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    Class 20: Outline: Hour 1: Faraday's Law

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    akirank1
    The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

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    Class 20: Outline: Hour 1: Faraday's Law

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    akirank1
    59 views42 pages
    The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

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    The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views42 pages

    Class 20: Outline: Hour 1: Faraday's Law

    Uploaded by

    akirank1
    The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

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    of 42

    Class 20: Outline

    Hour 1:
    Faraday’s Law

    Hour 2:
    Faraday’s Law: Applications

    P20- 1
    Previously:
    Force on Magnetic Dipole

    P20- 2
    PRS Question:
    Force on Magnetic Dipole

    P20- 3
    Last Time:
    Ampere’s Law

    P20- 4
    G G
    Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .

    B
    Long
    Circular I
    Symmetry B
    (Infinite) Current Sheet

    B X X X
    Solenoid X
    X X X
    X X X
    X
    = X
    X
    X
    X
    X X
    X
    2 Current X
    X
    X
    X X X
    X

    X
    Sheets X
    X
    Torus
    P20- 5
    Group Problem: Torus
    A torus (a solenoid of
    radius a and n turns/meter
    whose ends are bent
    around to make a donut of
    R
    a radius R) carries a uniform
    current I.
    I

    Find B on what was the


    I
    central axis of the solenoid

    P20- 6
    Ampere’s Law: Torus

    Picture:
    Solenoid
    X X X B
    (slinky) X X
    X
    X
    X R XX
    X
    curved X
    X X
    X a
    X X X
    around &
    joined end
    to end
    Amperian Loop:
    B is Constant & Parallel
    I Penetrates P20- 7
    This Time:
    Faraday’s Law
    Fourth (Final) Maxwell’s Equation
    (but we still have to go back and add
    another term to Ampere’s Law!)
    Underpinning of Much Technology
    P20- 8
    Demonstration:
    Falling Magnet

    P20- 9
    Magnet Falling Through a Ring

    http://ocw.mit.edu/
    ans7870/8/8.02T/f
    04/visualizations/fa
    raday/07-
    FallingMagnetResi
    stive/07-
    FallMAgRes_f54_
    320.html

    Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper


    ring which has been immersed in liquid nitrogen.
    P20- 10
    Demonstration:
    Jumping Rings

    P20- 11
    Jumping Ring

    An aluminum ring jumps into the air when the


    solenoid beneath it is energized
    P20- 12
    What is Going On?

    It looks as though the conducting loops have


    current in them (they behave like magnetic
    dipoles) even though they aren’t hooked up
    P20- 13
    Demonstration:
    Induction

    P20- 14
    Electromagnetic Induction

    P20- 15
    Movie and Visualization:
    Induction
    http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/faraday/15-inductance/15-1_wmv320.html

    Lenz’s Law says that the flux tries to remain the


    same, so the field lines get “hung up” at the coil.
    P20- 16
    Faraday’s Law of Induction

    dΦB
    ε = −N
    dt
    A changing magnetic flux
    induces an EMF

    P20- 17
    What is EMF?

    G G
    ε = ∫ E ⋅ ds

    Looks like potential. It’s a


    “driving force” for current

    P20- 18
    Faraday’s Law of Induction

    dΦB
    ε = −N
    dt
    A changing magnetic flux
    induces an EMF

    P20- 19
    Magnetic Flux Thru Wire Loop
    Analogous to Electric Flux (Gauss’ Law)

    (1) Uniform B
    G G
    ΦB = B⊥A = BAcosθ = B ⋅ A

    (2) Non-Uniform B

    G G
    ΦB = ∫ B ⋅ dA
    S
    P20- 20
    Faraday’s Law of Induction

    dΦB
    ε = −N
    dt
    A changing magnetic flux
    induces an EMF

    P20- 21
    Minus Sign? Lenz’s Law
    Induced EMF is in direction that opposes
    the change in flux that caused it

    P20- 22
    Three PRS Questions:
    Lenz’ Law

    P20- 23
    Faraday’s Law of Induction

    dΦB
    ε = −N
    dt
    A changing magnetic flux
    induces an EMF

    P20- 24
    Ways to Induce EMF

    ε = −N ( BAcosθ )
    d
    dt
    Quantities which can vary with time:

    • Magnitude of B
    • Area A enclosed by the loop
    • Angle θ between B and loop normal
    P20- 25
    Ways to Induce EMF

    ε = −N ( BAcosθ )
    d
    dt
    Quantities which can vary with time:

    • Magnitude of B
    • Area A enclosed by the loop
    • Angle θ between B and loop normal
    P20- 26
    Group Discussion:
    Magnet Falling Through a Ring

    Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper


    ring which has been immersed in liquid nitrogen.
    P20- 27
    PRS Question:
    Force on Loop Below Magnet

    P20- 28
    Ways to Induce EMF

    ε = −N ( BAcosθ )
    d
    dt
    Quantities which can vary with time:

    • Magnitude of B e.g. Falling Magnet


    • Area A enclosed by the loop
    • Angle θ between B and loop normal
    P20- 29
    Group Problem: Changing Area
    Conducting rod pulled along two conducting rails in a
    uniform magnetic field B at constant velocity v

    1. Direction of induced
    current?
    2. Direction of resultant
    force?
    A 3. Magnitude of EMF?
    4. Magnitude of current?
    5. Power externally
    supplied to move at
    constant v?
    P20- 30
    Ways to Induce EMF

    ε = −N ( BAcosθ )
    d
    dt
    Quantities which can vary with time:

    • Magnitude of B e.g. Moving Coil & Dipole


    • Area A enclosed e.g. Sliding bar
    • Angle θ between B and loop normal
    P20- 31
    Changing Angle

    G G G G
    ΦB = B ⋅ A = BA ΦB = B ⋅ A = 0
    P20- 32
    Applets that show these 3 cases

    http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/faraday/13-
    faradayapp02/13-faradayapp02_320.html
    P20- 33
    Faraday’s Law
    The last of the Maxwell’s
    Equations (Kind of, still need
    one more term in Ampere’s
    Law)

    P20- 34
    Maxwell’s Equations
    Creating Electric Fields
    G G Qin
    ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
    wS
    ε0
    (Gauss's Law)

    G G dΦB
    vC∫ E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

    Creating
    G G Magnetic Fields
    ∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
    wS
    (Magnetic Gauss's Law)
    G G
    v∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc
    C
    (Ampere's Law)
    P20- 35
    Technology

    Many Applications of
    Faraday’s Law

    P20- 36
    DC Motor (magnetostatics)

    P20- 37
    Motors & Generators

    Φ B = BA cos θ = BA cos ω t
    dΦB
    ε = −N
    d
    = − NAB (cos ωt ) = NABω sin ωt
    dt dt
    P20- 38
    Speakers & Microphones
    (magnetostatics)

    See Diagram:
    http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker3.htm

    P20- 39
    Metal Detector
    See Animation of how VLF metal detectors work:
    http://home.howstuffworks.com/metal-detector2.htm

    Induction Stovetops

    Ground Fault Interrupters (GFI)

    P20- 40
    Electric Guitar

    P20- 41
    Demonstration:
    Electric Guitar

    P20- 42

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