Chapter 8, Solution 1.

(a) At t = 0-, the circuit has reached steady state so that the equivalent circuit is
shown in Figure (a).

6Ω 6Ω
+
VS −
6Ω +
+
v 10 µF
vL 10 H
−
(a) −
(b)

i(0-) = 12/6 = 2A, v(0-) = 12V

At t = 0+, i(0+) = i(0-) = 2A, v(0+) = v(0-) = 12V

(b) For t > 0, we have the equivalent circuit shown in Figure (b).

vL = Ldi/dt or di/dt = vL/L

Applying KVL at t = 0+, we obtain,

vL(0+) – v(0+) + 10i(0+) = 0

vL(0+) – 12 + 20 = 0, or vL(0+) = -8

Hence, di(0+)/dt = -8/2 = -4 A/s

Similarly, iC = Cdv/dt, or dv/dt = iC/C

iC(0+) = -i(0+) = -2

dv(0+)/dt = -2/0.4 = -5 V/s

(c) As t approaches infinity, the circuit reaches steady state.

i(∞) = 0 A, v(∞) = 0 V
Chapter 8, Solution 2.

(a) At t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a).

25 kΩ 20 kΩ

iR + iL
+
80V −
60 kΩ v
−

(a)

25 kΩ 20 kΩ

iR iL
+
80V −

(b)

60||20 = 15 kohms, iR(0-) = 80/(25 + 15) = 2mA.

By the current division principle,

iL(0-) = 60(2mA)/(60 + 20) = 1.5 mA

vC(0-) = 0
At t = 0+,

vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0

iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 1.5 mA

80 = iR(0+)(25 + 20) + vC(0-)

iR(0+) = 80/45k = 1.778 mA

But, iR = i C + iL

1.778 = iC(0+) + 1.5 or iC(0+) = 0.278 mA

(b) vL(0+) = vC(0+) = 0

But, vL = LdiL/dt and diL(0+)/dt = vL(0+)/L = 0

diL(0+)/dt = 0

Again, 80 = 45iR + vC

0 = 45diR/dt + dvC/dt

But, dvC(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C = 0.278 mohms/1 µF = 278 V/s

Hence, diR(0+)/dt = (-1/45)dvC(0+)/dt = -278/45

diR(0+)/dt = -6.1778 A/s

Also, iR = iC + iL

diR(0+)/dt = diC(0+)/dt + diL(0+)/dt

-6.1788 = diC(0+)/dt + 0, or diC(0+)/dt = -6.1788 A/s

(c) As t approaches infinity, we have the equivalent circuit in Figure

(b).

iR(∞) = iL(∞) = 80/45k = 1.778 mA

iC(∞) = Cdv(∞)/dt = 0.

Chapter 8, Solution 3.

At t = 0-, u(t) = 0. Consider the circuit shown in Figure (a). iL(0-) = 0, and vR(0-) =
0. But, -vR(0-) + vC(0-) + 10 = 0, or vC(0-) = -10V.

(a) At t = 0+, since the inductor current and capacitor voltage cannot change abruptly,
the inductor current must still be equal to 0A, the capacitor has a voltage equal to
–10V. Since it is in series with the +10V source, together they represent a direct
short at t = 0+. This means that the entire 2A from the current source flows
through the capacitor and not the resistor. Therefore, vR(0+) = 0 V.

(b) At t = 0+, vL(0+) = 0, therefore LdiL(0+)/dt = vL(0+) = 0, thus, diL/dt = 0A/s,

iC(0+) = 2 A, this means that dvC(0+)/dt = 2/C = 8 V/s. Now for the value of
dvR(0+)/dt. Since vR = vC + 10, then dvR(0+)/dt = dvC(0+)/dt + 0 = 8 V/s.
 40 Ω 40 Ω

+ +
iL
+ vC + vC
2A
vR 10 Ω − vR −
− +
− 10 Ω +
−
10V −
10V

(a) (b)

(c) As t approaches infinity, we end up with the equivalent circuit shown in

Figure (b).

iL(∞) = 10(2)/(40 + 10) = 400 mA

vC(∞) = 2[10||40] –10 = 16 – 10 = 6V

vR(∞) = 2[10||40] = 16 V

Chapter 8, Solution 4.

(a) At t = 0-, u(-t) = 1 and u(t) = 0 so that the equivalent circuit is shown in
Figure (a).

i(0-) = 40/(3 + 5) = 5A, and v(0-) = 5i(0-) = 25V.

Hence, i(0+) = i(0-) = 5A

v(0+) = v(0-) = 25V

3Ω

i
+
+ v 5Ω
40V −
−

(a)
 3Ω 0.25 H

i + vL − iC iR
4A
+ 0.1F
40V −
5Ω

(b)
(b) iC = Cdv/dt or dv(0+)/dt = iC(0+)/C

For t = 0+, 4u(t) = 4 and 4u(-t) = 0. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b).
Since i and v cannot change abruptly,

iR = v/5 = 25/5 = 5A, i(0+) + 4 =iC(0+) + iR(0+)

5 + 4 = iC(0+) + 5 which leads to iC(0+) = 4

dv(0+)/dt = 4/0.1 = 40 V/s

Chapter 8, Solution 5.

(a) For t < 0, 4u(t) = 0 so that the circuit is not active (all initial conditions = 0).

iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0-) = 0.

For t = 0+, 4u(t) = 4. Consider the circuit below.

A iL 1H
i iC + vL −
+ +
4A
4 Ω vC 0.25F 6Ω v
− −

Since the 4-ohm resistor is in parallel with the capacitor,

i(0+) = vC(0+)/4 = 0/4 = 0 A

Also, since the 6-ohm resistor is in series with the inductor,

v(0+) = 6iL(0+) = 0V.
(b) di(0+)/dt = d(vR(0+)/R)/dt = (1/R)dvR(0+)/dt = (1/R)dvC(0+)/dt

= (1/4)4/0.25 A/s = 4 A/s

v = 6iL or dv/dt = 6diL/dt and dv(0+)/dt = 6diL(0+)/dt = 6vL(0+)/L = 0

Therefore dv(0+)/dt = 0 V/s

(c) As t approaches infinity, the circuit is in steady-state.

i(∞) = 6(4)/10 = 2.4 A

v(∞) = 6(4 – 2.4) = 9.6 V

Chapter 8, Solution 6.

(a) Let i = the inductor current. For t < 0, u(t) = 0 so that

i(0) = 0 and v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, u(t) = 1. Since, v(0+) = v(0-) = 0, and i(0+) = i(0-) = 0.

vR(0+) = Ri(0+) = 0 V

Also, since v(0+) = vR(0+) + vL(0+) = 0 = 0 + vL(0+) or vL(0+) = 0 V.

(1)

(b) Since i(0+) = 0, iC(0+) = VS/RS

But, iC = Cdv/dt which leads to dv(0+)/dt = VS/(CRS) (2)

From (1), dv(0+)/dt = dvR(0+)/dt + dvL(0+)/dt (3)

vR = iR or dvR/dt = Rdi/dt (4)

But, vL = Ldi/dt, vL(0+) = 0 = Ldi(0+)/dt and di(0+)/dt = 0 (5)

From (4) and (5), dvR(0+)/dt = 0 V/s

From (2) and (3), dvL(0+)/dt = dv(0+)/dt = Vs/(CRs)

(c) As t approaches infinity, the capacitor acts like an open circuit, while the inductor
acts like a short circuit.

vR(∞) = [R/(R + Rs)]Vs

vL(∞) = 0 V
Chapter 8, Solution 7.

− 4 ± 4 2 − 4x 4
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0, thus s1,2 = = -2, repeated roots.
2

v(t) = [(A + Bt)e-2t], v(0) = 1 = A

dv/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(A + Bt)e-2t]

dv(0)/dt = -1 = B – 2A = B – 2 or B = 1.

Therefore, v(t) = [(1 + t)e-2t] V

Chapter 8, Solution 8.

− 6 ± 6 2 − 36
s2 + 6s + 9 = 0, thus s1,2 = = -3, repeated roots.
2

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-3t], i(0) = 0 = A

di/dt = [Be-3t] + [-3(Bt)e-3t]

di(0)/dt = 4 = B.

Therefore, i(t) = [4te-3t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 9.

− 10 ± 10 − 10
s2 + 10s + 25 = 0, thus s1,2 = = -5, repeated roots.
2

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 10 = A

di/dt = [Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]

di(0)/dt = 0 = B – 5A = B – 50 or B = 50.

Therefore, i(t) = [(10 + 50t)e-5t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 10.

− 5 ± 25 − 16
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0, thus s1,2 = = -4, -1.
2

v(t) = (Ae-4t + Be-t), v(0) = 0 = A + B, or B = -A

dv/dt = (-4Ae-4t - Be-t)

dv(0)/dt = 10 = – 4A – B = –3A or A = –10/3 and B = 10/3.

Therefore, v(t) = (–(10/3)e-4t + (10/3)e-t) V

Chapter 8, Solution 11.

−2± 4−4
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0, thus s1,2 = = -1, repeated roots.
2

v(t) = [(A + Bt)e-t], v(0) = 10 = A

dv/dt = [Be-t] + [-(A + Bt)e-t]

dv(0)/dt = 0 = B – A = B – 10 or B = 10.

Therefore, v(t) = [(10 + 10t)e-t] V

Chapter 8, Solution 12.

(a) Overdamped when C > 4L/(R2) = 4x0.6/400 = 6x10-3, or C > 6 mF

(b) Critically damped when C = 6 mF

(c) Underdamped when C < 6mF

Chapter 8, Solution 13.

Let R||60 = Ro. For a series RLC circuit,

1 1
ωo = = = 5
LC 0.01x 4

For critical damping, ωo = α = Ro/(2L) = 5

or Ro = 10L = 40 = 60R/(60 + R)

which leads to R = 120 ohms

Chapter 8, Solution 14.

This is a series, source-free circuit. 60||30 = 20 ohms

1 1
α = R/(2L) = 20/(2x2) = 5 and ωo = = = 5
LC 0.04

ωo = α leads to critical damping

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 2 = A

v = Ldi/dt = 2{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}

v(0) = 6 = 2B – 10A = 2B – 20 or B = 13.

Therefore, i(t) = [(2 + 13t)e-5t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 15.

This is a series, source-free circuit. 60||30 = 20 ohms

1 1
α = R/(2L) = 20/(2x2) = 5 and ωo = = = 5
LC 0.04
ωo = α leads to critical damping

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-5t], i(0) = 2 = A

v = Ldi/dt = 2{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}

v(0) = 6 = 2B – 10A = 2B – 20 or B = 13.

Therefore, i(t) = [(2 + 13t)e-5t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 16.

At t = 0, i(0) = 0, vC(0) = 40x30/50 = 24V

For t > 0, we have a source-free RLC circuit.

1 1
α = R/(2L) = (40 + 60)/5 = 20 and ωo = = = 20
−3
LC 10 x 2.5

ωo = α leads to critical damping

i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-20t], i(0) = 0 = A

di/dt = {[Be-20t] + [-20(Bt)e-20t]},

but di(0)/dt = -(1/L)[Ri(0) + vC(0)] = -(1/2.5)[0 + 24]

Hence, B = -9.6 or i(t) = [-9.6te-20t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 17.

i(0) = I0 = 0, v(0) = V0 = 4 x15 = 60

di(0) 1
= − (RI0 + V0 ) = −4(0 + 60) = −240
dt L
1 1
ωo = = = 10
LC 1 1
4 25
R 10
α= = = 20, which is > ωo .
2L 2 1
4
s = −α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −20 ± 300 = −20 ± 10 3 = −2.68, − 37.32
i( t ) = A1e − 2.68t + A 2e −37.32 t
di(0)
i(0) = 0 = A1 + A 2 , = −2.68A1 − 37.32A 2 = −240
dt
This leads to A1 = −6.928 = −A 2
(
i( t ) = 6.928 e −37.32 t − e − 268t )
1 t
Since, v( t ) = ∫ i( t )dt + 60, we get
C 0

v(t) = (60 + 64.53e-2.68t – 4.6412e-37.32t) V

Chapter 8, Solution 18.

When the switch is off, we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.

1 1 1
ωo = = = 2, α= = 0.5
LC 0.25 x1 2 RC
α < ωo 
→ underdamped case ω d = ω o − α 2 = 4 − 0.25 = 1.936
2

Io(0) = i(0) = initial inductor current = 20/5 = 4A

Vo(0) = v(0) = initial capacitor voltage = 0 V

v(t ) = e −αt ( A1 cos ω d t + A2 sin ω d t ) = e −0.5αt ( A1 cos1.936t + A2 sin 1.936t )

v(0) =0 = A1

dv
= e −0.5αt (−0.5)( A1 cos1.936t + A2 sin 1.936t ) + e −0.5αt (−1.936 A1 sin 1.936t + 1.936 A2 cos1.936t )
dt

dv(0) (V + RI o ) ( 0 + 4)
=− o =− = −4 = −0.5 A1 + 1.936 A2 
→ A2 = −2.066
dt RC 1
Thus,

v(t ) = −2.066e −0.5t sin 1.936t

Chapter 8, Solution 19.

For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a).

10 Ω i

+ +
+ i
120V − v L C v
− −

(a) (b)

i(0) = 120/10 = 12, v(0) = 0

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit as shown in Figure (b) with R = 0 = α.

1 1
ωo = = = 0.5 = ωd
LC 4

i(t) = [Acos0.5t + Bsin0.5t], i(0) = 12 = A

v = -Ldi/dt, and -v/L = di/dt = 0.5[-12sin0.5t + Bcos0.5t],

which leads to -v(0)/L = 0 = B

Hence, i(t) = 12cos0.5t A and v = 0.5

However, v = -Ldi/dt = -4(0.5)[-12sin0.5t] = 24sin0.5t V

Chapter 8, Solution 20.

For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is as shown below.

2Ω
i

12
+ −

vC
− +

v(0) = -12V and i(0) = 12/2 = 6A

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit.

α = R/(2L) = 2/(2x0.5) = 2

ωo = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.5x 1 4 = 2 2

Since α is less than ωo, we have an under-damped response.

ωd = ωo2 − α 2 = 8 − 4 = 2

i(t) = (Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-2t

i(0) = 6 = A
 di/dt = -2(6cos2t + Bsin2t)e-2t + (-2x6sin2t + 2Bcos2t)e-αt

di(0)/dt = -12 + 2B = -(1/L)[Ri(0) + vC(0)] = -2[12 – 12] = 0

Thus, B = 6 and i(t) = (6cos2t + 6sin2t)e-2t A

Chapter 8, Solution 21.

By combining some resistors, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below.

60||(15 + 25) = 24 ohms.

12 Ω t=0 6Ω i

3H
+
24V −
24 Ω +
v (1/27)F

At t = 0-, i(0) = 0, v(0) = 24x24/36 = 16V

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit. R = 30 ohms, L = 3 H, C = (1/27) F

α = R/(2L) = 30/6 = 5

ωo = 1 / LC = 1 / 3x1 / 27 = 3, clearly α > ωo (overdamped response)

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo2 = −5 ± 5 2 − 3 2 = -9, -1

v(t) = [Ae-t + Be-9t], v(0) = 16 = A + B (1)

i = Cdv/dt = C[-Ae-t - 9Be-9t]

i(0) = 0 = C[-A – 9B] or A = -9B (2)

From (1) and (2), B = -2 and A = 18.

Hence, v(t) = (18e-t – 2e-9t) V

Chapter 8, Solution 22.

α = 20 = 1/(2RC) or RC = 1/40 (1)

ωd = 50 = ωo2 − α 2 which leads to 2500 + 400 = ωo2 = 1/(LC)

Thus, LC 1/2900 (2)

In a parallel circuit, vC = vL = vR

But, iC = CdvC/dt or iC/C = dvC/dt

= -80e-20tcos50t – 200e-20tsin50t + 200e-20tsin50t – 500e-20tcos50t

= -580e-20tcos50t

iC(0)/C = -580 which leads to C = -6.5x10-3/(-580) = 11.21 µF

R = 1/(40C) = 106/(2900x11.21) = 2.23 kohms

L = 1/(2900x11.21) = 30.76 H

Chapter 8, Solution 23.

Let Co = C + 0.01. For a parallel RLC circuit,

α = 1/(2RCo), ωo = 1/ LC o

α = 1 = 1/(2RCo), we then have Co = 1/(2R) = 1/20 = 50 mF

ωo = 1/ 0.5x 0.5 = 6.32 > α (underdamped)

Co = C + 10 mF = 50 mF or 40 mF

Chapter 8, Solution 24.

For t < 0, u(-t) 1, namely, the switch is on.

v(0) = 0, i(0) = 25/5 = 5A

For t > 0, the voltage source is off and we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.

α = 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x5x10-3) = 100

 ωo = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.1x10 −3 = 100

ωo = α (critically damped)

v(t) = [(A1 + A2t)e-100t]

v(0) = 0 = A1

dv(0)/dt = -[v(0) + Ri(0)]/(RC) = -[0 + 5x5]/(5x10-3) = -5000

But, dv/dt = [(A2 + (-100)A2t)e-100t]

Therefore, dv(0)/dt = -5000 = A2 – 0

v(t) = -5000te-100t V

Chapter 8, Solution 25.

In the circuit in Fig. 8.76, calculate io(t) and vo(t) for t>0.

2Ω 1H
io(t)

t=0, note this is a +

+ make before break 8Ω
30V (1/4)F vo(t)
− switch so the
inductor current is −
not interrupted.

Figure 8.78 For Problem 8.25.

At t = 0-, vo(0) = (8/(2 + 8)(30) = 24

For t > 0, we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.

α = 1/(2RC) = ¼

ωo = 1/ LC = 1 / 1x 1 4 = 2

Since α is less than ωo, we have an under-damped response.

ωd = ωo2 − α 2 = 4 − (1 / 16) = 1.9843

vo(t) = (A1cosωdt + A2sinωdt)e-αt

 vo(0) = 24 = A1 and io(t) = C(dvo/dt) = 0 when t = 0.

dvo/dt = -α(A1cosωdt + A2sinωdt)e-αt + (-ωdA1sinωdt + ωdA2cosωdt)e-αt

at t = 0, we get dvo(0)/dt = 0 = -αA1 + ωdA2

Thus, A2 = (α/ωd)A1 = (1/4)(24)/1.9843 = 3.024

vo(t) = (24cosωdt + 3.024sinωdt)e-t/4 volts

Chapter 8, Solution 26.

− 2 ± 4 − 20
s2 + 2s + 5 = 0, which leads to s1,2 = = -1±j4
2

i(t) = Is + [(A1cos4t + A2sin4t)e-t], Is = 10/5 = 2

i(0) = 2 = = 2 + A1, or A1 = 0

di/dt = [(A2cos4t)e-t] + [(-A2sin4t)e-t] = 4 = 4A2, or A2 = 1

i(t) = 2 + sin4te-t A

Chapter 8, Solution 27.

− 4 ± 16 − 32
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0 leads to s = = −2 ± j2
2

v(t) = Vs + (A1cos2t + A2sin2t)e-2t

8Vs = 24 means that Vs = 3

v(0) = 0 = 3 + A1 leads to A1 = -3

dv/dt = -2(A1cos2t + A2sin2t)e-2t + (-2A1sin2t + 2A2cos2t)e-2t

0 = dv(0)/dt = -2A1 +2A2 or A2 = A1 = -3

v(t) = [3 – 3(cos2t + sin2t)e-2t] volts

Chapter 8, Solution 28.

The characteristic equation is s2 + 6s + 8 with roots

− 6 ± 36 − 32
s1, 2 = = −4,−2
2
Hence,

i (t ) = I s + Ae −2t + Be −4t

8I s = 12 
→ I s = 1.5

i (0) = 0 
→ 0 = 1.5 + A + B (1)

di
= −2 Ae − 2t − 4 Be − 4t
dt
di(0)
= 2 = −2 A − 4 B 
→ 0 = 1 + A + 2 B (2)
dt
Solving (1) and (2) leads to A=-2 and B=0.5.

i (t ) = 1.5 − 2e −2t + 0.5e −4t A

Chapter 8, Solution 29.

(a) s2 + 4 = 0 which leads to s1,2 = ±j2 (an undamped circuit)

v(t) = Vs + Acos2t + Bsin2t

4Vs = 12 or Vs = 3

v(0) = 0 = 3 + A or A = -3

dv/dt = -2Asin2t + 2Bcos2t

dv(0)/dt = 2 = 2B or B = 1, therefore v(t) = (3 – 3cos2t + sin2t) V

(b) s2 + 5s + 4 = 0 which leads to s1,2 = -1, -4

i(t) = (Is + Ae-t + Be-4t)

4Is = 8 or Is = 2

i(0) = -1 = 2 + A + B, or A + B = -3 (1)
 di/dt = -Ae-t - 4Be-4t

di(0)/dt = 0 = -A – 4B, or B = -A/4 (2)

From (1) and (2) we get A = -4 and B = 1

i(t) = (2 – 4e-t + e-4t) A

(c) s2 + 2s + 1 = 0, s1,2 = -1, -1

v(t) = [Vs + (A + Bt)e-t], Vs = 3.

v(0) = 5 = 3 + A or A = 2

dv/dt = [-(A + Bt)e-t] + [Be-t]

dv(0)/dt = -A + B = 1 or B = 2 + 1 = 3

v(t) = [3 + (2 + 3t)e-t] V

Chapter 8, Solution 30.

s1 = −500 = −α + α 2 − ω o , s 2 = −800 = −α − α 2 − ω o
2 2

R
s1 + s 2 = −1300 = −2α 
→ α = 650 =
2L
Hence,

R 200
L= = = 153.8 mH
2α 2 x650

1
s1 − s 2 = 300 = 2 α 2 − ω o ω o = 623.45 =
2

→
LC

1
C= = 16.25µF
(632.45) 2 L
Chapter 8, Solution 31.

For t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit in Figure (a). For t = 0+, the equivalent
circuit is shown in Figure (b). By KVL,

v(0+) = v(0-) = 40, i(0+) = i(0-) = 1

By KCL, 2 = i(0+) + i1 = 1 + i1 which leads to i1 = 1. By KVL, -vL + 40i1 + v(0+)

= 0 which leads to vL(0+) = 40x1 + 40 = 80

vL(0+) = 80 V, vC(0+) = 40 V

40 Ω 10 Ω i1 40 Ω 10 Ω
+ + +
i + +
v 50V vL v 50V
− −
− −
0.5H −

(a) (b)

Chapter 8, Solution 32.

For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown below.

2A

i
+ −
v

6Ω
i(0-) = 0, v(0-) = -2x6 = -12V

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input.

α = R/(2L) = 6/2 = 3, ωo = 1/ LC = 1 / 0.04

s = − 3 ± 9 − 25 = −3 ± j4

Thus, v(t) = Vf + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t]

 where Vf = final capacitor voltage = 50 V

v(t) = 50 + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t]

v(0) = -12 = 50 + A which gives A = -62

i(0) = 0 = Cdv(0)/dt

dv/dt = [-3(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t] + [4(-Asin4t + Bcos4t)e-3t]

0 = dv(0)/dt = -3A + 4B or B = (3/4)A = -46.5

v(t) = {50 + [(-62cos4t – 46.5sin4t)e-3t]} V

Chapter 8, Solution 33.

We may transform the current sources to voltage sources. For t = 0-, the equivalent
circuit is shown in Figure (a).

10 Ω i i 10 Ω

+ 1H
+
+ v 5Ω
+
30V − v 4F 30V −
−
−

(a) (b)

i(0) = 30/15 = 2 A, v(0) = 5x30/15 = 10 V

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit.

α = R/(2L) = 5/2 = 2.5

ω o = 1 / LC = 1 / 4 = 0.25, clearly α > ωo (overdamped response)

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = −2.5 ± 6.25 − 0.25 = -4.95, -0.05

v(t) = Vs + [A1e-4.95t + A2e-0.05t], v = 20.

v(0) = 10 = 20 + A1 + A2 (1)
 i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt or dv(0)/dt = 2/4 = 1/2

Hence, ½ = -4.95A1 – 0.05A2 (2)

From (1) and (2), A1 = 0, A2 = -10.

v(t) = {20 – 10e-0.05t} V

Chapter 8, Solution 34.

Before t = 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit while the inductor behaves like a short
circuit.

i(0) = 0, v(0) = 20 V

For t > 0, the LC circuit is disconnected from the voltage source as shown below.
Vx
+ −
i
(1/16)F

(¼) H

This is a lossless, source-free, series RLC circuit.

1 1
α = R/(2L) = 0, ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ + = 8, s = ±j8
16 4

Since α is less than ωo, we have an underdamped response. Therefore,

i(t) = A1cos8t + A2sin8t where i(0) = 0 = A1

di(0)/dt = (1/L)vL(0) = -(1/L)v(0) = -4x20 = -80

However, di/dt = 8A2cos8t, thus, di(0)/dt = -80 = 8A2 which leads to A2 = -10

Now we have i(t) = -10sin8t A

Chapter 8, Solution 35.

At t = 0-, iL(0) = 0, v(0) = vC(0) = 8 V

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input.

α = R/(2L) = 2/2 = 1, ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1 / 5 = 5

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = −1 ± j2

v(t) = Vs + [(Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-t], Vs = 12.

v(0) = 8 = 12 + A or A = -4, i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0.

But dv/dt = [-(Acos2t + Bsin2t)e-t] + [2(-Asin2t + Bcos2t)e-t]

0 = dv(0)/dt = -A + 2B or 2B = A = -4 and B = -2

v(t) = {12 – (4cos2t + 2sin2t)e-t V.

Chapter 8, Solution 36.

For t = 0-, 3u(t) = 0. Thus, i(0) = 0, and v(0) = 20 V.

For t > 0, we have the series RLC circuit shown below.

10 Ω i 5H 10 Ω

+
+ 0.2 F
15V − 20 V v
2Ω
+ − −

α = R/(2L) = (2 + 5 + 1)/(2x5) = 0.8

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 5x 0.2 = 1
 s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω2o = −0.8 ± j0.6

v(t) = Vs + [(Acos0.6t + Bsin0.6t)e-0.8t]

Vs = 15 + 20 = 35V and v(0) = 20 = 35 + A or A = -15

i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0

But dv/dt = [-0.8(Acos0.6t + Bsin0.6t)e-0.8t] + [0.6(-Asin0.6t + Bcos0.6t)e-0.8t]

0 = dv(0)/dt = -0.8A + 0.6B which leads to B = 0.8x(-15)/0.6 = -20

v(t) = {35 – [(15cos0.6t + 20sin0.6t)e-0.8t]} V

i = Cdv/dt = 0.2{[0.8(15cos0.6t + 20sin0.6t)e-0.8t] + [0.6(15sin0.6t – 20cos0.6t)e-0.8t]}

i(t) = [(5sin0.6t)e-0.8t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 37.

For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown below.

+
i2
6Ω 6Ω
6Ω
v(0)

+ i1 +
30V − 10V −

18i2 – 6i1 = 0 or i1 = 3i2 (1)

-30 + 6(i1 – i2) + 10 = 0 or i1 – i2 = 10/3 (2)

From (1) and (2). i1 = 5, i2 = 5/3

i(0) = i1 = 5A

-10 – 6i2 + v(0) = 0

 v(0) = 10 + 6x5/3 = 20

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit.

R = 6||12 = 4

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 2)(1 / 8) = 4

α = R/(2L) = (4)/(2x(1/2)) = 4

α = ωo, therefore the circuit is critically damped

v(t) = Vs +[(A + Bt)e-4t], and Vs = 10

v(0) = 20 = 10 + A, or A = 10

i = Cdv/dt = -4C[(A + Bt)e-4t] + C[(B)e-4t]

i(0) = 5 = C(-4A + B) which leads to 40 = -40 + B or B = 80

i(t) = [-(1/2)(10 + 80t)e-4t] + [(10)e-4t]

i(t) = [(5 – 40t)e-4t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 38.

At t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is as shown.

2A

+
i
10 Ω
v
i1

5Ω

− 10 Ω
 i(0) = 2A, i1(0) = 10(2)/(10 + 15) = 0.8 A

v(0) = 5i1(0) = 4V

For t > 0, we have a source-free series RLC circuit.

R = 5||(10 + 10) = 4 ohms

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 3)(3 / 4) = 2

α = R/(2L) = (4)/(2x(3/4)) = 8/3

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = -4.431, -0.903

i(t) = [Ae-4.431t + Be-0.903t]

i(0) = A + B = 2 (1)

di(0)/dt = (1/L)[-Ri(0) + v(0)] = (4/3)(-4x2 + 4) = -16/3 = -5.333

Hence, -5.333 = -4.431A – 0.903B (2)

From (1) and (2), A = 1 and B = 1.

i(t) = [e-4.431t + e-0.903t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 39.

For t = 0-, the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (a). Where 60u(-t) = 60 and
30u(t) = 0.

30 Ω + v − 30 Ω 0.5F 0.25H

+ +
60V −
20 Ω 20 Ω 30V −

(a) (b)

v(0) = (20/50)(60) = 24 and i(0) = 0

 For t > 0, the circuit is shown in Figure (b).

R = 20||30 = 12 ohms

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ (1 / 2)(1 / 4) = 8

α = R/(2L) = (12)/(0.5) = 24

Since α > ωo, we have an overdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = -47.833, -0.167

Thus, v(t) = Vs + [Ae-47.833t + Be-0.167t], Vs = 30

v(0) = 24 = 30 + A + B or -6 = A + B (1)

i(0) = Cdv(0)/dt = 0

But, dv(0)/dt = -47.833A – 0.167B = 0

B = -286.43A (2)

From (1) and (2), A = 0.021 and B = -6.021

v(t) = 30 + [0.021e-47.833t – 6.021e-0.167t] V

Chapter 8, Solution 40.

At t = 0-, vC(0) = 0 and iL(0) = i(0) = (6/(6 + 2))4 = 3A

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit with a step input as shown below.

2H 0.02 F 14 Ω
i
+ v −
+
12V −
24V
6Ω
+ −

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 2 x 0.02 = 5

α = R/(2L) = (6 + 14)/(2x2) = 5
 Since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response.

v(t) = Vs + [(A + Bt)e-5t], Vs = 24 – 12 = 12V

v(0) = 0 = 12 + A or A = -12

i = Cdv/dt = C{[Be-5t] + [-5(A + Bt)e-5t]}

i(0) = 3 = C[-5A + B] = 0.02[60 + B] or B = 90

Thus, i(t) = 0.02{[90e-5t] + [-5(-12 + 90t)e-5t]}

i(t) = {(3 – 9t)e-5t} A

Chapter 8, Solution 41.

At t = 0-, the switch is open. i(0) = 0, and

v(0) = 5x100/(20 + 5 + 5) = 50/3

For t > 0, we have a series RLC circuit shown in Figure (a). After source
transformation, it becomes that shown in Figure (b).

10 H
4Ω 1H
i
10 µF +
5A 20 Ω 5Ω + 0.04F
20V − v
−
(a)
(b)

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x1 / 25 = 5

α = R/(2L) = (4)/(2x1) = 2

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = -2 ± j4.583

Thus, v(t) = Vs + [(Acosωdt + Bsinωdt)e-2t],

where ωd = 4.583 and Vs = 20

v(0) = 50/3 = 20 + A or A = -10/3

 i(t) = Cdv/dt = C(-2) [(Acosωdt + Bsinωdt)e-2t] + Cωd[(-Asinωdt + Bcosωdt)e-2t]

i(0) = 0 = -2A + ωdB

B = 2A/ωd = -20/(3x4.583) = -1.455

i(t) = C{[(0cosωdt + (-2B - ωdA)sinωdt)]e-2t}

= (1/25){[(2.91 + 15.2767) sinωdt)]e-2t}

i(t) = {0.7275sin(4.583t)e-2t} A

Chapter 8, Solution 42.

For t = 0-, we have the equivalent circuit as shown in Figure (a).

i(0) = i(0) = 0, and v(0) = 4 – 12 = -8V

4V 5Ω 12V 6Ω i 1H
− + + −
+ +
v(0) − v 0.04F
1Ω + 12V
− −
(a) (b)
For t > 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Figure (b) after source transformation.

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x1 / 25 = 5

α = R/(2L) = (6)/(2) = 3

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = -3 ± j4

Thus, v(t) = Vs + [(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t], Vs = -12

v(0) = -8 = -12 + A or A = 4

i = Cdv/dt, or i/C = dv/dt = [-3(Acos4t + Bsin4t)e-3t] + [4(-Asin4t + Bcos4t)e-3t]

i(0) = -3A + 4B or B = 3

v(t) = {-12 + [(4cos4t + 3sin4t)e-3t]} A

Chapter 8, Solution 43.

For t>0, we have a source-free series RLC circuit.

R
α= 
→ R = 2αL = 2 x8 x0.5 = 8Ω
2L
ω d = ω o 2 − α 2 = 30 
→ ω o = 900 − 64 = 836

1 1 1
ωo = 
→ C= = = 2.392 mF
LC ω oL
2
836 x0.5

Chapter 8, Solution 44.

R 1000 1 1
α= = = 500, ωo = = = 10 4
2L 2 x1 LC 100 x10 −9

ωo > α 
→ underdamped.

Chapter 8, Solution 45.

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.5 = 2

α = R/(2L) = (1)/(2x2x0.5) = 0.5

Since α < ωo, we have an underdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω 2o = -0.5 ± j1.323

Thus, i(t) = Is + [(Acos1.323t + Bsin1.323t)e-0.5t], Is = 4

i(0) = 1 = 4 + A or A = -3

v = vC = vL = Ldi(0)/dt = 0

di/dt = [1.323(-Asin1.323t + Bcos1.323t)e-0.5t] + [-0.5(Acos1.323t + Bsin1.323t)e-0.5t]

di(0)/dt = 0 = 1.323B – 0.5A or B = 0.5(-3)/1.323 = -1.134

Thus, i(t) = {4 – [(3cos1.323t + 1.134sin1.323t)e-0.5t]} A

Chapter 8, Solution 46.

For t = 0-, u(t) = 0, so that v(0) = 0 and i(0) = 0.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input, as shown below.

i +
v 5µF 2 kΩ
8mH
6mA
−

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x2x103 x5x10-6) = 50

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 8x10 3 x 5x10 −6 = 5,000

Since α < ωo, we have an underdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo2 ≅ -50 ± j5,000

Thus, i(t) = Is + [(Acos5,000t + Bsin5,000t)e-50t], Is = 6mA

i(0) = 0 = 6 + A or A = -6mA

v(0) = 0 = Ldi(0)/dt

di/dt = [5,000(-Asin5,000t + Bcos5,000t)e-50t] + [-50(Acos5,000t + Bsin5,000t)e-50t]

di(0)/dt = 0 = 5,000B – 50A or B = 0.01(-6) = -0.06mA

Thus, i(t) = {6 – [(6cos5,000t + 0.06sin5,000t)e-50t]} mA

Chapter 8, Solution 47.

At t = 0-, we obtain, iL(0) = 3x5/(10 + 5) = 1A

and vo(0) = 0.

For t > 0, the 20-ohm resistor is short-circuited and we have a parallel RLC circuit
with a step input.

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x5x0.01) = 10

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.01 = 10
 Since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response.

s1,2 = -10

Thus, i(t) = Is + [(A + Bt)e-10t], Is = 3

i(0) = 1 = 3 + A or A = -2

vo = Ldi/dt = [Be-10t] + [-10(A + Bt)e-10t]

vo(0) = 0 = B – 10A or B = -20

Thus, vo(t) = (200te-10t) V

Chapter 8, Solution 48.

For t = 0-, we obtain i(0) = -6/(1 + 2) = -2 and v(0) = 2x1 = 2.

For t > 0, the voltage is short-circuited and we have a source-free parallel RLC
circuit.

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x1x0.25) = 2

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x 0.25 = 2

Since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response.

s1,2 = -2

Thus, i(t) = [(A + Bt)e-2t], i(0) = -2 = A

v = Ldi/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(-2 + Bt)e-2t]

vo(0) = 2 = B + 4 or B = -2

Thus, i(t) = [(-2 - 2t)e-2t] A

and v(t) = [(2 + 4t)e-2t] V

Chapter 8, Solution 49.

For t = 0-, i(0) = 3 + 12/4 = 6 and v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input.

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x5x0.05) = 2

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 5x 0.05 = 2

Since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response.

s1,2 = -2

Thus, i(t) = Is + [(A + Bt)e-2t], Is = 3

i(0) = 6 = 3 + A or A = 3

v = Ldi/dt or v/L = di/dt = [Be-2t] + [-2(A + Bt)e-2t]

v(0)/L = 0 = di(0)/dt = B – 2x3 or B = 6

Thus, i(t) = {3 + [(3 + 6t)e-2t]} A

Chapter 8, Solution 50.

For t = 0-, 4u(t) = 0, v(0) = 0, and i(0) = 30/10 = 3A.

For t > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit.

i
+
10 Ω 10 mF v 40 Ω 10 H
3A 6A
−

Is = 3 + 6 = 9A and R = 10||40 = 8 ohms

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x8x0.01) = 25/4 = 6.25

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 4x 0.01 = 5

Since α > ωo, we have a overdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ω o2 = -10, -2.5

 Thus, i(t) = Is + [Ae-10t] + [Be-2.5t], Is = 9

i(0) = 3 = 9 + A + B or A + B = -6

di/dt = [-10Ae-10t] + [-2.5Be-2.5t],

v(0) = 0 = Ldi(0)/dt or di(0)/dt = 0 = -10A – 2.5B or B = -4A

Thus, A = 2 and B = -8
Clearly, i(t) = { 9 + [2e-10t] + [-8e-2.5t]} A

Chapter 8, Solution 51.

Let i = inductor current and v = capacitor voltage.

At t = 0, v(0) = 0 and i(0) = io.

For t > 0, we have a parallel, source-free LC circuit (R = ∞).

α = 1/(2RC) = 0 and ωo = 1/ LC which leads to s1,2 = ± jωo

v = Acosωot + Bsinωot, v(0) = 0 A

iC = Cdv/dt = -i

dv/dt = ωoBsinωot = -i/C

dv(0)/dt = ωoB = -io/C therefore B = io/(ωoC)

v(t) = -(io/(ωoC))sinωot V where ωo = LC

Chapter 8, Solution 52.

1
α = 300 = (1)
2 RC
1
ω d = ω o 2 − α 2 = 400 
→ ω o = 400 2 − 300 2 = 264.575 = (2)
LC
From (2),
1
C= = 285.71µF
(264.575) 2 x50 x10 −3
From (1),

1 1
R= = (3500) = 5.833Ω
2αC 2 x300
Chapter 8, Solution 53.

C1 R2

+ −
v1
+
+ i1 i2 C2
vS −
R1 vo
−

i2 = C2dvo/dt (1)

i1 = C1dv1/dt (2)

0 = R2i2 + R1(i2 – i1) +vo (3)

Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) we get,

0 = R2C2dvo/dt + R1(C2dvo/dt – C1dv1/dt) (4)

Applying KVL to the outer loop produces,

vs = v1 + i2R2 + vo = v1 + R2C2dvo/dt + vo, which leads to

v1 = vs – vo – R2C2dvo/dt (5)

Substituting (5) into (4) leads to,

0 = R1C2dvo/dt + R1C2dvo/dt – R1C1(dvs/dt – dvo/dt – R2C2d2vo/dt2)

Hence, (R1C1R2C2)(d2vo/dt2) + (R1C1 + R2C2 +R1C2)(dvo/dt) = R1C1(dvs/dt)

Chapter 8, Solution 54.

Let i be the inductor current.

v dv
−i = + 0.5 (1)
4 dt
di
v = 2i + (2)
dt
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
 v dv 1 dv 1 d 2 v d 2v dv
−v = + + + 
→ + 2.5 + 3v = 0
2 dt 4 dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
dt

s 2 + 2.5s + 3 = 0 
→ s = −1.25 ± j1.199

v = Ae −1.25t cos1.199t + Be −1.25t sin 1.199t

v(0) = 2=A. Let w=1.199

dv
= −1.25( Ae −1.25t cos wt + Be −1.25t sin wt ) + w(− Ae −1.25t sin wt + Be −1.25t cos wt )
dt

dv(0) 1.25 X 2
= 0 = −1.25 A + Bw 
→ B= = 2.085
dt 1.199

v = 2e −1.25t cos1.199t + 2.085e −1.25t sin 1.199t V

Chapter 8, Solution 55.

At the top node, writing a KCL equation produces,

i/4 +i = C1dv/dt, C1 = 0.1

5i/4 = C1dv/dt = 0.1dv/dt

i = 0.08dv/dt (1)

But, v = − (2i + (1 / C 2 ) ∫ idt ) , C2 = 0.5

or -dv/dt = 2di/dt + 2i (2)

Substituting (1) into (2) gives,

-dv/dt = 0.16d2v/dt2 + 0.16dv/dt

0.16d2v/dt2 + 0.16dv/dt + dv/dt = 0, or d2v/dt2 + 7.25dv/dt = 0

Which leads to s2 + 7.25s = 0 = s(s + 7.25) or s1,2 = 0, -7.25

v(t) = A + Be-7.25t (3)

v(0) = 4 = A + B (4)
 From (1), i(0) = 2 = 0.08dv(0+)/dt or dv(0+)/dt = 25

But, dv/dt = -7.25Be-7.25t, which leads to,

dv(0)/dt = -7.25B = 25 or B = -3.448 and A = 4 – B = 4 + 3.448 = 7.448

Thus, v(t) = {7.45 – 3.45e-7.25t} V

Chapter 8, Solution 56.

For t < 0, i(0) = 0 and v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, the circuit is as shown below.

4Ω

i i
6Ω

0.04F

+
20 − io 0.25H

Applying KVL to the larger loop,

-20 +6io +0.25dio/dt + 25 ∫ (i o + i)dt = 0

Taking the derivative,

6dio/dt + 0.25d2io/dt2 + 25(io + i) = 0 (1)

For the smaller loop, 4 + 25 ∫ (i + i o )dt = 0

Taking the derivative, 25(i + io) = 0 or i = -io (2)

From (1) and (2) 6dio/dt + 0.25d2io/dt2 = 0

This leads to, 0.25s2 + 6s = 0 or s1,2 = 0, -24

 io(t) = (A + Be-24t) and io(0) = 0 = A + B or B = -A

As t approaches infinity, io(∞) = 20/10 = 2 = A, therefore B = -2

Thus, io(t) = (2 - 2e-24t) = -i(t) or i(t) = (-2 + 2e-24t) A

Chapter 8, Solution 57.

(a) Let v = capacitor voltage and i = inductor current. At t = 0-, the switch is
closed and the circuit has reached steady-state.

v(0-) = 16V and i(0-) = 16/8 = 2A

At t = 0+, the switch is open but, v(0+) = 16 and i(0+) = 2.

We now have a source-free RLC circuit.

R 8 + 12 = 20 ohms, L = 1H, C = 4mF.

α = R/(2L) = (20)/(2x1) = 10

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 1x (1 / 36) = 6

Since α > ωo, we have a overdamped response.

s1,2 = − α ± α 2 − ωo2 = -18, -2

Thus, the characteristic equation is (s + 2)(s + 18) = 0 or s2 + 20s +36 = 0.

(b) i(t) = [Ae-2t + Be-18t] and i(0) = 2 = A + B (1)

To get di(0)/dt, consider the circuit below at t = 0+.

i

12 Ω 8Ω
+ +
v (1/36)F vL
1H
− −

-v(0) + 20i(0) + vL(0) = 0, which leads to,

 -16 + 20x2 + vL(0) = 0 or vL(0) = -24

Ldi(0)/dt = vL(0) which gives di(0)/dt = vL(0)/L = -24/1 = -24 A/s

Hence -24 = -2A – 18B or 12 = A + 9B (2)

From (1) and (2), B = 1.25 and A = 0.75

i(t) = [0.75e-2t + 1.25e-18t] = -ix(t) or ix(t) = [-0.75e-2t - 1.25e-18t] A

v(t) = 8i(t) = [6e-2t + 10e-18t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 58.

(a) Let i =inductor current, v = capacitor voltage i(0) =0, v(0) = 4

dv(0) [v(0) + Ri(0)] (4 + 0)

=− =− = − 8 V/s
dt RC 0.5

(b) For t ≥ 0 , the circuit is a source-free RLC parallel circuit.

1 1 1 1
α= = = 1, ωo = = =2
2 RC 2 x0.5 x1 LC 0.25 x1

ω d = ω 2 o − α 2 = 4 − 1 = 1.732
Thus,

v(t ) = e − t ( A1 cos1.732t + A2 sin 1.732t )

v(0) = 4 = A1
dv
= −e −t A1 cos1.732t − 1.732e −t A1 sin 1.732t − e −t A2 sin 1.732t + 1.732e −t A2 cos1.732t
dt
dv(0)
= −8 = − A1 + 1.732 A2 → A2 = −2.309
dt

v(t ) = e − t (4 cos 1.732t − 2.309 sin 1.732t ) V

Chapter 8, Solution 59.

Let i = inductor current and v = capacitor voltage

v(0) = 0, i(0) = 40/(4+16) = 2A
For t>0, the circuit becomes a source-free series RLC with

R 16 1 1
α= = = 2, ω o = = = 2, → α = ω o = 2

2L 2 x4 LC 4 x1 / 16
i (t ) = Ae −2t + Bte −2t
i(0) = 2 = A
di
= −2 Ae − 2t + Be − 2t − 2 Bte − 2t
dt
di (0) 1 1
= −2 A + B = − [ Ri(0) + v(0)] → − 2 A + B = − (32 + 0), B = −4
dt L 4

i (t ) = 2e −2t − 4te −2t

t t t
1 t 64 − 2t t
v=
C0∫ idt + v(0) = 32 ∫ e − 2t dt − 64 ∫ te − 2t dt = −16e − 2t
0 0 0
−
4
e (−2t − 1)
0

v = 32te −2t V

Chapter 8, Solution 60.

At t = 0-, 4u(t) = 0 so that i1(0) = 0 = i2(0) (1)

Applying nodal analysis,

4 = 0.5di1/dt + i1 + i2 (2)

Also, i2 = [1di1/dt – 1di2/dt]/3 or 3i2 = di1/dt – di2/dt (3)

Taking the derivative of (2), 0 = d2i1/dt2 + 2di1/dt + 2di2/dt (4)

From (2) and (3), di2/dt = di1/dt – 3i2 = di1/dt – 3(4 – i1 – 0.5di1/dt)

= di1/dt – 12 + 3i1 + 1.5di1/dt

Substituting this into (4),

d2i1/dt2 + 7di1/dt + 6i1 = 24 which gives s2 + 7s + 6 = 0 = (s + 1)(s + 6)

 Thus, i1(t) = Is + [Ae-t + Be-6t], 6Is = 24 or Is = 4

i1(t) = 4 + [Ae-t + Be-6t] and i1(0) = 4 + [A + B] (5)

i2 = 4 – i1 – 0.5di1/dt = i1(t) = 4 + -4 - [Ae-t + Be-6t] – [-Ae-t - 6Be-6t]

= [-0.5Ae-t + 2Be-6t] and i2(0) = 0 = -0.5A + 2B (6)

From (5) and (6), A = -3.2 and B = -0.8

i1(t) = {4 + [-3.2e-t – 0.8e-6t]} A

i2(t) = [1.6e-t – 1.6e-6t] A

Chapter 8, Solution 61.

For t > 0, we obtain the natural response by considering the circuit below.

a 1H iL

+
4Ω vC 0.25F 6Ω
−

At node a, vC/4 + 0.25dvC/dt + iL = 0 (1)

But, vC = 1diL/dt + 6iL (2)

Combining (1) and (2),

(1/4)diL/dt + (6/4)iL + 0.25d2iL/dt2 + (6/4)diL/dt + iL = 0

d2iL/dt2 + 7diL/dt + 10iL = 0

s2 + 7s + 10 = 0 = (s + 2)(s + 5) or s1,2 = -2, -5

Thus, iL(t) = iL(∞) + [Ae-2t + Be-5t],

where iL(∞) represents the final inductor current = 4(4)/(4 + 6) = 1.6

iL(t) = 1.6 + [Ae-2t + Be-5t] and iL(0) = 1.6 + [A+B] or -1.6 = A+B (3)

diL/dt = [-2Ae-2t - 5Be-5t]

 and diL(0)/dt = 0 = -2A – 5B or A = -2.5B (4)

From (3) and (4), A = -8/3 and B = 16/15

iL(t) = 1.6 + [-(8/3)e-2t + (16/15)e-5t]

v(t) = 6iL(t) = {9.6 + [-16e-2t + 6.4e-5t]} V

vC = 1diL/dt + 6iL = [ (16/3)e-2t - (16/3)e-5t] + {9.6 + [-16e-2t + 6.4e-5t]}

vC = {9.6 + [-(32/3)e-2t + 1.0667e-5t]}

i(t) = vC/4 = {2.4 + [-2.667e-2t + 0.2667e-5t]} A

Chapter 8, Solution 62.

This is a parallel RLC circuit as evident when the voltage source is turned off.

α = 1/(2RC) = (1)/(2x3x(1/18)) = 3

ωo = 1/ LC = 1/ 2x1 / 18 = 3

Since α = ωo, we have a critically damped response.

s1,2 = -3

Let v(t) = capacitor voltage

Thus, v(t) = Vs + [(A + Bt)e-3t] where Vs = 0

But -10 + vR + v = 0 or vR = 10 – v

Therefore vR = 10 – [(A + Bt)e-3t] where A and B are determined from initial

conditions.
Chapter 8, Solution 63.

- R
R v1 + vo
vs v2

C C

At node 1,

v s − v1 dv
=C 1 (1)
R dt

At node 2,

v2 − vo dv
=C o (2)
R dt
As a voltage follower, v1 = v 2 = v . Hence (2) becomes
dv
v = v o + RC o (3)
dt
and (1) becomes
dv
v s = v + RC (4)
dt
Substituting (3) into (4) gives

dvo dv d 2 vo
v s = vo + RC + RC o + R 2 C 2
dt dt dt 2
or

d 2 vo dv
R 2C 2 2
+ 2 RC o + vo = v s
dt dt

Chapter 8, Solution 64.

C2

R2
R1 C1
1 2
vs −
v1 vo
+
At node 1, (vs – v1)/R1 = C1 d(v1 – 0)/dt or vs = v1 + R1C1dv1/dt (1)

At node 2, C1dv1/dt = (0 – vo)/R2 + C2d(0 – vo)/dt

or –R2C1dv1/dt = vo + C2dvo/dt (2)

From (1) and (2), (vs – v1)/R1 = C1 dv1/dt = -(1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt)

or v1 = vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt) (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) produces,

vs = vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt) + R1C1d{vs + (R1/R2)(vo + C2dvo/dt)}/dt

= vs + (R1/R2)(vo)+ (R1C2/R2) dvo/dt) + R1C1dvs/dt + (R1R1C1/R2)dvo/dt

+ (R12 C1C2/R2)[d2vo/dt2]

Simplifying we get,

d2vo/dt2 + [(1/ R1C1) + (1/ C2)]dvo/dt + [1/(R1C1C2)](vo) = - [R2/(R1C2)]dvs/dt

Chapter 8, Solution 65.

At the input of the first op amp,

(vo – 0)/R = Cd(v1 – 0) (1)

At the input of the second op amp,

(-v1 – 0)/R = Cdv2/dt (2)

Let us now examine our constraints. Since the input terminals are essentially at ground,
then we have the following,

vo = -v2 or v2 = -vo (3)

Combining (1), (2), and (3), eliminating v1 and v2 we get,

d 2 vo  1  d 2vo
− v o = − 100 v o = 0
dt 2  R 2 C 2  dt 2
 Which leads to s2 – 100 = 0

Clearly this produces roots of –10 and +10.

And, we obtain,

vo(t) = (Ae+10t + Be-10t)V

At t = 0, vo(0+) = – v2(0+) = 0 = A + B, thus B = –A

This leads to vo(t) = (Ae+10t – Ae-10t)V. Now we can use v1(0+) = 2V.

From (2), v1 = –RCdv2/dt = 0.1dvo/dt = 0.1(10Ae+10t + 10Ae-10t)

v1(0+) = 2 = 0.1(20A) = 2A or A = 1

Thus, vo(t) = (e+10t – e-10t)V

It should be noted that this circuit is unstable (clearly one of the poles lies in the right-
half-plane).

Chapter 8, Solution 66.

C2

R1 R2
vS 2
+ vo
1 –
R4

C1 R3

Note that the voltage across C1 is v2 = [R3/(R3 + R4)]vo

This is the only difference between this problem and Example 8.11, i.e. v = kv, where
k = [R3/(R3 + R4)].
At node 1,

(vs – v1)/R1 = C2[d(v1 – vo)/dt] + (v1 – v2)/R2

vs/R1 = (v1/R1) + C2[d(v1)/dt] – C2[d(vo)/dt] + (v1 – kvo)/R2 (1)

At node 2,

(v1 – kvo)/R2 = C1[d(kvo)/dt]

or v1 = kvo + kR2C1[d(vo)/dt] (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

vs/R1 = (kvo/R1) + (kR2C1/R1)[d(vo)/dt] + kC2[d(vo)/dt] + kR2C1C2[d2(vo)/dt2] – (kvo/R2)

+ kC1[d(vo)/dt] – (kvo/R2) + C2[d(vo)/dt]

We now rearrange the terms.

[d2(vo)/dt2] + [(1/C2R1) + (1/ R2C2) + (1/R2C1) – (1/ kR2C1)][d(vo)/dt] + [vo/(R1R2C1C2)]

= vs/(kR1R2C1C2)

If R1 = R2 10 kohms, C1 = C2 = 100 µF, R3 = 20 kohms, and R4 = 60 kohms,

k = [R3/(R3 + R4)] = 1/3

R1R2C1C2 = 104 x104 x10-4 x10-4 = 1

(1/C2R1) + (1/ R2C2) + (1/R2C1) – (1/ kR2C1) = 1 + 1 + 1 – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0

Hence, [d2(vo)/dt2] + vo = 3vs = 6, t > 0, and s2 + 1 = 0, or s1,2 = ±j

vo(t) = Vs + [Acost + B sint], Vs = 6

vo(0) = 0 = 6 + A or A = –6

dvo/dt = –Asint + Bcost, but dvo(0)/dt = 0 = B

Hence, vo(t) = 6(1 – cost)u(t) volts.

Chapter 8, Solution 67.

At node 1,

v in − v1 d ( v1 − v o ) d ( v 1 − 0)
= C1 + C2 (1)
R1 dt dt

d ( v 1 − 0) 0 − v o dv1 − vo
At node 2, C2 = , or = (2)
dt R2 dt C2R 2

From (1) and (2),

R 1C1 dv o dv v
v in − v1 = − − R 1 C1 o − R 1 o
C 2 R 2 dt dt R2

R 1C1 dv o dv v
v1 = v in + + R 1 C1 o + R 1 o (3)
C 2 R 2 dt dt R2

C1

R2
R1 C2
1 2
vin −
v1 0V vo
+

From (2) and (3),

vo dv dv R C dv o d 2 v o R 1 dv o
− = 1 = in + 1 1 + R 1 C1 +
C2R 2 dt dt C 2 R 2 dt dt 2 R 2 dt

d 2 vo 1  1 1  dv o vo 1 dv in
2
+  +  + =−
dt R 2  C1 C 2  dt C1 C 2 R 2 R 1 R 1C1 dt

But C1C2R1R2 = 10-4 x10-4 x104 x104 = 1

1  1 1  2 2
 +  = = 4 −4
=2
R2  C1 C 2  R 2 C1 10 x10

d 2 vo dv dv
2
+ 2 o + v o = − in
dt dt dt
 Which leads to s2 + 2s + 1 = 0 or (s + 1)2 = 0 and s = –1, –1

Therefore, vo(t) = [(A + Bt)e-t] + Vf

As t approaches infinity, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that

Vf = vo(∞) = 0

vin = 10u(t) mV and the fact that the initial voltages across each capacitor is 0

means that vo(0) = 0 which leads to A = 0.

vo(t) = [Bte-t]

dv o
= [(B – Bt)e-t] (4)
dt
dv o (0+ ) v (0+ )
From (2), =− o =0
dt C2R 2

From (1) at t = 0+,

1− 0 dv (0+) dv o (0+ ) 1
= −C1 o which leads to =− = −1
R1 dt dt C1 R 1

Substituting this into (4) gives B = –1

Thus, v(t) = –te-tu(t) V

Chapter 8, Solution 68.

The schematic is as shown below. The unit step is modeled by VPWL as shown. We
insert a voltage marker to display V after simulation. We set Print Step = 25 ms and
final step = 6s in the transient box. The output plot is shown below.
Chapter 8, Solution 69.

The schematic is shown below. The initial values are set as attributes of L1 and C1. We
set Print Step to 25 ms and the Final Time to 20s in the transient box. A current marker
is inserted at the terminal of L1 to automatically display i(t) after simulation. The result
is shown below.
Chapter 8, Solution 70.

The schematic is shown below.

After the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the capacitor voltage v(t) as shown
below.
Chapter 8, Solution 71.

The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL and IPWL to model the 39 u(t) V and 13
u(t) A respectively. We set Print Step to 25 ms and Final Step to 4s in the Transient
box. A voltage marker is inserted at the terminal of R2 to automatically produce the plot
of v(t) after simulation. The result is shown below.
Chapter 8, Solution 72.

When the switch is in position 1, we obtain IC=10 for the capacitor and IC=0 for the
inductor. When the switch is in position 2, the schematic of the circuit is shown below.

When the circuit is simulated, we obtain i(t) as shown below.

Chapter 8, Solution 73.

(a) For t < 0, we have the schematic below. When this is saved and simulated, we
obtain the initial inductor current and capacitor voltage as

iL(0) = 3 A and vc(0) = 24 V.

(b) For t > 0, we have the schematic shown below. To display i(t) and v(t), we
insert current and voltage markers as shown. The initial inductor current and capacitor
voltage are also incorporated. In the Transient box, we set Print Step = 25 ms and the
Final Time to 4s. After simulation, we automatically have io(t) and vo(t) displayed as
shown below.
Chapter 8, Solution 74.

10 Ω 5Ω

20 V 2F 4H
-

Hence the dual circuit is shown below.

2H

4F 0.2 Ω
20A 0.1 Ω
Chapter 8, Solution 75.

The dual circuit is connected as shown in Figure (a). It is redrawn in Figure (b).

0.1 Ω
+
12V − 10 Ω
12A 24A
0.5 F
+
24V −

0.25 Ω 4Ω
10 H 10 H

10 µF

(a)

0.1 Ω

2F
0.5 H 24A

12A

0.25 Ω

(b)
Chapter 8, Solution 76.

The dual is obtained from the original circuit as shown in Figure (a). It is redrawn in
Figure (b).

0.1 Ω 0.05 Ω 1/3 Ω

10 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω

120 A
60 A + − – +
2V
60 V 120 V
+ −

1F
4H 1H
2A

4F

(a)

0.05 Ω

60 A 120 A
1H
0.1 Ω 1/30 Ω

1/4 F 2V +
−

(b)
Chapter 8, Solution 77.

The dual is constructed in Figure (a) and redrawn in Figure (b).

– +
5A
5V
2Ω
1/3 Ω
1/2 Ω
3Ω

1F 1Ω
1/4 H
+
1H 1Ω 12V −
1/4 F
12 A

(a)

1Ω
2Ω
1/4 F 1/3 Ω
12 A
+
5V −
1H

(b)
Chapter 8, Solution 78.

The voltage across the igniter is vR = vC since the circuit is a parallel RLC type.

vC(0) = 12, and iL(0) = 0.

α = 1/(2RC) = 1/(2x3x1/30) = 5

ωo = 1 / LC = 1 / 60 x10 −3 x1 / 30 = 22.36

α < ωo produces an underdamped response.

s1, 2 = −α ± α 2 − ω o2 = –5 ± j21.794

vC(t) = e-5t(Acos21.794t + Bsin21.794t) (1)

vC(0) = 12 = A

dvC/dt = –5[(Acos21.794t + Bsin21.794t)e-5t]

+ 21.794[(–Asin21.794t + Bcos21.794t)e-5t] (2)

dvC(0)/dt = –5A + 21.794B

But, dvC(0)/dt = –[vC(0) + RiL(0)]/(RC) = –(12 + 0)/(1/10) = –120

Hence, –120 = –5A + 21.794B, leads to B (5x12 – 120)/21.794 = –2.753

At the peak value, dvC(to)/dt = 0, i.e.,

0 = A + Btan21.794to + (A21.794/5)tan21.794to – 21.794B/5

(B + A21.794/5)tan21.794to = (21.794B/5) – A

tan21.794to = [(21.794B/5) – A]/(B + A21.794/5) = –24/49.55 = –0.484

Therefore, 21.7945to = |–0.451|

to = |–0.451|/21.794 = 20.68 ms
Chapter 8, Solution 79.

For critical damping of a parallel RLC circuit,

1 1
α = ωo 
→ =
2 RC LC
Hence,

L 0.25
C= 2
= = 434 µF
4R 4 x144

Chapter 8, Solution 80.

t1 = 1/|s1| = 0.1x10-3 leads to s1 = –1000/0.1 = –10,000

t2 = 1/|s2| = 0.5x10-3 leads to s1 = –2,000

s1 = −α − α 2 − ωo2

s 2 = −α + α 2 − ω o2

s1 + s2 = –2α = –12,000, therefore α = 6,000 = R/(2L)

L = R/12,000 = 60,000/12,000 = 5H

s 2 = −α + α 2 − ωo2 = –2,000

α − α 2 − ωo2 = 2,000

6,000 − α 2 − ωo2 = 2,000

α 2 − ωo2 = 4,000

α2 – ωo2 = 16x106

ωo2 = α2 – 16x106 = 36x106 – 16x106

ωo = 103 20 = 1 / LC

C = 1/(20x106x5) = 10 nF
Chapter 8, Solution 81.

t = 1/α = 0.25 leads to α = 4

But, α 1/(2RC) or, C = 1/(2αR) = 1/(2x4x200) = 625 µF

ωd = ωo2 − α 2

ωo2 = ωd2 + α 2 = (2π4x10 3 ) 2 + 16 ≅ (2π4 x10 3 0 2 = 1/(LC)

This results in L = 1/(64π2x106x625x10-6) = 2.533 µH

Chapter 8, Solution 82.

For t = 0-, v(0) = 0.

For t > 0, the circuit is as shown below.

R1 a
+ +
vo C1 R2 v C2

− −

At node a,

(vo – v/R1 = (v/R2) + C2dv/dt

vo = v(1 + R1/R2) + R1C2 dv/dt

60 = (1 + 5/2.5) + (5x106 x5x10-6)dv/dt

60 = 3v + 25dv/dt

v(t) = Vs + [Ae-3t/25]

where 3Vs = 60 yields Vs = 20

v(0) = 0 = 20 + A or A = –20

v(t) = 20(1 – e-3t/25)V

Chapter 8, Solution 83.

i = iD + Cdv/dt (1)

–vs + iR + Ldi/dt + v = 0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

vs = RiD + RCdv/dt + Ldi/dt + LCd2v/dt2 + v = 0

LCd2v/dt2 + RCdv/dt + RiD + Ldi/dt = vs

d2v/dt2 + (R/L)dv/dt + (R/LC)iD + (1/C)di/dt = vs/LC