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    00 - Gas Detection Basic

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    Rahul Deva
    The document discusses gas detection and monitoring, covering different categories of gases including combustible, oxygen, toxic, and irritant gases. It describes various gas properties and measurement methods, focusing on catalytic, thermal conductivity, electrochemical, and infrared sensors. Potential health effects of low oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases are also outlined.

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    00 - Gas Detection Basic

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Deva
    51 views28 pages
    The document discusses gas detection and monitoring, covering different categories of gases including combustible, oxygen, toxic, and irritant gases. It describes various gas properties and measurement methods, focusing on catalytic, thermal conductivity, electrochemical, and infrared sensors. Potential health effects of low oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases are also outlined.

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    Gas detection Basic Presentation

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    00_Gas Detection Basic

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    The document discusses gas detection and monitoring, covering different categories of gases including combustible, oxygen, toxic, and irritant gases. It describes various gas properties and measurement methods, focusing on catalytic, thermal conductivity, electrochemical, and infrared sensors. Potential health effects of low oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views28 pages

    00 - Gas Detection Basic

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Deva
    The document discusses gas detection and monitoring, covering different categories of gases including combustible, oxygen, toxic, and irritant gases. It describes various gas properties and measurement methods, focusing on catalytic, thermal conductivity, electrochemical, and infrared sensors. Potential health effects of low oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Gas Detection / Theory

    [Basics]

    Gas Monitoring Categories:

    Combustible / Flammable Gas LEL, Explosive Hazard Oxygen - %Vol, O2 Deficient, O2 Enriched Toxic / Irritant Gases ppm, STEL, TWA

    Combustible Atmospheres

    Vapor Pressure

    Flash Point

    LEL and UEL...

    Explosive Levels in Air


    Gas Methane Ethylene Propane Pentane Nonane Hydrogen Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon monoxide Formula Mw (g) CH4 16.04 C2H4 28.05 C3H8 44.10 C5 H12 72.15 C9H20 128.26 H2 2.02 H2S 34.08 CO 28.00 Ex range (vol%) 4.4---16.0 2.3---34.0 1.7---9.5 1.4---8.0 0.7---5.6 4.0---76.0 4.0---46.0 11.0---75.0

    Explosive Range
    16 VOL% 4,4

    Methane 100% LEL

    UEL

    Measuring Methods Ex

    0-100% LEL range


    Catalytic Oxidizing (also leak) Semi Conductor (also leak) IR - Infra Red FID (leak) - Flame Ionization Detector PID - Photo Ionization Detector

    0-100 Vol% / %Gas


    Thermal Conductivity Semi Conductor IR - Infra Red

    Catalytic Detector Design

    Catalytic Detector

    Requires at least 9% v/v O2 for accurate readings Minimum 4% required for explosion

    Wheatstone Bridge

    Wheatstone Bridge
    Used

    by catalytic, and the thermal conductivity measuring methods Alteration of the electrical resistance, due to changing of the temperature The unbalance is electronically amplified and displayed as a value corresponding with the gas concentration

    The Catalytic Sensor


    D-Sensor K-Sensor

    Operating temperature 450 C or higher Detection sensor (D) is catalytic active Compensation sensor (K) is catalytic inactive

    18 LEL

    Thermal Conductivity Principle


    Sample

    of the gas creates an unbalance in temperature, due to exchange or admission of heat The unbalance is electronically amplified and displayed as a value corresponding with the gas concentration

    Thermal conductivity Sensor

    26

    Operating temperature 450 C or higher Sensors are catalytic inactive Resistor change due to heat exchange

    Sensor Poisoning

    Responds only to combustible gases Poisons (H2S, silicons, Freons, Fluorinated Hydrocarbons) can decrease the sensitivity

    Point IR Technology on ULTIMA XIR

    As combustible gas enters the open volume, the intensity of the source emission:

    reaching the analytical detector is reduced reaching the reference detector remains the same

    The microprocessor measures the ratio difference and correlates to a %LEL reading

    E-Chem O2 Sensor
    Counter Electrode

    Membrane

    Pb
    Sensing Electrode Electrolyte 10% KOH

    OXYGEN
    Membrane

    Au

    Reaction at Sensing Electrode Reaction at Counter Electrode Nett reaction LED is being consumed!

    O2+2H2O+4e => 4OH 2Pb+4OH => 2PbO+2H2O+4e 2Pb+O2 => 2PbO


    Signal 7-15 mV

    Effects of Low Oxygen


    EFFECTS OF LOW OXYGEN Above 19,5% Necessary for normal life Threatening danger, dont enter the room, 14 - 19,5 % use independent breathing protection (SCBA) Deep breathing, higher pulse rate, worse 12 - 14 % coordination Faster and superficial breathing, dizzy, 10 - 12 % bad judgement, blue lips Nausea, vomit, unconscious, pale 8 - 10 % 6 minutes = 50% fatal, 8 minutes = 100% fatal Coma in 40 seconds, spasm, breathing stops, 4% death 0% Unconscious, death in 10 seconds

    Measuring Methods Tox


    Electro Chemical Detector Tubes (Reagents) Semi Conductor PID FID IR Photo Ionization Detector Flame Ionization Detector Infra Red

    Toxic Effects
    Organigramtitel

    Toxic substances
    Suffocate effect
    Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrogen Hydrogen Butane Propane

    Caustic effect
    Fuel gas Acid vapor Ammonia Sulfur Dioxide Formaldehyde Brome and Chlorine Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen Iod Nitrous gases Phosgene Hydrochloric Acid

    Effect on blood and/or nerve system


    Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Cyanide Gasoline/Benzene Toluene Methyl Bromide Chloroform Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) Ethyl Ether Lead Mercury gas

    Electrochemical CO2 Sensor


    Ref. Electrode Membrane

    Pt
    Electrolyte

    Pt

    Counter Electrode

    Ref. Voltage Sensing Electrode

    6N H2SO4

    CARBON MONOXIDE
    Membrane

    Pt

    Reaction at Sensing Electrode Reaction at Counter Electrode Nett reaction

    CO+H2O =>Pt=> CO2+2H+2e O2+2H+2e =>Pt=> H2O CO+O2 => CO2

    OP OP

    Signal

    Effects of CO2
    Effects of CO2 changes of bleeding in veins 4-6 Vol% 40.000-60.000 ppm in the brain, head aches, dizziness paralyzing as if curare has 6-8 Vol% 60.000-80.000 ppm been used extinguishing of a burning candle, spasm, fast 8-10 Vol% 80.000-100.000 ppm unconsciousness, death Deadly within 20 Vol% 200.000 ppm a few seconds 0.5% Vol 5000 ppm TWA Value

    Electrochemical H2S Sensor


    Ref. Electrode Membrane

    Au
    Electrolyte

    Au

    CounterElectrode

    Ref. Voltage Sensing Electrode

    6N H2SO4

    HYDROGEN SULFIDE
    Membrane

    Pt

    Reaction at Sensing Electrode Reaction at Counter Electrode Nett reaction

    H2S+4H2O =>Pt=> CO2+H2SO4+8H+8e 2O2+8H+8e =>Au=> 4H2O H2S +2O2 => O2+ H2SO4

    OP OP

    Signal

    Physiological
    PPM Vol% 0.1 0.00001 10 0.001 100 200 0.01 0.02 Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on People Effect Dirty smell (rotten eggs) TLV value, safe during 8 hrs Paralyzing smelling nerves in 3-15 min. Irritation on eyes and throat. Life danger after exposure of 8-48 hrs Smelling nerves immediately paralyzed, Irritation on eyes and throat. Life danger after exposure of 4-8 hrs Disturbance of balance, paralyzing of respiration in 3045 min. Immediate need for artificial respiration, lethal after exposure of 30-60 minutes Fast unconscious (max. 15 min), respiration stops, lethal after exposure of 2-15 minutes Immediately unconscious, brain damage, lethal after 3 minutes

    500 700 1000

    0.05 0.07 0.1

    Thank You!

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