design guidance is available in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. Detailed ladder design guidance is available in Section 4, Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles. Detailed hatch design guidance is available in Section 5, Hatches.
41
Section 3: Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms
SECTION
Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms
General
This Section contains design guidance for walkways, ramps and work platforms. The guidance included in the figures and tables below provides the design attribute (application) and the IMO (PMA) and PMA+ dimension requirements. There are instances where IMO means of access requirements do not provide specific design dimensioning. In these instances, the PMA+ dimensions may be used as guidance.
1.1
Design Loads
IMO requirements state that the construction and materials of all means of access and their attachment to the vessels structure shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration and that the means of access shall be of substantial construction and adequate strength and stiffness. The IACS SC UI 191 definition of substantial construction is as follows: Substantial construction is taken to refer to the as-designed strength as well as the residual strength during the service life of the vessel. Durability of passageways together with guardrails should be ensured by the initial corrosion protection and inspection and maintenance during services. This is an effective qualitative definition of substantial construction, but additional quantitative guidance is necessary to further ensure safe working conditions. The design loads listed in the following Subparagraphs are design load requirements for the PMA+ notation. However, if requirements for design loads, specified by other regulatory bodies (e.g., Flag Administrations and Port State authorities), are greater than these design loads, those requirements take precedence over this Guide. This Guide defines design load as the maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the personnel, materials and equipment, including the means of access structure. 1.1.1 Guardrails (OSHA 1910.23(e)(3)(iv)) Guardrails shall withstand anticipated loads but not less than 90 kg (200 lbs) at any point and in any direction when applied to the top rail. Walkways, Work Platforms and Landings (ISO 14122-2:2001(E)) The minimum design loads for the landings, walkways and working platforms are: 2.0 kN/m2 (0.29 lbf/in2) under uniform load for the structure, and 1.5 kN (337 lbf) concentrated load applied in the most unfavorable position over a concentrated load area of 200 mm 200 mm (8 in. 8 in.) for the flooring.
1.1.2
When loaded with the design load, the deflection of the flooring shall not exceed 1/200th of the span and the difference between the loaded and adjacent unloaded flooring shall not exceed 4 mm in height.
43
Section
Walkways and Ramps

This Subsection includes general principles as well as the design requirements for the arrangement of walkways and ramps. These requirements include: Walkway/Ramp Design Walkway width, including around a web frame Walkway overhead clearance Ramp angle of inclination Handrail Height and diameter of handrails Span and gap between handrail stanchions Distance between handrail and any obstruction Intermediate rails
2.1
General Principles
The principles listed below apply to the design of walkways and ramps and are not represented in the following figures or tables. Walkway width is dependent on factors such as the demand of any tasks performed on or from the walkway, frequency of use and the number of workers using the walkway at the same time. Handrails are to be provided at the exposed side of any walking or standing surface that is 600 mm (23.5 in.) or higher above the adjacent surface and where a person could fall from the upper to the lower surface. Ramps are used with changes in vertical elevations of less than 600 mm (23.5 in.). Ramps, especially those with an angle of inclination greater than 8 degrees, are provided with a non-skid surface. Permanent means of access should as far as possible be integral to the structure of the vessel, thus ensuring that they are robust and at the same time contributing to the overall strength of the structure of the vessel. Where stays are provided for supporting stanchions, they should be fitted so as not to obstruct safe passage. Stanchion scantlings can be formed of flat or round bar. See Section 3, Figure 1, Handrail Dimensions with Toeboards and Section 3, Figure 2, Walkway and Ramp Design. For the PMA+ notation, the top handrail shall be round bar. The intermediate rail can be made of flat bar. Brackets joining the guardrail stanchions to the means of access shall be oriented in a way to avoid causing a trip hazard (e.g., parallel to direction of the walkway).
2.2
Toeboards
The use of toeboards on elevated walkways and platforms is a standard safety and ergonomics practice. Toeboards help prevent a workers foot, tools, parts and equipment from slipping or falling off the edge of an elevated walkway or platform. However, the use of toeboards on walkways or platforms used for inspection in cargo tanks and holds could inhibit and delay the safe and complete off-load of cargo as well as create potential hazards on the walkways. Toeboards could retain cargo in bulk carriers as well as retain sludge in oil tankers. Each of these instances could present stepping, tripping and slipping hazards to workers who have to clear, clean or work from the walkways or platforms. As a result, PMA and PMA+ requirements do not require the use of toeboards, but their use should be considered.
44
Section
Additional consideration should be given to where toeboards will prove helpful depending on the nature of the cargo and the toeboards potential susceptibility to damage or deterioration from the cargo.
Note: This is a departure from safety and ergonomics practices, but is acceptable for means of access for inspection purposes in cargo tanks and holds. If toeboards are to be used, see Section 3, Figure 1, Handrail Dimensions with Toeboards.
FIGURE 1 Handrail Dimensions with a Toeboard

Dimension A B C D E Height of handrail Height of intermediate rail above toeboard Outside diameter of handrail Height of toeboard Gap between toeboard and surface Preferred Measurement 1000 mm (39.0 in.) 425 mm (16.75 in.) 40 mm (1.5 in.) Minimum 50 mm (2.0 in.) Maximum 100 mm (4.0 in.) 6 mm (0.25 in.)
A B D
Toeboard
2.3
Walkway Design
The dimensions relating to the design of walkways and ramps are presented in Section 3, Figure 2, Walkway and Ramp Design and Section 3, Figure 3, Web Frame Walkways.
45
Section
FIGURE 2 Walkway and Ramp Design

Dimension Walkway width A B C D E F G H I Walkway width around a web frame (See Section 3, Figure 3) Distance behind handrail and any obstruction Gaps between two handrail sections or other structural members (See Section 3, Figures 4 and 5) Span between to handrail stanchions Diameter of handrail Height of handrail (measured to the top of the handrail) Height of intermediate rail (measured from the bottom of the intermediate rail to the walking surface) Maximum distance between the adjacent stanchions across handrail gaps (See Section 3, Figures 4 and 5) Distance below the overhead structure (measured from the underside of the deck plating to the top of the platform Ramp angle of inclination MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 600 mm (23.5 in.) 450 mm (18.0 in.) No specific requirement 50 mm (2.0 in.) 3.0 m (10.0 ft) No specific requirement 1000 mm (39.0 in.) 500 mm (19.5 in.) 350 mm (14.0 in.) 1600 mm (63.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 5 degrees PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement 500 mm (19.75 in.) 75 mm (3.0 in.) No additional requirement, but no gaps are preferred 2.5 m (8.0 ft) 40 mm (1.5 in.) Minimum 50 mm (2.0 in.) Maximum No additional requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement, but no gaps are preferred 1975 mm (78.0 in.) and 3 m (10.0 ft) 5 degrees and 15 degrees
D C
Nearest Obstruction Behind Handrail
B G A H
46
Section
FIGURE 3 Web Frame Walkways

Dimension A Walkway width around a web frame MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 450 mm (18.0 in.) PMA+ Requirement 500 mm (19.75 in.)
A A
FIGURE 4 Discontinuous Handrail where Top and Mid Rails are Connected +
Dimension A B
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 50 mm (2.0 in.) 550 mm (21.5 in.)
PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement, but no gaps are preferred No additional requirement
Gaps between two handrail sections Distance between adjacent stanchions
= Other handrail measurements apply (e.g., handrail heights and span between handrail stanchions).
Radius 100 mm
47
Section
FIGURE 5 Discontinuous Handrails where Top and Mid Rails are not Connected +
Dimension A B
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 50 mm (2.0 in.) 350 mm (14.0 in.)
PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement, but no gaps are preferred No additional requirement
Gaps between two handrail sections Distance between adjacent stanchions
= Other handrail measurements apply (e.g., handrail heights and span between handrail stanchions).
48
Section
Work Platforms
Work platforms shall be provided at locations where personnel must perform tasks that cannot be easily accomplished by reaching from an existing standing surface.
3.1
General Principles
The principles listed below apply to the design of work platforms. Platforms shall be of sufficient size (see Section 3, Figure 6, Work Platform Dimensions) to accommodate the task and allow for placement of any required tools, spare parts, or equipment. Work platforms more than 600 mm (24.0 in.) above the surrounding surface shall be provided with handrails as described in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps.
FIGURE 6 Work Platform Dimensions

Dimension A B Work platform width Work platform width (if only used for standing) Work platform length Work platform length (if only used for standing) MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement PMA+ Requirement 750 mm (29.5 in.) 380 mm (15.0 in.) 925 mm (36.5 in.) 450 mm (17.75 in.)
Work Platform
49
Section 4: Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles
SECTION
Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles
General
This Section contains guidance for the design of the different attributes of vertical ladders, inclined ladders, individual rung ladders and handles. The guidance included in the figures and tables below provides the design attribute (application) and the IMO (PMA) and PMA+ dimension requirements. There are a few instances where IMO means of access requirements do not provide specific design dimensioning. In these instances, the PMA+ dimensions may be used as guidance.
1.1
Design Loads
IMO requirements state that the construction and materials of all means of access and their attachment to the ships structure shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration and that the means of access shall be of substantial construction and adequate strength and stiffness. The IACS SC 191 definition of substantial construction is as follows: Substantial construction is taken to refer to the as designed strength as well as the residual strength during the service life of the vessel. Durability of passageways together with guardrails should be ensured by the initial corrosion protection and inspection and maintenance during services. This is an effective qualitative definition of substantial construction, but additional quantitative guidance is necessary to further ensure safe working conditions. The design loads listed in the following Subparagraphs are design load requirements for the PMA+ notation. However, if requirements for design loads, specified by other regulatory bodies (e.g., Flag Administrations and Port State authorities), are greater than these design loads, those requirements take precedence over this Guide. This Guide defines design load" as the maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the personnel, materials, equipment and means of access structure. 1.1.1 Guardrails/Handrails xx(OSHA 1910.23(e)(3)(iv)) Guardrails and handrails shall withstand anticipated loads but not less than 90 kg (200 lbs) at any point and in any direction when applied to the top rail. Vertical Ladders (xxOSHA 1910.24(c) 1910.27(a)(1)(i)) For vertical ladders, the design load shall be determined by the anticipated usage of the ladder, but shall not be less than a single concentrated live load of 90 kg (200 lbs). The weight of the ladder and attached appurtenances together with the design load shall be considered in the design of rails and fastenings. Inclined Ladders (xxOSHA 1910.24(c)) Inclined ladders shall be designed and constructed to carry a load of at least 3 times (five times preferred) the normal load anticipated but never of less strength than to carry safely a moving concentrated load of 225 kg (495 lbs) [455 kg (1,000 lbs) preferred].
51
1.1.2
1.1.3
Section
1.1.4
Walkways, Work Platforms, and Landings (xxISO 14122-2:2001(E)) The minimum working loads landings, walkways and working platforms are: 2.0 kN/m2 (0.29 lbf/in2) under uniform load for the structure, and 1.5 kN (337 lbf) concentrated load applied in the most unfavorable position over a concentrated load area of 200 mm 200 mm for the flooring.
When loaded with the design load, the deflection of the flooring shall not exceed 1/200th of the span and the difference between the loaded and an adjacent unloaded flooring shall not exceed 4 mm in height.
1.2
Use and Selection of Ladders

Stairs, vertical ladders, inclined ladders or ramps should be provided whenever operators or maintainers must change elevation abruptly by more than 300 mm (12.0 in.). Guidance relating to ramps can be found in Subsection 3/2, Walkways and Ramps. These structures should also be used, when appropriate, for passage over low objects (e.g., pipes, lines, ridges). Though stairs are the preferred form of access/ egress, their practicality in cargo tanks and holds for inspection may be limited. For further detailed guidance relating to stairs, vertical ladders, inclined ladders and ramps, please consult Section 9, Stairs, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Walkways and Work Platforms of the ABS Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. The selection of vertical ladders and inclined ladders should be based on the purpose, frequency of use, and angle of ascent. See Section 4, Table 1, Selection of Access Type for related guidance on angle of inclination.
TABLE 1 Selection of Access Type

Dimension Inclined Ladders Vertical Ladders MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement < 70 degrees 70 degrees PMA+ Requirement 50-70 degrees 50 degrees (preferred) 75-90 degrees 90 degrees (preferred)
Vertical Ladders
This Subsection contains guidance on the design of vertical ladders and climber safety devices.
2.1
General Principles
The considerations listed below apply to the design of vertical ladders and are not represented in the following figures or tables: 2.1.1 General Permanent vertical ladders shall be attached to a permanent structure. The maximum distance from the ladders centerline to any object that must be reached by personnel from the ladder should not exceed 965 mm (38.0 in.). With the Administrations approval, reasonable deviations may be applied to facilitate this means of access. IACS UI (SC) 191 has interpreted this to be no more than 10% for vertical distances exceeding 6 m (19.5 ft).
52
Section
2.1.2
Clearances Overhead clearance above vertical ladder platforms should be a minimum of 2.5 m (8.0 ft).
Note: The vertical distance of the uppermost section of the vertical ladder may be reduced to 1.6 m, measured clear of the overhead obstructions in way of the tank entrance, if the ladder lands on a longitudinal or athwartship permanent means of access fitted within that range.
2.1.3
Rung Design Rungs shall be equally spaced along the entire flight of the inclined ladder Square bar is used for the rung and it shall be fitted to form a horizontal step with the edges pointing upward. Square bar rungs shall also be carried through the side stringers and attached by double continuous welding.
2.1.4
Platforms When the height of a vertical ladder exceeds 6.0 m (19.5 ft), an intermediate or linking platform should be used (Section 4, Figure 2, Staggered Vertical Ladder). If a work task requires the use of two hands, working from a vertical ladder is not appropriate. The work area shall be provided with a work platform that provides a flat, stable standing surface. See Section 4, Figure 3, Landings (Side Mount) and Section 4, Figure 4, Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform) for more details. Lower ladder platforms should be 2.5 m (8.0 ft) above the deck (See Section 4, Figure 10, Inclined Ladders with Landings, Dimension D)
2.2
Vertical Ladder Design

The following figures represent the different aspects of vertical ladders, their design and dimensioning. Figure 1, Vertical Ladders (General Criteria) Figure 2, Staggered Vertical Ladder Figure 3, Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount) Figure 4, Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform)
53
Section
FIGURE 1 Vertical Ladders (General Criteria)

Dimension A B C D+ E F G H I
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 2.5 m (8.0 ft) 250 mm (10.0 in.) and 350 mm (14.0 in.) 350 mm (14.0 in.) 6.0 m (19.5 ft) No specific requirement Square bar 22 mm (1.0 in.) 22 mm (1.0 in.) 150 mm (6.0 in.) 750 mm (29.5 in.) or 600 mm (23.5 in.) (in way of openings) 2.5m (8.0 ft)++ 70 degrees 2 degrees
PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement 400 mm (15.75 in.) No additional requirement Circular pipe with a diameter of 40 mm (1.5 in.) No additional requirement 175 mm (7.0 in.) Minimum 200 mm (8.0 in.) Preferred No additional requirement No additional comment 75 degrees (acceptable) 90 degrees (preferred) 0 degrees
Distance between ladder attachments /securing devices Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) Distance between ladder stringers Ladder height (ladders over 6 m (19.7 ft) require intermediate/linking platforms) Stringer Design Rung Design (Square bar orientation is edge up) Ladder distance from surface (at 90 degrees) Horizontal Clearance (from ladder face and obstacles) Overhead Clearance Ladder angle of inclination from the horizontal Skew angle
= MSC.158(78) Table 2 requirement 1.10 allows for a single vertical ladder over 6 m in length for the inspection of the hold side frames in a single skin construction. = The vertical distance of the uppermost section of the vertical ladder may be reduced to 1.6 m, measured clear of the overhead obstructions in way of the tank entrance, if the ladder lands on a longitudinal or athwartship permanent means of access fitted within that range. MSC.158(7 8) (TP
++
G H
D A B
F E
54
Section
FIGURE 2 Staggered Vertical Ladder

Dimension A B C D E+ F G H
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 350 mm (14.0 in.) Width of the ladder 250 mm (10.0 in.) and 350 mm (14.0 in.) 1000 mm (39 in.) Square bar 22 mm (1.0 in.) 22 mm (1.0 in.) No specific requirement
PMA+ Requirement 400 mm (15.75 in.) 450 mm (17.75 in.) No additional requirement 1350 mm (53.25 in.) No additional requirement 150 mm (6.0 in.) (Preferred) 300 mm (12.0 in.) (Maximum) Round bar 40 mm (1.5 in.) in diameter
Stringer width Horizontal separation between two vertical ladders, stringer to stringer Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) Stringer height above landing or intermediate platform Rung Design (Square bar orientation is edge up) Horizontal separation between ladder and platform Landing or intermediate platform width Stringer construction
See Section 4, Figure 3 or 4 No specific requirement
= There should be a rung on the vertical ladder at the same height as the standing surface of the intermediate platform. = See Section 4, Figure 3, Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount) and Section 4, Figure 4, Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder Through the Platform)
C B H
G F
55
Section
FIGURE 3 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount)+

Dimension A B C D
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement Adequate dimensions Adequate dimensions 150 mm (6.0 in.) No specific requirement
PMA+ Requirement 750 mm (29.5 in.) 925 mm (36.5 in.) 175 mm (7.0 in.) Minimum 200 mm (8.0 in.) Preferred 150 mm (6.0 in.) (Preferred) 300 mm (12.0 in.) (Maximum)
Platform depth Platform width Ladder distance from surface Horizontal separation between ladder and platform
= Other vertical ladder measurements apply.
Vertical Ladder A Platform D
56
Section
FIGURE 4 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform)+

Dimension A B C&D E
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 600 mm (23.5 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.) No specific requirement No specific requirement
PMA+ Requirement 750 mm (29.5 in.) 750 mm (29.5 in.) 750 mm (29.5 in.) 925 mm (36.5 in.) 925 mm (36.5 in.)
Vertical ladder opening Distance from front of vertical ladder to back of platform opening Minimum clear standing area in front of ladder opening Additional platform width for intermediate landing
= Other vertical ladder measurements apply.
2.3
Climber Safety Devices

The use of climber safety devices is a standard safety and ergonomics practice on vertical ladders 4.5 m (15 ft). Cages should be used on vertical ladders over 4.5 m (15.0 ft) in height. Climber safety rails or cables should be used on vertical ladders in excess of 6.1 m (20.0 ft) whether cages are used or not since they are considered positive fall protection devices while cages are not. However, in tanks and holds, climber safety cages could be damaged by cargo being loaded, transported, and unloaded. Safety rails and cables may also be susceptible to damage but not as likely or severely as cages since the rails and cables fit tight against the ladder rungs. As a result, PMA and PMA+ requirements do not require the use of climber safety devices or safety gates, but their use should be considered.
Note: This is a departure from safety and ergonomics practices, but is acceptable for means of access for inspection in cargo tanks and holds. Additionally, consideration should be given to where such devices will prove helpful depending on the nature of the cargo and the devices potential susceptibility to damage or deterioration.
2.3.1
Climber Safety Cages Guidance for the construction of the safety cage is shown in Section 4, Figure 5, Arrangement for Cage of Vertical Ladder and Section 4, Figure 6. Cage of Vertical Ladder Side View. Cages extend 1400 mm (54 in.) above the top-landing surface. Cages equipped with intermediate landings extend 1400 mm (54 in.) above the intermediate landing with the cage open on the side facing the landing.
57
Section
Consideration should be given to providing safety cages for ladders 4.5 m (15.0 ft) in height where a fall to a level or deck below the ladder base is possible (e.g., within 1825 mm (72 in.) of the edge of a deck).
FIGURE 5 Arrangement for Cage of Vertical Ladder

Dimension Distance from centerline of ladder rung to point A of radius of the safety cage horizontal guards B C Horizontal guard radius Vertical separation of horizontal guard placement Preferred Measurement 350 mm (13.75 in.) Horizontal guard at bottom of cage 425 mm (16.75 in.) All other horizontal guards 350 mm (13.75 in.) 1200 mm (47.25 in.)
A B
Ladder Ladder Centerline 40 40 10 C
Vertical Guards
58
Section
FIGURE 6 Cage of Vertical Ladder Side View

Dimension A B Distance above standing surface Vertical separation of horizontal guard placement Preferred Measurement 1975 mm (78.0 in.) 1200 mm (47.25 in.)
A Ladder Deck Level
2.3.2
Climber Safety Rails or Cables Listed below is guidance for the use of climber safety rails or cables. For vertical ladders over 6.0 m (19.5 ft), a climber safety rail or cable should be considered, whether or not a safety cage is provided. Climber safety rail should be stainless steel flat bar and equipped with two safety slides, which can be attached to the flat bar or cable. Climber safety cables are recommended in place of rails in environments where any material may interfere with the rail itself. If climber safety devices are used, the ladder stringers at a top landing should be designed to allow personnel to access the landing without unfastening (see Section 4, Figure 7, Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables).
59
Section
FIGURE 7 Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables

Dimension A B C D E F Distance to bottom of climber safety rail Inside clearance Inside clearance Height above upper standing surface Climber safety rail height above upper standing surface Distance from upper standing surface Preferred Measurement 925 mm (36.5 in.) 230 mm (9.0 in.) 380 mm (15.0 in.) 1070 mm (42.0 in.) 1070 mm (4.0 in.) 175 mm (7.0 in.) Minimum 200 mm (8.0 in.) Preferred
Handrail Climber Safety Rail Upper Standing Surface E
A F Standing Surface B B
2.3.3
Gates Consideration should be given to the use of closable or self-closing gates on vertical ladders to prevent falls through ladder stingers. Chains or wire ropes do not provide the same level of safety as a gate.
2.4
Individual Rung Ladders

The considerations listed below apply to individual rung ladders and are not represented in the following figure. Individual rungs may be attached directly to a bulkhead, tank or steel structure and used as a vertical ladder, but should be limited to changes in vertical elevation of 3.6 m (12.0 ft) or less. Circular (round bar) rungs are preferred. Each rung should be attached to the structure in a manner that fully supports a climber and any design loads. Rungs should be provided with lateral support for the foot.
Individual rung ladder design is presented in Section 4, Figure 8, Individual Rung Ladder Design.
60
Section
FIGURE 8 Individual Rung Ladder Design

Dimension A B C D E Rung width Rung depth Rung design Distance between ladder rungs (rungs evenly spaced throughout the full run of the ladder) Height of foot slip protection MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement 150 mm (6.0 in.) Square bar 22 mm (1.0 in.) 22 mm (1.0 in.) No specific requirement No specific requirement PMA+ Requirement 400 mm (16.0 in.) 175 mm (7.0 in.) 200 mm (8.0 in.) No additional requirements 275 mm (11.0 in.) and 300 mm (12.0 in.) 50 mm (2.0 in.)
B E
D C
61
Section
Inclined Ladders
This Subsection contains detailed guidance on the design of inclined ladders. The considerations listed below apply to the design of inclined ladders and are not represented in the following figures or tables.
3.1
General
Inclined ladders shall be attached to a permanent structure. Where inclined ladders change directions, it is recommended that intermediate landings along paths for evacuating personnel stretchers be 1525 mm (60.0 in.) in length to accommodate rotating the stretcher. (See Section 4, Figure 10, Inclined Ladders with Landings and Section 4, Figure 11, Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform.) Inclined ladders and handrails are located so as not to interfere with the opening and closing of hatches, doors, gratings or manholes.
3.2
Tread/Step Design
Steps shall be equally spaced along the entire flight of the inclined ladder. Square bar is used for the step. It shall be fitted to form a horizontal step with the edges pointing upward. These steps shall also be carried through the side stringers and attached by double continuous welding.
3.3
Handrail Design
The IMO requires all inclined ladders shall be provided with handrails of substantial construction on both sides. Handrail design loads are presented in 4/1.1, Design Loads. Handrails are constructed with a circular cross section with a nominal diameter of 40 mm (1.5 in.) (PMA+). Square handrails should be avoided. A clearance of at least 75 mm (3.0 in.) shall be provided between the handrail and bulkhead or other obstruction (PMA+).
3.4
Inclined Ladder Design

The following figures represent the different aspects of inclined ladders, their design and dimensioning: Figure 9, Inclined Ladders Figure 10, Inclined Ladders with Landings Figure 11, Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform
62
Section
FIGURE 9 Inclined Ladders

Dimension A B C D E Handrail diameter Handrail height (from leading edge of tread) Tread/step spacing equally spaced along entire ladder Square bar step depth Handrail to handrail width MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement Convenient distance above the treads (IACS 890 mm [35.0 in.]) 200 mm (8.0 in.) and 300 mm (12.0 in.) No specific requirement 450 mm (18.0 in.) for cargo holds 400 mm (16.0 in.) for other areas PMA+ Requirement 40 mm (1.5 in.) (Minimum) 50 mm (2.0 in.) (Maximum) 1000 mm (39.0 in.) No additional requirement 100 mm (4.0 in.) (Recommend, maximum depth depending on ladder inclination) 530 mm (21.0 in.) 560 mm (22.0 in.)
B C
63
Section
FIGURE 10 Inclined Ladders with Landings

Dimension A B&C D E F G H Clearance above ladder platforms Maximum continuous height Deck to lower landing level Height of intermediate rail Height of top rail Landing/Platform dimensions Obstruction distance from the face of the inclined ladder Vertical obstruction height above ladder Height of handrail Stringer height above landing or intermediate platform Angle of inclination MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and 3 m (9.8 ft) 6 m (19.7 ft) 2.5 m (8.2 ft) 500 mm (19.5 in.) 500 mm (19.5 in.) PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement No additional requirement
See Section 4, Figure 11, Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform 750 mm (29.5 in.), except that in way of an opening this 1240 mm (49.0 in.) (Minimum) clearance can be reduced to 600 mm (23.5 in.) No specific requirement 1000 mm (39.0 in.) 1000 mm (39.0 in.) < 70 degrees 1930 mm (78.0 in.) (Minimum) 2032 mm (80 in.) (Preferred) No additional requirement 1350 mm (53.25 in.) 50-70 degrees 50 degrees (preferred)
I J K
B F G H
E C
64
Section
FIGURE 11 Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform

Dimension MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement PMA+ Requirement 600 mm (23.5 in.) for the last flight of inclined ladder. Note: If landing is used to access another inclined ladder flight, then the landing width shall be at least twice the width of the inclined ladder. 925 mm (36.5 in.)
Minimum landing width
Adequate dimensions
B+
+
Minimum landing length
No specific requirement
= Where inclined ladders change directions, it is recommended that intermediate landings along paths for evacuating personnel stretchers be 1525 mm (60.0 in.) in length to accommodate rotating the stretcher.
Platform
Handles
This Subsection contains detailed guidance on the design of handles. The considerations listed below apply to the design and placement of handles and are not represented in the following figures.
4.1
General
Handles should be designed to accommodate personnel wearing either lightweight and medium weight gloves or cold weather gloves and mittens. (See Section 4, Figure 12, Handle Dimensions). Handles are particularly useful where a vertical ladder comes up to a manhole from the deck below where the ladder does not extend through the platform (See Section 4, Figure 13, Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform) or while passing through access hatches (See Section 4, Figure 14, Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch)). Handles should be accessible at all stages during climbing or traversing through access hatches (embarking and disembarking) and within reach of the shortest (e.g., 5th percentile female) user. To provide for safe ascending and descending, while stepping onto or from ladders, individual ladder rungs or steps and through hatches or lightening holes, suitably located handles or handgrabs should be provided. (See Section 4, Figure 15, Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder)).
65
Section
4.2
Handle Design/Placement
The following figures represent the different aspects of handle design, placement and dimensioning. Figure 12, Handle Dimensions Figure 13, Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform) Figure 14, Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch) Figure 15, Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder)
FIGURE 12 Handle Dimensions

Dimension A B C Handle width Handle height Radius MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement PMA+ Requirement 300 mm (12.0 in.) 100 mm (4.0 in.) 25 mm (1.0 in.)
C B
66
Section
FIGURE 13 Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform)+

Dimension MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement Four Horizontal Handles A Handle height above top of ladder No specific requirement Two Vertical Handles B C D Height from top deck to handle Clearance between handles Height of handles No specific requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement 200 mm (8.0 in.) 400 mm (15.75 in.) 1000 mm (39.5 in.) 275 mm (11.0 in.) and 300 mm (12.0 in.) PMA+ Requirement
+ = Other vertical ladder measurements apply (see Subsection 4/2, Vertical Ladders).
A A A A B
Manhole/Hatch
67
Section
FIGURE 14 Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch)+

Dimension A B C D E
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement 800 mm (31.5 in.) > 600 mm (23.5 in.) No specific requirement No specific requirement
PMA+ Requirement 100 mm (4.0 in.) 1000 mm (39.5 in.) No additional requirement 300 mm (12.0 in.) 275 mm (11.0 in.) 300 mm (12.0 in.)
Handle height (above top of opening) Distance between lower and upper portion of the hatch Height required for a step Handle width Step height
= Handles and steps are placed on both sides of the hatch.
C E
68
Section
FIGURE 15 Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder)+

Dimension A B C D E
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement No specific requirement As close as possible No specific requirement
PMA+ Requirement 300 mm (12.0 in.) 1250 mm (49.25 in.) 1350 mm (53.25 in.) 150 mm (6.0 in.) (Minimum) 300 mm (12.0 in.) (Maximum) 175 mm (7.0 in.) (Minimum) 300 mm (12.0 in.) (Maximum)
Length of handle Handle height above landing or platform Ladder stringer height above platform Horizontal separation between vertical ladders and platform Horizontal separation between vertical ladder and handle
= Other vertical ladder measurements apply (See Subsection 4/2, Vertical Ladders)
A E
69
Section 5: Hatches
SECTION
Hatches
General
This Section contains guidance for the design of hatches. The guidance included in the figures and tables below provides the design attribute (application) and the IMO (PMA) and PMA+ dimension requirements. There are a few instances where IMO means of access requirements do not provide specific design dimensioning. In these instances, the PMA+ dimensions may be used as guidance.
General Principles
The principles listed below apply to the design of hatches and lightening holes and are not represented in the following figures or tables. For access through horizontal hatches, the dimensions shall be sufficient to allow a person wearing a self-contained air-breathing apparatus and protective equipment to ascend or descend any ladder without obstruction and also provide a clear opening to facilitate the movement of an injured person through the hatch. Where hatch covers are heavy [e.g., above 11 kg (24.3 lbs)] or unwieldy, aids should be provided to assist in lifting or lowering the hatch cover.
Hatch Design
Section 5, Figure 1, Hatch Design and Section 5, Figure 2, Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement) represent IMO and IACS approved shapes and dimensioning and any PMA+ requirements. Section 5, Figure 1, Hatch Design illustrates the dimensioning for access through vertical openings/ manholes, in swash bulkheads, floors, girders and web frames providing passage through the length and breadth of the space. Section 5, Figure 2, Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement), illustrates an IACS approved alternative design for access. This design is subject to the verification of easy evacuation of injured or stretcher borne personnel.
71
Section
Hatches
FIGURE 1 Hatch Design

Dimension A B C+
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 800 mm (31.5 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.)
PMA+ Requirement 1000 mm (39.50 in.) 700 mm (27.50 in.) Minimum and 800 mm (31.50 in.) Preferred No additional requirement
Access vertical height Access horizontal width Height above deck or stepping tread
= If a vertical opening is at a height of more than 600 mm, steps and handgrips are to be provided. In such arrangements it is to be demonstrated that an injured person can be easily evacuated. For more guidance see Section 4, Figure 14, Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch).
R300 mm (11.8")
C DECK OR STEPPING TREAD
72
Section
Hatches
FIGURE 2 Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement)

Dimension A B C+
+
MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 850 mm (33.5 in.) 620 mm (24.0 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.)
PMA+ Requirement 1000 mm (39.4 in.) 700 mm (27.5 in.) Minimum and 800 mm (31.5 in.) Preferred No additional requirement
Access vertical height Access horizontal width Height above deck or stepping tread
= If a vertical opening is at a height of more than 600 mm, steps and handgrips are to be provided. In such arrangements it is to be demonstrated that an injured person can be easily evacuated. For more guidance see Section 4, Figure 14, Handle Placement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch).
R310 mm (12.2")
B A
R200 mm (7.9")
DECK OR STEPPING TREAD
Hatch Access
When access to a cargo hold is arranged through the cargo hatch, the top of the ladder shall be placed as close as possible to the hatch coaming (See Section 5, Figure 3, Ladder Distance from Hatch Coaming). Access hatch coamings having a height greater than 900 mm (35.5 in.) shall also have steps on the outside in conjunction with the ladder (See Section 5, Figure 4, Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.)).
73
Section
Hatches
FIGURE 3 Ladder Distance from Hatch Coaming

Dimension A Distance from ladder to hatch coaming MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement As close as possible PMA+ Requirement 175 mm (7.0 in.) and 200 mm (8.0 in.)
A Cargo Hatch Coaming Deck
FIGURE 4 Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.)

Dimension A B C+ D E Distance from step to access hatch Step depth Step height Height to require steps along with the ladder Dimension inside of hatch without obstruction MSC.158(78)/UI SC 191 (PMA) Requirement 600 mm (23.5 in.) No specific requirement No specific requirement > 900 mm (35.5 in.) 600 mm (23.5 in.)
th
PMA+ Requirement No additional requirement 275 mm (11.0 in.) and 300 mm (12.0 in.) See footnote 300 mm (12.0 in.) (Maximum) No additional requirement 750 mm (29.5 in.)
+ = The limiting height is dimension A. This height is set by the crotch height of the 5 percentile female. Thus, once D exceeds this crotch height, a step is needed. Therefore, C could be anything from 25 mm (1 in.) up to 300 mm (12 in.).
Vertical Ladder
A B
C Deck
74
Section 6: Alternative Means of Access
SECTION
Alternative Means of Access
General
This Section contains guidance for the design of alternative means of access. IMO requirements, under certain circumstances, allow for the use of alternative means of access in place of permanent means of access. This Section contains no PMA or PMA+ criteria.
1.1
Definitions
Alternative Means of Access: A common term for portable or movable means of access provided for survey in areas otherwise not accessible, these include, but are not limited to, such devices as: Hydraulic arm fitted with a stable base Wire lift platform Staging Rafting Robot arm or remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Portable ladders Other means of access, approved by and acceptable to the Administration.
Movable Means of Access: Devices like a cherry picker or other means, which are not normally kept onboard. When such means are provided as an alternative to the permanent means of access, they shall be kept onboard and capable of being operated by the vessels crew. Portable Means of Access: Equipment that may be hand carried by the crew (e.g., ladders, small platforms and rafts).
Application
SOLAS REG.II-1/3-6, Access to and Within Spaces in, and Forward of the Cargo Area of Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers, allows for the use of alternative means of access to areas requiring inspection. Listed below are several excerpts: From SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6, 2.2 Where a permanent means of access may be susceptible to damage during normal cargo loading and unloading operations or where it is impracticable to fit permanent means of access, the Administration may allow, in lieu thereof, the provision of movable or portable means of access, as specified in the Technical provisions, provided that the means of attaching, rigging, suspending or supporting the portable means of access forms a permanent part of the ship's structure. From MSC.158(78), Table 1 Means of access for oil tankers, resolution, 1.2 For tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alternative means of as defined in paragraph 3.9 of the Technical provisions or portable means may be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access.
75
Section
Associated Documentation
The following documents were used as references and provide details about IMO requirements for alternative means of access and should be used for reference: IACS Recommendation No. 39 Safe Use of Rafts or Boats for Survey IACS Recommendation No. 42 Guidelines for Use of Remote Survey Techniques IACS Recommendation No. 72 Confined Space Safe Practice IACS Recommendation No. 78 Safe Use of Portable Ladders for Close-up Surveys IACS Recommendation No. 90 Ship Structure Access Manual IACS Recommendation No. 91 Guidance for Approval/Acceptance of Alternative Means of Access IACS Unified Requirement Z10.1 Hull Surveys of Oil Tankers IACS Unified Requirement Z10.2 Hull Surveys of Bulk Carriers IACS Unified Requirement Z10.4 Hull Surveys of Double Hull Oil Tankers IACS Unified Requirement Z10.5 Hull Surveys of Double Skin Bulk Carriers
IACS Recommendations are occasionally updated. It is the responsibility of the reader to check and see if there have been any updates since the publication of this document. If so, the updated Recommendations should be used in conjunction with this Guide. The most current IACS Recommendations can be obtained at the following web site: http://www.iacs.org.uk
Note:
Guidance for Alternative Means of Access

This Subsection provides guidance for use of the alternative means of access requirements contained in MSC.158(78) Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections.
4.1
Portable Ladders
Portable ladders may be used for access to structural members as supplementary and/or additional to permanent means of access in accordance with SOLAS II-1/3-6 and should be included in the Ship Structure Access Manual. Also, the requirements of IACS Recommendation No. 78 Safe Use of Portable Ladders for Close-up Surveys should be used when specified for use in the Ship Structure Safe Access Manual as a portable means of access. 4.1.1 General Guidance The Owner shall ensure that equipment selected for temporary work affords adequate protection against the risks of falls from a height. A freestanding portable ladder with a maximum length of 5 m (16.4 ft) may be used for infrequent inspections. Ladders shall not be tied or fastened together to create longer sections. Step ladders, hanging ladders and portable ladders more than 5 m (16.4 ft) long shall only be utilized if fitted with a mechanical device to secure the upper end of the ladder. A mechanical device such as hooks for securing ladder at the upper end is considered an appropriate securing device if capable of preventing movement fore/aft and sideways. Ladders shall not be loaded beyond their maximum intended load or beyond the manufacturers rated capacity.
76
Section
The feet of portable ladders shall be prevented from slipping during use by securing the ladder stringers (stiles) at or near their upper and lower ends, by an anti-slip device or by other arrangements of equivalent effectiveness. Slip resistant feet alone should not be used as the only slip prevention technique. Neither should they be a substitute for the care in placing or otherwise securing a ladder upon a slippery surface. Non-self-supporting ladders shall be used at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter of the working length of the ladder. Ladder rungs, cleats and steps shall be parallel, level and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use. Portable ladders should be used on top of bottom or deep stringer platform so that falling height does not exceed 6 m (19.5 ft). If it is necessary to exceed this height, there should be at least 3 m (10.0 ft) of water above the highest structural element in the bottom to provide a cushion or safety harnesses may be used. The rungs and steps of portable ladders shall be designed to minimize slipping (e.g., corrugated, knurled, dimpled and/or coated with skid resistance material). Ladder components and surfaces shall be smooth to prevent snagging of clothing and injury from punctures or lacerations. Self-supporting and non self-supporting portable ladders shall support at least four times the maximum intended load.
4.1.2
Detailed Guidance When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the ladder stringers (stiles) shall extend at least 900 mm (36.0 in.) above the upper landing surface. When such an extension is not possible, the ladder must be secured and a grasping device such as a grab rail or handle shall be provided to assist workers in mounting and dismounting the ladder. A ladder extension shall not deflect under a load that would cause the ladder to slip off its supports. Rungs, cleats and steps of portable ladders shall not be spaced less than 275 mm (11.0 in.) apart, nor more than 300 mm (12.0 in.) apart, along the ladders stringers (stiles). Rungs, cleats and steps at the base section of extension trestle ladders shall not be less than 200 mm (8.0 in.) nor more than 450 mm (17.75 in.) apart, between centerlines of the rungs, cleats or steps. The rung spacing on the extension section shall not be less than 150 mm (6.0 in.) or greater than 300 mm (12.0 in.). The minimum clear distance between stringers (stiles) for all portable ladders must be at least 300 mm (12.0 in.) for ladders 3 m (10.0 ft) or less in overall length, and should increase at least 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) for each additional 600 mm (23.5 in.) of ladder length.
4.1.3
Operational Considerations All ladders shall be maintained free of oil, grease and other slipping hazards. All ladders shall be used only for their designed purpose, on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement. The manner in which portable ladders can most safely be used by workers should be specified and addressed by the Ships Safety Management System. Aluminum ladders may be used in cargo tanks, but cannot be stored in the cargo area or other gas dangerous spaces.
77
Section
Portable ladders shall rest on a stable, strong, suitably sized, immobile footing so that the rungs remain horizontal. Suspended ladders shall be attached in a manner so that they cannot be displaced and swinging is prevented. Areas around the top and bottom of ladders shall be kept clear and clean. Ladders shall not be moved, shifted or extended while in use. Personnel shall face the ladder when moving up or down with at least one hand to grasp the ladder when climbing. Carrying objects or loads that could cause loss of balance and falling should be avoided. When climbing ladders in tanks containing water, the surveying personnel shall wear flotation aids. A flotation aid is a simple form of lifejacket, which does not impede climbing, or a self-inflatable lifejacket. Ladders shall not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip resistant feet alone shall not be used as the only slip prevention technique. Neither should they be a substitute for the care in placing or otherwise securing a ladder upon a slippery surface. The use of ladders with broken or missing rungs or steps, broken or split stringers (stiles), or other faulty or defective construction is prohibited. When ladders with such defects are discovered, they shall be immediately withdrawn from service. Inspection of metal ladders shall include checking for corrosion of interiors of open end, hollow rungs. All ladders shall be inspected prior to use.
4.2
Hydraulic Arm Vehicles

Hydraulic arm vehicles or aerial lifts (cherry pickers) may be used to enable the examination of the cargo hold structure on bulk carriers not accessible by permanent ladders. In the Ship Structural Access Manual, cherry pickers may be accepted as movable means of access for use up to 17 m (55.8 ft) above the tank top. 4.2.1 General Guidance Owners are responsible for ensuring that moveable means of access are suitable for the intended uses on the vessel. Qualified personnel shall operate the vehicle and there shall be proof that the vehicle has been properly maintained, at least to manufacturers requirements. Lift controls, including safety devices shall be serviceable and operated throughout the range prior to use. Lift controls, including safety devices shall be tested daily. Permissible load and reach limitations shall be understood and not exceeded Personnel shall work from within the basket. The standing platform shall be fitted with anchor points for attaching fall arrest systems. Body belts (such as harnesses) with lanyards should be used. Raising and lowering controls are required and labeled accordingly. Lowering controls should override the raising controls. For more detail regarding the labeling of controls, see Section 8, Labeling, Signs, Graphics and Symbols of the ABS Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems.
78
Section
Whenever internal combustion engine powered equipment exhausts in enclosed spaces, tests shall be made and recorded to see that personnel are not exposed to unsafe concentrations of toxic gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains or other reciprocating, rotating or other moving parts or equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by personnel, or otherwise create a hazard.
4.2.2
Operational Considerations Aerial lift vehicles should not be moved when the boom is elevated in a working position with personnel in the basket. For those vehicles equipped with a self-leveling platform, make sure that the locking device is engaged after vehicle maneuvering to ensure that the platform is fixed. Brakes should be set, outriggers used (if so equipped) and wheels chocked (if on an incline). Potential crushing hazards (e.g., booming into the overhead, pinch point) shall be avoided. Personal flotation devices (PFD) shall be used when working over water. The Ships Safety Management System shall address the operation and training in the use of this type of equipment.
4.3
Wire Lift Platform

Wire lift platforms may be used for inspection of structural members of ballast tanks, cargo oil tanks and cargo holds. If carried onboard and included in the Ship Structure Access Manual, designers will have to take into consideration safety aspects associated with deployment, use and retrieval of the platform. The platform and equipment, including fixed points to the vessels structure, should be approved on behalf of the Administration being based on a recognized International or National Standard. Approval of wire lift platforms should address the following: Accidental loss of balance Permissible weight Protection against overload Secondary means of escape Guardrails Permissible loads Permanent marking of loads Recovery in the event of power loss. General Guidance A qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural design shall design the personnel platform and suspension system. The suspension system should be designed to prevent tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform. The personnel platform shall be conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight of the platform, and its rated load capacity. Means shall be provided for using fall protection with lifelines tended above the platform.
4.3.1
79
Section
Whenever internal combustion engine powered equipment exhausts in enclosed spaces, tests shall be made and recorded to see that personnel are not exposed to unsafe concentrations of toxic gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains or other reciprocating, rotating, or other moving parts or equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by personnel, or otherwise create a hazard.
4.3.2
Detailed Guidance Each personnel platform shall be equipped with a guardrail system designed as depicted in Section 3, Figure 2 Walkway and Ramp Design. Access gates, if installed, should not swing outward during hoisting. Load lines shall be capable of supporting at least seven (7) times the maximum intended load, except that where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable of supporting at least ten (10) times the maximum intended load.
4.3.3
Operational Considerations Hoisting of the personnel platform shall be performed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements. Rigging shall be in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations and conducted by trained and qualified riggers. Fix points to which the wires will be connected shall be examined before its use and verified as in good condition (free of wastage, fractures, etc.). Wire rope shall be taken out of service when any of the following conditions exist In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure Evidence of any heat damage from any cause
4.4
Portable Platforms
Portable platforms may be used as a portable means of access, provided that the platform and equipment, including fixed points to the vessels structure are specifically designed for the task and approved on behalf of the Administration based on a recognized International or National Standard. Portable platforms not more than 3 m (9.8 ft) in length may be used for access between longitudinal permanent means of access and the structural member to be accessed. Guardrails (see Section 3, Figure 2, Walkway and Ramp Design) are provided unless a safety harness is used in conjunction with prearranged handles in way of the structure being accessed. Approval of portable platforms should address the following: Permissible loads Permanent markings of the loads Fixing arrangements Guardrails Non-skid construction
80
Section
4.4.1
General Guidance Safety measures should be taken by the authorized person prior to survey to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor(s) It should be ensured that portable platforms are safely secured and supported prior to use. The Ships Safety Management System should address the maintenance of all equipment, the fixing of the equipment, its operation and training in its use.
4.5
Scaffolding and Staging

Staging is the most common means of access provided, especially where repairs or renewals are being carried out. Staging is generally an option for access to structural members to be surveyed and measured in tanks, holds and spaces, but is not considered as an alternative to permanent means of access under the Technical Provisions Table 1 - 1.1.4 and Table 2 - 1.8. Staging not carried onboard is not subject to approval as part of SOLAS II-1/3-6. In this case, the Owner and/or provider of the equipment are responsible for ensuring safe use. Where staging and the associated equipment, including its attachments to the vessels structure, are specifically designed for survey and thickness measurement in accordance with SOLAS II-1/3-6, such staging should be approved on behalf of the Administration based on a recognized International or National Standard and necessary consideration is taken for the safety in the use. Where staging is approved as a part of the Ship Structure Access Manual and carried onboard, equipment maintenance and the Ships Safety Management System shall address rigging as well as operational and training requirements. 4.5.1 General Guidance The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid and capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick or concrete blocks, shall not be used to support scaffolds or planks. Scaffolds shall have guardrails and toeboards installed on open sides and ends of the platform. A ladder or stairway shall be provided for proper access and egress and shall be affixed or built into the scaffold and so located that when in use it will not tip the scaffold. Riding on manually propelled scaffolds should not be allowed unless the following conditions exist: The floor or surface is within 3 degrees of level and free from pits, holes or obstructions; The minimum dimension of the scaffold base when ready for rolling is at least one-half of the height. Outriggers, if used, shall be installed on both sides of staging; The wheels are equipped with rubber or similar resilient tires; All tools and materials are secured or removed from the platform before the mobile scaffold is moved.
81
Section
4.5.2
Detailed Guidance Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum intended load. When freestanding mobile scaffold towers are used, the height shall not exceed four times the minimum base dimension. Casters are to be properly designed for strength and dimensions to support four times the maximum intended load. Casters are to be provided with a positive locking device to hold the scaffold in position.
4.5.3
Operational Considerations Scaffolding is to be erected, moved, dismantled or altered under the supervision of qualified and trained personnel. Any scaffold including accessories (e.g., braces, brackets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc.) that are damaged or weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired or replaced. The force necessary to move the mobile scaffold shall be applied as close to the base as practicable and provision shall be made to stabilize the tower during movement from one location to another. Scaffolds shall only be moved on floors that are level and free of obstructions and openings. Mobile scaffolds in use by any persons shall rest upon a suitable footing and shall stand plumb. The casters or wheels shall be locked to prevent any movement. Slippery conditions on scaffolds shall be eliminated as soon as possible after they occur.
4.6
Rafting
Rafting is a term generally used for surveys carried out by means of boats or rafts. Rafting may be an option for use in tanks, holds and spaces which may be filled with water provided the arrangement of internal structure is as described in IACS Recommendation No. 39 Safe Use of Rafts or Boats for Survey. 4.6.1 General Guidance Surveys of tanks or spaces by means of rafts or boats may only be undertaken with the agreement of the attending Surveyor(s), who is to take into account the safety arrangements provided, including weather forecasting and ship response in reasonable sea conditions. The structural arrangement shall allow easy escape to deck from any position being rafted. At least 1 m (39.0 in.) clearance above and 0.5 m (20.0 in.) clearance beyond the breadth of the raft shall be allowed for the safe passage passed any internal obstructions. For bulk cargo holds designed for filling of water (e.g., ballast holds) and where filling up to a height not less than 2.0 m (79.0 in.) below top of side frames is permitted (e.g., air draft holds), rafting may be utilized in lieu of permanent means of access to side frames provided the structural capacity of the hold is sufficient to withstand static loads at all levels of water needed to survey the side shell frames. Rafting of cargo tanks is subject to restrictions on discharging of water in harbor and weather conditions at voyage. Rafting as an alternative means of access should therefore not be considered as readily accessible in oil cargo tank and do not provide an alternative to fitting of longitudinal permanent means of access as required by Table 1 - 1.1.4. Only rough duty, inflatable rafts or boats, having satisfactory residual buoyancy and stability even if one chamber is ruptured, shall be used.
82
Section
The boat or raft shall be tethered to the access ladder and an additional person shall be stationed down the access ladder with a clear view of the boat or raft. Appropriate lifejackets shall be available for all participants. The surface of water in the tank shall be calm [under all foreseeable conditions the expected rise of water within the tank shall not exceed 250 mm (10.0 inches)] and the water level either stationary or falling. On no account shall the level of the water be rising while the boat or raft is in use. The tank or space must contain clean ballast water only. When a thin sheen of oil on the water is observed, further testing of the atmosphere is to be done to ensure that the tank or space is safe for entering. At no time shall the upside of the boat or raft be allowed to be within 1 m (39.0 in.) of the deepest under deck web face flat so that the survey team is not isolated from a direct escape route to the tank hatch. Filling to levels above the deck transverses shall only be contemplated if a deck access manhole is fitted and open in the bay being examined, so that an escape route for the survey party is available at all times. Rafts or boats alone may be allowed for close-up survey of the under deck areas for tanks or spaces if the depth of the webs are 1.5 m (59.0 in.) or less. If the depth of the webs is more than 1.5 m (59.0 in.), rafts or boats alone may be allowed only: When the coating of the under deck structure is in good condition and there is no evidence of wastage; or If a permanent means of access is provided in each bay to allow safe entry and exit. This means: i) ii) Access direct from the deck via a vertical ladder and a small platform fitted approximately 2.0 m (79.0 in.) below the deck in each bay; or Access to deck from a longitudinal permanent platform having ladders to deck in each end of the tank. The platform shall, for the full length of the tank, be arranged in level with, or above, the maximum water level needed for rafting of under deck structure. .
4.6.2
Operational Considerations Rafting should be discontinued if the motion of the vessel (rolling) makes the operation difficult or hazardous. Factors such as the degree and period of roll, head space, and expected maneuvering should be considered. If the tanks (or spaces) are connected by a common venting system, or inert gas system, the tank in which the boat or raft is to be used shall be isolated to prevent a transfer of gas from other tanks (or spaces). Personnel assigned to conduct entry into confined spaces must have authorization for such activity from a designated work authorization supervisor. All personnel conducting rafting operations in cargo tanks may conduct such operations if the tank atmosphere is tested for oxygen content, flammable vapor, and concentrations of toxic contaminants and found to be safe for entry. At least one personal monitor (oxygen monitor or a combination oxygen/flammability/ toxic meter) shall be required when entering a confined space.
83
Section
An Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) shall be required if there is a potential for a dynamic change in the environment such as a valve being opened and cargo entering the space, a bulkhead giving way and permitting entry of cargo, a space where inerted gas may be inadvertently introduced, etc. This equipment may not normally be needed if the space is tested prior to entry and ventilation is maintained. Adequate communication arrangements and equipment shall be prepared for ensuring the following: The attending Surveyor(s) is always accompanied by at least one responsible person assigned by the company experienced in tank and enclosed spaces inspection. In addition, a backup team of at least two experienced persons shall be stationed at the hatch opening of the tank or space that is being surveyed. The back-up team shall continuously observe the work in the tank or space and shall keep lifesaving and evacuation equipment ready for use; A communication system shall be arranged between the survey party in the tank or space being examined, the responsible officer on deck, the navigation bridge and the personnel in charge of handling the ballast pump(s) in the pump control room. These communication arrangements shall be maintained throughout the survey; Adequate and safe lighting shall be provided for the safe and efficient conduct of the survey; and Adequate protective clothing shall be made available and used (e.g., safety helmet, gloves, safety shoes, etc.) during the survey.
4.7
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)

The interface between ROV system and support vessel/installation is defined as critical for efficient mobilization and use of ROV systems. Typical interfaces/issues include: Weight of unit shall be within the deck loading. The weight of all major components shall be verified and registered prior to mobilization. Sufficient power available and terminated in J-box. Connection points for communication, data transmission and video distribution. Easy and safe access between control station and launch location. Launch position shall be free of obstructions and at a safe distance from vessel thruster propellers (if applicable). Available fresh water to be used for wash-down of the system. Required protected area for maintenance work when required. System deck area shall be kept tidy and free for hazards, and all hoses on deck shall be secured and protected.
84
Section 7: Alternative Material Selections
SECTION
Alternative Material Selections
General
This Section describes the required data that needs to be submitted to ABS for the approval for the use of alternative materials as well as the process to obtain ABS approval. The purpose of the alternative material process is to ensure that the materials selected for means of access structures are suitable for the intended service, including construction and repair.
1.1
Definitions
Substantial Construction: Is taken to refer to the as-designed strength as well as the residual strength during the service life of the vessel.
Applicability
SOLAS REG.II-1/3-6, Access to and Within Spaces in, and Forward of the Cargo Area of Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers, allows for the use of equivalent or alternative materials for the construction of the means of access for inspection. Listed below are several excerpts: From MSC.158 (78) Adoption of Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections 3.3 Guardrails shall be 1 m (39.0 in.) in height and consist of a rail and intermediate bar 0.5 m (20.0 in.) in height and of substantial construction. 3.5 Ladders and handrails shall be constructed of steel or equivalent material of adequate strength and stiffness and securely attached to the structure by stays. 2.3 The construction and materials of all means of access and their attachment to the ships structure shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.
From SOLAS Regulation SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6:
This Section applies to the selection of alternative or equivalent materials for means of access to structures in oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage and over and bulk carriers, as defined in SOLAS IX/1, of 20,000 gross tonnage and over, constructed on or after 1 January 2006.
85
Section
Alternative Materials
Alternative materials and coatings are those for which there is inadequate service experience under the intended service conditions to ensure proper performance. Such alternatives would include the following: Ferrous alloys other than structural steel, such as stainless steel Non ferrous materials, such as aluminum alloys Nonmetallic materials, such as glass reinforced plastics Thermal or plasma sprayed coatings Electrodeposited or hot dipped metallic plating Paints, other than those commonly used for the application Non-metallic coatings other than paints
Material Characteristics
The data in this Subsection contain the required information to be submitted to ABS for approval of the equivalent or alternative materials.
4.1
Material Properties Data

Mechanical (yield and ultimate tensile strength and elongation) Chemical analysis Corrosion Fire resistance Wear/abrasion resistance (especially if in contact with bulk solid cargo) Expected life and need for in-service maintenance and methods of repair
4.2
Coating Specification
Coating type Method of application Expected life and method of repair
4.3
Method of Attachment
Procedure for assembling the means of access structure Procedure for joining the means of access structure to the vessel
4.4
Environmental Variables
Range of ambient temperature Range of humidity Properties of cargo/cargo atmosphere in contact with the means of access
86
Section
Approval Process
Section 7, Figure 1, Equivalent or Alternative Materials Approval Process, charts the process for obtaining ABS approval for alternative materials. Material performance requirements shall be determined for the specific application, and identify intended service conditions. This information shall be provided to ABS Engineering during the design phase. Additionally, a complete list of potential alternative materials shall be prepared and submitted to ABS Engineering for review. Information provided shall demonstrate that the material condition of the candidate material will be acceptable for the application and the intended service conditions. Minimum information submitted to ABS shall include material characteristics outlined in Subsection 7/3, Material Characteristics. ABS Engineering shall review the submitted material including any additional data to approve the proposed alternative material. In the case where the proposed material is not approved by ABS, a new alternative material shall be considered for the desired application and intended use.
FIGURE 1 Equivalent or Alternative Materials Approval Process+

Start Develop Data Showing Material Selection is Satisfactory
Determine Material Performance Requirements
Submit Data for ABS Engineering Select Potential Alternative Materials ABS Engineering Review
Yes
Further Data Required? No
No
ABS Approval of Alternative Material? Yes End
= Flowchart boxes with shading indicate a builder activity.
87
Appendix 1: References
APPENDIX
References
1 2 3
American Bureau of Shipping. Guidance Notes for the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. Houston, TX: Author American Bureau of Shipping. Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships. Houston, TX: Author American Society for Testing and Materials. (2000). Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment and Facilities (ASTM F 1166 2000). West Conshohocken, PA: Author. International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 39 Safe Use of Rafts or Boats for Survey IA S, Rev. 2 (October 2005) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 42 Guidelines for Use of Remote Survey Techniques I CS, Rev.1 (May 2004) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 72 Confined Space Safe Practice IACS, Rev. 1 (October 2003) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 76 Guidelines for Surveys, Assessment and Repair of Hull Structure Bulk Carriers (1994) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 78 Safe Use of Portable Ladders for Close-up Surveys IACS, (September 2002) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 90 Ship Structure Access Manual IACS, (October 2005) International Association of Classification Societies, Recommendation No. 91 Guidance for Approval/Acceptance of Alternative Means of Access (1992) International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Interpretations (UI) SC [191] for the application of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78)) and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78)) International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Requirements Z10.1 Hull Surveys of Oil Tankers International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Requirements Z10.2 Hull Surveys of Bulk Carriers International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Requirements Z10.4 Hull Surveys of Double Hull Oil Tankers International Association of Classification Societies, Unified Requirements Z10.5 Hull Surveys of Double Skin Bulk Carriers International Labour Organization (1990). International data on anthropometry. Occupational Safety and Health Series: No. 65. Geneva: Author
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16
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Appendix 1
References
17 18 19
Internationnal Maritime Organization, Maritme Safety Committee Resolution MSC.133(76) Adoption of Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections Internationnal Maritime Organization, Maritme Safety Committee Resolution MSC.134(76) Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea Internationnal Maritime Organization. Maritme Safety Committee Resolution MSC.151(78) (adopted on 20 May 2004), Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended Internationnal Maritime Organization Maritme Safety Committee Resolution MSC. 158(78) (adopted 20 May 2004), Amendments to the Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections Internationnal Maritime Organization, SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6, Access to and Within Spaces in, and Forward of, the Cargo Area of Oil Tankers and Bulk Carriers International Organization for Standardization. (2002). Ship and marine technology Identification colours for the contents of piping systems Part 1: Main colors and media. International Organization for Standardization. (2001). Safety of machinery Permanent means of access to machinery Part 2: Working platforms and walkways (ISO141222:2001(E)) Geneva: Author International Organization for Standardization. (2001). Safety of machinery Permanent means of access to machinery Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guardrails (ISO 14122-3:2001) Geneva: Author International Organization for Standardization. (2004). ISO 14122-4:2004 Safety of machinery Permanent means of access to machinery Part 4: Fixed ladders (ISO 141224:2004) Geneva: Author Norwegian Oil Industry Association and The Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries (NORSOK). (1997). Working environment (S-002). Oslo: Author U.K. Department of Trade. (1998). Adultdata, the handbook of adult anthropometric and strength measurements Data for design safety. Nottingham: Department of Trade U.S. Department of Defense. (1998). Design criteria standard: Human engineering (MIL-STD-1472F). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office U.S. Department of Defense. (1995). Handbook for human engineering design guidelines: Human engineering (MIL-HDBK-759C). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office U.S. Department of Labor (2000). Code of Federal Regulation, 29 CFR 1910. 23. Subpart D Walking-Working Surfaces Guarding floor and wall openings and holes. Washington, DC: Author U.S. Department of Labor (2000). Code of Federal Regulation, 29 CFR 1910. 24. Subpart D Walking-Working Surfaces Fixed industrial stairs. Washington, DC: Author Woodson, W.E., Tillman, B., and Tillman, P. (1992). Human factors design handbook: Information and guidelines for the design of systems, facilities, equipment and products for human use (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc
20
21 22 23
24
25
26 27 28 29 30
31 32
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Appendix 2: Acronyms and Abbreviations
APPENDIX
Acronyms and Abbreviations

Degrees American Bureau of Shipping American Society of Testing and Materials Feet International Association of Classifiation Societies International Maritime Organization Inch Meter Millimeter Maritime Safety Committee ABS notation signifying that the vessels permanent means of access meets IMO and IACS requirements ABS notation signifying that the vessels permanent means of access meets IMO and IACS requirements plus additional ergonomic considerations Safety of Life at Sea
ABS ASTM ft IACS IMO in. m mm MSC PMA PMA+ SOLAS
91

ABS Guide For Access To Tanks and Holds For Inspection

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What is the purpose of this guide?

What is the purpose of this guide?

What are the two levels of guidance provided in this guide?

What are the two levels of guidance provided in this guide?

Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection

MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION

MARCH 2007 (Updated February 2009 see next page)

June 2007 consolidation includes:

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MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION

Surveys after Construction ....................................................6

Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations .........9

4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12

Specific Means of Access Requirements for Bulk Carriers .26

FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5

Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms .............................43

Walkways and Ramps .........................................................44

Work Platforms ....................................................................49

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6

Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders and Handles ..............51

Vertical Ladders ...................................................................52

TABLE 1 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6

FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4

Alternative Means of Access .............................................. 75

Alternative Material Selections........................................... 85

Applicability ..........................................................................85 Alternative Materials ............................................................86

Material Characteristics .......................................................86

Approval Process.................................................................87 Equivalent or Alternative Materials Approval Process ......................................................................87

APPENDIX 1 References............................................................................89 APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................91

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Example of the Application of the PMA+ Notation

Examples of PMA+ Notation Opportunities

IMO Means of Access Requirements verses Ergonomic Practices

Surveys after Construction

Special Periodical Surveys

Requirements for Vessel Alterations

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Section 2: Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Overview of Means of Access Requirements

TABLE 1 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 1 for Oil Tankers*

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

TABLE 2 Application of Resolution MSC.158(78) Table 2 for Bulk Carriers*

Specific Means of Access Requirements for Oil Tankers

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

No additional PMA+ requirements.

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Means of Access Requirement

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

No additional PMA+ requirements.

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Mean of Access Requirements and Interpretations

Means of Access Requirement IACS Interpretation PMA+ Requirement

PMA+ Requirement Additional Guidance