Building Methodology

S.
HARIKRISHNA
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
Sl. No. 01 A B C D E 02 03 04 05 A B C D 06 07 08 Sl. No. 09 10 11 A B C D E 12 A B C D 13 14 A B Activity Ground Development Marking Excavation Filling and Compaction Ground treatment Soling Masonry Formwork Reinforcement Concreting Plain Cement Concrete PCC Concreting of Footings Concreting of Columns Concreting of Beams and Slabs Block work Hacking Expanded metal fixing Activity Plumbing Electrical works Plastering Internal plastering Ceiling Plastering External Plastering Lime rendering Punning Waterproofing Flat Roofs Sloped Roofs Sunken Slabs Toilets And Shower / Wash Areas (MUREXIN) Painting Tiling Wall Tiling Floor Tiling
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S.HARIKRISHNA 15 Wood work
1.0. ACTIVITY: GROUND DEVELOPMENT

1.1 KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY: A. MARKING AND SETTING OUT 1. The setting out process must provide an accurate base for the subsequent construction process. You must be aware of the potential errors attributable to the instruments you are using and the technique required minimizing effects. 2. The degree of accuracy required will depend upon the nature of the work being carried out and it is important that you recognize what can be termed Economy. There is no merit in setting out the line of a road for topsoil strip to 5 mm when 150 mm would be quite sufficient. It is obvious, however, that it is not acceptable to set out a structure to an accuracy tolerance of 10mm or less. 3. Work from the whole to the part and constantly check the correctness of your own work and that of others that is based on your information. Pegs can be moved, sight rails altered or used with the wrong size of traveler, etc., with dire results if this is not done. 4. Use detailed dimensions, or calculated ones, wherever possible and avoid scaling from the plan unless all else fails, but be sure to check overall dimensions against the site. 5. Always establish permanent control marks outside the area of operations at the very earliest stage, or much detailed work may have to be repeated and overall control of the project may be lost as works proceed. Page 2 of 79
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6. The most important check is providing the site drawings, in principle this involves checking that the structures will fit into the site in the positions shown on the drawings. Make checks to existing and proposed roads, other buildings and existing permanent features. 7. Make sure that site personnel understand the significance and importance of all marks and pegs. 8. Closing a traverse in one direction say anti-clockwise and coming back to the point of origin (clockwise) is the correct way to check the work. Closing error should be within permissible limits.
B. EXCA VATION FOR BASEMENT AND FOOTING

1. Establish Temporary Bench Marks (TBM) all round the site. Locations are decided based on visibility and permanency of TBMs. Write the Reduced Levels (RL) on the TBM. TBM should be related to an OBM (Ordinance Bench Mark) taken from the Survey of India authorities. 2. Take grid levels at 5-metre interval before the start of mass excavation. If the terrain is sloping or rolling, closer grids of 3m may be required for greater accuracy. 3. Excavate in a phased manner after proper setting out of works. 4. Keep dewatering pumps available and discharge point accessible. Keep necessary information regarding water table, periods of rainfall and flooding of site and so on. 5. Shore slopes or step cut the sides as you excavate below 1.2 metres to ensure stability of sides. 6. The combination of machinery used in terms of output and efficiency should be matched. This will ensure minimum idling time of equipment. 7. Avoid excavation after sunset. Due to poor visibility errors may occur, even under artificial lights. Again it is not safe to work under poor lighting conditions. 8. Depth of excavation is to be constantly monitored with dumpy level in relation to the TBM located around the site. 9. Plan your works to balance cutting and filling. Re-handling of excavated earth is costly and should be minimized.
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10. Structural consultant should inspect the site after the required depth of excavation is achieved i.e., the bearing stratum is exposed. Immediately after inspection the bottom level of excavation is sealed with binding. 11. Hard rock removal can be done by compressed air jackhammer, wedging, chiseling etc. Do not resort to blasting as much as possible. 12. If blasting is necessary the work should be entrusted to a certified, license holding contractor. All necessary statutory clearances should be obtained. Controlled should be resorted to. Put up adequate precautionary signage during the period of blasting. All blasting works should be completed before commencing RCC works. 13. Proper arrangement for dewatering should be made whenever the excavation crosses the existing water table level. 14. Ascertain location of permanent main services like UG cable OFC, water supply, telecom lines, sewage etc. Maintain and protect these lines throughout the phase of excavation and backfilling.
C. FILLING AND COMPACTION

1. Approved material shall be used for backfilling. Soil with liquid limit exceeding 65% and for plasticity index exceeding 35% cannot be used. High clay soil is not preferred for backfilling. 2. Imported fill shall be selected graded hard granular fill with 100% free stones larger than 100mm, up to 50% passing 5mm mesh and not more than 20% passing a 75 micron sieve. 3. Compaction is done in layers of 150mm. Chose the compaction equipment based on the nature of soil. TYPE OF COMPACTION PLANT Smooth wheeled roller Pneumatic tyred roller Vibratory roller Vibratory compactor WELL GRADED GRANULAR SOIL Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable UNIFORMLY GRADED SOIL Unsuitable Unsuitable Suitable Suitable
COHESIVE SOIL Suitable Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable
4. Soil with organic material, construction debris, susceptible for spontaneous combustion, soft clay, and moisture content greater than optimum value to be avoided as backfill material. Page 4 of 79
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5. Insitu field densities of compacted material should be 95% of maximum dry density or as specified by the consultant. Test should be conducted 10m centre-to-centre and before the anti-termite treatment is done. Sand replacement method can be used to ascertain insitu field density. 6. If removal and replacement of the weak strata with strong compact material is necessary, check the compatibility of the proposed fill material with the existing chemical ground conditions. 7. The checks that need to be made before work starts include the stability and levels of the original ground or foundations at the base or top of embankments, selection of suitable fill material and the stability and profiles of side slopes. 8. The stability of slopes to cuttings and embankments (in all weather conditions) is critical to safety on site. If in doubt, the project-in-charge must be consulted and the decisions taken to be recorded. 9. Know your soil conditions before starting any large-scale earthmoving operations. 10. Unit of measurement of backfill material should be clear before the work starts. 11. For volumetric calculations cater for 30% quantity more of loose backfill to compacted volume.
D. ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
1. It is the treatment to structures to protect against attack by sub-terranean termites by suitable chemical measures. The work shall be carried out by specialist pest control agency and a guarantee for satisfactory performance of treatment for a minimum of 10 years. 2. Treatment shall be carried out according to the stipulations laid down by IS 6313 part II. 3. The chemical to be used is Chloropyriphous 20%, EC with ISI certification. 4. Dilute one part of Chloropyriphous 20% EC with 20 parts of water to get 1% emulsion. 5. Trained personnel should handle the chemical and proper safety precautions like facemask, and gloves, goggles, rubber boots etc. should be used. Check the wind direction before spraying. Do not face the wind and spray. 6. For horizontal and vertical surface, the dosage rate is 7.5 litre/m2. 7. For along the perimeter of building insert rod at intervals of 150mm and depth 300mm and pour the chemical directly into the hole. Page 5 of 79
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8. The general idea is to give continuous barrier all along the building coming in contact with soil irrespective of the material i.e. PCC, RCC or stone masonry of concrete block or bricks.
1.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. a. Basic tools of the marking gang are: 1. Theodolite 2. Dumpy levels 3. Staff and ranging rods 4. Steel Measuring tape 3 & 30 m 5. Plumb bobs 6. Trowels 7. Masonry nails 8. Timber pegs 9. Spirit levels 10. Wax marking crayons 11. Linen (Fibron) tape 30m 12. Paint and brushes 13. Optical square b. Basic tools of the earthwork gang are: 14. Trowels 15. Pick axe 16. Line dori 17. Plumb bobs 18. Measurement Tape 19. Pencils 20. Spade 21. Hammers 22. Brushes and buckets 23. Right angles Page 6 of 79
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1.2 INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

1. First check if the approved site plan exists. 2. The checks that need to be made before work starts include the stability and levels of the original ground or foundations at the base or top of embankments, selection of suitable fill material and the stability and profiles of side slopes. 3. Marking in conformance as per drawings. The centerline should be checked and certified by a marking supervisor from another site. 4. Ensure that correct area is excavated properly including the depth, length and breadth of the site using dumpy levels as per drawings. Check of levels (random) using a dumpy level. 5. Where ever the depth of the trenches is more than a meter, barricading all around the excavated site at a distance of one meter from the circumference. 6. If the slope of the excavated earth has a gradient more than 60 degrees, than ensure that the stepping / terracing is done to avoid any caving in of earth due to landslides. 7. Check up if the ground has been chemically treated for termites, or not. 8. All access routes to the sites have to be free and approachable at any point of time. 9. Visual examination of site and check for water table report. Check whether dewatering procedures have been applied on site? 10. If water table is high ensure retaining wall has been planned and the necessary waterproofing agent applied properly. The waterproofing supervision job card should be attached. 11. The detailed instructions should bear the signature of the consultant.
1.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

1. Theodolite 2. Dumpy levels 3. Spirit levels 3m 4. Rolled measuring tapes (minimum 2 metres) 5. Measuring tape (minimum 50m) 6. Calculators Page 7 of 79
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7. Writing pads 8. Related Good for Construction drawings.
2.0. ACTIVITY: MASONRY

2.1 KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY
A. CHECK PRIOR TO START OF WORK 1. Follow the latest Good for Construction drawings duly signed by the architect. 2. Check for any variations/deviations from the approved architectural and services drawings. 3. Use sit free (less than 5%) medium gritty clean sand for mortar. 4. Approved grade cement less than 1 month old should be used. 5. Ensure that all required tools, accessories and materials are available at the place of work. B. CHECK DURING BLOCK WORK 1. The stones should not be soaked in water prior to use. However, a light moistening with water may be done on the top and sides of the blocks just before placing of blocks in courses, so as to avoid absorption of water from the cement mortar and to ensure development of bond with the mortar. 2. Before commencing masonry work, the line out shall be carried out for the entire area using a steel tape. The dimensions shall be checked with respect to Architects drawings hand any discrepancy shall be brought to the notice of Architect. 3. The stone masonry shall be preferably laid in composite mortar with mix ratio as mentioned in specification and drawing. 4. The mortar proportions shall be either 1:4 or 1:6 The mortar when mixed shall have a slump of 75mm.
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5. The thickness of mortar joints shall be 10mm both horizontally and vertically. The mortar shall be spread over the entire to surface of the block, (over the front and rear shells and webs in the case of hollow blocks) Mortar shall not be spread so much ahead of the actual laying to avoid formation of a weak bond. The mortar shall be raked out from the joints with a trowel of each course and is laid to a depth of 10mm to 12mm, so as to ensure good bond for the plaster. 6. The height of wall to be done in a days work shall be restricted to 1 metre. 7. The first course of masonry shall be laid with greater care, making sure that it is properly aligned, leveled and plumbed, as this will assist the mason in laying succeeding courses to obtain a straight and vertical wall. 8. The stones for this course shall first be laid dry, (that is without mortar) along a string tightly stretched between properly located corner stones of the wall in order to determine the correct position of the blocks and their spacing. When the blocks are set in proper position, the two corner blocks shall be removed, a full mortar bed spread and these blocks laid back in place truly level and plumb. The string shall then be stretched rightly along the faces of the two corner blocks and the faces of the inter-mediate ones adjusted to coincide with the line. 9. Thereafter each block shall be removed and re-laid over a bed of mortar. After every three or four blocks have been laid, their correct alignment, level and vertically shall be carefully checked. 10. As each course is laid at the end/corner, it shall be checked for alignment and level or straight edge to make certain that the faces of the block are all in the same place. This precaution is necessary to ensure truly straight and vertical walls. 11. When filling in the wall between the ends, a masons line shall be stretched from end to end for each course and the top outside edge of each block shall be laid to this line. The mortar joints in the masonry shall be cured for seven days. The walls shall only be lightly moistened during curing. C. CARE AFTER MASONRY
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1. After 7 days of curing of mortar joints drive a nail into the joint to test the strength of joints at random. Also look for colour variation in the mortar joints to identify problem areas. 2. Waterproofing plaster in case of retaining walls should be done for all external surfaces. Bitumen touch-on and Thermocol protection is done before backfilling in layers and compacting.

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the masonry gang are: 1. Trowels 2. Line dori 3. Sand Sieve 4. Tube levels 5. Plumb bobs 6. Measurement Tape 7. Spirit levels 1-2m 8. Aluminium straight edge 9. Right angle 10. Chipping Tools 11. Masons Trowels 12. Masons hammer 13. Leveling threads 14. Masons brushes and buckets 15. Mortar boxes 2.2 INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. The first course in masonry is the most important one. Page 10 of 79
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2. Check if the erected wall is perfect free from cracks 3. Using the tape measure, ensure, the diagonals are equal. 4. Check up if the corners are at right angles using the right angle template. 5. Check of joint thickness and strength after 7 days (nail test) 6. Check if proper storm water drains have been provided adjacent to peripheral retaining SSM walls 7. Waterproofing all around / along the building and external masonry walls 50cm above and 50cm below ground level.

1. Plumb bob 2. Spirit levels 3m 3. Right angle 4. Measuring tape 5. Related Good for Construction drawings
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3.0 ACTIVITY: FORMWORK

Formwork is temporary support given to concrete until it gains strength to withstand its self-weight. Formwork shall be so designed to support safety the worst combined effects of all loads within acceptable dimensional tolerance and without causing bulging or deflection. Formwork should be: Strong enough to bear the self-weight of formwork, wet concrete, reinforcement, and dynamic effects of placing and compacting, construction traffic and wind load. Water tight to avoid grout loss Easily removable without any damage and should be re-usable It should be dimensionally accurate and give the desired finish to the contact surface. Always use staging of MS tubes with timber runners. The staging should be placed on hard even surface. If placed on ground compact it and use planks under the base plate to distribute load. Base plates should not be placed on concrete blocks or bricks, which are likely to get crushed when wet. Staging shall be true rigid and thoroughly braced, shuttered and propped. To achieve desired rigidity ample studs, braces, bolts, spacer blocks and stay wire to be given to avoid distortion. Check the shuttering work for vertical and horizontal alignment, level, surface cleanliness, water tightness, and ability to withstand loads without distortion. Scaffolding : At the ground level, walk round the perimeter of the scaffold and check for o Subsidence of the ground o Cavities underneath sole plates o Dislocation of base plates Rectify with adjustable base plates or fill with concrete Do not use Casarino poles / Bamboo as struts or supports. Page 12 of 79
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Guardrails and toe boards Both guardrails and toe boards should be fixed to the inside of the outer standards and remain in position before decking is removed. Guardrails should be fitted at not less than 0.9m and not more than 1.15m above the decking. Toe boards should be at least 150m high above the decking and the clear spacing between the guardrails and the boards should not exceed 0.75m. Formwork oil o The formwork oil basically serves the purpose of a separation medium. It acts as an intermediary that avoids any damage to the concrete. It also helps keep the formwork clean and ensures easy maintenance. The application of oil should be done with the help of foam or a similar soft medium and should be applied within 48 hours prior to concreting. o Machine oil or used oil is totally unsuitable and is unacceptable at any cost due to the chemical reaction this type of oil has on concrete. Clefts created will have a telling effect on the external and internal plastering, with the plastering tending to peel off. o It is recommended to use formwork oil of a reliable manufacturer. There are also alternative sources available that serve the purpose, which maybe an expensive proposition e.g., Natural oils such as Rapeseed oil, Sunflower oil, etc. All spans in excess of 5 metres for beams and slabs should be kept within a pre camber of 2mm per 1 metre. For cantilever, give a camber at the end of span of 4mm per 1 metre. The quality of finished concrete is dependent on the quality of formwork. Erection casing and shifting of formwork shall be done under the personnel supervision of a competent foreman. Striking time for formwork is as follows under normal conditions. Walls, Columns, Starters etc 24 hours Slab (span <6mts) 7 days Page 13 of 79
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Beam (span <6mts) 14 days Slab beam (span > 6mts) 21 days Props to cantilever 28 days For balcony and other rib beams, duct beams support should be continuous for at least 3 floors. Due to weather conditions if the concrete is not sufficiently hardened, the striking time to be extended after discussing with the project charge. Obtain the 7th day cube test result before the removal of formwork.
3.1.1 TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the shuttering gang are: 1. Shuttering material Props, cup locks, C-clamps, Base plates, U-heads, Tie rods, Acrospans, Runners, Jacks and Column boxes. 2. Hammer 3. Line dori 4. Hand saw 5. Spirit levels 6. Tube levels 7. Plumb bobs 8. Measurement Tape 9. Aluminium straight edge 10. Right angle 11. Chipping Tools 12. Crowbar
3.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

1. Check the shuttering work for surface cleanliness, water tightness, and ability to withstand loads without distortion. Stability, safety, dimensional correctness, levels and alignment are the key factors. Page 14 of 79
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2. Check for plumb and parallelity using 1m/2m spirit level to the formwork at various points. 3. All formwork in the periphery of the building to be plumb. 4. For all required cut outs and shaft openings: Are as per drawings Inner right angles at all 4 corners checked using right angle template Check of diagonals using a measuring tape. Curved cornices checked visually and using a compass spirit level 5. In case of slab formwork, supports to be perfect. The formwork should be supported by wooden wedges and not fixed by nails (because the wedges are movable and provide maneuverability) 6. All supports to plinth beams should be provided with a runner, as load distribution is uniform. 7. All window bands to be cast using plaster hooks

1. Measuring tape 2. Spirit levels 2-3m 3. Compass spirit level 4. Aluminium straight edge 2-3m 5. Right angle template 6. Dumpy level 7. Theodolite 8. Related Good for Construction drawings
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4.0. ACTIVITY: REINFORCEMENT

4.1. KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY
General Instructions Start reinforcement works with proper Good for Construction drawings and general specifications as issued by the consultant. Make a stage-wise BBS (Bar Bending Schedule) on the computer before indenting for steel. IS codes such as IS 456, IS 1786, IS 2502, SP 34 should be available at site office at any given time for ready reference. Earmark the reinforcement work yard and stack yard. Care should be taken to ensure accessibility for trailers and availability of sufficient working space. In case of extreme site constraints, the cutting and bending can be done elsewhere and transported to site. Materials Mild steel bar should comply with IS 432. Cold worked steel high strength deformed bars should comply with IS 1786. Steel weighment should be done at site by the storekeeper by taking it to be nearest weighbridge. Stack steel 300mm clear of ground on SSM walls. Stack steel-Grade wise, consignment wise, diameter wise and length wise. Protect stored steel from rusting, oil, grease and distortion. Ensure Mill Certificate is delivered with each load. Page 16 of 79
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Binding wire shall be 16-gauge soft annealed iron wire or 18 annealed wire. Collect the rings used for bundling rods in bags and store them. Cut pieces/scrap should be stored separately in an enclosed area with dunnage. If steel is going to exposed to weather for a long time, give cement wash to protect it from corrosion. Surface rusting is good as it ensures proper bonding and should not be a cause of worry. Steel is tested for its chemical and physical properties. Chemical tests checks for the Carbon, sulphur and phosphorous content, while the physical tests check the ultimate tensile strength, Elongation, bend and Rebend test. Test frequency should be as per ISO procedure manual of SDPL.
CUTTING BENDING AND PLACING REINFORCEMENT Cut the rods economically to reduce wastage as per the BBS. Start laying rods only after shuttering is totally cleaned and oiled and checked for levels etc. Pitted, deformed, defective, corroded, cracks splits on bend bars should not be used and rejected removed from site. Neither the size nor length of the bars should vary with respect to drawings. Tolerance for cutting of reinforcement Bending Tolerance Bar spacing = + 75 or 25mm = + 0 or -10mm = + or - 10mm
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Take extreme care while bending steel already cast partially in concrete so as not to damage the concrete around the bars. All laps should be 50d or as specified. Laps are staggered and not more than 33% of bars shall be lapped in a particular section. Mechanical splicing and welding of rods should be done only after proper details and instructions are available from the structural consultant. At time of concreting, reinforcement shall be free from mud, oil, grease, mortar dropping, ill scale or other foreign matter. Give spacer blocks in CM 1:2 and cured for at least 7 days immersed in water. Give spacers as per specifications. Generally 15mm for slab, 25mm for beam and 40mm for the footing is provided. It depends on the maximum size of aggregate, the reinforcement size and the element concreted. Proper end bearing of rods with required development length are the main points to check. Chairs should be placed as last operation before concreting to avoid distortion of top rod due to traffic. Check if dowels for columns, beams and slabs are given correctly and is of required minimum length. For slab reinforcement, the structural consultant should check and certify each before concreting. Highlight areas of reinforcement congestion and get the bar arrangement revised to facilitate easy flow of concrete all around. Spacer bars shall maintain vertical distance between successive layers of bars. Page 18 of 79
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Binding wire ends after tieing should be turned inside and should not stick out to the surface. Work should be neat, correct as per drawing and specification. A separate engineer with prior experience in reinforcement works is required to supervise works.

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the reinforcement gang are: 1. Binding wire 2. Twisters and tongs 3. Long handle Steel cutters. 4. Crowbar 5. Measurement Tape 6. Levers of varying sizes 7. Marking stick and chalk 8. Chipping tools 9. Hammer
4.2 INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

1. Steel Mill Certificate is delivered with each load 2. Adherence to reinforcement detail as per drawings in Sunken areas Inverted beams Columns 3. Cover blocks for the above. 4. Check overlapping wherever possible 5. Check Binding wires whether joints are properly bound 6. Check for chairs and their disturbance due to movement of labour Page 19 of 79
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7. Columns to be checked for plumb. Check for plumb by holding the spirit level to the formwork at various points. 8. Protruding reinforcement in the balcony and other areas to be checked for parallelity using spirit levels before and after concreting. Supports need to be checked. 9. Dowels to be checked for adequate number and strength. Wherever walkway, or staircases or balconies have connected dowels to be inspected by the structural consultant before concreting.

1. Plumb bob 2. Spirit levels 1.5m 2m levels 3. Measuring tape 4. Screw gauge 5. Related Good for Construction drawings.
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5.0. ACTIVITY: CONCRETING

A.INGREDIENTS CEMENT Use appropriate grade of cement as recommended by the consultant and confirming to IS 456:2000. Manufacturers test certificate should accompany each consignment and cement should be consumed within 1 month of their manufacturing date. Cement should be stored properly in stacks not more than 10 bags, clear from the walls by 1 metre and protected at all time from moisture. However, do not wrap the bag with polythene sheets, sweating may occur. Identify each lot / consignment of cement and follow a first in first out (FIFO) method of issue of bags. Each consignment of cement should be tested-in-house for consistency, setting time and strength. AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE For RCC works coarse aggregates confirming to IS 383 and IS 2386 having maximum size of 20mm and down. It should be obtained from crushed granite, trap, and basalt quarry. It should be chemically inert, rounded or angular in shape and free from dust, foreign matter and not thin porous, laminated or flaky. Fine aggregate shall be gritty sand with FM range between 2.6 to 3.2, silt content should not be more than 5% and there should be no traces of salt. Aggregate with specific gravity less than 2.6 should not be used. If dirty, wash sand before use. Sand should be clear of organic material. WATER Water should be clean, fresh and free from oil, acid, alkali and organic matter. Page 21 of 79
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Potable water is considered good for concreting and curing. IS 456:2000 gives permissible limits of solids. ADMIXTURES Use of admixture / additive should be done only after obtaining technical clearances from technical consultant. Dosage, point of application, the desired results should be clearly understood. Accelerators, retarders, plasticizers, integral-waterproofing compound are the additives commonly used. Expiry date of the chemical should be checked before use. B. MIXING OF CONCRETE IN-SITU MIXING Ensure adequate stock of all ingredients of concrete i.e., cement, aggregate, water and any admixture if used for the days work Use calibrated farma (calibration done once in a month) for measurement or in case of weigh batching, use a weigh batcher machine. Charge the rotating drum with 25% of required water to rotate 3-4 times. Generally 20 to 25 litres is recommended for 1 bag of cement. The water cement ratio is kept 0.4 to 0.5. The moisture content of aggregates has to be checked at frequent intervals. Load the hopper with the coarse aggregate followed by the fine aggregate. Above this the entire quantity of cement should be spread. Then half the quantity of fine aggregate followed by balanced coarse aggregate should be loaded. This type of sandwiching is done to avoid spilling of cement while discharging into the drum. Immediately after loading the drum balance quantity of water is added. The drum should be rotated for at least 1 to 2 minutes. The rotation of the drum is about 15 to 20 revolutions per minute. Page 22 of 79
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If plasticizer is used, one litre of water should be held back. Add requisite quantity of plasticizer to the water and mix it thoroughly. This mixture is poured into the drum after the drum has rotated for about one minute. The drum should be rotated for at least 1 minute after adding the plasticizer mixture to ensure proper dispersion.
Minimum cement content per Cum of concrete is as given below: Grade M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 Characteristic strength after 7 days (N/mm2) 7 10 13.5 17 20 Characteristic strength after 28 days (N/mm2) 10 15 20 25 30 Minimum cement content per Cum 220 kgs 280 kgs 320 kgs 360 kgs 390 kgs
No grade below M 20 shall be used for RCC works. Concrete should be placed in position and compacted within half an hour of mixing of the same. Always keep a supervisor on the mixer to monitor the works. Use large bandlies, wheelbarrows, hoist machine to expedite transporting process. Wet the surface of the carrier to avoid moisture loss due to adsorption. Be careful to avoid segregation and wastage during transportation. In case of segregation, remix the concrete before placing. Concrete by vision should be homogeneous in colour, well graded, fluffy and it should form a shape of ball when rounded in the hands. C. BATCHING PLANT MIX (RMC) Preference for ready-mix concrete from reputed companies possessing automated batching plant, of at least 30 cum per hour capacity supported by adequate number of transit mixers. Page 23 of 79
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The logistics should be worked out so as to receive at least 1 load of 6 cum every 10 to 15 minutes. Check the empty transit mixer for preset concrete in the drum. Preset quantity affects the quantum of concrete received. Concrete should be received with a delivery challan and data cycle sheet showing grade, quantity, water cement ratio, slump, cement content, time of manufacturing, dosage of additive added, weight of various ingredients of concrete. Go through the cycle data before accepting the concrete. Do not accept concrete after 3 hours of mixing. Do not recharge the concrete by adding additive, water, cement without prior permission for the project-in-charge. Slump recommended for RMC mix is 100mm to 125mm. Place the concrete pump on horizontal, hard even surface and keep the approach area free of materials to facilitate easy maneuverability of transit mixers. The approach should not slope towards the concrete pump. The horizontal section of pipe should be at least 7 metres the vertical bend is put. Reduce the length of pipe to the minimum to reduce frictional losses and excessive strain on the pump. The pipeline should be independently supported on vertical segment and not on the shuttering. The vibrations due to pumping should not affect or displace shuttering works. Pump rich slurry (one bag) before pumping concrete to lubricate the inner surface of the pipes.
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In case of intermittent supply keep the current transit mixer unloading in progress until the next mixer arrives at site. This avoids choking of pipeline due to non-pumping for long duration. Avoid reverse stroke to clear a choke. The fluid gets flushed out and the problem gets compounded. Do not bend the flexible end pipe by more than 1350 while concreting. In constricted areas do not unload directly from the pipe. Use bandly and mumty to shift and place concrete in such areas. Be excessively careful wile passing the ball while clearing the concrete in the pipeline after the days work is over. Due to negligence somebody could get hurt. Employ professional hands for concreting pipeline. They will do a neater and faster job without any safety problems. Leave the pipeline, under the pump and adjacent areas clean of concrete dumping after the work is completed. D. PLACING AND COMPACTION Do not use chutes longer than 4.5m or inclined at more than 45 to horizontal to pour concrete. Place cement concrete to the required depth and vibrate it until entrapped air inside concrete is released. Pour concrete first into beams and then over the slab portion. BOND NEW CONCRETE TO PREVIOUSLY POURED CONCRETE. If the previous pour was less than 4 hours prior, the laitance film and porous layer shall be removed from surface or previous pour. If the previous pour was more than 4 hours prior but less than 30 days old observe the above process and expose aggregate with wire mesh and wash with clean water. Page 25 of 79
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If the joint is more than a month old use bonding agents as per specification of the manufacturer. If the beam is more than 500mm deep, concrete it in layers. Columns, beam, slab level of concrete top should be pre-marked before start of concreting works. Check the slab level during concreting with line dori method and also the leveling instrument. Use appropriate needles for vibration depending on the aggregate size, reinforcement spacing and element to concrete. For big footings use 600mm needle, for slabs use 40mm needle, and for starters and precast lintels use 25mm needle. Vibrators should operate for a speed not less than 10,000 rpm. Ensure that just adequate vibration is only done. Over vibration is very bad. Use wooden runner to ram so as to form slurry on top of the concrete surface. Clean the shuttering works of all spilled concrete immediately after concreting. Leave vertical construction joints after consultation with the structural engineer. Match the vibrators, masons to the rate of concreting. All surfaces of shuttering shall be moistened before placing of concrete to reduce water loss due to absorption. SLAB should be sprayed with water after covering with hessian cloth 3 hours after concreting, i.e. initial setting is over and ensure that hessain cloth will remain wet till ponding of water. Pond water to a depth of 25mm using bunds the next day and keep water standing for 7 days at a stretch.
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In case ponding is not possible, cover it with hessain cloth and keep it moust throughout. DO NOT IGNORE CURING OF SLAB TO FACILITATE MARKING OF COLUMNS FOR THE UPPER SLAB. The beam bottoms should be cleaned using high-pressure cleaners. E. COLUMNS, WALLS AND STARTER Remove the shuttering the next day and wrap with moist hessain cloth after spraying the column with water to reduce the heat of hydration. The columns and walls should be cured for a minimum of 7 days. Starters are to be cured for 3 days. F. TESTING OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST Conduct slump cone test, one during the start, one at midday and one towards the close of days work. Again any load under suspect can be checked for slump on case-to-case basis. CUBE TEST The sample is made at point of discharge of mixture. Take 3 samples after 7 days and 3 samples after 28 days strength. Every 100 cum or 10 batches of concrete (whichever is smaller) should be represented by a sample of test cubes. For concrete manufactured at site, there must be representative samples for the days work and for different elements like footing, slab, column and wall. Test results should be discussed with project in-charge even if the results are satisfactory. Page 27 of 79
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In case of cube failure, the element to be identified and non-destructive test to be conducted. Cube results of the RMC supplier for the same batch may be checked.

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the concreting gang are: 1. Trowels 2. Shovels 3. Line dori 4. Gum boots 5. Vibrator 6. Dumpy levels 7. Spirit levels 1-3m 8. Measuring tape 9. Masons trowels 10. Floating trowels 11. Screed finishing darby 12. Steel trash tracks 13. Hammer 14. Leveling trowels 15. Wheelbarrow 16. Aluminium leveler 17. Masons brushes and buckets 18. High pressure water cleaners
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S.HARIKRISHNA 5.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

1. Personnel Ensure all personnel are wearing gumboots and rubber gloves Ensure personnel at wearing safety belts during concreting at heights or on periphery of structures. 2. Before Concreting Ensure base plate have been cleaned and sealed with sealing tape so as there is no leakage of slurry. All reinforcements are in place especially chairs. All cover blocks damaged during reinforcement layout are replaced. All sunken areas (sunken beams, toilets and cutout areas) have been properly cleaned of dust and oily substances using high-pressure water cleaners. 3. During Concreting Ensure proper grade of concrete as recommended by the consultant is employed. Ensure proper expansion joints as per working drawings and protected. Check slab and beam for parallelity using spirit levels before and after concreting. Check the top surface of fresh concrete for evenness of top surface. Ensure sufficient compaction using correct needle size of vibrator. 4. After Concreting Curing carried as per guidelines Columns are covered with a damp hessain / jute cloth for 7 days Slabs water level is maintained during ponding. If honeycombing seen after de-shuttering, immediate touch up without delay. Ensure the cube test results are available at the end of the term indicated.

1. Dumpy levels to check finished slab level 2. Spirit levels 1-3m 3. Measuring tape 4. Plumb bob Page 29 of 79
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5. All related Good for Construction drawings.
6.0 ACTIVITY: BLOCKWORK

A. CHECKS PRIOR TO START OF WORK 1. Follow the latest Good for Construction drawings duly signal by the architect. 2. Check for any variations / deviations from the approved architectural and services drawings. 3. All concrete surfaces of beams and columns coming in contact with block work is to be hacked (80 indents per sq.ft. and each indent is considered to be 1 cm long). 4. Use cement mortar slurry of 1:2 on the hacked surface to create a roughened surface for proper bonding, 3 day prior to start of block work. Cure the roughened surface for these 3 days, by spraying water. 5. Aluminium templates provided by SGMPL should be available at site to ensure correct door / window openings. 6. For non-load bearing walls use solid/hollow 4 N/mm 2 compressive strength blocks or as specified by structural consultant. For load bearing walls use solid/hollow 7 N/mm 2 compressive strength blocks or as specified by structural consultant. 7. Use silt free (less than 5%) medium gritty clean sand for mortar. 8. Approved grade cement not more than 30 days should be used. The date of manufacture is put on the bag. 9. Ensure that all required tools, accessories and materials are available at the place of work. 10. Finished floor level should be button marked on structural slab. Lintels, chejjas and sills to be cast with respect to finished floor level.
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11. For bonding of block work to columns, walls ties shall be cast into columns at a vertical spacing not greater than 500mm and should be aligned with the horizontal mortar band. B. CHECK DURING BLOCK WORK 1. Place the marker course of block (1 st course) after checking the vertical & horizontal alignment. Get it checked by architect. 2. If hollow blocks are used fill the lowest (1st course) with concrete 1:3:6 using 12mm jelly to give a firm base for chipping to fix skirting.
3. Mix mortar in proportion of 1:5 on MS sheet using Farma box for measuring sand and a measuring can to standardize quantum of water to get a consistent mix. Mix well for uniformity. Mix mortar in small manageable quantum of water to get a consistent mix. Mix well for uniformity. Mix mortar in small manageable quantities and use it within an hour.
4. Mortar joints should not be more than 10mm for both vertical and horizontal joints. The joints should be neatly pointed using an Aluminium Straight edge or German pointing trowel.
5. Do not construct more than 1 meter height in a day.
6. Give concrete band of 1:2:4 with 8 mm steel (2 Nos.) in a 100 mm thick wall at every 1 meter height.
7. Do not place the topmost block under the beam until the immediate upper floor blockwork is raised up to the beam bottom, less one course. Page 31 of 79
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8. In the top floor, build the parapet wall and do the waterproofing and screed concrete before placing and packing the last course.
9. Adjuster course in concrete 1:2:4 should be laid two in courses below the beam and not above the topmost course.
10. Use hollow blocks at the location of electrical conduit and raise the conduit along with the blockwork.
11. Dowel blocks to be left for further extension of block masonry.
12. Continuous horizontal chasing should be avoided. Chase blockwork using chasing machines. 13. Start chasing after at least 21 days of blockwork construction.
14. For tiled surfaces it is a better option to chase after rough plaster is done and cured for 21 days.
15. All nibs adjacent to columns and less than 200mm, should be cast in RCC at site using M20 grade of concrete and curing for 7 days by covering with hessain cloths.
16. For mortar joints more than 10mm, packing of chasing for pipes, junction box etc. should be done in P.C.C. 1:2:4 using 12mm jelly and cured for minimum 3 days. Page 32 of 79
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17. Write down the date of work in paint on the blockwork and monitor the curing accordingly.
18. Cure the blockwork by spraying water on the mortar joints only for at least 7 days.
19. Cast the cut lintel, sill, and chejja by giving a maximum bearing of 200mm and with bed block.
20. In the case of lintel, sill and chejja over large openings, place them as end-to-end beam type.
21. If bearing cannot be given as required lockset the reinforcement of lintel into the column for a depth of 4d for cast in situ works.
22. Check chejjas and sills for toppling effect. If suspect, build counterweight courses for lintel, sill and chajjas.
23. Continuous vertical mortar joints should be staggered and vertical movement joints to be given every 12cmetres. C. CARE AFTER BLOCKWORK 1. Do not entertain excessive chasing as it disturbs the mortar joints causing hairline cracks and weakening the work.
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2. Do not soak the blocks with water while curing. The moisture absorbed by the blocks will be released subsequently causing volumetric variations and shrinkage cracks. 3. The interface between block and concrete is the most critical zone needs special care. This is due to incompatibility between two heterogeneous materials. Before plastering these zones should be given special treatment. (Discussed separately under plastering) 4. After 7 days curing of mortar joints drive a nail into the joint to test the strength of joints at random. Also look for colour variation in the mortar joints to identify problem areas.

Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the masons are: 1. Trowels 2. Line dori 3. Sand Sieve 4. Tube levels 5. Plumb bobs 6. Measurement tape 7. Spirit levels 1-2m 8. Aluminium straight edge 9. Right angle 10. Chipping tools 11. Masons trowels 12. Masons hammer
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13. Leveling threads 14. Masons brushes and buckets 15. Mortar boxes 16. Water Barrel 6.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. First measure if the given area is to plan as per correct and updated drawings. 2. The blockwork should be neat and clean visually. 3. The first course in block-work is the most important one. Using the spirit levels, check if the erected wall is perfect the surface should be free of undulations, and cracks. 4. Using the tape measure, ensure the diagonals are equal. 5. Check if the mesh used at required joints are properly placed & plastered. 6. Using the 3-meter Spirit levels and aluminum flats check if the erected surface is parallel. Check plumb at door and window openings. 7. Measure openings at various points for uniformity. If in doubt, crosscheck with diagonals. 8. Check if the corners are at right angles using the right angle template. 9. Ensure door and window aluminium templates are always readily available. 10. The joints should be of uniform thickness. Check joint thickness and strength after 7 days (nail test). 11. Always use blocks of the same height and dimensions (Two different sizes have been observed of 190mm and 200-205mm respectively.
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6.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1. Measuring tape 2. Spirit levels 3m 3. Right angle template. 4. Related Good for Construction drawings.
7.0. ACTIVITY: HACKING

1. All surfaces in concrete should be cleaned of dried mortar and loose particles. 2. Spattering of cement due to overspill [Spill over during concreting of slab on to beam by means of a boom pump]. All spattered cement should be removed using chipping tools. 3. Beam soffit and column side coming in contact with masonry needs to be hacked and rough cement sand mixture applied and cured for at least 3 days before starting masonry works. 4. All concrete surfaces of columns, beams, ceilings to be plastered and contact surfaces of the blockwork need to be hacked. 5. Concrete surfaces should be hacked (80 indents per sq.ft) before plastering. Each indent should be 1cm long. 6. Hacking is preferred to be cross-stitched instead of an aligned pattern. 7.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the mason gang are: 1. Hacking hammer 2. Chipping tools 3. Safety goggles Page 36 of 79
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4. Face mask 7.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. Visual inspect the hacked surfaces and ensure 80 indents per sq.ft. of concrete surface. 2. Hacking should be uniform in nature 3. Ensure hacked area is cleaned of debris and spattered cement immediately.
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8.0. ACTIVITY: EXPANDED METAL FIXING

8.1 KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY 1. Nail rhombus mesh rolls over the blockwork and concrete junctions with steel nails / wooden plug and nails.
2. Plastering mesh should be fixed rigidity before plastering on the junction between concrete and masonry surface. This strip has to be plastered and cured for minimum of 3 days before the entire wall is plastered.
3. The GI expanded wise metal mesh shall be fixed over the junction with 1 lay wise nails. The nails shall be driven into the RCC beams/columns after drilling a hole and over brick/block masonry directly. The nails shall be staggered and folded to secure the mesh reinforcement.
4. Cement mortar of 1:3 proportion shall be laid over the mesh to a thickness not exceeding plastered wall thickness and imprint shall be made over it to create bond with the plastering to be done. This will be cured for three days prior to commencing plastering.
5.
Metal meshes of 300 / 500mm are fixed with sufficient overlap. The difference in the height of blocks that varies from 185-200mm, leading to varying heights of adjustor courses. Hence it is recommended to employ a 300 / 500mm wire mesh which ever is suitable.
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Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the mason gang are: 1. Masons hammer 2. Masons trowels 3. Sand sieve 4. Safety gaggles 5. Measuring tape
INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. Ensure metal meshes are properly stretched and nailed, with sufficient overlap. 2. Plastering on these surfaces to be done precisely with no protruding surfaces / edges 3. Ensure right width of plastering mesh has been used depending on the height of the adjustor course. 4. Establish if proper curing has been done. 5. Inspection to be done after a week to ensure no cracks at joints / plaster.
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9.0. ACTIVITY: PLUMBING WORKS

9.1. KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY A. INTERNAL WORKS water lines 1. Internal pipe work in toilets and Kitchen to be concealed and carried out as per working drawings.
2. As per the heights mentioned in plumbing drawings, mark the line on walls by chalk in proper alignment and plumb.
3. Start chasing of line using a chasing machine or chisel and hammer. The chasing should be done keeping the following points in mind.
Depth Width Alignment Height
Should not be more than pipe size Sufficient to accommodate the pipe line Straightness should be considered For all fittings height as given in drawing
4. Check Class / Specifications of Materials High pressure thread Blue UPVC pipes of Schedule 80 to be used for cold water pipes made of ASTM-IS-1785 and threaded as per IS 1239 (Part I)
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Class 1 Copper pipes as per BS 2871 Part 1 and fittings as BS 864 Part II should be used for Hot Water.
G.I. Fittings should be used for cold water pipe work as per IS 1239 (Part II)
5. Prepare pipe-skeleton and check all joints for proper tightness. Only approved make pipes, pipe fittings and accessories including jointing materials should be used.
6. Groove chasing should not exceed 30mm after rough plaster for cold water supply line and cold feed line and 50mm for hot water supply lines.
7. While threading UPVC pipe at site, ensure square cut of pipe ends, chamfer the ends with a file, insert proper size wooden plug in the pipe end and then carryout threading. The sharp edges of gripping vice and other handling tools should be muffed with a suitable packing to prevent damage of pipe surface.
8. The joints should be made with hand tightening of the fitting over pipe a covered with proper layer to Teflon tape. To make the joint permanent, one to two turns over the hand tightened joint is sufficient. Avoid over tightening as this may damage both the pipe and fittings.
9. Special care should be taken while connecting UPVC pipe with G.I. fittings. High quality shellac should be used for jointing.
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10. Water tightness of line to be checked using pressure testing equipment. All other openings should be plugged except end portions to which pressure gauge machine is connected.
11. The pressure reading should be above 7 kg/cm 2 (80 PSI); and there should not be even a single drop of water coming out of the joints during testing. The duration of the test is 24 hours.
12. Apply bitumen paint over the G.I. pipe work.
13. All the bore pieces projecting out should be minimum 200mm from plastered surface.
14. Cover the skeleton including fittings with good quality Hessian cloth and tie it properly for cold water pipe work.
15. Fix the skeleton in wall using 40mm plumbing nails at a distance of 230mm on alternate side.
16. Do the pressure testing once more after fixing in position and ensure no leakage.
17. Keep a gap of 10mm between all pipes and fittings to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of pipes for longer life of the system.
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18. Horizontal lines within bathrooms should be cement encased and tested before compacting of sunken floor to avoid any accidental damages.
19. Curing should be done over the plaster for at least 7 days. Installation Guide For Copper Pipes (Hot Water Lines) 1. Make sure that you have the correct size fittings and tube. 2. Prepare the end of the tube by cutting to the correct length with a tube cutter or fine bladed hacksaw. The ends of the tube must be cut square to the axis and be especially careful not to damage the ends of the tube. After cutting the tube, you will notice some rough edges around the outside and inside of the tube. This is called burr and should be removed with a file or sharp blade. 3. Clean the outside surface of the tube that will eventually go into the socket of the fitting, along with the inside surface of the fitting. 4. Apply water soluble flux to the tube and fitting by smearing a thin film of FLOWFLEX Flux around the outside ends of the tube that have been cleaned and to the inside of the cleaned socket of the fitting. This is best done with a small brush to avoid applying too much and to prevent contact with the skin. 5. Insert the tube into the fitting and push home until the stop is reached and wipe off any excess flux with a clean cloth. For Integral Solder Ring Fittings (Inbuilt) : 6. Apply heat to the assemble joints to be made using a conventional blow Lamp torch or similar appliance that emits flame that is clean, blue and soot-free. Once a complete ring of solder has appeared around the mouth of the fitting, turn off the heat. The complete silver coloured ring of solder is proof of a sound joint. For end feed fittings : Page 43 of 79
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7. Apply the flame to the fitting to heat tube and solder cup of fitting until solder melts when placed at the joint of tube and fitting. Allow the joint to cool without disturbance. 8. Remove the flame and feed solder into the joint at one or two points until a ring of solder appears at the end of the fitting. The correct amount of solder is approximately equal to 1 the diameter of the fitting long solder for 15mm fitting etc. 9. Wipe off any excess flux and residues, with wiping cloth after the joints cooled. B. INTERNAL WORKS - UPVC TRAPS INSTALLATION: 1. Determine correct location of P / Q / S Traps and set it on a firm base located relative to the floor finish by pouring concrete on a slab. 2. Bedding can be carried out by pouring concrete around P / Q / S Trap; ensuring that outlet to Trap is left clear on concrete. 3. Apply rubber lubricant on W.C. connector ring as well as on outer side of WC pan. 4. The outlet can be inserted in the socket end of pipe / fittings (as the case may be) and joint can be solvent cemented to make a leak proof joint. JOINTING INSTRUCTIONS : 1. Make sure the spigot end and inside of the socket is clean and the sealing ring is placed evenly in the socket. 2. When cutting pipes, make sure they are cut square. Chamfer the end cut to an angle of 150 with a medium file. Cutting of pipes should be straight, as diagonal cutting leads to leakages. 3. A correct depth of entry of the spigot into the socket is required to allow thermal movement. To achieve this, push spigot fully into the socket (remove sealing ring at this time) and make a mark on the spigot. Withdraw the spigot by 10mm & mark the spigot Page 44 of 79
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with the bold line. This bold mark indicates the correct depth of entry to allow the necessary expansion gap. 4. Smear rubber lubricant evenly on the chamfered spigot and the sealing ring. Then insert the spigot into socket with light twisting motion. Pull out the pipe to allow 10mm expansion gap. 5. Maximum Support Distance in Meter: Size in mm Horizontal Vertical 40 0.4 1.2 50 0.5 1.5 75 0.75 2.00 110 1.1 2.00 160 1.6 2.00
C. EXTERNAL PIPE WORK 1. Spacing of inspection chambers and manholes should be such that cleaning of sewer lines can be done easily. 2. Inlets and outlets of chambers and manholes are to be plugged during progress of the work. It should remain plugged till completion of the sewer lines up to disposal so as to avoid blockage / choke-up of sewer pipeline. 3. Ensure gullys / channels of inspection chambers / manholes have given a smooth curve if sewer lines are intersecting at right angles. 4. Bottom of gullys/channels should be laid in slope at inlet to outlet of chambers and should be finished smooth. 5. All sewer pipes, traps and other fittings should be free from cracks and burrs etc., and to be checked before being put into use. 6. Outflow of chamber should have 25mm (1) drop than in flow of chamber.
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7. Joints of sewer pipes to be plugged with cotton yarn (packing rassi) before applying cement slurry over joints. 8. Heavy-duty chamber covers are to be used in parking and on road whereas light duty covers may be used for other places. The covers used in manholes in sewer lines shall invariably bear the word, SEWER on the top and those used for storm water drains shall bear the word STORM. D. SOIL WASTE & RAIN WATER (S.W.R) DRAINAGE SYSTEM JOINING INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Use only rubber lubricant for joining SWR pipes & fittings, where rubber ring is used. 2. Avoid misalignment of vertical SWR pipe stacks and incorrect spacing of pipe clips. 3. All entry to main stacks should be protected with water seal trap, wherever there is mixing of soil & waste line. 4. Keep a gap of 10mm between all UV stabilized SWR pipes and fittings to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of pipes for longer life of the system. 5. Smoke test should be avoided and test plug / socket plug should be used for testing the lines. 6. Horizontal lines within bathrooms should be cement encased and tested before compacting of sunken floors to avoid any accidental damages. 7. When cutting pipes make sure they are cut square. Chamfer the end cut to an angle of 15 0 with a medium file. 8. A correct depth of entry of the spigot into the socket is required to allow the thermal movement. To achieve this, push spigot fully into the socket (remove sealing ring at this time) and make a mark on the spigot. Withdraw the spigot by 10mm & mark the spigot with a bold line. This bold mark indicates the correct depth of entry to allow the necessary expansion gap. Page 46 of 79
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9. Smear rubber lubricant evenly on the chamfered spigot and the sealing ring. Then insert the spigot into socket with light twisting motion. Pull out the pipe to allow 10mm expansion gap. 10. Tubes installed underground, laid on floors or in other inaccessible places must be able to withstand twice the maximum working pressure. 11. While laying big pipelines provision should be made for expansion joints, air vents and proper anchorage. In case of longer runs provide air valves at all higher points of ground and the size of the valves should be th of the main line. 12. For large diameter and higher class pipes (6 kg / cm 2 and above) always s use heavy-duty solvent cement. Within 24 hours, the rigid PVC pipes are ready for use.
TESTING NON-PRESSURE INSTALLATION ABOVE GROUND: The SWR drainage system can be put to use immediately after installation, as no waiting time is required for joints to be set and dried. However for testing, seal hermetically all openings below the top of the section to be tested. The water level shall then be raised to a height of not less than 3 meter above the highest point of the section being tested. Every joint shall be carefully examined for leaks. E. DUCT & HIGH LEVEL PIPEWORK 1. Pipe work in ducts and voids shall be supported from specially designed mild steel brackets and cantilevers with swinging hangers. Roller type supports and U bolt clips shall be used.
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2. The brackets shall be provided and fixed to the sidewalls, beams and ceilings, where a bracket or support carries more than one pipe of different sizes, the spacing of the brackets or supports shall be that specified for the smallest size of pipe. 3. All pipes must be kept at least 150mm from lighting and power cables or conducts. 4. Pipes shall be spaced in ducts and below floors in a manner, which will permit subsequent access to any pipe for maintenance or removal without disturbance to the remaining pipes. 5. All piping shall be grouped wherever practical and shall be erected to present a neat appearance. Pipes shall be parallel to each other and fixed at right angles to structural members and shall give maximum possible headroom. All pipe drops shall be truly vertical. 6. All pipes must be supported in such a manner so as to allow free movement for expansion and contraction and graded to the required levels for air elimination and drainage.
F. RETICULATED LPG SYSTEM: 1. The Gas Cylinder bank provided, is equipped with a manifold to which the cylinders are connected. Each point of connection of the cylinder to the manifold has got a Non Return Valve to take care of any emergency arising out of failure of the Cylinder Pigtail. 2. To take care of excess Pressure build up in the pipeline after the regulator, an Over Pressure Shut Off system coupled with the Regulator provided. 3. As far as the pipeline is concerned, there will be no threaded joints in the pipeline. The pipeline would be necessarily DC Socket welded and hydro tested in line with the code requirement.
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4. Moreover, leak detectors may also be installed in the Gas Cylinder bank, which would give an audiovisual indication once the LPG level in the enclosure increases beyond safe limits.
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9.1.1 TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the plumbing gang are: 1. Chisel 2. Pipe Wrench 3. Chain Wrench 4. Sledge Hammer 5. Screw Driver 6. Bench Vice 7. Pipe Vice 8. Die Set 9. Hammer Drilling M/C 10. Mini Angle Grinding M/C 11. Drill 12. Chasing Machine 13. Spirit Level 14. Hammer Drill Bit 15. Grinding Wheel 16. File 17. Measuring Tape 18. Pressure Testing Machine
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9.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. Check the direction of flow vis--vis the installation of pipes. 2. The water has to flow into the sleeve. Check for leakage and subsequently establish whether due to faculty sealing [Insufficient application of adhesive]. 3. Check for slopes installed using spirit levels. 4. Ensure all joints are waterproofed to ensure leak proof pipes. 9.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USE FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1. Spirit levels 2. Plumb bob 3. Measuring tape 4. Related Good for Construction service drawings.
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10.0. ACTIVITY: ELECTRICAL WORKS

A. METHOD OF CONDUITING, BOX FIXING & INTERNAL WIRING: 1. Carry out the work as per the latest approved drawings confirmed by the concerned Project Engineer. All electrical conductors shall be of sufficient size and current rating for the purposes for which they are to be used. 2. Use medium / heavy gauge rigid PVC Conduit: 20 / 25 / 32 mm diameter, 2mm thick black colour and of ISI approved make, as indicated in drawing. 3. Conduits should be laid between the reinforcement of slab and properly fastened to the reinforcement with binding wires. 4. Care should be taken to see that the conduits are held in position and the cement grout does not enter the conduits while concreting and no conduits get damaged due to movement of laborers on the slab before pouring and during pouring for inspection of conduits and joints. For the floor conduiting care should be taken that conduiting is done only just before the flooring works starts. 5. Vertical conduits wall chase to be properly fixed in position at the location indicated in the drawing. Horizontal runs of conduits in wall to be avoided as far as possible. In hollow blocks, horizontal chases are not permitted. 6. Bends in conduit pipes should not be sharp. In embedded conduiting bends made with bending spring with large radius should be used. The maximum bending radius allowed in any conduit is 2.5 times the diameter of the conduit. The use of readymade bends should be avoided as far as possible.
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7. Switch boxes to be recessed in the wall in such a way that it should be projecting 1-3 mm from wall plaster. The thickness of plaster shall be ascertained with button or bull marks and confirmed by site engineer. The boxes may project a maximum of 1-3mm. Further, the wall finish such as lime rendering or punning, Glazed Tiles / Marble / Granite, etc., are to be confirmed with concerned Project Engineer. The finish will determine the projection. The idea is to ensure the box projects 0.5mm beyond the painted surface and the edges do not break while the wire is drawn. 8. Cover all the boxes with thermocol and masking tape / dummy plates to avoid damages during plastering. These covers should be removed only at the time of wiring. 9. Pass GI pull wires of 16-gauge inside the conduits with additional loop length of 15cm as draw wire. 10. The wiring cables to be of ISI approved make, PVC insulated, stranded copper and 1100V grade. Use following cross section for wiring. 6 Sqmm 4 Sqmm 2.5 Sqmm 1.5 Sqmm 1 Sqmm Sub mains (or as per drawing) Power Circuit Lighting Circuit Earthing for Sub mains Light point wiring, 5A socket outlets & fan circuits Earthing for Power Circuits Earthing for light point wiring, 5A socket outlets & Fan Circuits.
11. Red, Yellow and Blue for phases, Block for Neutral and Green for earth colour coding for wires must be followed. 12. Expansion coupler shall be used when conduit passes through building expansion joint. One end of the expansion coupler shall not be glued.
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13. Earthing : At every light point earthing terminal should be provided and connected to the earth continuity conductor. The resistance of any point of the earth continuity system to the main earth electrode should not be more than 0.5 ohm. Every electrical circuit and sub-circuit shall be protected against excess current by circuit breakers. No circuit breaker other than a linked circuit breaker shall be inserted in a conductor connected with earth. Where metal works other than current carrying conductors is liable to become charged with electricity, the metal works shall be earthed in such a manner as to ensure immediate electrical discharge without danger. The neutral conductor shall be insulated throughout and at no point it should be connected to the earthing system. All earth connections shall be visible for inspection and shall be carefully made; if they are poorly made or inadequate for the purpose for which they are intended, loss of life and property or serious personal injury may result. Joints in the earthing should be invariably done by means of welding except in such locations where intermittent disconnection of joints is necessitated for testing purpose or for the earthing connection to the body of the equipment etc. Use fully insulated tools while handling electric wires and equipment. 14. MOUNTING HEIGHT OF ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES Light switch Bell Push Socket Outlet TV / Telephone Outlets 1250 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) 1250 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) 300 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) 300 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.)
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Bedside Accessories 600 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) 1140 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) and ( + 300mm from Counter Top) Cooker Control unit Wall Lights 1140 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) and ( + 300mm from Counter Top) 2200 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.) 15A in Utility for Washing Machine 900 mm above Finish Floor Level (F.F.L.)
Socket Outlets in the Kitchen -
B. EXTERNAL CABLE LAYING: Cable laying involves two steps Trenching Cable Pulling / Laying. TRENCHING: Trenching are dug as per requirement of cable sizes and other atmospheric conditions before digging route has to be finalized. The areas to be avoided for cable laying are near sewage line, Ground-containing ashes, Slag, Clinker, Fertilizer Solid & Electrolytic Corrosion, which will affect the life of cables. Standard Depth of Trenches: Up to 1.1 KV = 450 to 750mm. Up to 11 KV = 750 to 900mm CABLE LAYING: Before laying the direction in which the cable is to be pulled should first be decided. If it is a new cable no special precautions are necessary, but if it is laying parallel to the existing cable, the core sequence to be synchronized. Pulling force for Copper & Aluminium cables with steel tape armour when pulled is as follows: Copper 7 Kg / Sqmm of total conductor area Page 55 of 79
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Aluminium 2 Kg / Sqmm of total conductor area
Also bending radius should be taken in to consideration. Single Core Unarmoured 15 D 20 D 25 D Multi-Core Armoured 12 D 15 D 20 D
Rating Up to 11KV Up to 22KV Up to 33KV
Where the cables have to be laid below ground level a trench shall be made and a layer of sand be provided at the bottom for the cable to lie on. One more layer is provided after laying the cable and a cable marking tape should be provided over it before doing the back filling. A minimum horizontal clearance of 150mm should be provided between the cables whenever number of cables is more than one. Where cables pass through holes or metal works precaution shall be taken to prevent abrasions of the cables on any sharp edges.
HIGH VOLTAGE HV / EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE EHV DISTANCE CLEARANCE: It is desirable that Extra High Voltage (EHV) lines do not pass above or adjacent to any building or part of building. If this cannot be avoided, it shall have on the basis of maximum sag, vertical clearance of not less than. For HV line up to and including 33 KV For HV lines 3.7m 3.7+0.3m for every additional 33 KV
The horizontal clearances between the nearest conductor and any part of such building shall on the basis of maximum deflection du to wind pressure be not less than For HV lines up to and including 11 KV For HV lines above 11 KV and up to 33 KV For HV lines - 1.2m - 2.0m 2.0 + 0.3m for every additional 33 KV or
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TEMPORARY INSTALLATIONS ON BUILDING SITES : For temporary electricity supplies, voltage operated Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker Shall be installed. Only double insulated cables and industrial type weatherproof socket outlets should be used for the distribution of temporary power. 10.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the electrical personnel: I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 II 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hand tools Screw Drivers - Flat Screw Drivers Star Cutting Pliers Nose Pliers Wire Stripper Line Tester Hammer Chisel File Hacksaw Frame Hacksaw Blade Ring Spanner Set Box Spanner Set Metal Tool Box Crimping Tools Telephone Crimping tool Hole saw Cutter Bending Spring Curtain Spring Line Dori Blow Lamp Power Tools Hammer Drilling Machine Air Blowing Machine Angle Grinding Machine Mine Drilling Machine Hammer Drill Bits DC Segmented/Non-Segmented Blades Small, Medium & Heavy Duty Small, Medium & Heavy Duty Small, Medium & Heavy Duty
Small, Medium & Heavy Duty Rough, Smooth Ordinary, Medium & Heavy Duty
Small, Medium & Heavy Duty 20 mm & 25 mm
Different Sizes
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III 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Measuring Instruments Multimeter Digital Clamp Meter (Tong Tester) Megger Earth Resistance Tester Lux Meter Measuring Tapes Spirit Level
Different Lengths Different Lengths

Ensure : 1. All junction boxes, fan boxes, and drop points pertain to drawing location 2. Check inner diameter, wall thickness and allowable tolerance for conduits has to be done by means of Slide Caliper. 3. Binding of all conduits to steel done properly before slab concreting 4. Solvent cement for all joints applied properly 5. All openings / open ends are sealed 6. Conduits running parallelly are not touching each other i.e. there are no voids in the concrete 7. Test lamp method ensure that all electrical points are charged 8. Check of ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) Residual Current Circuit breaker by random trip of electrical circuit 9. Check with multimeter Phase to neutral 230V Neutral to earth less than 2V Phase to Earth 230V 10. 11. In contractual projects where lighting fixtures are part of the scope of work, check the illumination levels with a Lux meter to conform to client specifications. Electrical switch plates should be flush with finished wall level
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1. Multimeter 2. Lux meter 3. Test lamps 4. Vernier Calipers 5. Spirit levels 1-2m 6. Measuring tape
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11.0. ACTIVITY: PLASTERING

A. CHECK PRIOR TO START OF WORK 1. Ensure all the checks after block work is compiled with (See blockwork details) 2. The aluminium template for template openings from SIPL should be available at site. 3. The blockwork should have been cured for 7 days and dry before plastering is started. 4. Button mark the surface to be plastered keeping the bull minimium. 12mm plaster is the desired thickness. Distance of button marks should be within an aluminium straight edge length. 5. Plastering mesh should be 8 wide and fixed rigidly before plastering on the junction between concrete and masonry surface with steel nails/wooden plug and nails. This strip has to be plastered and cured for minimum of 3 days before the entire wall is plastered. 6. Get the plastering specifications like lime finish, trowel finish, sponge finish, rough plaster and zone of application clarified from architects. 7. In case of external plaster grooves, it can be incorporated to break the days work without creating an uneven joint. The proposal should be cleared for aesthetics from architect. 8. Do not plaster for a thickness of more than 15mm. In case it is required, the plastering should be done in 2 coats. The first layer applied should be cured for a day before applying the subsequent coats. 9. Cement of 43 grade OPC within 90 days old, Sand FM 2 to 2.2, clean, fine silt content low (<5%) and potable water should be used for mixing mortar. 10. All surfaces in concrete should be hacked (80 hacks per sq. ft) before plastering. Page 60 of 79
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B. CHECK DURING PLASTERING 1. All surfaces to be plastered must be wet to prevent absorption of water from plaster. 2. Mix shall be generally CM 1:4 for ceiling and 1:6 for wall plastering. 3. Mix mortar on MS sheet using Farma for volumetric batching and measure mortar to mix for consistency. 4. Mix thoroughly for uniform mix and the CM should be used within to 1 hour of the mix. 5. After plastering check the surface for undulations using halogen lamps. Yellow light thrown on the plastered wall from one-side shows undulations, if any rectify immediately while the plaster is still fresh. All cutouts such as fan, junction box, electrical box and skirting line should be finished to perfection. 6. Grooves and mortar bands should be given while plaster is wet. 7. If lime rendering or punning is required, do it within 3 to 4 hour of setting of cement mortar after plastering. 8. Write down the date of work in paint on the element for plastering, concrete and monitor the curing accordingly. C. CARE TO BE TAKEN AFTER PLASTERING 1. Cure the works for a minimum of 10 days. Write the date of plastering on the wall / ceiling with permanent marker. 2. All mortar spillage stuck to walls, floor and MS works shall be cleared after the days work.
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Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the plastering gang are: 1. Trowels 2. Line dori 3. Sand Sieve 4. Tube levels 5. Plumb bobs 6. Measurement Tape 7. Spirit levels 1-2m 8. Aluminium straight edge 9. Right angle 10. Chipping Tools 11. Masons trowels 12. Floating trowel 13. Masons hammer 14. Leveling threads 15. Masons brushes and buckets 16. Mortar boxes 17. Water barrel and measuring can 18. Halogen lamps 19. MS sheets 20. Farma Page 62 of 79
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Internal Plaster: 1. Check of smooth finish using spirit levels for undulations, cracks and evenness / straightness in vertical and horizontal directions. 2. Ensure plastered surface is cured for entire recommended period. 3. Ensure the 1 metre level markings are made along all walls. Measure the ceiling from this level it should be even at all points. (Check for ceiling plaster). 4. Ensure plastering / POP thickness is even at all points during plastering. 5. Ensure the bull marking tiles are removed. External Plaster : 1. Employment of specialized trowels to obtain different structural finishes for the external plastering. 2. No undulations and unevenness by using spirit levels. 3. Ensure all plastered surfaces are cured for entire recommended period.

1. Spirit levels 1-2m 2. Measuring tape 3. Related Good for Construction drawings.
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12.0. ACTIVITY: WATERPROOFING

12.1. KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY:
A. FLAT ROOFS AND SLOPED ROOFS 1. The surface to be waterproofed should be prepared thoroughly by chipping all cement mortar deposits / loose material, dust etc. using a chisel, wire and coir brush. 2. The surface, which is to be waterproofed, should be ponded with water and any dampness / leakage should be marked in the ceiling below the terrace. Wherever leakage persists, 12mm diameter GI nipples should be fixed depending on the depth of dampness, on such weak locations in the ceiling and it is pressure grouted with neat cement slurry admixed with expansive grouting. 3. V grooves should be cut along the concrete / brickwork junctions on joints. Surface cracks if any should be filled with polymer modified diluted solution and also in cutouts, around the sleeves, drain pipe joints and filled with sealant. 4. Every upturns and pipe outlets should be reinforced with fiber mat between the two coats. 5. Two coats of acrylic polymer based waterproofing system or equivalent should be applied on terrace and parapet walls. One coat of neat cement mixed with polymer additive should be applied as bonding coat. 6. A protective screed of 20-25mm thick should be provided with proper slopes. The treated area should be plastered to required slope as per drawing and cured for a minimum of 3.4 days. 7. To ensure water tightness, the treated area shall be filled with water and tested. 8. Over the treated surface, weathering course tiles should be laid on the terrace maintaining a proper slope.
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B. SUNKEN AREAS / SLABS

1.The surface, which is to be waterproofed, should be cleaned thoroughly from all loose material, and dust, using wire and coir brush. 2.The surface, which is to be waterproofed, should be ponded with water and any dampness / leakage should be marked in the ceiling below the terrace. Whenever leakage persists, 12mm diameter GI nipples should be fixed depending on the depth of dampness, on such weak locations in the ceiling and it is pressure grouted with neat cement slurry admixed with expansive grouting. 3.V grooves should be cut along the concrete / brickwork junctions on joints. Surface cracks if any should be filled with polymer modified dilution and also in cutouts, around the sleeves, drain pipe joints and should be filled with sealant. 4.Two coats of Acrylic polymer based waterproofing system should be applied coat on the treated surface. 5.All joints between the beam and blockwork should be covered with the fiber mat. 6.Plaster the treated area with neat cement and high grade waterproofing additive to be required slope as per drawing to protect the coating from wear and tear. 7.The treated area should be subjected for testing by ponding water at least for a depth of 150mm for 24hrs. 8.The chasing for concealed plumbing, and electrical works should be completed before the start of waterproofing and the chasing must be treated with an agent such as FORMDEX. 9.Over the treated area, stone dust should be filled and roughly finished with 75mm thick screed concrete 1:2:4 to facilitate laying of tiles. The screed concrete floor level should be 20mm below the main floor, to facilitate a level difference between main area and toilet after tilling and to prevent toilet water entering the main area.
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C. METHODOLOGY OF WATERPROOFING IN TOILET AND SHOWER / WASH AREAS USING MUREXIN COMPOUND 1.Ensure the cement plastering for all toilet and shower areas are plumb, and at right angles to the facing walls, ceiling and floor levels. Further the plaster should have an even surface and a slightly rough texture. The flooring during the finishing stage must be adjusted to the slope of screed level set towards water-outlets. 2.After sufficient time for setting of plaster, clean the plastered surface using a masons brush of all dirt and dust particles. Before each application, the base must be dry and free of all dust particles and foreign materials. 3.Mark out the areas to be waterproofed, with the help of a pencil, measuring tape and spirit levels. Separate this area from the rest using masking tape. 4.Apply the base coat MUREXIN LF as the first coat. This coat is done uniformly using the masons brush over the entire area. Allow this coat to dry for about 20 minutes. Let the drying process be natural and do not subject the area to any wind-draft. 5.During the drying period of the base-coat, the two component sealing material MUREXIN, made up of the power component and the liquid component should be mixed slowly and evenly in the ratio of 2:1, using the mechanical stirrer (imported from Germany for the purpose). For example, for every 2 Kg of powder component mix with 1 Litre of the liquid compound. Stir this mixture slowly and uniformly in to a homogenous mass free of any knots or modules (Mixing time-3 minutes). 6.Now the well-mixed sealing medium maybe applied uniformly using the 6mm teethed trowels first vertically in all the corners, in the spray areas of the shower area up to a height of 2 meters and in the rest of the toilet area to a height of 0.30 meters. Subsequently the MUREXIN sealing strip (caulking strip) will be placed along the corners and fixed uniformly using the right edged trowel and process firmly along the corners. Now please ensure that the sealing strip also called the caulking strip, is fixed firmly in the corner ensuring there is no air gap.
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7.Subsequently the sealing compound is applied uniformly using the 6 mm-teethed trowel ensuing the thickness of the applied layer is maintained evenly at 1 mm. In the region where the pipe connections project from the plastered area, overlap such areas with the strips and apply the compound to fix them. After sufficient time for drying (About 24 hours), the second layer of 1mm layer is to be applied thus bringing the total thickness of the application to 2 mm. Now remove the masking tape. 8.After allowing about 24 hours for drying, the walls are tiled, using MUREXIN-fleximortar adhesive using the 6mm teeth trowels. 9.After the walls are completely tiled, the flooring tiling is also taken up in a similar fashion. This means repetition of the procedures 1 to 8 before the floor tiles are brought on, so that the flooring is also well water proofed and sealed. 12.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the waterproofing gang are: 1.Dumpy level 2.Line dori 3.Spirit level 4. Tube level 5.Plumb bob 6.Aluminium straight edge 7.Trowels 8.Masons brush 9.Mechanical Stirrer (German) 10.6mm teethed trowel 11.Right edged trowel
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12.Finishing boards and sponge 13.Chipping tools 14.Hammer 15.Water barrel 16.Bitumen roller 12.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.Check method of waterproofing is as per recommended by consultant and proper application methods. 2.Check for all the drawings with relevant details for water proofing treatment is available with the site staff. 3.The detailed instructions of waterproofing should bear the signature of the consultant. 4.PVC water stoppers must be ensured at the junction of all joints in the water retaining structures like tanks, swimming pools etc. 5.The waterproofing supervision job card should be attached. 12.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1.Dumpy levels 2.Spirit levels 3m 3.Measuring tape 4.Calculators
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13.0. ACTIVITY: PAINTING

A. STORAGE OF PAINT All containers of paint, thinners and allied materials shall be stored preferably in a separate room. The room shall be well ventilated and free from excessive heat, sparking and direct rays of the sun. The lids of containers shall not be opened except when using the paint. The paint shall be used before the expiry of its shelf marked on the containers. B. CHECK PRIOR TO START OF WORK 1. The approved and duly certified shade and type of paint shall be made available at site in sufficient quantity. 2. Ensure that that wall and ceiling surfaces are completely dry prior to the application of paint. 3. Ensure that all furniture and the flooring is protected before starting the painting works. 4. Proper scaffolding arrangement with safety measures to be taken. 5. All loose particles, dirt and dust must be thoroughly scrubbed from the surface using sandpaper. 6. All painting accessories like brush, roller, mixing tray etc to be thoroughly cleaned and washed outside the working premises before starting the works. 7. Primer application with brush dilution ratio not to exceed 1:1 with water as thinner solvent. 8. A drying period of 24 hours is required before the putty application. 9. Application of 2 putty coats ensures the first coat is thoroughly dried before applying the final coat. 10. Putty to be applied uniformly to cover all undulations. 11. Proper sanding of surfaces to render a smooth surface prior to the application of paints. Ensure that the dust on the surface is thoroughly wiped off after sanding the puttied surface.
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C. GUIDELINES TO OBSERVE WHILE PAINTING 1. First coat paint to be applied with brush and finished with roller preferably with single mix and dilution ratios not to exceed the below said criteria i.e., 2 parts of paint to 1 part of water. 2. Ensure a drying period of 4 to 6 hours before application of the final coat of paint. 3. All external walls and semi-exposed areas such as balconies and utility walls, to be given a textured finish. 13.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the painting gang are: 1. Paint brushes 2. Rollers 3. Trowels 4. Line dori 5. Tube levels 6. Plumb bobs 7. Aluminium straight edge 8. Leveling threads 9. Masons brushes and buckets
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13.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. Flagging of with rounded pebbles for a distance of 50-75cm from the wall (away from the building) to avoid discoloring of external painted walls. 2. The colour tone throughout the checked surfacing e should be uniform. 3. The concentration in the mixture must be uniform (for paints mixed manually on site). 4. No overlapping to be seen overlapping could appear due to interruptions painting an entire surface. 5. Use halogen lamps and check for Undulations on the surface Corns on the surface Structure of the painted surface Shadows appearing on the painted surface Any smudges (due to touch ups in punning) Changes in the concentration of the paint 13.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1. Spirit levels 2. Halogen lamps 3. Related Good for Construction drawings and specification from Architects.
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14.0. ACTIVITY: TILING

A. CHECKS PRIOR TO START OF WORK STORAGE OF TILES 1. Te tiles shall be stacked on edges on regular platforms in proper layers and tiers. Height of stack shall not be more than 1 meter. During unloading, care shall be exercised to avoid breakage. 2. Tiles of different quality, size and thickness shall be stacked separately. Special care should be taken to ensure different batch materials do not get mixed up. 3. Tiles supplied in crates shall be stored as such. The crates shall be opened one at a time as and when required for use. Tiles supplied in cartons shall be handled with care. Within the site, the tiles shall be transported on platform trolleys. 4. Manufacturers test certificate to establish conformity with relevant IS Codes shall be furnished by supplier. B. WALL TILING 1. All chasing for the concealed piping, and electrical conduiting etc. shall be carried out before commencement of work. 2. In order to obtain uniform tonality, it is recommended to mix tiles from different boxes for laying to great, harmonious tonality. 3. Backing plaster shall be initially carried out on the brick/block walls so as to achieve a background that is fairly to plumb and at right angles in all corners. This plaster shall be furnished rough to provide key while fixing of the ceramic tiles.
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4. The backing plaster shall be carried out not earlier than 28 days after the masonry has been constructed. So also, the ceramic tiling shall be fixed only after allowing a period of 28 days after the plastering, to allow for shrinkage of the plaster. 5. Cutting of tiles should be kept to the minimum. Cut tiles shall finish into internal corners and floor, wherever possible. 6. Make sure the distance from the skirting board or worktop to the top of the batten is no more than on whole tile allowing the grouting gap. The main body of whole tiles known as the field is fixed first and the adhesive is allowed to dry. Then the border or edge tiles are fitted. 7. Tiles shall be soaked in water for at least two hours prior to use. Neat cement paste shall be battered on the back of the tile pressed on to the background surface and tapped gently with a wooden/rubber mallet. Any gap between the tile and the background shall be filled with cement paste so as to avoid hollowness behind tiles. 8. Wall tiles shall be fixed with a joint of 2.5mm between tiles. Proprietary spacers shall be used for achieving a uniform joint width in all directions. 9. Great care shall be exercised to keep all courses perfectly horizontal and perfectly vertical. From time to time, hold a spirit level or straight edge across the tile surface to ensure straightness. 10. All corners shall be provided with proprietary PVC corner strips and tiling started beyond the strip. 11. The joints shall be filled with a proprietary non-shrink waterproof filler material of matching color after a minimum gap of 24 hours and finished slightly recessed.
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C. TILE FLOORING. 1. The concrete base to receive flooring shall be cleared off mortar dropping etc. and cleaned thoroughly. 2. Cement mortar (1:2) screed shall be spread evenly in the room based on the level dots made already and tamped. The recommended thickness of mortar should be in the range of 20-25mm. 3. In order to obtain uniform tonality, it is recommended to mix tiles from different boxes for laying to great, harmonious tonality. 4. Cement slurry of Honey like consistency (1 bag to 60 litres of water) shall be prepared and spread on the mortar bed to an extent that can be covered with the tiles within half an hour. The tiles shall be placed on the slurry coat matching all four corners and fixed in place with the help of a wooden / rubber mallet. 5. Alternatively, tiles can be laid on a bed of adhesive using plastic spacers, to create a gap between tiles, which can be grouted later on. Lay around one sq. metre of adhesive at a time and press the tiles into place, with correct gap provided by spacers, available in different thickness. 6. Proper slopes shall be given in flooring of toilets and balconies to ensure quick drainage of water on the surface. 7. Floor tiles shall be laid with minimum joint width, which shall be grouted with a proprietary non-shrink, waterproof filler material. 8. After the tiles have been laid, clean the joints thoroughly with a brush to remove loose mortar before it dries up. 9. For the tiles to set properly it is essential to allow a 24-hour setting period before filling. DO NOT ALLOW ANYONE TO WALK ON THE FRESHLY TILES SURFACE.
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GROUTING: 1. Do not use Indian grout. Always use imported grout, preferably German. 2. The gaps between ceramic tiles need to be filled with grout. Plain and coloured ready mixed grouts are also available. To spread the grout, use a rubber squeezee making sure it is pushed well into the gaps between the tiles. Remove excess grout regularly as it is difficult to get off once it has been allowed to harden. Wipe off the extra grouting (before it sets hard) with a damp sponge and polish with a dry cloth. 3. Filling of grout in the floor will be the last activity only to be done along snagging. All grouts to be of lighter shade of the tile. 4. Chipped tiles should not be used. All ceramic and terracotta tile should be immersed in water 12 hrs before laying. Stick the name of the tile mason over the tiled area done by him.
5. For skirting using vitrified or ceramic tile the wall level and tile level should be flush with 4mm pre groove. However avoid using cut tiles for skirting unless skirting tiles are factory manufactured and come with chamfered edged. Granite / marble skirting is preferred. 6. Cure all tiling works and joint filling works for 3 days.
14.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work. Basic tools of the tilling gang are: 1.Trowels 2.Line dori 3.Tube levels 4.Plumb bobs 5.Measurement tape Page 75 of 79
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6.Spirit levels 1-2m 7.Sand sieve 8.Aluminium straight edge 9.Right angle 10.Chipping tools 11.Masons hammer 12.Rubber hammer 13.Leveling threads 14.Tile cutter 15.Masons brushes and buckets 16.Mortar boxes 14.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.Check for conformance of the tiled pattern, specifications and tile grout colour to the approved drawings. 2.Check for uniformity in line, level and grout thickness visually. 3.Check of straightness to tiled surface. The fresh tiled surface should be of proper level using a spirit level / Aluminium straight edge or line dori. 4.Ensure the cement and the sand have been checked / tested prior to tiling. 5.Ensure the no tile is broken / cracked and the joints are well filled. 6.Tap the tiled surface to check for hollowness. The tiled surface should be covered with POP / tarpaulin sheets to prevent damage to the tiled surface. 14.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1.Plumb bobs 2.Spirit levels 1-2m 3.Aluminium straight edge 4.Measuring tape 5.Approved Good for construction Drawings
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15.0. WOOD WORK

15.1. KNOWLEDGE OF ACTIVITY: DOORS
1.Door fixing involves fixing of three components Door Frames, Architraves and Shutters Door fixing should be done in such a way that the frame binds well with the wall. The door frame must be plumb to ensure shutters close without nudging The colour of the shutter, architrave and door frame should match to give a uniform look. 2.The doorframe is fixed only after all civil works for that area are completed. The first coat of painting and the flooring should be complete. 3.While unloading, shifting, handling and stacking, care shall be taken to avoid dragging one unit over the other as it may cause damage particularly to decorative surfaces. The material should be lifted and carried preferably flat to avoid damage to corners / sides. If the materials are received in crates, they shall be stacked as such and removed from the crate as and when required for the work. 4.The Site Opening sizes to be perfect and in conformance to actual doorframe size. Aluminium templates / sub-frames must be adopted on-site for all door and window openings. Calibrated Aluminium templates should be used for finishing openings like doors, window ventilators, exhaust fan opening, AC openings etc. Sufficient gap should exist between the finished wall surface and frame for the Worth Glue. (10 mm recommended) 5.All dimensions i.e. height, width and the wall thickness should be properly checked. 6.Place the inner frame in position. Check the plumb and tighten the doorframe on the inner frame with wooden wedges. 7.Once the frame is assured to be in plumb fill the gaps with polyurethane foam Worth Glue). Leave the frame for 2 hours to set. Page 77 of 79
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8.Worth glue should be pumped in adequate quantity to avoid any shaking of the door frame. 9.Clean up the surface of the frame after the glue has dried and place the architrave on the frame and check for any gaps and sand accordingly to attain a final smooth surface. 10.Fix the architraves with lamellos and Lacquer Glue. 11.Allow the architraves to set for 2 hours. Tighten the surfaces with C-clamps. 12.Hang the shutters with hinges using screws; fix the Iron Mongries and doorstopper. 13.Cover the door handle with foam. Cover the door shutter with green polythene sheets and masking tape before the second coat of painting commences. 14.The sealant is the last activity before handing over to the client, done by specialized workers only. 15.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN Required tools must be available at site to ensure correct work 1.Plumb bob 2.Chisel 3.Hammer 4.Planer 5.Worth Glue gun 6.Drilling machine 7.Worth Glue 8.Lacquer Glue 9.Plywood Inner Frame 10.Inner frame/wedges 11.Clamps Page 78 of 79
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15.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. Check the Doorframe, Front Architrave, Back Architrave and shutters for perpendicularity, using spirit levels and right angle. 2. Colour homogeneity of the Doorframe, Front Architrave, Back Architrave and door shutters must be ensured for uniformity. 3. Door shutters should close without nudging and a uniform gap should be visible between the doorframe and shutter. The horizontal and vertical gap between the doorframe and plastered wall should be filled with silicone sealant. 15.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION 1.Plumb bob 2.Spirit levels 1-2m 3.Right angles 4.Approved drawings and schedule of openings.
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S.HARIKRISHNA 15 Wood work

1.0. ACTIVITY: GROUND DEVELOPMENT

B. EXCA VATION FOR BASEMENT AND FOOTING

C. FILLING AND COMPACTION

COHESIVE SOIL Suitable Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

1.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

1.2 INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

2.0. ACTIVITY: MASONRY

2.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

2.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

3.0 ACTIVITY: FORMWORK

3.1.1 TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

3.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

3.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

4.0. ACTIVITY: REINFORCEMENT

4.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

4.2 INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

4.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

5.0. ACTIVITY: CONCRETING

5.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

S.HARIKRISHNA 5.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

5.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

6.0 ACTIVITY: BLOCKWORK

5. Do not construct more than 1 meter height in a day.

11. Dowel blocks to be left for further extension of block masonry.

6.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

7.0. ACTIVITY: HACKING

8.0. ACTIVITY: EXPANDED METAL FIXING

8.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

9.0. ACTIVITY: PLUMBING WORKS

Depth Width Alignment Height

12. Apply bitumen paint over the G.I. pipe work.

10.0. ACTIVITY: ELECTRICAL WORKS

Socket Outlets in the Kitchen -

Rating Up to 11KV Up to 22KV Up to 33KV

Small, Medium & Heavy Duty 20 mm & 25 mm

Different Lengths Different Lengths

10.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

10.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

11.0. ACTIVITY: PLASTERING

11.1.1. TOOLS TO BE USED BY TRADESMEN

11.2. INSPECTION METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

11.2.1. TOOLS TO BE USED FOR QUALITY INSPECTION

12.0. ACTIVITY: WATERPROOFING

B. SUNKEN AREAS / SLABS

13.0. ACTIVITY: PAINTING

14.0. ACTIVITY: TILING

15.0. WOOD WORK

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