Second-Order Systems: Circuits Electronics

CIRCUITS AND
6.002 ELECTRONICS
Second-Order Systems
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 1

5V 5V
Demo
50Ω
2KΩ 2KΩ
S
A C
B
+ large
– loop CGS
Our old friend, the inverter, driving another.

The parasitic inductance of the wire and
the gate-to-source capacitance of the
MOSFET are shown
[Review complex algebra appendix for next class]
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 2

5V 5V
Demo
50Ω
2KΩ 2KΩ
S
C
A
B
+ large
– loop CGS
Relevant circuit:
2KΩ L
B
5V +
– CGS
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 3

Observed Output 2kΩ
5
vA
0 t
vB
2kΩ
0 t
vC
0 t
Now, let’s try to speed up our inverter by

closing the switch S to lower the effective
resistance
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 4

Observed Output ~50Ω
5
vA
0 t
vB
50Ω
0 t
vC
0 t
Huh!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 5

First, let’s analyze the LC network
L i (t )
+
+ C v(t )
vI (t ) – –
Node method:
dv
i (t ) = C Recall
dt
di
1 t
dv vI − v = L
∫ (vI − v) dt = C dt
L −∞ dt 1 t
∫ (vI − v) dt = i
L −∞
1 d 2v
(v I − v ) =C 2
L dt
d 2v
LC 2 + v = vI
dt
time2 v, i state variables
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 6

Solving
Recall, the method of homogeneous and
particular solutions:
1 Find the particular solution.
2 Find the homogeneous solution.
L
4 steps
3 The total solution is the sum of the
particular and homogeneous.
Use initial conditions to solve for the
remaining constants.
v = vP (t ) + vH (t )
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 7

Let’s solve
d 2v
LC 2 + v = vI
dt
For input
vI
V0
t
0
And for initial conditions

v(0) = 0 i(0) = 0 [ZSR]
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 8

1 Particular solution
d 2 vP
LC 2 + vP = V0
dt
vP = V0 is a solution.
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 9

2 Homogeneous solution
Solution to
d 2 vH
LC 2 + vH = 0
dt
Recall, vH : solution to homogeneous
equation (drive set to zero)
Four-step method:
A Assume solution of the form*

vH = Ae st , A, s = ?
so, LCAs 2 e st + Ae st = 0
1 characteristic
B s =−
2
equation
LC
1
s=±j j = −1
LC
1
C Roots s = ± jω o ωo =
LC
General solution,
D vH = A1e jωot + A2 e − jωot

Differential equations are commonly
*
solved by guessing solutions
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 10

3 Total solution
v(t ) = vP (t ) + vH (t )
v( t ) = V0 + A1e jωot + A2 e − jωot
Find unknowns from initial conditions.

v(0) = 0
0 = V0 + A1 + A2
i ( 0) = 0
dv
i (t ) = C
dt
i( t ) = CA1 jωo e jωot − CA2 jωo e − jωot
so, 0 = CA1 jωo − CA2 jωo

or, A1 = A2
− V0 = 2 A
V0
A1 = −
2
v( t ) = V0 − (e + e − jωot )
V0 jωot
so,
2
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 11
3 Total solution
Remember Euler relation
e jx = cos x + j sin x
(verify using Taylor’s
expansion)
e jx + e − jx
= cos x
2
so, v( t ) = V0 − V0 cos ωot where

1
ωo =
i( t ) = CV0ωo sin ωot LC
The output looks sinusoidal
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 12

Plotting the Total Solution
v(t )
2V0
V0
0 π π ωo t
3π 2π
2 2
i (t )
CV0ωo
0 π π ωo t
3π 2π
2 2
− CV0ωo
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 13

Summary of Method
1 Write DE for circuit by applying

node method.
2 Find particular solution vP by guessing
and trial & error.
3 Find homogeneous solution vH
A Assume solution of the form Aest .

B Obtain characteristic equation.
C Solve characteristic equation
for roots si .
D Form vH by summing Ai esit
terms.
4 Total solution is vP + vH ,
solve for remaining constants using
initial conditions.
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 14

Example
What if we have:
iC + vC (0) = V
L C vC
– iC (0) = 0
We can obtain the answer directly from

the homogeneous solution (V0 = 0).
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 15

Example
iC + vC (0) = V
L C vC
– iC (0) = 0
We can obtain the answer directly from

the homogeneous solution (V0 = 0).
vC ( t ) = A1e jωot + A2 e − jωot
vC (0) = V
V = A1 + A2
iC (0) = 0
0 = CA1 jωo − CA2 jωo
V
or A1 = A2 =
2
or vC =
2
(e + e − jω o t )
V jω o t
vC = V cos ωot
iC = −CV ωo sin ωot
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 16
Example
vC
V
ωo t
2π
CVωo iC
ωo t
2π
− CVωo
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 17

Energy
EC
1
1 CV 2
C: CvC
2 2
2
ωo t
2π
EL
1 1
L : LiC
2 CV 2
2 2
ωo t
2π
1 1 1
Notice
2 2
CvC + LiC = CV 2
2 2 2
Total energy in the system is a constant,

but it sloshes back and forth between the
Capacitor and the inductor
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 18

RLC Circuits
R L i (t )
+
vI (t ) +
– C v(t )
–
v(t )
no R
add R
t
Damped sinusoids with R – remember demo!
See A&L Section 12.2
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 19

Second-Order Systems: Circuits Electronics

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CIRCUITS AND

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 1

Our old friend, the inverter, driving another.

[Review complex algebra appendix for next class]

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 2

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 3

Now, let’s try to speed up our inverter by

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 4

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 5

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 6

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 7

And for initial conditions

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 8

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 9

A Assume solution of the form*

D vH = A1e jωot + A2 e − jωot

solved by guessing solutions

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 10

Find unknowns from initial conditions.

so, 0 = CA1 jωo − CA2 jωo

Remember Euler relation

so, v( t ) = V0 − V0 cos ωot where

The output looks sinusoidal

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 12

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 13

1 Write DE for circuit by applying

A Assume solution of the form Aest .

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 14

We can obtain the answer directly from

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 15

We can obtain the answer directly from

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 17

Total energy in the system is a constant,

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 18

See A&L Section 12.2

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 15 19

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