Marpol Annexes 1 6
Marpol Annexes 1 6
Marpol Annexes 1 6
the marine environment through
the complete elimination of
pollution by oil and other harmful
substances and the minimization
of accidental discharge of such
substances.
4
INTRODUCTION
The original MARPOL Convention was
signed on 17 February 1973, but did not
come into force. The current Convention is
a combination of 1973 Convention and
the 1978 Protocol.
It entered into force on 2 October 1983. As
of 31 December 2005, 136 countries,
representing 98% of the world's shipping
tonnage, are parties to the Convention
5
All ships flagged under countries that
are signatories to MARPOL are
subject to its requirements,
regardless of where they sail, and
member nations are responsible for
vessels registered under their
respective nationalities.
6
Marpol Annex I
Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil
entered into force 02 Oct. 1983/Revised 01 jan. 2007
8
There was a time man thought that the
ocean was infinite and everything was
absorbed by it.
Ocean and seas literally became the
receptors of almost all kinds of refuse
originating from shore, as well as
waste coming from ship.
9
In 1972, the united nation conference
on human environment was held in
stockholm, sweden.
The conference provided an
international forum to resolve
environmental issues that included
marine environment.
10
In the same year, another international
conference was held in london.
This was the international convention on
the prevention of pollution by dumping
of waste and other matters ( london
dumping convention)
11
In 1973, the international convention
for the prevention of marine pollution
from ships was adopted.
This has been the most comprehensive
convention as regard to the protection
of marine environment coming from
ship.
This convention was modified by the
1978 protocol relating thereto.
12
It is popularly called MARPOL 73/78.
From this convention, the international
regulation for prevention and control of
marine pollution become an important
concern of the marine community.
13
VARIOUS MEANING OF POLLUTION
The word pollution defined as something that
makes a pure thing impure. Scientifically,
pollution is the chemical gaseous and organic
waste, which contaminate air, soil, or water.
Anything that pollutes these earth’s element
is called pollutant.
14
Environmental pollution basically refers
to all kinds of pollution in the earth
environment.
There are different meaning of
environmental pollution.
The meaning depend on what part of
the earth element has been polluted.
15
The marine pollution is only one type of
environmental pollution.
For the purpose of distinguishing marine
pollution from the other types of
environmental pollution
16
Air pollution is also called atmospheric
pollution. Atmosphere outside our home
may contain pollutants such as dust, smoke,
vapors, etc.
Substantial quantities of these pollutants
stay within the atmosphere for a period of
time.
17
The quantities and duration oftentimes
create harmful effect to person, places,
animal, and things.
Dust, fuel exhaust, and air rockets debris
are some of the air pollutants which result
from man’s entry to space.
18
Water pollution is refer to alteration opf
water which reduces the quality of its
usefulness to people, plants, animals,
and properties.
Water pollution can be considered as a
major pollution in the Philippines and
other developing countries.
19
Sound pollution refers to any sound that is
too loud and irritating to human ears is
called sound pollution. Noise is measured in
decibels
20
Pollution from solid waste or refuse are in form
garbage, rubbish, demolition debris, street litters,
etc.they originate from the activities of both
human and animal.
21
Pollution from hazardous waste are
either liquid or solid waste or a
combination of waste that pose or
create hazard to human or living
organism for the following reason:
– Waste are non degradable
– Waste can be biologically magnified
– Waste tend to cause detrimental
cumulative effect 22
The hazardous waste can be categorized
in accordance to the following:
– Chemical waste
– Radioactive substance waste
– Biological waste
– Flammable waste
– Explosive waste
23
24
25
Marine pollution after knowing the
concept of other types of environmental
pollution, it is now distinguish the
meaning of marine pollution.
In defining marine pollution, the united
nation conference on environment and
development (UNCED) used the definition
adopted by the group of expert on scientific
aspect of marine pollution (GESAMP).
26
Marine Pollution is defined as “an
introduction of man directly or indirectly,
of substance or energy into the marine
environment (including estuaries)
resulting in such deleterious effect as
harmful to living resources, hazard to
human health, hindrance to marine
activities including fishing, impairment of
quality for use of sea water and
reduction of amenities.
27
AIR POLLUTION
HAZARDOUS WASTE 28
International concern on marine
pollution
In the last fifty years, expression of
concern towards prevention and control
of marine pollution and protection of
marine environment were brought into a
number of international conferences. The
following is the series of international
convention relating to marine pollution in
the 2nd half of the 20th century
29
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Oil enters the sea as a result of
natural phenomena; it also enters
the sea as a result of man’s
activity.
Whether through natural seepage,
accidental spill, or long-term, low
level discharges, the pressure of oil
in the marine environment is to
some extent unavoidable.
30
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In tonnage terms, the most important
pollutant resulting from shipping
operations is oil.
The National Academy of Science
(NAS) of the United States estimated in
1980 that as much as 3.54 million tons
of oil entered the sea every year,
some 1.5 million tons of which resulted
from the transport of oil by sea (the
remainder came from kind based
activities and included industrial wastes,
urban run-off and natural seeps).
31
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The ships of the world tanker fleet have
changed dramatically in size. In 1950’s ships
of 30,000 tons deadweight were regarded as
a very large; today, tanker of 250.000 tons
deadweight are commonplace.
A much greater quantity of oil enters the sea
as a result of normal tanker operations,
usually associated with the cleaning of cargo
residues (clingage) which takes place when
the ship is returning from the port of
discharge to take on cargo oil.
32
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The amount of clingage normally
amounts about 0.4% of cargo
carrying capacity – about 800 tons
on a 200,000 dwt crude oil carrier.
During ballasting and cleaning as
much as half of this can be lost
overboard unless slops are retained
on board.
33
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In tonnage terms, this still probably
the biggest source of oil pollution
from ships – about 700,000 tons a
year, according to the NAS – but it
has declined considerably in recent
years.
34
Pollution
Any inconvenience or
damage caused by
human activities to
humans, plants
animals and to our
environment as a
whole by spreading
compounds to air,
water or land.
35
Effects of Marine Pollution
It blankets the surface interfering with
the oxygen exchanged between the
sea and the atmosphere.
Blankets the seabed, interfering with
the growth of marine life
elements are mostly toxic and can
enter the food chain
oil may enter sea water distilling
inlets and it may be deposited on tidal
mudflats again with detrimental result
interferes with the recreational uses of
beaches
36
Main Sources of Marine Pollution
Land-based Sources:
by products of industry
run-off from agricultural
pesticides and herbicides
effluents discharged from
urban areas
Exploration and
exploitation activities
37
Main Sources of Marine Pollution
38
Some of the best known cause of oil pollution
by tanker accidents :
Braer – 1993 Shetland Island,
U.K
Oil lost-85,000 MT
Sea Empress – 1996 Melford
Haven
Oil lost-72,000 MT
Exxon Valdez – Alaska, U.S.A
Oil lost-37,000 MT
Torrey Canyon – 1967 Sicily
Isle, U.K
Oil lost-119,000 MT
39
Some of the best known cause of oil pollution
43
International Convention to Control the
Marine Pollution
1954 – International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the sea by oil
(OILPOL ‘54)
Hosted by U.K
Entered into force in 1958
Distinction was made between oil and oily
mixtures from machinery space and from
cargo tanks.
Oil was defined as crude oil, fuel oil and
heavy diesel oil.
Prohibited zones were laid down for the
discharge of cargo oil into the sea. (50 nm / 44
100 ppm / reception facility)
International Convention to Control the
Marine Pollution
1958 – IMO assumed OILPOL’54 and
entered into force. The depository/
secretariat function in relation to
convention were transferred to IMO
1967 – Torrey Canyon incident and the
biggest pollution incident at that time and
IMO decided to convene on 1969 in
response to the incident. They raised
question about the technical and legal
aspects. 45
International Convention to Control the
Marine Pollution
1969 – IMO decided to convene an
International Conference on 1973
- Amendments on the requirements
regarding the quality of the effluents.
- Limitations on the quantities of oil
which tankers were permitted to
discharge into the sea.
46
International Convention to Control the
Marine Pollution
1973 – IMO adopted International
Convention for the prevention of
pollution from Ships (MARPOL ‘73) and
incorporated OILPOL ’54 in response to
Torrey Canyon incident.
- Agreement was made on the
contamination of the sea, land and air
by ships.
- Two protocols were made
- It needs to be ratified by 15 IMO
member countries with 50% gross
tonnage of the world fleet
47
International Convention to Control the
Marine Pollution
The condition to entry into force:
States become party to the
convention by first
implementing ANNEX I and
ANNEX II.
1983 – October 2, MARPOL
73/78 entered into force for
Annex I and II
50
MARPOL 73/78
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships adopted on November
1973 modified by a protocol of 1978.
It contains comprehensive provisions
compared to the previous conventions
51
MARPOL 73/78
Objective of the
MARPOL 73/78
MARPOL 73/78 desires
to achieve the complete
elimination of intentional
pollution of the
environment by OIL and
other harmful substance
and to minimize
accidental discharge.
52
MARPOL 73/78
MARPOL Convention consists of:
– 20 Articles
– 2 Protocols and
– 6 annexes
MARPOL Annex I contain:
– 39 regulations
– 7 chapters
– 3 Appendices
53
MARPOL 73/78
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships adopted on November
1973 modified by a protocol of 1978.
57
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
(Part B - Equipment)
Regulation
14 oil filtering equipment
(Part C – Control of Operational
Discharge of Oil)
Regulation
15 Control of Discharge of Oil
16 Segregation of oil and water ballast
and carriage of oil in forepeak tank
17 oil Record Book (Part I) 58
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Chapter 4 – Requirements for the Cargo
area of Oil tankers
(Part A - Construction)
18 – Segregated ballast tanks
19 – double hull and double bottom
requirements for oil tankers delivered on
or after July 6, 1996
20 – double hull and double bottom
requirements for oil tankers delivered on
or after July 6, 1996
59
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Regulation
21 – Prevention of oil pollution
from oil tankers carrying heavy
grade oil as cargo
22 – Pump-room bottom protection
23 – Accidental oil outflow
performance
24 – damage assumptions
25 – Hypothetical outflow of oil 60
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Regulation
26 –limitations of size and
arrangement of cargo tanks
27 – Intact stability
28 – Subdivision and stability
29 – Slop tanks
30–pumping, piping and
discharge arrangement
61
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
(Part B - Equipment)
Regulation
31 – Oil discharge monitoring
and control system
32 – Oil/Water interface detector
33 – Crude oil washing
requirement
62
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
(Part C – Control of operational
discharge of oil)
Regulation
34 – Control of discharge of oil
35 – Crude oil washing operation
36 – Oil Record Book (Part II)
63
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Chapter 5 – Prevention of oil
Pollution arising from an oil
pollution incident
Regulation
37 – shipboard oil pollution
emergency plan
64
MARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Chapter 6 – Reception Facility
Regulation
38 – Reception facility
Chapter 7 – Special requirements
for fixed and floating platforms
Regulation
39 – Special requirements for
fixed and floating platforms 65
ARTICLES OF MARPOL 73/78
66
ARTICLES OF MARPOL 73/78
Cooperation between states when
investigating violation
Protocol 1 – concern the duty of
Master to report
Protocol 2 – deals with arbitration in
cases of disputes
67
Technical Annexes of MARPOL
73/78
Annex 1 – Oil (Oct. 2, 1983)
Annex 2 – NLS (April 6, 1987)
Annex 3 – Harmful Substance Carried in
Port State
- Nation where a vessel intend to dock
Coastal State
- Nation within which a vessel passes
through a territorial sea or EEZ
70
Flag State Responsibility
- Regulates safety
- Manning of ship and competence of crew
- Sets construction, design, equipment and
seaworthiness standards
- Enforce regulation on high seas
- Must inspect at periodic intervals
- Issue an IOPP certificate
71
Benefits of Port State control
74
Reporting of Incidents
75
Reporting of Incidents
Harmful substances covered by the
reporting requirements:
a. Oil
b. NLS
c. Harmful substances in
packaged form
An initial report must be sent to
the nearest coastal state as soon
as possible by the fastest
telecommunications means
available. 76
Reporting of Incidents
Contents of initial report as:
- Name of ship, call sign, flag
- Frequency or radio guarded channel
- Name, address, telex and telephone number
of owner and representative
- Type of ship
- Date and time (URC) of incident
- Description of the incident, including damage
sustained
- Ship’s position, course, speed, as
appropriate at time of incident
- Type of oil involved
77
- Other cargo carried
Regulation 1 - definition
OIL – is defined in Annex 1 as petroleum
in any form including crude oil, fuel oil,
sludge, oil refuse and refined products
78
Regulation 1 - definition
Annex 1 oil ranges form crude
oil, heavy products oil and light
distillates. It is either used
onboard or carried as cargo.
80
Annex 1 – Oil
The scope of Annex 1 is wider than
that of the preceding OILPOL ’54
convention which limited itself to
persistent or black oils. Generally,
Annex 1 prohibits the discharge of
oil into the sea.
2 sources of oil/ water discharges
are:
- Machinery spaces
- cargo/ballast tanks spaces 81
Principles of Environmental protection
- Minimize the generation of oil and water
mixtures
- Separate oil from water where mixtures
cannot be avoided
- Set limits to the quantity of oil which may be
discharged into the sea
- Set effluent standards so as to render any
discharge harmless to take extra protective
measures for special areas and coastal
zones
82
Principles of Environmental protection
Construction requirements
Equipment requirements
Operational requirements
84
Construction, Equipment and Operating
requirements can be verified by the following:
86
87
Regulation 38: Reception Facility
90
SPECIAL AREAS
Means a sea area for recognized
technical reasons in relation to its
oceanographical location, ecological
condition and to the particular
character of its traffic, the adoption of
special mandatory methods for the
prevention of sea pollution by oil is
prohibited.
91
SPECIAL AREAS
1. Mediterranean sea 6. Gulf of Aden
2. Baltic Sea 7. Antarctic Area
3. Black sea 8. North – West
European Waters
4. Red sea 9. Gulf of Oman
5. Gulf sea
92
SPECIAL AREAS
In respect of Antarctic area, any discharge into the sea of oil
or oily mixtures from any ship shall be prohibited.
93
SPECIAL AREAS
94
95
Discharge Provisions
Regulation 15 ( Control of operational discharge of oil )
MACHINERY SPACE - OUTSIDE SPECIAL AREA
96
Discharge Provisions
Regulation 15 ( Control of operational discharge of oil )
MACHINERY SPACE - IN SPECIAL AREA
automatic stopping
4. does not originate from cargo pump room97
Discharge Provisions
MACHINERY SPACE
Outside Special area Within Special area
Regulation 15 Regulation 15
1. En route 1. En route
2. Oil filtering equipment 2. Oil filtering equipment with
3. 15 ppm level alarm and automatic
4. Not from cargo pump stopping
room 3. 15 ppm
5. Not mixed with cargo 4. Not from cargo pump room
residues 5. Not mixed with cargo
98
residues
Construction and Equipment for
Machinery Spaces for Environmental
Protection ( Reg.16)
Ships delivered after
1979 should no
longer be provided
with dual purpose
tanks (ex. to hold
fuel oil or ballast)
99
Construction and Equipment for
Machinery Spaces for Environmental
Protection ( Reg.16)
If dual purpose
tanks are necessary,
such as the deep sea
tugs, any oil water
mixtures may only
be discharged into
the sea in
compliance with the
discharge provisions.
100
Construction and Equipment for
Machinery Spaces for Environmental
Protection ( Reg.16)
Prohibition on the
use of forepeak tank
or tank forward of
the collision
bulkhead to carry
oil since they are
considered to be
vulnerable to
damage.
101
Regulation 12 Sludge Tank
Every ships of 400 gross tonnage shall be
provided with sludge tank to receive all
residues from machinery spaces.
Piping to and from sludge tank shall have
no direct connection overboard or to
reception facilities other than the
standard discharge connection.
102
Fitting of one or more
bilge water holding
tanks which collect the
bilge water generated
in port
103
Regulation 14 Oil Filtering
Equipment
Any ships shall be fitted
with oil filtering
equipment approved by
the administration based
on IMO specification.
For ships of 10,000 gt and
above, it shall be
provided with alarm
arrangement.
104
The administration may waive the
requirements for Filtering
equipments to ships:
106
Types of Filtering Systems
Absorption type
filter
The bed consist
of a material
which is
oleophilic i. e.
with a capability
for taking up oil
rather than
water.
108
Oily water separators and auxiliary
equipment possible problems
The first problem centers on the capacity
of the oily separators.
The second problem is that the
separation process is adversely affected
by detergents used in cleaning the engine
room and its bilges, or by emulsifiers
present in lubricating oil.
Another problem is caused by the
deterioration in the quality of fuel oil.
109
3 Ways of Disposing Residues
1. Mixing with
bunkers
2. Discharge to
shore reception
facilities
3. Incineration
110