The Purusha Sukta
The Purusha Sukta
The Purusha Sukta
The Purusha Sukta is a most commonly used Vedic Sanskrit hymn. It is
recited in almost all Vedic rituals and ceremonies. It is often used during the
worship of the Deity of Vishnu or Narayana in the temple, installation and fire
ceremonies, or during the daily recitation of Sanskrit literature or for oneʹs
meditation.
The Purusha Sukta is an important part of the Rig‑veda (10.7.90.1‑16). It also
appears in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (3.12,13), the Vajasaneyi Samhita (31.1‑6), the
Sama‑veda Samhita (6.4), and the Atharva‑veda Samhita (19.6). An explanation of
parts of it can also be found in the Shatapatha Brahman, the Taittiriya Brahmana,
and the Shvetashvatara Upanishad. The Mudgalopanishad gives a nice summary of
the entire Purusha Sukta. The contents of the Sukta have also been reflected and
elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana (2.5.35 to 2.6.1‑29) and in the Mahabharata
(Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352).
The most commonly used portion of the Sukta contains 24 mantras or
stanzas. The first 18 mantras are designated as the Purvanarayana, and the rest as
the Uttaranarayana. Sometimes 6 more mantras are added. This part is called the
Vaishnavanuvaka since it has been taken from another well known hymn called
the Vishnusukta, a part of the Rig‑veda Samhita. Though the mantras of the
Uttaranarayana and the Vaishnavanuvaka do not seem to have any coherence with
the 16 mantras of the Rig‑veda Samhita, tradition has somehow tied them
together.
The Purusha Sukta is a rather difficult text to explain in a modern way. This
is primarily because of the archaic language that cannot always lend itself to
interpretations based on the classical Sanskrit, and that many of the words can be
taken in several different ways, both literal and symbolic.
Nonetheless, the Purusha Sukta gives us the essence of the philosophy of
Vedanta, the Vedic tradition, as well as the Bhagavad‑gita and Bhagavat Purana. It
incorporates the principles of meditation (upasana), knowledge (jnana), devotion
(bhakti), and rituals and duties (dharma and karma). This is why it is highly
regarded and extensively used today as much as thousands of years ago.
The Text
Peace Invocation
Om taccham yoravrini mahe
ghatun yajnaya
ghatun yajnapataye
daivi svastirastu naha
svastir manushebhyaha
urdhvam jigatu bheshajam
sham no astu dvipade
sham chatushpade
Om shantih shantih shantihi
We worship and pray to the Supreme Lord for the welfare of all beings. May all
miseries and shortcomings leave us forever so that we may always sing for the
Lord during the holy fire ceremonies. May all medicinal herbs grow in potency
so that all diseases may be cured. May the gods rain peace on us. May all the
two‑legged creatures be happy, and may all the four‑legged creatures also be
happy. May there be peace in the hearts of all beings in all realms.
Text One
Om sahasra shirsha purushaha
sahasrakshas sahasrapat
sa bhumim vishvato vritva
atyatishthad dhashangulam
The Purusha (the Supreme Being) has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes and a
thousand feet. He has enveloped this world from all sides and has (even)
transcended it by ten angulas or inches.
Text Two
purusha evedagam sarvam
yadbhutam yaccha bhavyam
utamritatva syeshanaha
yadanne natirohati
All this is verily the Purusha. All that which existed in the past or will
come into being in the future (is also the Purusha). Also, he is the Lord of
immortality. That which grows profusely by food (is also the Purusha).
Text Three
etavanasya mahima
ato jyayagamshcha purushaha
padosya vishva bhutani
tripadasya mritam divi
So much is His greatness. However, the Purusha is greater than this. All the
beings form only a quarter (part of) Him. The three‑quarter part of His, which is
eternal, is established in the spiritual domain.
Text Four
tripadurdhva udaitpurushaha
padosyeha bhavatpunaha
tato vishvajya kramat
sashana ashane abhi
The Purusha with the three‑quarters (of His energy) ascended above (the
spiritual energy). His one quarter of material energy becomes this creation again
(and again). Then He pervades this universe comprising a variety of sentient
beings and insentient objects.
Text Five
tasmad viradajayata
virajo adhi purushah
sa jato atyarichyata
pashchad bhumimatho puraha
From Him (the Adipurusha or original Supreme Being) was born the Virat (or
Virat Purusha, the immense universal form). Making this Virat as the substratum
(another) purusha (or being, Brahma) (was born). As soon as he was born, he
multiplied himself. Later, he created this earth and then, the bodies (of the living
beings).
Text Six
yatpurushena havisha
deva yajnam atanvata
vasanto asyasidajyam
grishma idhmash sharaddhavihi
When the devas (the demigods or beings of light) performed a yajna (or
sacrificial ritual), using the Purusha as the havis (sacrificial material) for the yajna
(ritual), the Vasanta (spring) became the ajya (ghee), the Grishma (summer)
served as idhma (pieces of wood) and the sharad (autumn) filled the place of
havis (oblatory material like the purodasha or rice‑cake).
Text Seven
saptasyasan paridhayaha
trissapta samidhah kritaha
deva yadjajnam tanvanaha
abadhnan purusham pashum
For this (yajna or spiritual ceremony) there were seven paridhis (fuel pieces
serving as borders). And, twenty‑one items were made the samit or sacrificial
fuel sticks. When the devas were performing this yajna or ceremony, they tied
the purusha (himself) as the pashu (sacrificial animal).
Text Eight
tam yajnam barhishipraukshan
purusham jatamagrataha
tena deva ayajantaha
sadhya rishayashchaye
The devas, the sadhyas and the rishis performed the sacrifice by using that
Purusha as the means of yajna, the Purusha who had been born in the beginning,
after sprinkling him with water by the barhis (or sacrificial grass).
Text Nine
tasmad yajnat sarvahutaha
sambhritam vrishadajyam
pashugamstya gashchakre
vayavyan aranyan gramashcaye
From that yajna (or sacrificial ritual) wherein the Cosmic Being was Himself the
oblation, was produced the prasajya (or curds mixed with ghee). Birds flying in
the air, wild animals of the forest as also the domesticated animals of the villages
were also produced.
Text Ten
tasmad yajnat sarvahutaha
richassamani jijignire
chandhagamsi jijignire tasmat
yajus tasmad ajayata
From that yajna (or sacrifice) wherein the Cosmic Being was Himself the
oblation, were born the riks (the mantras of the Rig‑veda) and the samans (the
mantras of the Sama‑veda). From that (yajna) the metres (like Gayatri) were
born. From that (yajna again) the yujas (the Yajur‑veda) was born.
Text Eleven
tasmadashva ajayata
ye ke cobhaya dataha
gavo ha jijignire tasmat
tasmad jnata ajavayaha
From that were born the horses, as also animals (like donkeys and mules) which
have two rows of teeth. From that were born the cattle. From that (again) were
born goats and sheep.
Text Twelve
yatpurusham vyadadhuhu
kadhita vyakalpayan
mukham kimasya kau bahu
kavuru padavuchayate
(Now some questions are raised by the sages:) When the gods decided to
(mentally) sacrifice the Viratpurusha (and produce further creation), in how
many ways did they do it? What became of his face or mouth? What became of
his two arms? What became of His two thighs? What were (the products of) the
two feet called?
Text Thirteen
brahmanosya mukhamasit
bahu rajanyah kritaha
uru tadasya yadvaishyaha
padhyagam shudro ajayata
From His face (or the mouth) came the brahmanas. From His two arms came the
rajanya (the kshatriyas). From His two thighs came the vaishyas. From His two
feet came the shudras.
Text Fourteen
chandrama manaso jataha
chakshoh suryo ajayata
mukhad indrash chagnishcha
pranadvayur ajayata
From His mind was born the moon. From His two eyes was born the sun. From
His mouth were born Indra and Agni. From His breath was born the air.
Text Fifteen
nabhya asidanta riksham
shirshno dyauh samavartata
padhyam bhumirdishash shrotrat
tada lokagamm akalpayan
From (His) navel was produced the antariksha (the space between the earth and
the heavens). Dyuloka (or heaven) came into existence from His head. The bhumi
(the earth) evolved out of His feet, and deek (or spacial directions) from His ears.
Similarly (the demigods) produced the worlds (too).
Text Sixteen
vedahametam purusham mahantam
adityavarnam tamasastu pare
sarvani rupani vichitya dhiraha
namani kritva abhivadan yadaste
ʺI know (through intuitive experience) this great Purusha (the Supreme Being),
the wise one, who, having created the various forms and the nomenclatures (for
those forms), deals with them by those names, and who is beyond darkness and
is brilliant like the sun.ʺ
Text Seventeen
dhata purastadya mudajahara
shakrah pravidvan pradishashcha tasraha
tamevam vidvan amrita iha bhavati
nanyah pantha ayanaya vidyate
In the ancient days, Prajapati (Brahma) praised Him. Indra who knows all the
four quarters also spoke about Him. Anyone who knows Him thus, will become
immortal even in this life. For attaining liberation there is no other path (than
knowledge of this Purusha, the Supreme Lord).
Text Eighteen
yajnena yajnam ayajanta devaha
tani dharmani pradhamanyasan
te ha nakam mahimanas sacante
yatra purve sadhyah santi devaha
The (demi)gods worshiped (the Supreme Creator in the form of) yajna through
yajna (sacrifical ceremonies). Those very processes became the primary dharmas
(laws guiding humanity). Those great ones attain that heaven where the ancient
devas (demigods) and sadhyas live.
Text Nineteen
adbhyas sambhutah prithivyai rasacca
vishvakarmanas samavartatadhi
tasya tvashta vidadhad rupameti
tatpurushasya vishvamajanamagre
The Viratpurusha manifested Himself from out of (the all‑pervading) water as
also the essence of the element of earth. This Viratpurusha was born out of the
greatness of the Paramapurusha, the Creator. The (Paramapurusha, known as)
Tvashta engaged Himself in the act of creating (the fourteen planetary systems),
(which form of the expanded) figure (of the Viratpurusha). (Thus) the entire
creation (related to the Viratpurusha) came into existence in the very beginning
of creation.
Text Twenty
vedahametam purusham mahantam
adityavarnam tamasah parastat
tamevam vidvan amrita iha bhavati
nanyah pantha vidyateʹyanaya
ʺI have known that great Purusha (Supreme Being) who is brilliant like the sun
and who is beyond all darkness. One who knows Him thus becomes immortal
(even) here. There is no other path for liberation than this.ʺ
Text Twenty‑one
prajapatishcharati garbhe antaha
ajayamano bahudha vijayate
tasya dhirah parijananti yonim
marichinam padamicchanti vedhasaha
Prajapati (the Supreme Creator) moves inside the cosmic womb. (Though)
unborn He takes birth in a variety of ways. The wise ones know His (real nature)
as the origin (of the universe). The (secondary) creators desire to attain the
positions of Marichi and others.
Text Twenty‑two
yo devebhya atapati
yo devanam purohitaha
purvo yo devebhyo jataha
namo ruchaya brahmaye
Obeisances to Him, the self‑luminous Brahman, who shines for the (demi)gods,
who is the leader of the rituals of the gods and who was born even before the
gods.
Text Twenty‑three
rucham brahmam janayantaha
deva agre tadabruvan
yastvaivam brahmano vidyat
tasya deva asanvashe
In the beginning of creation, the gods, manifesting the light of Brahman,
addressed Brahman thus: ʺThat brahmana who realizes (You) thus, all the gods
will come under his control.ʺ
Twenty‑four
hrishcha te lakshmishcha patnyau
ahoratre parshve nakshatrani rupam
ashvinau vyattam ishtam manishana
amun manishana sarvam manishana
Om shanti shanti shantihi
O Purusha! The goddesses Hri (modesty) and Sri (Lakshmi, wealth) are Your
consorts. Day and night are Your lateral limbs. The stars are Your form. The
Ashvins are your widely opened (mouth). (O Purusha) fulfill our desire for self‑
knowledge as also our desire for the enjoyments of this world (like longevity,
cows, and horses). Give us all that we need. Om, let there be peace, peace, peace.