Species Plantarum: Part 4. Schisandraceae

AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY, CANBERRA
SPECIES PLANTARUM
FLORA OF THE WORLD
Part 4. SCHISANDRACEAE
by Richard M.K.Saunders
Commonwealth of Australia 2001

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 , no part may be reproduced or distributed by any process or stored in any retrieval system or data base without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director, Australian Biological Resources Study, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Anthony E. Orchard
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Helen S. Thompson Patrick McCarthy Annette J.G. Wilson Katy Mallett

This work may be cited as: R.M.K. Saunders, Schisandraceae, Species Plantarum: Flora of the World Part 4: 162 (2001). National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication entry Species plantarum : flora of the world. Part 4, Schisandraceae. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 56810 3 (pbk.). ISSN 1441-1393 (series). 1. Plants. 2. Botany. I. Australian Biological Resources Study. II. Title: Schisandraceae. III. Saunders, R.M.K. 580 This book is available from: Australian Biological Resources Study GPO Box 787 Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
CONTENTS
Introduction Schisandraceae Schisandra Kadsura Maps Index v 1 2 31 50 61
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS PART

Text Richard M.K. Saunders, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. Illustrations Hazel L. Wilks, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Species Plantarum Steering Committee (as at March 2001)

G. Achoundong, Herbier National de Cameroon, Yaound, Cameroon A. Anton, Museo Botnico, Universidad Nacional de Crdoba, Argentina W. Berendsohn, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin, Germany D.E. Boufford, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Mass., USA L. Boulos, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt R.K. Brummitt, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK S. Castroviejo, Real Jardn Botnico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain A.C. Chikuni, National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi M. Correa, Universidad de Panam, Panam T.F. Daniel, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif., USA P. Dvila, National University of Mexico, Mexico T.S. Filgueiras, Reserva Ecolgica do IBGE, Brasilia, Brazil E. Forero, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia I. Friis, Botanical Museum and Library, Copenhagen, Denmark A.S. George, Kardinya, WA, Australia W. Greuter, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin, Germany D.Y. Hong, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China K. Iwatsuki, Yokohama, Japan B. Jonsell, Bergius Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden B. Khayota, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya J. Kirschner, Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czechia H.P. Linder, University of Cape Town, South Africa P.-A. Loizeau, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Genve, Switzerland J.L. Luteyn, New York Botanic Gardens, Bronx, NY, USA K. Marhold, Slovenskej Akademie Vied, Bratislava, Slovakia P. Morat, Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France N.R. Morin, The Arboretum at Flagstaff, AZ, USA H. Ohashi, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan A.E. Orchard, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, ACT, Australia R.J. Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK M. Sanjappa, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India T. Santisuk, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand Sebsebe Demissew, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia J.H. Seyani, Commonwealth Secretariat, London/National Herbarium & Botanic Gardens of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi G.F. Smith, National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa W.D. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Miss., USA W.L. Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA K. Wilson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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INTRODUCTION
Species Plantarum aims to provide in concise format, and with standardised data fields, basic taxonomic information on the vascular plants of the world, including accepted names and synonyms with bibliographic data, types of names, keys and descriptions from family to varietal levels, geographical distributions, ecological information and other related matters, and to publish it in both hard copy and electronic form. The format of the Species Plantarum is based on that of Flora of Australia, with some departures made necessary by the different scale of the project. Initially at least, the series is being edited and published for the Species Plantarum Project and IOPI by the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), producers of Flora of Australia. Treatments are contributed on a voluntary basis. Each part of Species Plantarum is intended to provide a complete account of a family, subfamily, large genus or other related taxonomic group. While treatments of small families may be shorter, it is intended that contributions will, in general, cover at least 50 to 100 species. The taxonomy adopted is that of the author, although the family delimitations recommended are initially those of R.K.Brummitt, Vascular Plant Families and Genera (1992). The order of taxa within families, genera and species in the Species Plantarum is intended to reflect natural relationships, so far as this is possible in a linear sequence. Maps are provided for each species, or in those cases where infraspecific taxa are recognised, for each of the terminal taxa. Distribution maps are based on those in S.Hollis & R.K.Brummitt, World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (1992), and the 'countries' adopted are those of Level 3 and 4 of that work. Description of distribution follows the same work, with a two-digit code for regions and a three-letter code for the 'country'. Upper case letters for the 'country' indicate native distribution; lower case letters indicate that the taxon is only present in that 'country' as an introduced and naturalised plant. If a taxon is extinct in a 'country', this is indicated by a dagger. Distribution of species as cultivated plants is not included. Misapplied and invalid names are, in general, omitted. Journal titles are abbreviated according to G.D.R.Bridson & E.R.Smith, Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum / Supplementum (1991). Book titles are abbreviated according to F.A.Stafleu & R.S.Cowan, Taxonomic Literature (2nd edn) Vols 17, and Supplements (1976), except that upper case initial letters are used for proper names and significant words. Authors of plant names are abbreviated according to R.K.Brummitt & C.E.Powell, Authors of Plant Names (1992). A separate part, Introduction to the Series, provides a history of the project, a glossary, guide for contributors and key to the conventions used in describing distribution. These resources will also be available on the World Wide Web, initially through the ABRS site (currently http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/flora/spplant/spplant.htm) with links from the IOPI site (currently http://life.csu.edu.au/iopi/iopihome) and others.
Editor Canberra, 2001
vi
SCHISANDRACEAE
Richard M.K.Saunders1
Schisandraceae Blume, Fl. Javae 3233: 3 (1830), nom. cons., as Schizandreae
Type: Schisandra Michx. [Menispermaceae] subfam. Schisandroideae Raf., Anal. Nat. 175 (1815), as Schisandria. [Menispermaceae] tribe Schisandreae DC., Prodr. 1: 104 (1824). Fam. Kadsuraceae Radogizky, Zhurn. Sadov. 6: 8, 10 (1849), as Kadzuraceae. T: Schisandra Michx. T: Schisandra Michx. T: Kadsura Juss.
Woody vines, monoecious or dioecious. Leaves alternate or clustered, exstipulate, petiolate; lamina simple. Flowers generally solitary and axillary to leaves on ultimate branches, or in axils of fugacious bracts near base of ultimate shoots, occasionally in pairs or in clusters of up to 8, unisexual, hypogynous, few to numerous parts generally spirally arranged, pedicellate. Perianth segments free, not as distinct sepals and petals, outermost and innermost sometimes reduced. Androecium very variable, of 480 stamens, sometimes of free stamens fused only at base of filaments, sometimes as head of fused stamens or free but tightly compressed stamens; anthers essentially basifixed; thecae dehiscing by longitudinal slits; filaments at least basally fused into modified column of variable shape. Gynoecium of 12300 carpels; carpels developmentally conduplicate; stigmatic crest as unvascularised "pseudostyle", sometimes modified as peltate "pseudostigma"; ovary unilocular; ovules 25 (11), anatropous, ventrally attached or pendulous, bitegmic, crassinucellar. Fruit an aggregate of apocarps; receptacle ellipsoidal to elongate; apocarps with fleshy pericarp. Seeds usually 15, rarely more, ventrally attached or pendulous, laterally flattened, with copious oily endosperm. A family of two genera and 39 species; one species indigenous to SE USA and the Sierra Madre of Mexico; all others indigenous to E Asia. The family Schisandraceae (often incorrectly spelled "Schizandraceae") is most closely related to the Illiciaceae; these two families are generally classified in the order Illiciales. Various opinions have been expressed regarding the phylogenetic affinities of the Illiciales: cladistic analyses of morphological data typically indicate a relationship with the Winteraceae (Donoghue & Doyle, 1989; Loconte & Stevenson, 1991), whereas analyses of rbcL and 18S gene sequence data indicate a sister group relationship with the Austrobaileyaceae (Chase et al., 1993; Qiu et al., 1993; Soltis et al., 1997). A.C.Smith, The families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae, Sargentia 7: 1224 (1947); R.M.K.Saunders, Monograph of Kadsura (Schisandraceae), Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 1106 (1998); R.M.K.Saunders, Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae), Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 1146 (2000).
KEY TO GENERA BASED ON MALE FLOWERS

1 2 2: 1: 3 3: Androecium of free stamens, not compressed into an androecial mass Apex of androecium without staminodes; pollen tricolpate Apex of androecium with variable number of staminodes (occasionally absent); pollen hexacolpate Androecium of either connate or free but highly compressed stamens, forming an androecial mass Androecium composed of connate stamens Androecium composed of free but highly compressed stamens 1. SCHISANDRA 2. KADSURA 1. SCHISANDRA 2. KADSURA
1 The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD
(2001)
KEY TO GENERA BASED ON FEMALE FLOWERS AND FRUITS

Floral receptacle cylindrical or conical-terete; aggregate fruits composed of apocarps attached to greatly elongated receptacle; apocarps always separate, never appressed Floral receptacle obovoid, subclavate, or ellipsoidal; aggregate fruits composed of apocarps attached to ellipsoidal or clavate receptacle; apocarps often closely appressed to form a spherical to ellipsoidal mass
1. SCHISANDRA
2. KADSURA
1. SCHISANDRA
Schisandra Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 218, t. 47 (1803), nom. cons.
Type: Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder Stellandria Brickell, Med. Repos. 6(3): 327 (1803). T: Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder. T: Schisandra propinqua subsp. axillaris (Blume) Sphaerostema Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 22 (1825). R.M.K.Saunders.
Maximowiczia Rupr., in C.J.Maximowicz, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 142 (1856). T: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
Woody vines, dioecious or monoecious, glabrous to partly pubescent or tomentose. Leaves alternate, exstipulate; lamina elliptic to ovate, papery to coriaceous; base acute to obtuse, often attenuate; margins denticulate to entire; apex acute to acuminate. Flowers generally solitary, unisexual, axillary to bracts or leaves. Tepals 520, imbricate. Male flowers with androecium of few to numerous (460) stamens; stamens free or partially or fully fused to form a fleshy synandrium; pollen tri- or hexacolpate, distally syncolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of numerous (12120) free carpels; stigmatic crest forming subulate pseudostyle, lacking a pseudostigma; ovary with 2 (or 3) ventrally attached ovules. Fruit an aggregate of apocarps attached to elongated receptacle; apocarps ellipsoidal to obovoid, ripening red (rarely blackish). Seeds (1) 2 (3), smooth to rugulose. x = 7. A genus of 23 species; one species indigenous to N America; all other species occur in E Asia, extending from Hokkaido (Japan) and far-eastern Siberia in the NE, to Java and Bali in the S, and to Uttar Pradesh (India) in the W.
KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS

1 2 3 Abaxial leaf lamina variably pubescent or tomentose (at least on primary and secondary veins) Hairs on abaxial leaf lamina restricted to primary and secondary veins; petioles and peduncles (of both flowers and fruits) glabrous Tepals narrow; largest tepal with length:width ratio 1.83.6 (5.3); androecium of (4) 5 (7) stamens; apical stamens not connate; thecae extrorse-lateral; peduncles comparatively short: (6) 1120 (28) mm (male), (7) 2535 mm (female) Tepals broad; largest tepal with length:width ratio 0.91.5; androecium of 1428 stamens; apical stamens connate; thecae introrse-lateral; peduncles comparatively long: 2352 mm (male), 5071 mm (female) Hairs on abaxial leaf lamina extending across entire surface; petioles and peduncles (of both flowers and fruits) pubescent or tomentose Abaxial leaf lamina without hairs Flowers sometimes solitary, but often with "secondary" flowers in axil of prophylls, occasionally in clusters; androecium of connate stamens Subg. 3. SCHISANDRA sect. 3. SPHAEROSTEMA
Subg. 3. SCHISANDRA sect. 1. MAXIMOWICZIA
3:
Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA
2: 1: 4
SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra)
4: 5 5: 6 "Secondary" flowers absent; androecium composed of essentially free stamens (apical stamens occasionally connate) Stamens 5, radiating horizontally outwards from broad floral apex (forming pentamerous staminal "shield") Stamens (4) 566 (70), spirally arranged around elongate floral axis Largest tepals (6) 7.517 (23) mm long; stamens 2266 (70); apical stamens not connate; pollen tricolpate; carpels (35) 50120; pseudostyles large and broad Largest tepals (3) 3.510 (13) mm long; stamens (4) 546; apical stamens sometimes connate; pollen hexacolpate; carpels 1465; pseudostyles small or narrow Branches conspicuously angled or with lateral wings; perules relatively large, (sub) persistent Branches not conspicuously angled, and without lateral wings; perules small, fugacious Tepals narrow; largest tepal with length:width ratio 1.83.6 (5.3); stamens (4) 5 (7); apical stamens not connate; thecae extrorselateral Tepals broad; largest tepal with length:width ratio 0.81.8 (2.1); stamens 735 (40); apical stamens generally connate; thecae introrse-lateral or lateral Subg. 3. SCHISANDRA sect. 1. MAXIMOWICZIA Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA Subg. 3. SCHISANDRA sect. 2. SCHISANDRA
Subg. 1. PLEIOSTEMA
6:
7 7: 8
8:
Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA
Subg. 1. Pleiostema
Schisandra subg. Pleiostema (A.C.Sm.) Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 246, 272 (1996)
Schisandra sect. Pleiostema A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 93 (1947), p.p . Thomson. T: S. grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. &
Male flowers with androecium of 2270 free stamens (base of filaments sometimes partially adnate to receptacle), spirally arranged around floral axis; uppermost stamens not connate; thecae extrorse-lateral; pollen tricolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of (35) 50120 free carpels; pseudostyles broad. Seed testa smooth. A subgenus of four species at lower altitudes in the Himalayas (India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet) and central China (Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan).
1 Lamina (3.5) 4.58 (12.5) cm long, 1.53 (6.5) cm wide; stamens partially adnate with broad floral axis, only apically free with short filaments Lamina (5.5) 711.5 (15) cm long, (2) 2.55.5 (7.5) cm wide; stamens free Perianth deep (purple-) red Perianth cream, white or flesh-pink Perianth cream or white, or somewhat pink-tinged; fruiting torus (13) 1618 (25) cm long Perianth flesh-pink; fruiting torus 57 (11) cm long 1. S. grandiflora 3. S. incarnata 2. S. rubriflora
4. S. sphaerandra
1: 2 2: 3
3:
(2001)
Figure 1. Schisandra grandiflora. A, flowering branch; B, androecium; C, gynoecium; D, isolated carpel (lateral view); E, fruit (apocarps slightly immature); F, seed (A, J.H.Lace 57, E; B, D.Chatterjee 230, L; CD, O.Polunin 434, E; E, A.J.C.Grierson & D.G.Long 2555, E; F, D.G.Long et al. 710, E). Scale bars: A, E = 2 cm; B, F = 1 mm; C = 2 mm; D = 500 m. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58, fig. 23 (2000), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra) 1. Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson, in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 44 (1872), as Schizandra
Kadsura grandiflora Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 10 (1824); Sphaerostema grandiflorum (Wall.) Blume, Fl. Javae 17 (1830), as S. grandifloro . T: Nepal [Mt Sheopore], 1821, N.Wallich 4985 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 52 (2000); isolecto: C, GH. Illustrations: G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 69A (1891); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 247, fig. 70 (1996); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 54, fig. 23 (2000). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 55, fig. 24 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (9) 1122 (30) mm long; lamina generally elliptic, (6.5) 7.511 (13) cm long, (2) 2.54 (5) cm wide, papery; base acute to attenuate, rarely obtuse; margins denticulate, rarely subentire; teeth (0) 1017 (27) per side of leaf; apex short- to long-acuminate; secondary veins (4) 56 (8) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, borne in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (12) 1425 (36) mm long (male), (20) 3547 mm long (female). Tepals 69, (cream-) white; sometimes pink-tinged; largest tepal (7.6) 1015 (23) mm long, 7.415 mm wide. Male flowers with 3050 stamens. Female flowers with 67120 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle 47 cm long; torus (13) 1618 (25) cm long, (3.2) 3.74 (4.7) mm wide; apocarps (4.5) 58.5 (10.5) mm long, (4) 4.57.5 mm wide, red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, (3) 3.23.6 (4) mm long, 3.64 mm wide; testa smooth. n = 7, S.B.Malla et al., in .Lve (ed.), Taxon 26: 443452 (1977); P.S.Sandhu & S.K.Mann, in S.S.Bir (ed.), J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 219228 (1988); P.S.Sandhu et al., Curr. Sci. 58: 925926 (1989). n = 14, V.K.Singhal et al., in .Lve (ed.), Taxon 29: 347367 (1980); P.S.Sandhu & S.K.Mann, in S.S.Bir (ed.), J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 219228 (1988); P.S.Sandhu et al., Curr. Sci. 58: 925926 (1989). Fig. 1. Himalayas (India, Nepal, Bhutan and S Tibet). 36. CHT. 40. BHU, IND, NEP. Scandent or climbing in broad-leaved, coniferous or mixed forests; (1800) 21003300 (4000) m. Flowers Apr.June; fruits JuneOct. Map 1.
36. TIBET: Chunyima, Rong Chu valley, Pome [Bomi], F.Ludlow, G.Sherriff & H.H.Elliot 13707 (E). 40. EAST HIMALAYA: Bhutan, SE of Sengor, Namning, A.J.C.Grierson & D.G.Long 2555 (A, E, K). INDIA: Sikkim, Lachen, K.Biswas 6642 (A); Uttar Pradesh, Siwalik and Jaunsar Divisions, Chakrata, B.C.Datta 1 (A); West Bengal, Darjeeling [Darjiling], Tonglo, R.Lepcha 1234 (E); Himachal Pradesh, Simla [Shimla] Distr., Bashahr State, Jahan, R.N.Parker 2799 (A). NEPAL: near Tibrikot, Bangthari, O.Polunin, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 2123 (A, E).
The fruits of S. grandiflora are eaten locally (Watt, 18891896: 487; Arora & Pandey, 1996: 150). Schisandra grandiflora is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
2. Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & E.H.Wilson, in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wils. 1: 412 (1913)
T: China: Western Szechuan [Sichuan], Niu-tou-shan, W of Kuan Hsien [Guan Xian], Pan-lan Shan, 20 June 1908, E.H.Wilson 921b ; holo: A. Illustrations: O.Stapf, Bot. Mag. 152: pl. 9146 (1928), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: pl. 1 (2000); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 248, fig. 71, 10-17 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 59, fig. 26 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (10) 1226 (30) mm long; lamina elliptic to obovate-elliptic, (5.5) 711.5 (15) cm long, 2.55.5 (7.5) cm wide, papery; base acute to attenuate, rarely obtuse; margins denticulate to serrulate, rarely sinuous-serrulate; teeth (5) 1217 (23) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins (4) 57 (8) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (10) 1832 (50) mm long (male), 1832 mm long (female). Tepals 69, deep (purple-) red; largest tepal 7.515.7 mm long, 7.110 (13.3) mm wide. Male flowers with 3466 stamens. Female flowers with 5070 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle (4) 57 (8) cm long; torus (6) 912 (15) cm
(2001)
long, (1.2) 24 (5) mm wide; apocarps (4) 58 (11) mm long, (3) 47 (9) mm wide, dark (purple-) red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, 2.73.6 mm long, (3.1) 3.44 (4.5) mm wide; testa smooth. n = 14, J.A.Ratter & C.Milne, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 143145 (1976). NE Assam, N Myanmar [Burma] and China (W Sichuan and N Yunnan). 36. CHC. 40. ASS. 41. MYA. Scandent or climbing in forests, rocky slopes, ravines, etc.; (1500) 25003000 (3600) m. Flowers MayJune; fruits JulyOct. Map 2.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Nanchuan-hsien [Nanchuan Xian], W.P.Fang 831 (A, NY); Sichuan, Omei-hsien [Emei Xian], W.P.Fang 2788 (A); Yunnan, Salwin and Irrawady divide, Mt Kenichunpo, J.F.Rock 22018 (A, K, NY, UC); Yunnan, Yeh-Chih, Wei-si Hsien [Weixi Xian], C.W.Wang 67966 (A); Sichuan, SE of Tachien, Chui-Ting-Shan, Wa-shan, E.H. Wilson 921 (A, K). 40. ASSAM: Delei valley, F.K.Ward 8210 (K). 41. MYANMAR: Adung valley, F.K.Ward 9530 (A).
Schisandra rubriflora is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982), and is cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
3. Schisandra incarnata Stapf, Bot. Mag. 152: sub fig. 9146 (1928), as Schizandra
T: China. Hupeh [Hubei]: without locality, June 1907, E.H.Wilson 2085 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 59 (2000); isolecto: A, K, NY, US. Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 248, fig. 71, 19 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 59, fig. 26 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (12) 2025 (35) mm long; lamina elliptic to obovate, (7) 811 (12.5) cm long, (3.5) 45.5 cm wide, papery; base acute to attenuate; margins denticulate to serrulate; teeth 1019 per side of leaf; apex short(rarely long-) acuminate; secondary veins (4) 5 or 6 (7) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, borne in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles 1625 (35) mm long (both sexes). Tepals 7 or 8, (deep) flesh-pink; largest tepal c. 1017 mm long, 612 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 28 stamens. Female flowers with c. 70 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle 3.55 cm long; torus 57 (11) cm long, 1.43.5 mm wide; apocarps 810.5 mm long, 5.58.5 mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, flattenedreniform, (3) 3.23.7 mm long, (3.5) 3.74.5 (4.7) mm wide; testa smooth. China (W Hubei). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets and forests; 16002300 m. Flowers MayJune; fruits Aug.Sept. Map 3.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Hubei, Shennongjia Forest Distr., between Qiujiaping and Mt Laojun, SinoAmerican Expedition to Western Hubei Province 645 (UC); Hubei, Wen Tsao Mtn, Hsing-shan Hsien [Xinshan Xian], E.H.Wilson 263 (A, E, K, US); Hubei, Fang Hsien [Fang Xian], E.H.Wilson 318 (A, K, US).
Schisandra incarnata is used medicinally in China (Song, 1990: 6880). The fruits are eaten locally (Law, 1996: 250).
4. Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf, Bot. Mag. 152: sub fig. 9146 (1928), as Schizandra
Schisandra sphaerandra f. typica A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 109 (1947), nom. inval . T: China: NW Yunnan, eastern flank of Lichiang [Lijiang] range, May 1910, G.Forrest 5663 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 61 (2000); isolecto: E, US. Schisandra grandiflora var. cathayensis C.K.Schneid., Bot. Gaz. 63: 522 (1917). [Sichuan], Yalung, Hua-li, 28 May 1914, C.K.Schneider 3936 ; holo: not located. T: China: Szechuan
Schisandra sphaerandra f. pallida A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 109110 (1947). T: China: Yunnan, between Chien-chuan plain and the Mekong drainage basin to La-chih-ming, May 1923, J.F.Rock 8595 ; holo: A; iso: NY, UC, US. [ Schisandra glaucescens auct. non Diels: E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor . 7: 237 (1926)] [ Schisandra rubriflora auct. non Rehder & E.H.Wilson: E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor. 7: 237 (1926)] [ Schisandra grandiflora auct. non (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thoms.: H.R.E.Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin . 7: 244 (1931) p.p., as Schizandra ]
Illustrations: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 105, fig. 17ln (1947); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 251, fig. 72, 111 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 62, fig. 27 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (6) 920 (33) mm long; lamina elliptic to obovate-elliptic (rarely ovate-elliptic), (3.5) 4.58 (12.5) cm long, 1.53 (6.5) cm wide, papery (rarely subcoriaceous); base acute (rarely obtuse in older leaves); margins denticulate to serrulate; teeth (1) 510 (27) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins (4) 57 (9) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles 524 mm long (male), (6) 1025 (44) mm long (female). Tepals (5) 68 (9), variably white, yellowish, pink, crimson, dark red or purplish; largest tepal (6) 7.512.5 (17.4) mm long, (4.3) 611 mm wide. Male flowers with 2242 (70) stamens. Female flowers with (35) 70100 carpels; pseudostyles generally broad. Fruit peduncle (1.5) 2.55.5 (6.5) cm long; torus (2.5) 6.510 (15) cm long, (1.9) 2.43 (3.6) mm wide; apocarps 610.5 (12) mm long, (4) 5.57.5 (9) mm wide, ripening scarlet to deep red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, flattened-reniform (rarely discoid), (2.9) 3.23.6 (3.8) mm long, (3.6) 3.74.1 (4.3) mm wide; testa smooth. China (S Sichuan and N Yunnan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in open scrub and mixed and coniferous forests; (1000) 27003600 (3800) m. Flowers MayJune; fruits (June) Sept.Oct. Map 4.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, SW of Muli, on trail to Leirong, Kaushu Shan, J.F.Rock 24092 (A, NY, UC); Yunnan, Yangtze watershed, Likiang [Lijiang] Distr., E slopes of Linkiang [Lijiang] Snow Range, J.F.Rock 3399 (A, NY, UC); Yunnan, Tonwa Territory, N of Chung-tien, Chung-tien [Zhongdian] Distr., J.F.Rock 24699 (A, K, NY UC); Yunnan, above Dali, below Longquan, Sino-British Expedition to Cangshan 526 (A, K); Yunnan, Yunnanphu, Wachin, Muli, T.T.Y 14506 (A).
Schisandra sphaerandra is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982), and is cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
Subg. 2. Sinoschisandra
Schisandra subg. Sinoschisandra Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 253, 272 (1996)
Type: S. henryi C.B.Clarke
Male flowers with androecium of 735 (40) free stamens; uppermost stamens generally partially differentiated, appearing connate, forming a fleshy mass with marginal thecae; thecae of free stamens introrse-lateral or lateral; pollen hexacolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of 1465 (70) carpels; pseudostyles small or narrow and subulate. Seed testa variably smooth, rugulose, or tuberculate. A subgenus of 13 species; Nepal, India (Bengal, Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalaya), N Myanmar [Burma], N Thailand, N Vietnam, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang) and Indonesia (Java).
1 2 3 Abaxial surface of lamina variably pubescent or tomentose (at least on primary and secondary veins) Hairs on abaxial surface of lamina restricted to primary and secondary veins; petiole and peduncles (of both flowers and fruits) glabrous Branches conspicuously angled or with narrow lateral wings; perules relatively large, (sub) persistent; abaxial surface of lamina variably glaucescent; stamens 1828; seeds with (very) tuberculate testa Branches not conspicuously angled and without lateral wings; perules small, fugacious; abaxial surface of lamina not glaucescent; stamens 1419; seeds with smooth or slightly rugulose testa
16. S. longipes
3:
12. S. pubinervis

2: Hairs on abaxial surface of lamina extending across entire surface; petiole and peduncles (of both flowers and fruits) pubescent or tomentose Abaxial surface of lamina, petiole and peduncles densely tomentose; perianth yellow Abaxial surface of lamina, petiole and peduncles variably pubescent; perianth cream, yellow, orange or red
(2001)
4 4: 1: 5 6
10. S. tomentella 11. S. pubescens
Abaxial surface of lamina glabrous Branches conspicuously angled or with lateral wings; perules relatively large, (sub) persistent Lamina (10) 1214.5 (16.5) cm long, translucent; apocarps c. 912 mm long, c. 8.513 mm wide; seeds 3.74.5 mm long, c. 3.94.5 mm wide Lamina (5.5) 7.511.5 (14) cm long, rarely translucent; apocarps 4.58.5 (9.5) mm long, (3) 3.56.5 (7.5) mm wide; seeds (2.5) 2.93.6 (3.8) mm long, (2.9) 3.23.9 (4.6) mm wide Branches not conspicuously angled, and without lateral wings; perules small, fugacious Lamina (3) 47.5 (10) cm long; petiole (3) 615 (22) mm long; largest tepal (3) 3.56.5 mm long; carpels 1424 8 8: 7: 9 9: Lamina narrow, with length:width ratio (2) 2.43.4 (3.7); fruiting torus 35 (6.5) cm long Lamina broad, with length:width ratio (1) 1.21.9 (2.5); fruiting torus 1.53.5 cm long Lamina (4) 5.512 (15) cm long; petiole (7) 1127 (46) mm long; largest tepal (4) 59.5 (12) mm long; carpels 2056 Abaxial surface of lamina conspicuously glaucous Abaxial surface of lamina not glaucous 9. S. elongata 8. S. glaucescens 13. S. lancifolia 14. S. micrantha
17. S. perulata
6:
15. S. henryi
5: 7
10 Secondary veins of lamina strongly arcuate; outermost tepal highly reduced, 0.20.4 of length of largest 10: Secondary veins of lamina slightly arcuate; outermost tepal slightly reduced or not reduced, 0.51 of length of largest 11 Secondary and lower order veins of lamina not raised ab- or adaxially; seed testa smooth 11: Secondary and lower order veins of lamina slightly raised abaxially and often adaxially; seed testa smooth or rugulose, rarely tuberculate 12 Leaf venation appearing dark after drying; apocarps (3) 57 (8.5) mm long, (3) 3.55.5 (7.5) mm wide 12: Leaf venation appearing pale after drying; apocarps (5) 79.5 (11) mm long, (3.5) 56.5 (7) mm wide
6. S. sphenanthera
5. S. neglecta 7. S. arisanensis
5. Schisandra neglecta A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 127129 (1947)

T: China: Yunnan, E of the Mekong, NE of Yeh-chih, mountains of A-wa-lo, June 1923, J.F.Rock 8933 ; holo: A; iso: UC, US. ? Schisandra lancifolia var. polycarpa Z.He, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 10: 294 (1988). T: China: Sichuan, Xide Xian Lake commune, 19 May 1981, G.H.Tang & J.M.Tan 11 ; syn: Herbarium, Sichuan Institute of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan; idem, 19 May 1981, G.H.Tang & J.M.Tan 12 ; syn: Herbarium, Sichuan Institute of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan; China: Sichuan, Xichang Xian, Luojishan, 21 Sept. 1981, J.M.Tan 22 ; syn: Herbarium, Sichuan Institute of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan. [ Sphaerostema elongatum auct. non Blume: J.D.Hooker. & T.Thomson, Fl. Ind . 1: 85 (1855); H.Drury, Hand Book Ind. Fl. 1: 648 (1864)]
[ Schisandra elongata auct. non (Blume) Baill.: Hook.f. & Thoms. in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 44 (1872), as Schizandra ; G.King, Ann Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 220 (1891), as Schizandra ; E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arb . 7: 238 (1926)] [ Schisandra propinqua auct. non (Wall.) Baill.: H.R.E.Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin . 7: 245 (1931), as Schizandra ] Illustrations: G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 69B (1891), as Schizandra elongata ; A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 105, fig. 17g (1947); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 259, fig. 75, 1120 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 65, fig. 28 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (7) 1120 (30) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (5) 5.59.5 (11) cm long, (2) 34.5 (6.5) cm wide, papery (rarely subcoriaceous); base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves); margins denticulate to serrulate; teeth (4) 612 (18) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 47 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles (13) 2040 (49) mm long (male), (21) 2565 mm long (female). Tepals 69 (10), white, yellow, orange or pink; largest tepal 5.19.1 mm long, 4.57.4 mm wide. Male flowers with (12) 2035 (40) stamens. Female flowers with 2045 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle (3.5) 4.56 (7.5) cm long; torus (2) 48 (10.5) cm long, (0.8) 12 mm wide; apocarps (3) 57 (8.5) mm long, (3) 3.55.5 (7.5) mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, (2.7) 2.83.4 (3.6) mm long, (3.1) 3.33.9 (4.2) mm wide; testa smooth to rugulose, rarely tuberculate. Nepal, NE India, N Myanmar [Burma] and China (Yunnan). 36. CHC. 40. ASS, EHM, NEP. 41. MYA. Scandent or climbing in thickets or mixed forests, often by streams and in ravines; (1300) 17002900 (3600) m. Flowers (Apr.) MayJuly; fruits JulyNov. Map 5.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, NW Likiang [Lijiang], Tamichung, R.C.Ching 21484 (A); Yunnan, Muli, on the border of Chungtien [Zhongdian], Ngerya, Lamachang, K.M.Feng 2844 (A); Yunnan, hills to the E of Tengyueh [Tengchong], G.Forrest 7622 (K, MO); Yunnan, Wei-si Hsien, C.W.Wang 63549 (A). 40. INDIA: East Bengal, W.Griffith 77 (C, GH, L); "Khasia", [without date], J.D.Hooker & J.J.Thomson s.n. (GH, NY). EAST HIMALAYA: Sikkim, Lepcha, Kaliteshingpat, J.S.Gamble 1891 (K). NEPAL: Arun valley, Hatiar, J.D.A.Stainton 432 (A). 41. MYANMAR: Myitkyina, near Kangfang, C.W.D.Kermode 17289 (K); N Adung valley, F.K.Ward 9443 (A).
Schisandra neglecta is used medicinally in India (Rao, 1981: 49).
6. Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson, in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wils. 1: 414415 (1913)
T: China: W Hupeh [Hubei], Patung Hsien [Badong Xian], May & Sept. 1907, E.H.Wilson 313 ; lecto: A, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 67 (2000); isolecto: E, K, US. Schisandra chinensis var. rubriflora Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat ., sr. 2, 8: 192193 (1885), as Schizandra , reprinted in Franch., Pl. David. 2: 10 (1888); Schisandra grandiflora var. rubriflora (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Bot. Gaz. 63: 523 (1917). T: China: Sichuan, Moupine [Mupin/Baoxing], Apr. & Jun 1869, A.David s.n.; lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 67 (2000). Schisandra flaccidiramosa C.R.Sun, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8: 123124 (1988). T: China: Gansu, near Daheba Forestry Centre, Dangchang County, 17 May 1973, Z.X.Peng 730053 ; holo: LZU. Illustrations: J.E.Dandy, Bot. Mag. 34: pl. 8921 (1938), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: pl. 2 (2000); C.-R.Sun, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8: 125 (1988). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 69, fig. 29 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole 1527 (35) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, rarely obovate, (4) 5.511 (13.5) cm long, (2) 2.56 (8) cm wide, papery; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse or truncate (older leaves); margins (sinuous-) denticulate to (sinuous-) serrulate, rarely (sub) entire; teeth (0) 511 (15) per side of leaf; apex short- to long-acuminate; secondary veins (3) 45 (8) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (8) 1334 (54) mm long (male), (18) 4064 mm long (female). Tepals 58 (9),
(2001)
variably yellow, orange or red; largest tepal 69.5 (11.3) mm long, (3.3) 46.5 (8.4) mm wide. Male flowers with (11) 1523 (25) stamens. Female flowers with c. 2545 carpels; pseudostyles small. Fruit peduncle (2) 36.5 (10) cm long; torus (2.5) 414 (22) cm long, (1) 1.22.4 (3) mm wide; apocarps (5.5) 6.59 mm long, 48 mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, (2.6) 33.5 (3.9) mm long, (3.2) 3.54 (4.3) mm wide; testa () smooth. n = 14, T.W.Whitaker, J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 376385 (1933). C China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang). 36. CHC, CHS. Scandent or climbing in forests; (200) 7002000 (5100) m. Flowers (Mar.) MayJune (July); fruits JuneOct. Map 6.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Guizhou, Taiping River and along tributary streams, above the confluence with the Heiwan R., Jiangkou Xian, Sino-American Guizhou Botanical Expedition 196 (A, NY); Sichuan, between Hai-t'ang and Pin-yi-p'u, H.Smith 1964 (A); Hubei, Ichang and immediate neighbourhood, A.Henry 3446 (GH, K). CHINA NORTH-CENTRAL: Shaanxi, [W] of Da-cheng-hao, Yue-ba-xiang, Fo-ping, J.S.Ying, K.Y.Lang & Y.F.Li 242 (MO); Gansu, Wei-zi-gou Forestry Farm, Wu-dou, J.S.Ying, K.Y.Lang & Y.F.Li 851 (MO). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Henan, Neixiang Xian, Yangchang Gou, Baotianman Nature Reserve, D.E.Boufford, H.X.Cheng, B.D.Liu, C.Y.Xi, T.S.Ying, C.J.Zhang & X.L.Zhu 26097 (A); Zhejiang, foot of Feng-yang-shan, Long-quan, S.Y.Chang 4696 (MO); Jiangsu, Hai Wei, R.C.Ching & C.L.Tso 498 (A); Anhui, Chien Shan Hsien, Tien Chu Shan, C.S.Fan & Y.Y.Li 220 (A); Hunan, Hsikwangschan Hsinhwa, H.Handel-Mazzetti 784 [ 11933 ] (A, C).
Schisandra sphenanthera is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982; Song, 1988: 36), and the fruits are eaten locally and used in the preparation of wine and vinegar (Reis Altschul, 1973: 72; Yuan & Chao, 1996). Oils extracted from the fruits and seeds have also been used in the manufacture of soap and lubricants (Wang, 1980: 802). Schisandra sphenanthera is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
7. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 12 (1915)

T: China: Formosa [Taiwan], between Funkiko and Taroyen, Mt Arisan, Apr. 1914, B.Hayata s.n.; lecto: TI, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 70 (2000); isolecto: TI.
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (10) 1327 (34) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (5) 6.510.5 (12.5) cm long, (2.5) 35.5 (7) cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves), often slightly attenuate; margins (sinuous-) denticulate to (sinuous-) serrulate; teeth (2) 410 (14) per side of leaf; apex (long-) acuminate; secondary veins 46 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles (18) 2237 (45) mm long (male), c. 3540 mm long (female). Tepals (5) 68 (13), (white-) yellow, orange or red; largest tepal (3.9) 59.7 (12) mm long, (3.6) 4.67.3 (8.3) mm wide. Male flowers with (8) 1223 (30) stamens. Female flowers with c. 2256 carpels; pseudostyles short, narrow. Fruit peduncle (4) 4.57 (8) cm long; torus (3.5) 510.5 (15.5) cm long, (1) 1.32.1 (2.5) mm wide; apocarps (5) 79.5 (11) mm long, (3.5) 56.5 (7.5) mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, rarely flattened-pyriform, 33.8 (4) mm long, (3.2) 3.54.2 mm wide; testa smooth to rugulose, rarely slightly tuberculate. China. There are two subspecies.
Female flowers with c. 4056 carpels Female flowers with c. 2229 carpels 7a. subsp. arisanensis 7b. subsp. viridis
10
SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra) 7a. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata subsp. arisanensis

Illustrations: B.Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: pl. 1 (1915); H.-L.Li, Fl. Taiwan 2: 402, pl. 351 (1976); H.-L.Li & S.M.Chaw, Fl. Taiwan 2nd edn 2: 426, pl. 197 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 72, fig. 30 (2000).
Tepals reddish-orange to yellow; outermost tepal 7.711.5 mm long, 58 mm wide, outermost tepal not reduced, 0.91.2 of length of largest tepal. Female flowers with gynoecium of c. 4056 carpels. Seeds 33.4 mm long, 3.53.9 mm wide. Taiwan. 38. TAI. Scandent or climbing in wet, deciduous forests, often on hillsides; 16002300 m; Flowers Apr.May; fruits Aug.Sept. Map 7.
38. TAIWAN: Arisan, Aridan, J.L.Gressitt 190 (A, K, L); Hsinchu Hsien, Wufeng Hsiang, Sheipa Natl Park, from Tapachienshan hiking entrance to a low ridge, C.L.Huang, W.H.Hu & Y.Y.Lien 72 (A); Hsinchu Hsien, Wufeng Hsiang, Sheipa Natl Park, Kuanwu, C.L.Huang, W.H.Hu & Y.Y.Lien 125 (MO); Yaoyuan, Mt Lalashan, M.T.Kao 10243 (A); Taichung, May-fong, Ou & Kao 9322 (MO); Hsinchu Hsien, Chienshih Hsiang, Yuanyanghu, mileage sign 1317 km on Forest Road No. 100, C.C.Wang & D.S.Hsu 1335 (E, MO); Taoyuang Hsiang, Kaosiung Hsien, mileage sign 133134 km on Provincial Road No. 20, C.C.Wang, C.C.Liao & D.S.Hsu 1060 (A).
Schisandra arisanensis subsp. arisanensis is used medicinally in China, and the fruits are eaten locally (Liu, 1960: 83).
7b. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata subsp. viridis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 7273 (2000)
Schisandra viridis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 129131 (1947). T: China: Kwangtung [Guangdong], Ho-yuen district, Tsung-shue, Nam Shan, 530 May 1938, W.T.Tsang 28783 ; holo: A; iso: P. [ Schisandra sphenanthera auct. non Rehder & E.H.Wilson: A.Rehder & E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor . 8: 110 (1927); E.D.Merrill & W.Y.Chun, Sunyatsenia 1: 57 (1930), as Schizandra ; W.-C.Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot . 9: 283 (1934)] Illustrations: Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. 533, fig. 186 (1983); W.F.Huang, Fl. Guangdong 1: 25, fig. 25 (1987). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 72, fig. 30 (2000).
Tepals (white-) yellow, rarely red; outermost tepal 2.26.4 mm long, (1.2) 2.63.6 (5.7) mm wide, slightly or not reduced, 0.51 (1.1) of length of largest tepal. Female flowers with gynoecium of c. 2229 carpels. Seeds (3) 3.23.8 (4) mm long, (3.2) 3.54.2 mm wide. S and E China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi). 36. CHC, CHS. Scandent or climbing in shrublands and forests, often on wet, poor soil on hillsides and in valleys; (150) 2401300 m. Flowers Apr.June; fruits JuneSept. Map 8.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Guizhou, Tsingchen, Wong-Kwan-Chou, S.W.Teng 90255 (A). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Zhejiang, 40 miles [c. 64 km] S of Siachu, Chen Chiong, R.C.Ching 1781 (A, K, UC); Central Fukien [Fujian], near Buong Kang, S.T.Dunn 2442 (A, HK, K); Anhui, Chien Shan Hsien, Tien Chu Shan, C.S.Fan & Y.Y.Li 221 (A); Jiangxi, Xing-zhou, Jing-gang-shan, Jinggang Shan Team 661226 (MO); Hunan, Ma-yang Co., Shan-shan, Xi-huang, S.C.Lee 203566 (MO); Guangdong, Wu-hua Co., Long-si-dian, Long-cun Gong-she, S.Y.Li 180617 (HKU, MO); Guangxi, Ling Yuin Hsien, Chiu Fong, A.N.Steward & H.C.Cheo 213 (A, NY).
Schisandra arisanensis subsp. viridis is used medicinally in China (South China Institute of Botany, 1982: 62). The fruits are eaten locally (Zhang, 1991: 112).
8. Schisandra glaucescens Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 323 (1900), as Schizandra
T: China: Setchuen [Sichuan], Nanch'uan [Nanchuan Xian], Chinfu-shan [Jinfu Shan], Leichia-p'ing, 29 July 1891, C.Bock & A.von Rosthorn 131 [ 2656 ]; holo: O. [ Schisandra elongata auct. non (Blume) Baill.: L.Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst . 29:322 (1900); A.E.Finet & F.Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52, Mm. 4: 49 (1905), reprinted as Contr. Fl. As. Or. 2: 49 (1907)] Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: fig. 31 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petioles (9) 1222 (26) mm long;
11
(2001)
lamina elliptic to obovate, 68 (9) cm long, 2.54 (5) cm wide, papery, rarely subcoriaceous; abaxial surface conspicuously glaucous; base acute (-attenuate) in younger leaves, obtuse (-attenuate) in older leaves; margins (sinuous-) denticulate to serrulate; teeth (4) 612 (13) per side of leaf; apex short-acuminate; secondary veins 4 or 5 (8) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles 2433 mm long (male), c. 3740 mm long (female). Tepals 68, white to yellow; largest tepal 6.59.7 mm long, 47.7 mm wide. Male flowers with 1824 stamens. Female flowers with c. 4250 carpels, pseudostyles small. Fruit peduncle 4.56 (7) cm long; torus 312 cm long, 23 (4.3) mm wide; apocarps (5) 69 (11) mm long, 46 (8.5) mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 (3) per apocarp, flattened-reniform, (2.6) 2.93.7 mm long, (3) 3.34.1 (4.3) mm wide; testa () smooth. China (W Hubei and E Sichuan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets and woodlands; 15002600 m. Flowers MayJune; fruits JulyOct. Map 9.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Fengjie, Hanrui, M.Y.Fang 24594 (IBSC); Sichuan, Nanchuanhsien, W.P.Fang 855 (A); Sichuan, Nanchuan, Jingfushan, J.H.Xiong & Z.L.Zhou 91079 (IBSC); Hubei, Grangia-gwan, W.Y.Chun 3820 (A); Hubei, Enshi, Hexi, Leibohan, Y.J.Ma 287 (IBSC); Hubei, Wufeng, Xiangdangping, Y.J.Ma 375 (IBSC); Hubei, Fang Hsien, E.H.Wilson 164a (A); Hubei, Patung [Badong], Changyang, E.H.Wilson 883 (A, K, NY).
Schisandra glaucescens is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982; Song, 1988: 36), and the fruits are eaten locally (Smith, 1947; Yuan & Chao, 1996). Schisandra glaucescens is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
9. Schisandra elongata (Blume) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 148 (1868)

Sphaerostema elongatum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 23 (1825), as Sphaerostemma . T: Java. "in altis montis Burangrang Provinciae Krawang", [without date], C.L.Blume s.n.; lecto: L, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 206 (1997); isolecto: K. Illustrations: C.L.Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] , fig. 5 (1830), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: pl. 3 (2000); C.G.G.J.van Steenis, Endeavour 21: pl. 4.6 (1962), reproduced in C.G.G.J.van Steenis, Mountain Fl. Java pl. 2.10 (1972). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 77, fig. 32 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (13) 1625 (46) mm long; lamina ovate, occasionally elliptic, (7) 912 (15) cm long, (3.5) 4.57 (8.5) cm wide, (thin) papery; base obtuse to truncate (acute in younger leaves), often short-decurrent; margins denticulate, occasionally entire; teeth 011 (15) per side of leaf; apex acuminate; secondary veins (3) 4 or 5 pairs per leaf, conspicuously arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles 2438 (42) mm long (male), (30) 5865 mm long (female). Tepals 810, yellow (outermost greenish and highly reduced); largest tepal 78.2 mm long, 4.610 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 2730 stamens. Female flowers with 2045 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 46.5 cm long; torus 37.5 cm long, 1.31.8 (2) mm wide; apocarps 78.5 mm long, 4.56.5 mm wide, red. Seeds 2 per apocarp, discoid, 2.63.3 mm long, 2.83.3 mm wide; testa rugulose. Java. 42. JAW. Scandent or climbing in submontane to montane humid forests; 10002000 m. Flowers Apr.Oct.; fruits Jan.July. Map 10.
42. JAWA: G. Lembaeng, C.A.Backer 12291 (L); Sarangan, G. Lawae, Madive, J.D.Dorgelo 137 (L); Tjibodas [Cibodas], J.G.Hallier 750 (L, NY); Kamodjan, C.Holstvoogd 611 (L); G. Boender, Batavia [Jakarta], C.G.G.J. van Steenis 4032 (L); G. Papandajan (borem Tjisoeraepan), Res. Priangau, C.G.G.J. van Steenis 4050 (L); beneden Bergtuin Tjibodas [Cibodas], Rarahan, Buitenzorg [Bogor], C.G.G.J. van Steenis 12272 (L).
10. Schisandra tomentella A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 119120 (1947)

T: China: Szechuan [Sichuan], Ma-pien Hsien, 23 May 1930, W.P.Fang 408 ; holo: A; iso: E, K, NY, US. Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 257, fig. 74, 18 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 75, fig. 31 (2000).
12
Plant partly tomentose. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (10) 1827 mm long, tomentose; lamina elliptic to obovate-elliptic, (6) 710 (10.5) cm long, 45 (6) cm wide, papery, abaxially densely tomentose; base acute-attenuate (younger leaves) to obtuseattenuate (older leaves); margins denticulate; teeth (5) 815 per side of leaf; apex short- to long-acuminate; secondary veins (4) 5 (7) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles 2443 mm long (male), c. 2045 mm long (female), tomentose. Tepals 57, yellow; outermost tepals tomentose abaxially; largest tepal 5.410 mm long, 4.46.5 mm wide. Male flowers with 1622 stamens. Female flowers with 4570 carpels; pseudostyles small. Fruit peduncle c. 5.5 cm long, tomentose; torus c. 4.5 cm long, c. 2.83.2 mm wide; apocarps c. 34 mm long, c. 45 mm wide, red. Seeds 2 per apocarp, discoid, 2.73.1 mm long, 3.23.5 mm wide; testa smooth. China (S Sichuan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets and woodlands on mountain slopes; 13002200 m. Flowers May (based on limited data); fruits Aug. (based on limited data). Map 11.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Ma-pien Hsien, F.T.Wang 22845 (A); Sichuan, Ma-pien Hsien, F.T.Wang 23052 (A); Sichuan, Qinghexiang Co., Leibo, Q.-S.Zhao 1341 (NY).
11. Schisandra pubescens Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson, Kew Bull. 1906: 150 (1906), as Schizandra
Schisandra pubescens var. typica A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 118-119 (1947), nom. inval. T: China: Hupeh [Hubei], Changyang, Patung [Badong], June 1907, E.H.Wilson 2234 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 78 (2000); isolecto: A, E, NY. Schisandra vestita Pax & K.Hoffm., in F.Pax, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 381 (1922), as Schizandra . T: China: Szetschwan [Sichuan], Yatschou fu, Tal des Ya ho bei Ming kan schan, 9 June 1914, W.Limpricht 1572 ; holo: WRSL; fragment of holo: A. Illustrations: C.Y.Cheng, in W.-P.Fang, Icon. Pl. Omeiensium 1(2): pl. 72 (1944); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 257, fig. 74, 919 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 80, fig. 33 (2000).
Plant partly pubescent. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petioles (15) 2235 (43) mm long, pubescent; lamina elliptic to ovate, (7) 811 (11.5) cm long, (3.5) 4.57.5 (8.5) cm wide, papery, abaxially sparsely pubescent; base obtuse to truncate; margins denticulate; teeth (8) 913 (19) per side of leaf; apex short- to long-acuminate; secondary veins (4) 5 or 6 (8) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles 2030 mm long (male), 1862 mm long (female), pubescent. Tepals 7 or 8, cream, yellow, orange or red; outermost tepals pubescent abaxially; largest tepal 6.910 mm long, 6.610 mm wide. Male flowers with 1424 stamens. Female flowers with 4062 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 46 cm long, pubescent; torus 511 cm long, (1.6) 1.83.2 (3.4) mm wide; apocarps 4.58 mm long, (3) 3.56 (7) mm wide, red. Seeds 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, 2.53.1 mm long, 2.93.4 mm wide; testa smooth. China (Hubei and Sichuan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets; 10001900 (2400) m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits JuneSept. Map 12.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: HubeiSichuan border, Metasequoia Area, W.C.Cheng & C.T.Hwa 823 (A, UC); Sichuan, Nanchuan-hsien, W.P.Fang 1395 (A, NY); Sichuan, Omei-hsien [Emei Xian], W.P.Fang 2632 (A, NY); Sichuan, Ngo-pi-hsien, W.P.Fang 7362 (A, IBSC); Sichuan, Nanchuan, Jingfushan, Tiewashi temple, J.H.Xiong & Z.L.Zhou 91648 (IBSC); Sichuan, Nanchuan, Xiaohe, Shancaicun, J.H.Xiong & Z.L.Zhou 92143 (IBSC); Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], Laizipo, G.H.Yang 55026 (IBSC); Sichuan, O-pien Hsien, T.T.Y 844 (A); Hubei, Patung [Badong] Distr., Ichang, A.Henry 1785 (K); Hubei, Wu-mei-tze, Patung [Badong] Hsien, E.H.Wilson 158 (A).
Schisandra pubescens is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982).
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12. Schisandra pubinervis (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 8182 (2000)
Schisandra sphenanthera var. pubinervis Rehder & E.H.Wilson, in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wils. 1: 415 (1913); Schisandra pubescens var. pubinervis (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 119 (1947). T: China: W Szech'uan [W Sichuan], near Monkong Ting, 19 June 1908, E.H.Wilson 2551 ; holo: A; iso: E, K, US. Illustration: C.Y.Cheng, in W.-P.Fang, Icon. Pl. Omeiensium 1(2): pl. 71 (1944), as Schizandra sphenanthera var. pubinervis . Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 80, fig. 33 (2000).
Plant partly pubescent (leaf veins only). Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (10) 1530 (40) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (5) 6.511 (13.5) cm long, (3) 3.56 (7) cm wide, papery, abaxially glabrous except for pubescent primary and secondary veins; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse or truncate (older leaves); margin (sinuous-) denticulate to serrulate; teeth (5) 610 (13) per side of leaf; apex short- to long-acuminate; secondary veins (3) 4 or 5 (6) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles 2852 mm long (male), 5060 mm long (female). Tepals 710, yellow; largest tepal 6.79.8 mm long, 6.48.8 mm wide. Male flowers with 1419 stamens. Female flowers with 3650 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle (4.5) 67.5 (10) cm long; torus (2) 410 (15.5) cm long, 1.32.1 (3) mm wide; apocarps 45 (6) mm long, 34 (5) mm wide, red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, variably flattened-reniform, discoid or rarely flattened-pyriform, 2.43 (3.6) mm long, (2.6) 2.83.3 (4) mm wide; testa smooth to slightly rugulose. China (Hubei and Sichuan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets and forests; 10002000 (2600) m. Flowers JuneJuly; fruits JulyAug. Map 13.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Kuan-hsien [Guan Xian], W.P.Fang 2171 (A, NY); Sichuan, Hungya-hsien, W.P.Fang 8330 (K); Sichuan, Chiu-lao-tung, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], S.C.Sun & K.Chang 236 (A); Sichuan, Sikang, Tianchuan, Erlangshan, H.L.Tsiang & Hsiung 34331 (IBSC); Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], T.H.Tu 153 (IBSC); Sichuan, Chiu-lao-tung, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], L.Y.T.Tui 118 (A); Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], F.T.Wang 23281 (A, IBSC); Sichuan, Leibo Co., Xining, Q.-S.Zhao 1065 (A, NY); Hubei, vicinity of Shui-sa-pa, J.L.Gressitt 2444 (A); Hubei, Hsing Shan, A.Henry 6447 (A, K).
13. Schisandra lancifolia (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 133135 (1947)
Schisandra sphenanthera var. lancifolia Rehder & E.H.Wilson, in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wils. 1: 415416 (1913). T: China: Szech'uan [Sichuan], Mupin, June 1908, E.H.Wilson 2552 ; holo: A; iso: K, US. [ Schisandra sphenanthera auct. non Rehder & E.H.Wilson: E.H.Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor. 7: 237 (1926)] Illustrations: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 105, fig. 17ac (1947); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 263, fig. 76, 1017 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 83, fig. 34 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (3) 612 (14.5) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (3.5) 4.57.5 (10) cm long, 1.53 (4) cm wide, papery; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves); margins denticulate to serrulate; teeth (4) 59 (17) per side of leaf; apex acute to (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 46 (7) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (9) 1231 (36) mm long (male), (24) 3040 (56) mm long (female). Tepals 68, white, yellow, orange, red or pink; largest tepal 3.75.2 (6.1) mm long, (3) 3.44.7 (5.1) mm wide. Male flowers with 819 stamens. Female flowers with 1424 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 34.5 (5.5) cm long; torus 35 (6.5) cm long, (0.6) 0.81.2 (1.6) mm wide; apocarps (4.5) 6.59.5 mm long, (4) 4.57 mm wide, red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, (discoid-) flattened-reniform, 2.93.3 mm long, 3.23.6 mm wide; testa smooth to slightly rugulose. China (Sichuan and Yunnan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets and woods, often on steep slopes and in ravines; 13502900 m. Flowers Apr.July; fruits Oct.Nov. Map 14.
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36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Chien-chuanMekong divide, G.Forrest 21524 (A); Yunnan, Mt Mung Hua, Long Yu, McLarens collector L106A (C, K, UC); Yunnan, Yangtze watershed, Prefectural Distr. of Likiang [Lijiang], eastern slopes of Likiang [Lijiang] Snow Ra., J.F.Rock 4299 (A, NY, UC); Yunnan, SE of the Yangtze bend at Shiku, Mt Lauchunshan, J.F.Rock 9602 (A, NY, UC); Yunnan, SW of the Yangtze bend at Shiku, Mt Lauchnshan, J.F.Rock 9603 (A, UC); Yunnan, Li-kiang Hsien [Lijiang Xian], C.W.Wang 71297 (A); Sichuan, Tachien lu [Kangding], E.H.Wilson 1268 (A); Sichuan, Mian-ning Hsien, T.T.Y 1771 (A); Yunnan, Juei-she Hsien, T.T.Y 1047 (A); Sichuan, Ta-tsien-lou [Kangding], J.A.Souli 453 (K).
Schisandra lancifolia is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982). The fruits are eaten locally (Yuan & Chao, 1996).
14. Schisandra micrantha A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 135136 (1947)

T: China: Yunnan, P'ing-pien Hsien, 17 May 1934, H.T.Tsai 55161 ; holo: A. Schisandra elongata var. dentata Finet & Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52: 49 (1905), as Schizandra , reprinted in Contr. Fl. As. Or. 2: 49 (1907). T: China: Yunnan, "environs de Yunnan-sen", 9 June 1899, F.Ducloux 585A; lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 84 (2000). Schisandra gracilis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 132133 (1947). Sagaing, May 1934, F.G.Dickason 5016 ; holo: A. Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 83, fig. 34 (2000). T: Myanmar [Burma]: Magok, Katha Distr.,
Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 263, fig. 76, 19 (1996).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (5.5) 7.515 (22) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (3) 46.5 (7.5) cm long, 2.54 (6) cm wide, thinly papery to subcoriaceous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse or truncate (older leaves); margins (sinuous-) denticulate to (sinuous-) serrulate; apex acute or (short-) acuminate; secondary veins (3) 4 or 5 (7) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate; teeth (3) 410 (12) per side of leaf. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (12) 1531 (38) mm long (male), (14) 2248 (61) mm long (female). Tepals 59, yellow, sometimes tinged pink or orange; largest tepal (2.8) 3.56.6 mm long, 3.16 (6.5) mm wide. Male flowers with 714 stamens. Female flowers with 1422 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 35.5 cm long; torus 1.53.5 cm long, 0.71.4 mm wide; apocarps 4.57.5 mm long, 3.57 mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattenedreniform, 2.93.5 mm long, 3.54 mm wide; testa slightly tuberculate. N India (Manipur), N Myanmar [Burma] and S China (Yunnan). 36. CHC. 40. ASS. 41. MYA. Scandent or climbing on slopes and in ravines, often near streams; 12002900 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Aug. (based on limited data). Map 15.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, environs de Yunnan-sen, F.Ducloux 2588 (P); Yunnan, environs de Tou-dza, F.Ducloux 2764 (P); Yunnan, environs de Lawngy-tsin, F.Ducloux 2765 (P); Yunnan, Mengtse, A.Henry 11211 (A, K, NY); Yunnan, La-Kou, E.E.Maire 33 (A); Yunnan, Tch-hay, E.E.Maire 177 (A); Yunnan, Ping-pien Hsien, H.T.Tsai 60136 (A); Yunnan, Cheng-kiang, Huang-t'u-p'u, H.Wang 41426 (A). 40. ASSAM: Manipur, Sirhoi, F.K.Ward 17680 (A, NY). 41. MYANMAR: Lashi Co., Naung-chaung valley, Htawgaw, F.K.Ward 1594 (E).
Schisandra micrantha is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982).
15. Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke, Gard. Chron., ser. 3 38: 162 (1905), as Schizandra, reprinted in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 172. (1907)
T: China: Yunnan, Meng-tzu, SE mountains, [without date], A.Henry 9193B; lecto: K, fide A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 112 (1947); isolecto: A. Schisandra elon g ata var. longissima Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 354 (1908), as Schizandra . T: China, Yunnan, SE mountains, Meng-tzu, A.Henry 9193B; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 86 (2000); isolecto: A.
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches narrowly or conspicuously winged, with variably persistent perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (12) 1738 (62) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (5.5) 7.511.5 (14) cm long, (3) 4.57.5 (9) cm wide, thinly papery, rarely subcoriaceous; abaxial surface variably
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(2001)
glaucous; base acute (-attenuate) (younger leaves) to obtuse (-attenuate) or truncate (older leaves); margins (sinuous-) denticulate to serrulate, rarely (sub) entire; teeth (0) 411 (16) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate, rarely long-acuminate; secondary veins 46 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of (semi-) persistent perules at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles (17) 2149 (62) mm long (male), 3247 mm long (female). Tepals 610, yellow or orange; inner tepals often red; largest tepal (5.4) 6.810 (12.8) mm long, (3.6) 5.59.5 (12.7) mm wide. Male flowers with 1246 stamens. Female flowers with 2865 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle (3.5) 610 (14.5) cm long; torus (1.5) 3.510.5 (11) cm long, (1) 1.32.4 (3.6) mm wide; apocarps 4.58.5 (9.5) mm long, (3) 3.56.5 (7.5) mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to flattened-reniform, rarely flattened-pyriform, (2.5) 2.93.6 (3.8) mm long, (2.9) 3.23.9 (4.6) mm wide; testa variably rugulose to very tuberculate. China. There are three subspecies. Schisandra henryi is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982; Song, 1988), and the fruits are eaten locally (Clarke, 1905; Reis Altschul, 1973: 72). Schisandra henryi is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
1 1: 2 2: Lamina not glaucescent on abaxial surface; perianth orange, or yellow and red; male flowers with 810 tepals Lamina variably glaucescent on abaxial surface; perianth yellow, without red pigmentation; male flowers with 6 or 7 (8) tepals Young branches conspicuously winged; stamens 2346; seed testa generally rugulose, rarely tuberculate Young branches angled or narrowly winged; stamens 1219; seed testa rugulose to tuberculate 15a. subsp. henryi 15c. subsp. marginalis 15b. subsp. yunnanensis
15a. Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke subsp. henryi

Schisandra henryi var. typica A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 114 (1947), nom. inval . Schisandra elongata var. longissima Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 354 (1908), as Schizandra . T: China: Yunnan, Meng-tzu, SE mountains, [without date], A.Henry 9193B; lecto: K, fide A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 112 (1947); isolecto: A. Schisandra hypoglauca H.Lv., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 459 (1911), as Schizandra . Kouy-Tchou [Guizhou], 7 May 1904, J.Esquirol 58 ; holo: E; iso: A, K. T: China:
Illustrations: C.Y.Cheng, in W.-P.Fang, Icon. Pl. Omeiensium 1(2): pl. 70 (1944); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 254, fig. 73, 112 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 89, fig. 35 (2000).
Young branches conspicuously winged, with large perules, persistent (at least until fruiting stage). Leaf lamina variably glaucescent on abaxial surface. Male flowers with 6 or 7 (8) tepals; perianth yellow; stamens 2346. Seed testa generally rugulose, rarely tuberculate. C China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan). 36. CHC, CHS. Scandent or climbing in thickets and mixed and evergreen forests; (450) 7502100 m. Flowers Apr.Aug.; fruits Aug.Oct. Map 16.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Dujiangyan Municipality [Guan Xian], Lingyan Mtn, D.E.Boufford, B.Bartholomew, G.Li & G.H.Zhu 24074 (A, NY); Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], H.-C.Chow 12010 (A); Yunnan, Megze [Mengzi], A.Henry 9193 (A, K); Hubei, Xianen, Maoba, H.J.Li 2432 (IBSC); Guizhou, in valley above Zhangjiaba on the W side of the Fanjing Shan mountain range, Huguoshi, Yinjiang Xian, SinoAmerican Guizhou Botanical Expedition 1406 (A, NY, MO); Guizhou, Liang Feng Yah, A.N.Steward, C.Y.Chiao & H.C.Cheo 132 (A, NY). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, N Hin Yen, Tsin Hung Shan, R.C.Ching 6994 (A, NY, UC); Jiangxi, Wu Gong Shan, X.M.Gao 1682 (MO); Hunan, Changning Hsien, YangShan, C.S.Fan & Y.Y.Li 280 (A, L); Henan, Ji-gong-keng, Qing-qi-dong, Ru-yuan Co., X.G.Liu 28955 (MO).
16
SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra) 15b. Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke subsp. yunnanensis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 8990 (2000)
Schisandra henryi var. yunnanensis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 116 (1947). T: China: S Yunnan, mountains E of Szemao [Simao], 30 May [year unknown], A.Henry 12022 ; holo: A; iso: NY, US. Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 254, fig. 73, 1329 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 89, fig. 35 (2000).
Young branches angled or narrowly winged, with medium-sized perules, variably persistent. Leaf lamina not glaucescent. Male flowers with 810 tepals; perianth yellow (outer tepals) and red (inner tepals), or orange; stamens 2434. Seed testa rugulose to tuberculate. SW China (Yunnan). 36. CHC. Scandent or climbing in thickets or woods, generally in ravines and by streams; 11001800 (2300) m. Flowers MayJune; fruits JulyOct. Map 17.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Szemao [Simao], A.Henry 12022B (A, K, NY); Yunnan, Kien-shuei Hsien [Ping-pien Hsien], H.T.Tsai 53321 , 55101 , 60658 , 61106 (all A); Yunnan, Lan-Tsang Hsien, C.W.Wang 76756 (A); Yunnan, Shunning, T.T.Y 16093 (A); Yunnan, Wenpishan, Mienning, T.T.Y 17763 (A); Yunnan, Poshang, Mienning, T.T.Y 18069 (A).
15c. Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke subsp. marginalis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 90 (2000)
Schisandra henryi var. marginalis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 115 (1947). T: China: Chekiang [Zhejiang], 50 li [c. 80 km] north of Hsien-ch (Siachu), 2225 May 1924, R.C.Ching 1606 ; holo: A; iso: E, UC, US. Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 89, fig. 35 (2000).
Young branches angled or narrowly winged, with medium-sized perules, variably persistent. Leaf lamina variably glaucescent on abaxial surface. Male flowers with 6 or 7 tepals; perianth yellow; stamens 1219. Seed testa rugulose to tuberculate. S and E China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and Zhejiang). 36. CHS. Scandent or climbing in sparse woodland or shrubland; 6501500 (1800) m. Flowers Apr.May; fruits JulyOct. Map 18.
36. CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, near border with Guizhou, In-Tung, Miu Shan, N Luchen, R.C.Ching 6236 (A, UC); Zhejiang, Chang-hua, Lin-an, P.L.Chiu 493 (MO); Guangxi, Yu-Long, Jiu-wan-shan, Chi-dongxiang, San-fang-qu, Da-miao-shan, S.H.Chun 14631 (MO); Fujian, Mang-dang-shan, Nan-ping, G.S.He 6270 (MO); Hunan, Hengshan [Nanyue Mtn], Q.Lin 974 (HKU); Guangdong, Lian-nan Co., Long-gui-zhai, Bangou, Bai-mang-xiang, P.X.Tan 58965 (IBSC, MO); Hunan, Zhi-jiang Co., Wu-lang-qi, P.X.Tan 62490 (MO); Guangdong, Xin-yi Co., Da-yin-ding, Z.M.Wu 218 (MO); Hunan, Nan-yue City to Ma-ji-si, Heng-shan, H.D.Zhang 3172 (MO); Zhejiang, Feng Yang Mtn, H.Y.Zou 433 (A).
16. Schisandra longipes (Merr. & Chun) R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 9092 (2000)
Schisandra sphenanthera var. longipes Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 56 (1934); Schisandra henryi var. longipes (Merr. & Chun) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 115116 (1947). T: China: Kwangtung [Guangdong], Lochong/Lo-ch'ang, 14 Apr. 1930, C.L.Tso 20530 ; lecto: NY, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 90 (2000); isolecto: NY. Illustration: W.F.Huang, Fl. Guangdong 1: 26, fig. 26 (1987). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 91, fig. 36 (2000).
Plant partly pubescent (leaf veins only). Lateral branches conspicuously angled or narrowly winged, with variably persistent perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (19) 2441 (59) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (7.5) 811.5 (13) cm long, (3.5) 4.56.5 (7.5) cm wide, papery, rarely thinly papery or subcoriaceous; abaxial surface glabrous except for pubescent primary and secondary veins, glaucescent; base acute (in younger leaves) to obtuse or truncate (in older leaves); margins (sinuous-) denticulate; teeth 711 (13) per side of leaf; apex acuminate; secondary veins (4) 5 or 6 (7) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of (semi-) persistent perules at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles glabrous, 2348 mm long (male),
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5471 mm long (female). Tepals 68, pale yellow; largest tepal 7.610.8 mm long, 610.4 mm wide. Male flowers with 1828 stamens. Female flowers with 3655 carpels; pseudostyles elongated, narrow. Fruit peduncle 7.513.5 cm long; torus 7.510.5 cm long, 1.51.8 mm wide; apocarps 2.56 mm long, 2.54.5 mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, (discoid) flattened-reniform, 3.13.5 mm long, 3.43.9 mm wide; testa very tuberculate. S China (N Guangdong and N Guangxi). 36. CHS. Scandent or climbing in dense or sparse woodland, often near streams; 5001400 m. Flowers Apr.May; fruits JulyAug. Map 19.
36. CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangdong, Lian-yang Co., Cheng-su-chang-qiao, Ling-bei Gong-she, Y.Q.Chen 170354 (MO); Guangdong, Jiu-zhao, Le-chang, S.H.Chun 3142 (HKU, IBSC, MO); Guangxi, Yao-ren-chong, Da-di-xiang, Long-sheng, Guang Fu Forest Team 231 (MO); Guangdong, Ruyuan, Dalingjiao, S.P.Ko 53043 (IBSC); Guangdong, Ru-wen Co., Ban-feng-shan, Luo-yang-xiang, Y.G.Liu 596 (MO); Guangxi, Longshen, Dadi, H.F.Qing & Z.T.Li 70010 (IBSC); Guangdong, Yang-shan Co., San-cha-song, Jia-heng, Le-yu-chang, Cheng-jia, P.X.Tang & X.X.Huang 354 (IBSC, MO); Guangdong, Lechang Co., Lok Chong, C.L.Tso 20679 (HK, NY); Guangdong, Le-chang Co., Jiu-feng, Hong-qi-gong-she, S.Z.Wu 70033 (MO); Guangdong, Ruyuan, Wuzhishan, Yue-71 Expedition 543 (IBSC).
17. Schisandra perulata Gagnep., in H.Humbert, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine (Suppl.) 1(1): 55 (1938)
T: Vietnam: Tonkin, Lo Lui Ho, near Cha Pa, Aug. 1933, A.Ptelot 4788 ; lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 92 (2000); isolecto: P, NY. [ Schisandra grandiflora auct. non Hook.f. & Thoms.: E.D.Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 28 (1938)] Illustration: F.Gagnepain, in H.Humbert, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine (Suppl.) 1(1): 53, fig. 6, 34 (1938). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 91, fig. 36 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches conspicuously winged, with (semi-) persistent perules at base; branches with extensive growth in subsequent years, resulting in long internodes. Leaves: petiole 1640 mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (10) 1214.5 (16.5) cm long, (4.5) 6.58.5 (10) cm wide, thinly papery; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves); margin (sub) entire to denticulate or serrulate; teeth 012 per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 46 (7) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncle 2666 (88) mm long (male). Tepals 7 or 8, yellow or red; largest tepal c. 8.4 mm long, c. 5.3 mm wide. Male flowers with 2230 stamens. Female flowers not seen. Fruit peduncle c. 1214 cm long; torus c. 1214 cm long, c. 2.83.4 mm wide; apocarps c. 912 mm long, c. 8.513 mm wide, red. Seeds 13 per apocarp, discoid, c. 3.74.5 mm long, 3.94.5 mm wide; testa rugulose. N Thailand and N Vietnam. 41. THA, VIE. Scandent or climbing in evergreen forest; 14001500 m. Fruits Aug. (based on limited data). Map 20.
41. THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov., Jawa Tong Distr., Mae Soi Subdistr., Mae Soi ridge, J.F.Maxwell 92-211 (E, GH); near Doi Chang, Nae Hong Son, Pai, T.Santisuk 1108 (A). VIETNAM: Chapa, Apr. 1925, A.Ptelot s.n. (A, P).
Subg. 3. Schisandra
Schisandra subg. Schisandra
Type: S. glabra (Brickell) Rehder
Male flowers with androecium of (4) 518 stamens, with some degree of fusion, either restricted to base of filaments, or of entire stamens; thecae lateral; pollen hexacolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of 1275 carpels; pseudostyles narrow and subulate, or slightly broadened. Seed testa rugulose or tuberculate. Six species; China (Guangxi, Hebei, Hunan, Nei Mongol [Inner Mongolia], Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Amurskaya Oblast, Khabarovskiy Kray, Primorskiy Kray and Sakhalinskaya Oblast), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
18
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee) and Mexico (Sierra Madre). For key to Sections, see p. 2
Sect. 1. Maximowiczia
Schisandra sect. Maximowiczia (Rupr.) Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Koreana 20: 101 (1933), as Schizandra.
Maximowiczia Rupr., in C.J.Maximowicz, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 142 (1856); Schisandra subg. Maximowiczia (Rupr.) Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 250252, 272 (1996). T: S. chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
Male flowers with androecium of (4) 5 (7) stamens, apparently free, although base of filaments probably connate; thecae extrorse-lateral; pollen hexacolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of 1440 carpels; pseudostyles variably narrow and subulate to slightly broadened. Seed testa smooth. One species; NE China (Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Inner Mongolia] and Shanxi), Korea, Russia (Amurskaya Oblast, Khabarovskiy Kray, Primorskiy Kray and Sakhalinskaya Oblast), and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu).
18. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 148 (1868), as Schizandra
Kadsura chinensis Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 149 (1837); Maximowiczia chinensis (Turcz.) Rupr. ex Maxim., Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 9: 3132 (1859); Schisandra chinensis var. typica Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Koreana 20: 105 (1933), nom. inva l . , as Schizandra . T: China: [precise locality not known], P.Y.Kirolov s.n.; holo: KW. Sphaerostema japonicum Sieb. & Zucc., Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 4: 188 (1845), nom. nud. Maximowiczia amurensis Rupr., in C.J.Maximowicz, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 15: 124 (1856), reprinted in Mlanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 2: 412 (1856). T: Russia: Am mittleren und sdlichen Amur, C.J.Maximowicz s.n.; holo: K; iso: GH, NY. Sphaerostema japonicum A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts , n.s. 6: 380 (1859). June 1855, C.Wright s.n.; holo: GH; iso: K, L, NY. ? Maximowiczia sinensis W.Robinson, Garden 6: 583 (1874). T: Japan: Oshima, Hakodate,
T: Russia: Amur, M.O.Putz s.n.; n.v.
Schisandra chinensis var. glabrata Nakai ex Mori, Enum. Pl. Corea 166 (1922), as Schizandra, nom. nud. Based on: Korea: Heihoku, Mt Hakuhekizan, T.Ishidoya s.n.; n.v. Schisandra chinensis var. leucocarpa P.H.Huang & L.H.Zhou, in L.H.Zhou et al., Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14: 3536 (1994). T: China: Heilongjiang, Jiu-lian Forest, Tieli Forestry Bureau, 10 Aug. 1993, P.-H.Huang 93150 ; n.v. Illustrations: Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. 535, fig. 187 (1983); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 251, fig. 72, 1220 (1996); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 96, fig. 37 (2000), Y.Sakata et al . (eds), Wild Fl. Jap. Woody Pl . 1: pl. 129, 47 (1989). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 97, fig. 38 (2000).
Plant partly pubescent (leaf veins only). Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (9) 1123 (40) mm long; lamina elliptic to obovate (4.5) 5.58 (10.5) cm long, (2.5) 3.55 (6.5) cm wide, thinly papery, glabrous or rarely sparsely pubescent on primary and secondary veins adaxially; base acute to attenuate (occasionally obtuse in older leaves); margins denticulate to (sinuous-) serrulate; teeth (5) 610 (16) per side of leaf; apex shortacuminate; secondary veins (3) 46 (7) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles glabrous, (6) 1120 (28) mm long (male), (7) 2535 mm long (female). Tepals (5) 69, white to yellow; largest tepal 6.510.1 (11.1) mm long, 2.14.8 mm wide. Male flowers with (4) 5 (7) stamens. Female flowers with 1440 carpels; pseudostyles variably narrow to slightly broadened. Fruit peduncle 24.5 (7.5) cm long; torus (1.5) 26 (9.5) cm long, 0.71.2 (1.7) mm wide; apocarps 57.5 mm long, 45 (6) mm wide, pinkish red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, flattened-
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Figure 2. Schisandra chinensis. A, flowering branch; B, flower; C, gynoecium; D, isolated carpel (lateral view); E, androecium; F, fruit; G, seed (A, E, H.Takahashi 4079, C; B, H.Takahashi 1181, C; CD, N.Palczevsky 3617, C; F, H.Takahashi & O.Asahara 3716, C; G, J.Ohwi & K.Okamoto 1782, C). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B, G = 2 mm; C, E = 1 mm; D = 500 m; F = 1 cm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58, fig. 37 (2000), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
20
reniform, rarely round, (2.9) 3.23.8 (4) mm long, (3.6) 4.44.8 (5) mm wide; testa smooth. 2n = 28, C.D.Darlington & A.P.Wylie, Chrom. Atlas Fl. Pl. 14 (1955); N.S.Probatova et al., Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 74: 16751678 (1989); R.-Y.Chen et al., Chrom. Atlas Chin. Princ. Econ. Pl. 1: 319320 (1993); X.Li et al., J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 11: 289292 (1993). Fig. 2. NE China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Inner Mongolia] and Shanxi), Korea, E Russia (Amurskaya Oblast, Khabarovskiy Kray, Primorskiy Kray and Sakhalinskaya Oblast) and N Japan (Hokkaido, central and N Honshu). 31. KHA, PRM, SAK. 36. CHI, CHM, CHN. 38. JAP, KOR. Scandent or climbing in wet-temperate, deciduous, coniferous or mixed forests; 1001800 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Aug.Sept. Map 21.
31. KHABAROVSK: Amur R., c. 200 km NE of Khabarovsk, Slavyanka, T.S. Elias & D. Murray 11050 (NY). PRIMORYE: near Vladivostok, N.Palczevsky 3617 (A, C, MO, NY). SAKHALIN: Korsakof, U.Faurie 497 (A, P). 36. NEI MONGOL [INNER MONGOLIA]: Da-qing-shan, Hu-he-hao, Q.R.Wu 78 (MO). MANCHURIA: Jilin, Changbaishan, B.B.Wan & K.S.Chow 81027 (MO, NY). CHINA NORTH-CENTRAL: Shanxi, Lin-shih Hsien, Mien-shan, T.Tang 972 (A); Beijing Municipality, Men Tou Gou Qu, Xiao Long Men, Z.T.Wang et al. 213 (MO, NY). 38. JAPAN: Hokkaido, Atsukeshi-gun, Hamanaka-cho, Kiritappu, K.Deguchi 6454 (A, NY); Honshu, Kai Prov., Misaka Pass, E.H.Wilson 6924 (A, K). KOREA: Keiki, near Suigen, Ha-zan, E.H.Wilson 8479 (A).
Schisandra chinensis is widely used for medicinal purposes (Saunders, 2000: 3637, and references therein), and a viscid derivative of the fruits was previously used as a pomade in hair-dressing (Hooper, 1929). The fruits are eaten locally (Gorokhova, 1982; Crawford, 1992: 10), and an infusion of the fruits is drunk as tea (Tanaka, 1976: 668). Fibres from the stems have been used in the manufacture of rope (Wang, 1980: 803). Schisandra chinensis is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
Sect. 2. Schisandra
Schisandra sect. Schisandra
Type: Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder
Male flowers with androecium of 5 sessile stamens; stamens radiating horizontally from a broad floral apex; thecae lateral; pollen hexacolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of 1275 carpels; pseudostyles narrow and subulate. Seed testa rugulose or tuberculate. Three species; China (Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan and Zhejiang), S Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, etc.), S Korea (Cheju-do (Quelpart) Is.), SE USA and Mexico (Sierra Madre).
1 1: 2 Perianth red; female flowers with (8) 1012 tepals Perianth greenish white to yellow (at least outer tepals); female flowers with 610 tepals Lamina (7) 7.510.5 (12) cm long; outermost tepal slightly reduced, 0.50.7 of length of largest tepal; carpels 5275; apocarps red, 1016 mm long, 1016 mm diam. Lamina (3.5) 57 (8.5) cm long; outermost tepal highly reduced, 0.20.4 of length of largest tepal; carpels 1217; apocarps black, 613 mm long, 611 mm diam. 19. S. glabra
21. S. bicolor
2:
20. S. repanda
21
SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD 19. Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 25: 131 (1944)
Stellandria glabra Brickell, Med. Repos. 6(3): 327 (Feb.Mar. 1803). J.Brickell ; holo: PH [Muhlenberg herbarium]. Schisandra coccinea Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 219 (Mar. 1803). fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 100 (2000).
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T: USA. Georgia: Savannah,
T: Michaux's illustration (1803: fig. 47);
Illustrations: J.Sims, Bot. Mag. 34: pl. 1413 (1811), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: pl. 4 (2000); D.E.Stone, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 84: 354, figs 512 (1968); J.L.Panero & P.D.Aranda, Brittonia 50: 89, fig. 1 (1998). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 101, fig. 39 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole 1745 (50) mm long; lamina ovate to elliptic, rarely obovate-elliptic, (6) 811 (13) cm long, (2.5) 3.56.5 (9) cm wide, thinly papery or membranous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate (older leaves); margins subentire to denticulate, often lobed; teeth (0) 45 (8) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 4 or 5 (6) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate, rarely highly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in the axils of leaves; peduncles (17) 2335 mm long (male), 3344 (70) mm long (female). Tepals 814, red; largest tepal (3.5) 4.86.2 (6.7) mm long, (3.3) 3.54.8 (5.8) mm wide. Male flowers with 5 stamens. Female flowers with (12) 1824 (27) carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 2.53.5 cm long; torus 24.5 cm long, 1.22 mm wide; apocarps 58 mm long, 46 mm wide, red. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, reniform, 3.43.9 (4.1) mm long, 4.45.1 mm wide; testa rugulose. n = 14, D.E.Stone, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 84: 351356 (1968). 2n = 28, D.E.Stone, in Anon. (ed.), Madroo 18: 12126 (1965); D.E.Stone, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 84: 351356 (1968). SE USA and Mexico (Sierra Madre). 78. ALA, ARK, FLA, GEO, KTY, LOU, MSI, NCA, SCA, TEN. 79. MXC. Scandent or climbing in forests, near ravines, levees and streams; from sea level to 500 m (USA), to 1800 m (Sierra Madre or Mexico). Flowers JuneJuly; fruits Aug.Sept. Map 22.
78. ALABAMA: Clarke Co., W slope of Salt Mtn, R.M.Harper 3377 (A, GH, MO, NY). ARKANSAS: Phillips Co., near Helena, Crowleys Ridge, E.J.Palmer 25094 (A, MO). FLORIDA: Jackson Co., Three Rivers State Park, L. Seminole, J.Wen & A.K.Gholson 945 (A). GEORGIA: Stephens Co., SW of Yonah L. (Tugaloo R.), S side of Panther Ck, D.E.Boufford & E.W.Wood 16697 (MO). LOUISIANA: St. Helena Parish, 4 miles [7.7 km] NW of Chipola, C.M.Allen 1950 (A). MISSISSIPPI: Forrest Co., Ragland Hills, K.E.Rogers 8609 (GH, NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Martin Co., Williamston, D.E.Stone 1822 (NY). SOUTH CAROLINA: Buckingham, J.H.Mellichamp 10446 (A, NY). TENNESSEE: Covington, 1 May 1889, J.Byars s.n. (NY). 79. MEXICO CENTRAL: Hidalgo, 3.6 km al E de la carretera Pachuca-Zacualtipn-Tampico sobre la carretera a Tianguistenco, Metztitln, J.L.Panero & I.Calzada 6562 (NY).
Schisandra glabra is cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
20. Schisandra repanda (Siebold & Zucc.) Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Knigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Mnchen 16: 303 (1886)
Trochostigma repanda Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math. Phys. Cl. Knigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3: 728 (1843). T: Japan: precise locality not known, H.Brger s.n. ; holo: K; iso: M. Schisandra nigra Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Ptersbourg 17: 144145 (1872), as Schizandra . T: Japan: Kiusiu [Kyushu], Kundsho-san, 1863, C.J.Maximowicz s.n.; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 103 (2000); isolecto: GH. ? Schisandra discolor Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Koreana 20: 103 (1933), as Schizandra . B.Hayata s.n.; holo: TI. T: Japan: Aki, Miyajima,
Illustration: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: fig. 27aj (1947); Y.Sakate et al . (eds), Wild Fl. Jap. Woody Pl . 1: pl. 130, 13 (1989), as S. nigra . Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 104, fig. 40 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches without significant growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (13) 1532 (57) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (3.5) 57 (8.5) cm long, (2.5) 35.5 cm wide, thinly
22
papery, rarely subcoriaceous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse or truncate (older leaves); margins (sinuous-) denticulate to (sinuous-) serrulate, rarely subentire; teeth (0) 35 (7) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins (3) 4 or 5 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles (13) 1930 (36) mm long (male), 2570 mm long (female). Tepals 612, pale yellowish-green; largest tepal 4.18.6 mm long, 3.66.4 mm wide. Male flowers with 5 stamens. Female flowers with 1217 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 3.58 cm long; torus 2.57 cm long, 1.22.1 (2.9) mm wide; apocarps 613 mm long, 611 mm wide, blackish. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, flattened-reniform, (3.6) 4.24.8 mm long, (4.7) 5-5.8 (6) mm wide; testa rugulose to very tuberculate. 2n = 28, H.Okada, J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 2, Bot. 15: 115200 (1975). Japan (Hokkaido to Kyushu) and S Korea. 38. JAP, KOR. Scandent or climbing in thickets and woods; 6001300 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Aug.Nov. Map 23.
38. JAPAN: Honshu, Jizogatake, U.Faurie 5391 (A, UC); Kyushu, Prov. Satuma, Mt Sibi, S.Hatusima 14036 (A); Honshu, Yamanashi Pref., between Mt Mitsutooge and Takara copper mine, Minamitsuru-gun, H.Kanai 6350 (A); Honshu, Shizuoka Pref., Haibara-gun, Honkawane-cho, O-o-ma, along the O-o-ma forest road in O-o-ma R. valley, F.Konta & S.Kusaka 119 (A); Honshu, Kyoto Pref., Kyoto-shi, Sakyoku, Mt Hiei, G.Murata 44542 (A); Honshu, Kyoto Pref., Funai-gun, Wachi-cho, Kamiotomi, Mt Choro, S.Tsugaru & T.Takahashi 17921 (MO); Shikoku, Tosa, Nanokawa, 12 July 1889, K.Watanabe s.n. (GH); Honshu, Hyogo Pref., en route from Fukusada to the NE foot of Mt Hyonosen, Sekino-miya-cho, Yabu-gun, E.W.Wood & D.E.Boufford 3874 (A). KOREA: Quelpaert Is. [Cheju-do], monastery and over the top of Hallai-san and down to Mushroom House, E.H.Wilson 9446 (A).
The fruits are eaten locally and an infusion is drunk as tea (Tanaka, 1976: 668). Schisandra repanda is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
21. Schisandra bicolor W.-C.Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 8: 137140 (1932)
T: China: Chekiang [Zhejiang], near Sienting, W Tienmu-Shan, 1 July 1932, W.-C.Cheng 3656 ; holo: NAS. Schisandra wilsoniana A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 122123 (1947). T: China: Yunnan: S of Li-chiang [Lijiang], mountains W of Hao-ch'ing, 2528 May 1922, J.F.Rock 4039 ; holo: A; iso: UC, US. Schisandra tuberculata Y.-W.Law, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3: 148149 (1983); Schisandra bicolor var. tuberculata (Y.-W.Law) Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 269, 273 (1996). T: China: Guangxi, Long Sheng, 28 June 1958, Z.-Y.Chun 51104 ; holo: PE. [ Schisandra elongata auct. non Baill.: E.H.Wilson, J. Arn. Arbor. 7: 238 (1926)] Illustrations: Y.-W.Law, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3: 150 (1983), as S. tuberculata ; Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 268, fig. 78, 124 (1996); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 107, fig. 41 (2000). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 108, fig. 42 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches without significant growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (13) 2050 (67) mm long; lamina variably elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, (7) 7.510.5 (12) cm long, (3.5) 4.57 (8) cm wide, (thinly) papery, rarely subcoriaceous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves); margins entire to (sinuous-) denticulate; teeth 06 (12) per side of leaf; apex short-acuminate; secondary veins 46 pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots; peduncles 1742 mm long (male), c. 5055 mm long (female). Tepals 611, green-white or yellow (outer), red-purple (inner); largest tepal 4.18.5 mm long, 3.66.2 mm wide. Male flowers with 5 stamens. Female flowers with 5275 carpels; pseudostyles narrow. Fruit peduncle 2.56.5 cm long; torus 3.515 cm long, 11.6 mm wide; apocarps 1016 mm long, 1016 mm wide, red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, (discoid) flattened-reniform, (3.1) 3.55.2 (5.6) mm long, 3.96.5 (7.3) mm wide; testa tuberculate. 2n = 28, Z.Wu & C.Huang, Guihaia 15: 4751 (1995). Fig. 3. China (Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang). 36. CHC, CHS. Scandent or climbing in sparse woodlands, often in river valleys; 7501300 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Aug.Nov. Map 24.
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Figure 3. Schisandra bicolor. A, branch; B, flower; C, gynoecium; D, isolated carpel (lateral view); E, androecium (abaxial and adaxial views); F, isolated stamen, showing area of fusion (dotted line); G, fruit; H, seed (A, H.F.Tan & S.L.Tu 700658, IBSC; B, P.C.Tam 63323, IBSC; C, redrawn from Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1), fig. 78.16 (1996); D, Guangfu Expedition 872, IBSC; EF, P.C.Tam 63323, IBSC; G, P.H.Liang & H.H.Hsue 85161, IBSC; H, L.U.Liou & K.C.Ho 16342, IBSC). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B, E, F, H = 2 mm; C, D = 1 mm; G = 1 cm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58, fig. 41 (2000), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
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36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: CHINA SOUTHEAST: Zhejiang, Chang-hua Forestry Farm, Lin-an, P.L.Chiu 20 (MO); Zhejiang, Heng-tang, Tian-mu-shan, P.L.Chiu 376 (MO); Guangxi, Cu-jiang, Da-di-xiang, Long-sheng, Guang Fu Forest Team 872 (IBSC, MO); Guangxi, Longsheng, H.F.Tan & S.L.Yu 700658 (IBSC); Hunan, Yizhang, M.X.Huang 112217 (IBSC); Hunan, Yizhang, B.H.Liang & H.H.Hsue 85161 (IBSC, MO); Hunan, Wugang, L.U.Liou & K.C.Ho 16342 (IBSC); Hunan, P.C.Tam 63323 (IBSC); Hunan, Cheng-bu Co., Shu-chuang-shan, Ai-shang, Men-ping, P.X.Tan 63781 (MO).
Schisandra bicolor is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982; Song, 1990).
Sect. 3. Sphaerostema
Schisandra sect. Sphaerostema (Blume) Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Koreana 20: 101 (1933), as Schizandra
Sphaerostema Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 22 (1825); Schisandra subg. Sphaerostema (Blume) Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 264, 272 (1996). T: Schisandra propinqua subsp. axillaris (Blume) R.M.K.Saunders. Schisandra subg. Plena Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 272273 (1996) [as subg. Plenischisandra on p. 265, sphalm.]. T: S. plena A.C.Sm.
Male flowers with 418 stamens fused into carnose mass; anthers either sessile (in S. plena) or on short free connectives (in S. propinqua). Female flowers with 1852 carpels; pseudostyles narrow and subulate. Seed testa smooth. Two species; India (Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland), Nepal, E Myanmar [Burma], N Thailand, China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Shanxi, Sichuan) and Indonesia (Java and Bali).
Lamina without prominent venation adaxially; androecial mass (sub) globose; thecae introrse-lateral, borne on free connectives arising from cavities on the surface of androecium; fruiting torus 26.5 cm long; apocarps 4.59 mm long, 48.5 mm diam.; seeds (3.2) 3.74.5 (5.4) mm long, (3.5) 4.24.9 (5.5) mm wide Lamina with intricate tertiary and quaternary venation, prominent adaxially; androecial mass elongate; thecae sessile, located on opposing sides of cavities on the surface of androecium; fruiting torus 517 cm long; apocarps c. 10 mm long, 12 mm diam.; seeds 5.56 mm long, 77.5 mm wide
22. S. propinqua
23. S. plena
22. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 148 (1868), as Schizandra
Kadsura propinqua Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 11 (1824); Sphaerostema propinqua (Wall.) Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] 15 (1830), as S. propinquo . T: Nepal: Sankoo [Sanku], Mt Sheopore, [without date], N.Wallich 4986 ; lecto: K-W, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 276 (1997); isolecto: C, K.
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petiole (4) 816.5 (27) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (5) 711.5 (20) cm long, (1) 24 (8.5) cm wide, variably papery to coriaceous; base obtuse to truncate (acute in younger leaves); margins (sub) entire to denticulate-serrulate, rarely serrate; teeth 07 (13) per side of leaf; apex short-acuminate; secondary veins (4) 4.56.5 (9) pairs per leaf, variably straight or arcuate. Flowers solitary, occasionally with secondary flower in axil of prophyll, or in clusters, in axils of fugacious bracts at the base of young shoots or in axils of leaves; peduncles 217 mm long (male), 314 mm long (female). Tepals (7) 815 (17), cream, yellow, orange, pink, or purplish; largest tepal (3.1) 59 (12.5) mm long, (2.4) 37 (10) mm wide. Male flowers with (4) 818 stamens; androecial mass (1.8) 2.43.5 (4.3) mm diam.; anthers borne on free connectives, arising from cavities. Female flowers with 1852 carpels; pseudostyles flatsubulate. Fruit peduncle 0.53 cm long; torus 26.5 cm long, 0.81.7 mm wide; apocarps 4.59 mm long, 48.5 mm wide, red to purple. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid, (3.2) 3.74.5 (5.4) mm long, (3.5) 4.24.9 (5.5) mm wide; testa smooth. Fig. 4. Himalayan India to C and SE China, and with a disjunction in Java. Four subspecies.
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Schisandra propinqua is used medicinally in SE Asia and China (Perry & Metzger, 1980: 382; Song & Xiao, 1982; Song, 1988) and the fruits are eaten locally (Hooker, 1851; Yuan & Chao, 1996). Schisandra propinqua is also cultivated as an ornamental climber (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318).
1 1: 2 2: 3 3: Flowers solitary or in clusters; androecium c. 1.82.4 mm diam., with 411 stamens Flowers solitary, rarely with secondary flower in axil of prophyll; androecium c. 2.64.3 mm diam., with 1018 stamens Female flowers with 1417 tepals Female flowers with 914 tepals Lamina generally papery; peduncles 412 mm long Lamina generally coriaceous; peduncles (2) 35 (12) mm long 22b. subsp. intermedia 22d. subsp. axillaris 22a. subsp. propinqua 22c. subsp. sinensis
22a. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. subsp. propinqua

Schisandra propinqua var. typica A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 151 (1947), nom. inval. Illustrations: J.Lindley, Edward's Bot. Reg. 20, pl. 1688 (1834), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: frontispiece (2000); W.J.Hooker, Bot. Mag. 77: fig. 4614 (1851), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: pl. 5 (2000); G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 41A (1891). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 279, fig. 11 (1997); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 112, fig. 43 (2000).
Lamina (6) 8.510.5 (13) cm long, (2) 2.54 (4.5) cm wide, generally papery; margins denticulate to serrulate, rarely (sub) entire; teeth (0) 18 (13) per side of leaf. Flowers solitary in axil of leaf, rarely with secondary flower in axil of prophyll; peduncle 4.512.5 mm long. Male flowers: largest tepals 3.57.2 mm long, 3.76.7 mm wide; androecium of 1018 stamens fused into carnose mass 3.24.3 mm diam. Female flowers with 1417 tepals; largest tepals 7.212.5 mm long, 5.510 mm wide. Fruit peduncle up to c. 10 mm long; apocarps c. 78 mm long, 78 mm wide. NW India (Uttar Pradesh) and E Nepal. 40. IND, NEP. Scandent or climbing in open areas in scrublands and mixed woodlands; 12201830 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Oct.Nov. Map 25.
40. INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Siwalik and Jaunsar Divisions, Mandali, B.C.Datta 2 (A); Uttar Pradesh, Gurhwal, H.Falconer 80 (A, C, GH, K, L); Uttar Pradesh, Siwalik and Jaunsar Divisions, Mussoorie, C.S.Rawat 4 (A); Uttar Pradesh, Kumaon, Shaidevi, R.Strachey & J.E.Winterbottom 2 (GH); Uttar Pradesh, Siwalik and Jaunsar Divisions, Mussoorie, N.K.Tripathi 4 (E). NEPAL: E Nepal, Iladanda-Selap, H.Kanai, G.Murata & M.Togashi 6303834 (A, K); Doti, B.Ram 423 (A, NY); Kathmandu valley, Godavari, A.D.Schilling & C.D.Sayers 558 (K); Kathmandu valley, Godavari, A.D.Schilling & C.D.Sayers 561 (K); Pasgam, J.D.A.Stainton, W.R.Sykes & L.H.J.Williams 5933 (E, L).
22b. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. subsp. R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 278280 (1997)
intermedia
(A.C.Sm.)
Schisandra propinqua var. intermedia A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 152 (1947). T: China: Yunnan, outskirts of lava bed west of T'eng-yeh [Tengchung], May 1912, G.Forrest 7692 ; holo: A; iso: E, K. [ Sphaerostema axillare auct. non Blume: J.D.Hooker & T.Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 86 (1855); H.Drury, Handb. Ind. Fl . 1: 649 (1864)] Illustrations: G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 41A (1891), as S. axillaris ; A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 155, fig. 29ac (1947), as S. propinqua var. intermedia ; Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. 537, fig. 189 (1983). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 279, fig. 11 (1997); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 112, fig. 43 (2000).
Lamina (5) 711 (20) cm long, (1) 24.5 (8.5) cm wide, generally papery; margins entire to denticulate or serrulate, rarely serrate; teeth 07 (11) per side of leaf. Flowers
26
solitary in axil of leaf, rarely with secondary flower in axil of prophyll; peduncle 412 mm long. Male flowers: largest tepals 47.4 mm long, 2.45.2 mm wide; androecium of 1012 (16) stamens fused into carnose mass c. 2.62.8 mm diam. Female flowers with 912 tepals; largest tepals 6.310.9 mm long, 5.66.6 mm wide. Fruit peduncle 712 mm long; apocarps 69 mm long, 5.58.5 mm wide. NE India (Meghalaya and Nagaland), E Myanmar [Burma], N Thailand and China (Yunnan). 36. CHC. 40. ASS. 41. MYA, THA. Scandent or climbing in mixed woodlands and open scrublands, often near rocky areas; (820) 10702130 m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Sept. Map 26.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Xundian, Y.P.Chang 869 (IBSC); Yunnan, Tchong chan, Yunnansen, F.Ducloux 468 (UC); Yunnan, Lengyueh, G.Forrest 11845 (A, UC). 40. ASSAM: Meghalaya, Khasia, J.D.Hooker & J.J.Thomson s.n. (E, GH, K, NY); Nagaland, between Pushing and Kangkoi, F.K.Ward 17495 (A). 41. MYANMAR: Maymyo Plateau, J.H.Lace 5432 (E, K); Maymyo Plateau, J.H.Lace 5875 (E, K); Maymyo, Singaungle, C.G.Parkinson 12176 (K). THAILAND: Loei, Phu Kradung, trail between Samhaek and Mangpae, N.Fukuoka T-63689 [ 508 ] (A); Loei, Phu Kradung, near Langpae, H.Takahashi T-63507 [ 1314 ] (A).
22c. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. subsp. sinensis (Oliv.) R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 280282 (1997)
Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis Oliv., Hookers Icon. Pl. 18: pl. 1715 (1887), as Schizandra . T: China: Hupeh [Hubei], vicinity of I-ch'ang, 188588, A.Henry 1544 ; lecto: GH, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 280 (1997); isolecto: E, GH, K. Schisandra propinqua var. linearis Finet & Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52, Mm. 4: 51 (1905), as Schizandra, reprinted in Contr. Fl. As. Or. 2: 51 (1907). T: China: Hupeh [Hubei], vicinity of I-ch'ang, 188588, A.Henry 1544; lecto: GH, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 280 (1997); isolecto: E, GH, K. Embelia valbrayi H.Lv., Cat. Pl. Yun-nan 177 (1916). T: China: Yunnan, La-kou, July [1912], E.E.Maire s.n.; lecto: E, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 281 (1997); isolecto: A. Illustrations: D.Oliver, Hookers Icon. Pl. 18: pl. 1715 (1887), as S. propinqua var. sinensis ; A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 155, fig. 29jl (1947), as S. propinqua var. sinensis ; Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 266, fig. 77 , 110 (1996). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 279, fig. 11 (1997); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 112, fig. 43 (2000).
Lamina (5.5) 711 (12.5) cm long, (1) 1.53.5 (4.5) cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; margins serrulate, occasionally denticulate, rarely (sub) entire or serrate; teeth (0) 27 (10) per side of leaf. Flowers solitary or in clusters in axil of leaf; peduncle 316 mm long. Male flowers: largest tepals 3.15.8 mm long, 2.43.5 mm wide; androecium of 411 stamens fused into carnose mass c. 1.82.4 mm diam. Female flowers with 815 tepals; largest tepals 4.66.2 mm long, 3.65.1 mm wide. Fruit peduncle 1430 mm long; apocarps 4.58.5 mm long, 48.5 mm wide. C and W China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang [Tibet] and Yunnan). 36. CHC, CHN, CHS, CHT. Scandent or climbing in woods (generally broadleaved), often near ridges, slopes and ravines; 4002600 (3100) m. Flowers MaySept.; fruits Aug.Dec. Map 27.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, La-kou, E.E.Maire 2923 (NY, UC); Yunnan, Tong-tchouan, E.E.Maire 3650 (UC); Sichuan, Tianquan, D.Y.Peng 45343 (IBSC); Sichuan, Pao-hsin-hsien, Mupin, T.P.Soong 39439 (IBSC); Guizhou, Anlong, Guizhou Expedition 4336 (IBSC); Hubei, Xingshan, M.H.Nieh & Q.-H.Li 264 (IBSC). CHINA NORTH-CENTRAL: Shanxi, Leyang, C.Y.Chang 17810 (IBSC); Gansu, Wenxian, J.-X.Yang 3643 (IBSC). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Hunan, Dayong, S.C.Lee 204722 (IBSC). TIBET: Jilong, Qingzang Expedition 4609 (IBSC).
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Figure 4. Schisandra propinqua subsp. axillaris. A, flowering branch; B, gynoecium; C, isolated carpel (lateral view); D, androecium; E, fruit; F, seed (A, C.L.Blume s.n. , [without date], L; BC, J.H.Coert 944, L; D, R.Brinkman 874a, L; EF, C.A.Backer 3656, L). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B, D = 1 mm; E = 5 mm; F = 2 mm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13, fig. 2 (1997), Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
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SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra) 22d. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. subsp. axillaris (Blume) R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 282283 (1997)
Sphaerostema axillare Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 22 (1825), as Sphaerostema axillaris ; Schisandra axillaris (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson, in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 45 (1872), as Schizandra , quoad basionym. Sphaerostema pyrifolium var. denticulatum Blume ex Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2: 243 (1912), nom. inval., publ. pro syn. T: Java: Goenoeng Tjareme, ["in sylvis altis montis Tjerimai Provinciae Cheribon"], [without date], C.L.Blume 66 ; lecto: BO, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 282 (1997). Sphaerostema pyrifolium Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] 16 (1830). Uvaria pyrifolia Reinw. ex Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] 16 (1830), nom. inval., publ. pro syn . T: Java: Tjiandjoer, [without date], C.G.C.Reinwardt s.n. ; lecto: L, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 282 (1997); isolecto: L. Illustrations: C.L.Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] figs 34 (1830), as Sphaerostema axillaris and Sphaerostema pyrifolium; C.G.G.J.van Steenis, Mountain Fl. Java fig. 29.4 (1972), as S. axillaris ; R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 205, fig. 2 (1997), reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 273, fig. 10 (1997) and R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 116, fig. 44 (2000). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 283, fig. 12 (1997); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 117, fig. 45 (2000).
Lamina 611.5 cm long, 24.5 (5) cm wide, generally coriaceous; margins entire, occasionally denticulate; teeth 06 (8) per side of leaf. Flowers solitary in axil of leaf; peduncle (2) 35 (12) mm long. Male flowers comparatively large; largest tepals 4.37.5 mm long, 4.17 mm wide; androecium of 1013 (17) stamens fused into carnose mass 2.83.9 mm diam. Female flowers with 1014 tepals; largest tepals c. 4.87.8 mm long, 56 mm wide. Fruit peduncle 38 mm long; apocarps 6.58.5 mm long, 6.58 mm wide. Fig. 4. Java and Bali. 42. JAW, LSI-BA. Scandent or climbing in submontane to montane forests; 12002200 m. Flowers Mar.Oct. Map 28.
42. JAWA: E Java, Mt Ijen, J.J.Afriastini 1484 (L); G. Imeroe, C.A.Backer 3656 (L); Papandayang, C.L.Blume 750 (L); [precise locality not known], C.L.Blume 1601 (L); Kedoe, R.Brinkman 874a (L); Lawae, G. Kendih, J.H.Coert 746 (L); Lawae Larangas, J.H.Coert 944 (L); Telomojo, Lemarang, S.H.Koorders 28047b (L); Preanger, Talom Ridoel, Soegandiredjo 128 (L). LESSER SUNDA IS.: Bali, G. Batoekaoe, Sarip 368 (L).
23. Schisandra plena A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 154 (1947)

T: China: Yunnan, Ssu-mao [Sze-mao], 14 May [without year], A.Henry 10854 ; holo: A; iso: MO, NY, US. [ Schisandra propinqua auct. non Baill.: C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 416 (1913)] Illustrations: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 155, fig. 29di (1947); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 266, fig. 77, 1115 (1996). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 284, fig. 13; R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 118, fig. 46 (2000).
Plant glabrous throughout. Lateral branches lacking wings, with fugacious perules at base; branches continuing growth in subsequent years. Leaves: petioles 1316 (19) mm long; leaf lamina (ovate-) elliptic, (8) 8.513.5 (14) cm long, 3.55 cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base obtuse (acute in younger leaves); margins entire; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 57 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate; tertiary and quaternary venation very intricate and prominent above. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary to leaves; peduncles 715 mm long (male); female peduncles not seen. Tepals 1215 (17), white or pale yellow, red at base; largest tepal 8.69.7 mm long, 44.2 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 8 stamens; androecial mass 4.56 mm long, 34 mm wide; anthers sessile, narrowing towards base; thecae on opposing sides of cavity. Female flowers with c. 31 carpels; pseudostyles subulate. Fruit peduncle 11.5 cm long; torus 517 cm long (fide A.C.Smith, 1947: 156); apocarps c. 10 mm long, c. 12 mm wide, (orange-) red. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, flattened-elliptic, 5.56 mm long, 77.5 mm wide, testa smooth. NE India (Arunachal Pradesh) and China (Yunnan). 36. CHC. 40. ASS. Scandent or climbing in dense woodlands; 6001520 m. Flowers Apr.May; fruits Aug.Sept. Map 29.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Anonymous s.n. (IBSC 174186); Yunnan, A.Henry 11749 (A); Yunnan, A.Henry 11893 (A, K); Yunnan, A.Henry 12192 (A, K); Yunnan, Mengla, 12 Dec. 1983, C.-J.Liao s.n.
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(IBSC); Yunnan, Menghai Xian, Z.H.Tsi 92-392 (A); Yunnan, Keng-Ma, C.W.Wang 73145 (A); Yunnan, Che-li Hsien, Dah-meng-lung, Maan-bang, C.W.Wang 76340 (A); Yunnan, Che-li Hsien, C.W.Wang 78784 (A). 40. ASSAM: Arunachal Pradesh, Delei Valley, F.K.Ward 8009 (K).
Doubtful names
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. var. rubra Sprenger, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 16: 68 1908 ["1907"], as Schizandra.
T: China: Shen-si [Shaanxi], [date not known], G.Giraldi [collection number not known]; type not located.
Schisandra elongata (Blume) Baill. var. marmorata Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 214 (1898), as Schizandra.
T: based on a sterile plant cultivated at the botanical garden in Buitenzorg [Bogor].
30
SCHISANDRACEAE (Kadsura)
2. KADSURA
Kadsura Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 16: 340 (1810).
Schisandra sect. Kadsura (Juss.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 189 (1868), as Schizandra sect. Kadsura . japonica (L.) Dunal. Pulcheria Noronha, Verh. Batav. Gen. 5, art 5: 3 (1791) , nom. nud. Sarcocarpon Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 21 (1825). Cosbaea Lem., Ill. Hort. 2: 71 (1855). T: Kadsura scandens (Blume) Blume. Pauslowia Wight ex Arn., Mag. Zool. Bot . 2: 546 (1838), nom. illeg. T: Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm. T: Kadsura
Woody lianes, dioecious or monoecious, glabrous (except K. induta). Leaves alternate, exstipulate; lamina elliptic to ovate, papery to coriaceous; base cuneate (especially when young), obtuse, truncate or subcordate; margins denticulate to entire; apex acute or acuminate. Flowers unisexual, in axils of leaves or fugacious bracts, generally solitary, occasionally with secondary flower growing in axils of bract, or in clusters of 24 forming glomerules, occasionally cauliflorous. Tepals 724, imbricate at anthesis with outermost and innermost tepals reduced, suborbicular, elliptic or ovate, rarely obovate, white, cream, yellow, pink or red; outer tepals often green. Male flowers with androecium of numerous (1380) stamens; stamens sometimes free but adnate at base of filaments and occasionally with several subulate appendages attached to distal apex of receptacle; stamens sometimes aggregated into subglobose head with connectives either broader than thick with thecae of adjacent stamens contiguous, or with connective as broad as thick with thecae of adjacent stamens not contiguous; pollen grains hexacolpate, distally syncolpate. Female flowers with gynoecium of numerous (17c. 300) free carpels; receptacle obovoid or subclavate or ellipsoidal, only slightly longer than broad; stigmatic crest forming subulate or laterally flattened "pseudostyle", or modified as subpeltate or irregular "pseudostigma". Ovary with 15 (11) pendulous or ventrally attached ovules. Fruit a subglobose aggregate of apocarps attached to ellipsoidal or clavate receptacle; apocarps subglobose to obovoid or elongateobovoid, ripening red or yellow. Seeds 15 (11), smooth. x = 14. A genus of 16 species; E Asia, extending from Sri Lanka eastwards to the Philippines, and from Java and the Lesser Sunda Is. northwards to S Korea and Japan.
KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS

1 Androecium composed of free stamens; filaments only basally adnate; apex of receptacle of male flowers generally bearing up to 22 sterile subulate appendages, these occasionally absent Androecium composed of stamens tightly aggregated into subglobose head; filaments adnate but anthers free; apical appendages absent Connectives broader than thick; thecae lateral, those of adjacent stamens contiguous Connectives as broad as thick; thecae dorsolateral, those of adjacent stamens not contiguous Subg. 2. KADSURA sect. 1. KADSURA Subg. 2. KADSURA sect. 2. SARCOCARPON
Subg. 1. COSBAEA
1: 2 2:
31
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Subg. 1. Cosbaea
Kadsura subg. Cosbaea (Lem.) Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 234, 272 (1996).
Cosbaea Lem., Ill. Hort. 2: 71 (1855); Kadsura sect. Cosbaea (Lem.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 162 (1947). T: Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
Plant glabrous throughout. Flowers with elongate-conical receptacles. Male flowers with (10) 2070 stamens, free, although adnate at base of filaments; anthers free; connectives comparatively narrow; apex of receptacle with 014 (22) sterile subulate appendages (staminodes). Female flowers with 5070 carpels; pseudostyles narrow, subulate. One species; S China, Indo-China, Thailand and Myanmar [Burma].
1. Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 166167 (1947)

Cosbaea coccinea Lem., Ill. Hort. 2: 71 (1855). T: icon in C.Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 2: 71 (1855). Kadsura chinensis Hance ex Benth., Fl. Hongkong. 8 (1861), p.p. T: Hong Kong: below Victoria Peak, June 1859, H.F.Hance 601 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 41 (1998); isolecto: GH. Schisandra hanceana Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 150 (1868), as Schizandra . T: not cited. Kadsura cavaleriei H.Lv., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 459 (1911). T: [China:] Kweichow/KouyTchou [Guizhou], P'ing-fa [Pin-Fa], 28 May 1903, J.Cavalerie 3046 ; lecto: E, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 41 (1998): E; isolecto: K. Kadsura hainanensis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 23: 240241 (1923). T: [China:] Hainan, Fan Ta, 13 May 1922, F.A.McClure 9542 ; holo: PNH, destroyed; lecto: UC, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 41 (1998); isolecto: E, HK, K, LU [held in SYS]. Kadsura ananosma Kerr, Kew Bull. 1936: 34 (1936). T: Siam [Thailand]: Thanon Thong Chai Range, west-southwest of Chiang Mai, M Ka Pak drainage, Doi Ang Ka (Doi Inthanon), 10 Apr. 1935, H.B.G.Garrett 940 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 41 (1998); isolecto: A, E, K, L. Kadsura chinensis var. annamensis Gagnep., in H.Humbert, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine (suppl.) 1: 58 (1938), nom. inval . Based on: [Vietnam]. Annam: Blao pro: du Hauit Donaii, 22 Jan. 1933, E.Poilane 21755 ; P, IBSC, NY. Kadsura calophylla A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 171172 (1947). T: Myanmar [Burma]: Amherst District, Tenasserim, Dawna Hills, slopes of Mulayit Peak, 2 Feb. 1927, C.E.Parkinson 5123 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 41 (1998); isolecto: K. Kadsura coccinea var. sichuanensis Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 236, 272 (1996). T: China: Sichuan, Mt Emei [Emei Shan], W.P.Fang 16680 ; holo: SZ. [ Kadsura roxburghiana auct. non Arn.: F.Gagnepain, in H.Humbert, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine (suppl.) 1: 58 (1938)]. Illustrations: C.Y.Cheng, in W.-P.Fang, Icon. Pl. Omeiensium 1(2): pl. 73 (1944), as K. chinensis ; Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 235, fig. 66, 15 (1996), as K. ananosma ; R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: figs 5AB, & 43, fig. 19 (1998). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 44, fig. 20 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (9) 1030 (41) mm long; lamina elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic or ovate, 716 (19) cm long, 2.57.5 (10) cm wide, papery to coriaceous; base acute to obtuse, rarely truncate; margins entire, rarely denticulate; teeth 117 per side of leaf; apex acute to short-acuminate, rarely obtuse; secondary veins (3) 58 (12) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, often at base of short shoot, never cauliflorous. Tepals (8) 1016 (24), white, red or purple-red (occasionally yellowish); largest tepal (7.9) 1222.4 (22.8) mm long, (6) 6.412 (14.9) mm wide, peduncles (4.5) 820 (31) mm long (male), 738 mm long (female). Male flowers with (10) 2070 stamens; apex of receptacle with 014 (22) sterile (occasionally partly fertile) subulate appendages (staminodes). Female flowers with 2070 carpels; pseudostyles narrow, subulate, without pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle 2649 mm long; apocarps sessile, c. 1424 mm long, 717 mm wide, red or purple-red; pericarp greatly thickened distally. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, pyriform, 1018 mm long, 7.511 mm wide. Fig. 5. S China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan), Vietnam, Laos, N Thailand and Myanmar [Burma]. 36. CHC, CHH, CHS. 41. MYA, LAO, THA, VIE.
32
Figure 5. Kadsura coccinea. A, flowering branch; B, flower; C, androecium; D, gynoecium; E, isolated carpel, showing subulate pseudostyle; F, fruit; G, seed (A, A.Ptelot 6860, P; B, redrawn from C.Lemaire, Ill. Hort. 2, fig. 1 (1855); C, W.T.Tsang 20617, IBSC; DE, C.L.Tso 20393, IBSC; F, S.K.Lau 2725, A, redrawn from A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7, fig. 33m (1947); G, C.Wang 43892, IBSC). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = c. 10 mm; C = 3 mm; D = 2 mm; E = 0.5 mm; F = 3 cm; G = 5 mm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54, fig. 19 (1998), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
33
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Scandent or climbing in semi-open shrubland and forests, often on slopes and in ravines; (200) 4001400 (1900) m. Flowers MayJuly; fruits Oct.Dec. Map 30.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Yuanyang, S.C.Ho 85186 (IBSC); Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], K.H.Yang 54509 (IBSC). HAINAN: Lam Ko-Chung Mai Distr., Paak Shek Shan, Taai Young Kwo Shan Lung, W.T.Tsang 725 [=LU 17474 ] (A, E, IBSC, L, MO, NY, SING, UC, US). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Jiangxi, Kit-tan to Hong San, J.L.Gressitt 1424 (A, E, MO, UC); Hunan, Dongkou, P.C.Tam 62771 (IBSC); Guangdong, Lok Chong, Lechang, C.L.Tso 20393 (IBSC, MO, NY); Guangxi, Pingnan, Yao Shan, C.Wang 39219 (A, IBSC). 41 . MYANMAR: above Ahkail, Uring Bum, F.K.Ward 20955 (A). THAILAND: Me Ka Pak drainage, Doi-Angka, H.B.G.Garrett 940 (A, E, K, L). VIETNAM: Annam, c. 25 km from Tourane, Mt Bana [Banais], J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 3768 (A, K, NY, UC).
Kadsura coccinea is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27). The fruits are eaten locally in China (Reis Altschul, 1973: 73).
Subg. 2. Kadsura
Kadsura subg. Kadsura.
Type: K. japonica (L.) Dunal
Plant glabrous throughout (except K. induta). Flowers with subglobose receptacles. Male flowers with 1574 stamens, aggregated into subglobose head; filaments adnate; anthers free, connectives broad; sterile apical appendages (staminodes) absent. Female flowers with 17200 (300) carpels; pseudostyles either narrow and subulate or broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. 15 species; E Asia, extending from Sri Lanka eastwards to the Philippines, and from Java and the Lesser Sunda Is. northwards to S Korea and Japan. For key to sections, see p. 31.
Sect. 1. Kadsura
Kadsura sect. Kadsura.
Type: K. japonica (L.) Dunal
Male flowers with 2474 stamens; connectives broader than thick, with lateral thecae so that thecae of adjacent stamens contiguous. Female flowers with 1772 carpels; pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Eight species; S Korea and Japan southwards to Java and Bali, and from Sri Lanka eastwards to the Philippines, Sulawesi and the Moluccas.
1 1: 2 Young shoots and abaxial leaf surfaces pubescent-tomentose Entire plant glabrous Fruits large: apocarps (7) 1022 mm long, (6) 814 (15.5) mm wide; seeds variably pyriform, round or reniform, 4.27.5 (8.5) mm long, 4.37.7 (8.6) mm wide; carpels 28c. 80 3 Lamina narrow, with length:width ratio (2.2) 2.54.1 (5.2); torus apex in staminate male flowers covered with stamens; seeds invariably round 4 4: Lamina elliptic to oblong, highly papery; secondary veins conspicuously arcuate Lamina narrowly elliptic, papery to subcoriaceous; secondary veins slightly arcuate 5. K. renchangiana 4. K. angustifolia 3. K. induta
34
3 Lamina broad, with length:width ratio (1.6) 1.82.8 (3.2); torus apex in staminate male flowers generally lacking stamens, and with short extension; seeds variably pyriform, round or reniform Fruits small: apocarps (2.5) 511.5 (15) mm long, (2.5) 37.5 (11) mm wide; seeds invariably reniform, 2.44.6 mm long, 3.25.5 (6.1) mm wide; carpels 1758 Peduncles (12) 1640 (64) mm long (male), and (10) 3050 (162) mm long (female); tepals 1015 (20) Peduncles 827 mm long (male), 1040 mm long (female); tepals 813 Lamina 23 cm wide, with length:width ratio (2.3) 2.93.6 (4) Lamina (2.5) 35 (6.5) cm wide, with length:width ratio 1.72.5 (3.2) Fruiting apocarps with very thin pericarp (shape of seeds apparent through pericarp when dried) Fruiting apocarps with thick pericarp (shape of seeds not apparent) 7. K. philippinensis 8. K. japonica 9. K. oblongifolia 6. K. longipedunculata
2. K. heteroclita
2:
5 5: 6 6: 7
7:
2. Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib, Fl. Siam. 1: 28 (1925 [1931])

Uvaria heteroclita Roxb., Fl. Ind., 2nd edn 2: 455 (1832). T: [Bangladesh:] Silhet [Sylhet], Garrow Hills, "Assam", [without date] [1812, fide Roxburgh 1814: 43], M.R.Smith s.n.; holo: BM. Kadsura roxburghiana Arn., Mag. Zool. Bot. 2: 546 (1838). T: [Bangladesh:] Silhet [Sylhet], [without date], [F.de Silva s.n.] (N.Wallich, Cat. No. 4987); lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 46 (1998); isolecto: A, NY. Kadsura wightiana Arn., Mag. Zool. Bot. 2: 546 (1838). T: [India:] Madras, Malabar District, 1836, R.Wight 2478 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 46 (1998); isolecto: E, K, NY. Sphaerostema blumiana Griff., Notul. Pl. Asiat. 4: 714 (1854), as Sphaerostemma . T: not cited. Kadsura wattii C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 4 (1889). T: [India:] North Muneypoor [Manipur], Kaithemubee, 18 Nov. 1885, C.B.Clarke 42082 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 47 (1998); isolecto: K. Kadsura championii C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 4 (1889). T: Hong Kong: [without date], J.G.Champion 36 ; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 47 (1998); isolecto: K. Kadsura roxburghiana var. macrocarpa P.Parment., Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 237 (1896). T: not cited. T: [India:] Assam, Kadsura acuminata P.Parment., Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 238, 315 (1896). [without date], F.Jenkins s.n.; lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 47 (1998); isolecto: CAL, E, L, NY. ? Schisandra crassifolia Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 85 (1907), as Schizandra . T: Laos: bassin dAttopeu, [without date], F.J.Harmand 1419 " in herb. Pierre sub nos. 2927 et 3321 "; holo: P. Kadsura parvifolia A.Agostini, Atti Reale Accad. Fisiocrit. Siena , ser. 10 1: 193 (1926). Sumatra, Mt Singalan, JuneJuly 1878, O.Beccari 367 ; holo: FI-B; iso: K, L. T: [Indonesia:]
Kadsura billitonensis A.Agostini, Atti Reale Accad. Fisiocrit. Siena , ser. 10 1: 193194 (1926). T: [Indonesia:] Billiton [Belitung], 1876, J.G.F.Riedel s.n.; holo: FI-B. Kadsura polysperma Y.C.Yang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 12: 104 (1939). T: China: Szechuan [Sichuan], Hung-tsen-ping, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], Oct. 1938, C.W.Yao 3312 ; holo: PE. Kadsura interior A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 178179 (1947). 5 June 1938, T.T.Y 16138 ; holo: A; iso: E. T: China: Yunnan, Tehloching, Shunning,
[ Kadsura japonica auct. non Dunal: N.Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 12 (1824)] [ Kadsura lanceolata auct. non King: A.E.Finet & F.Gagnepain, in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine 1: 42 (1907)] Illustrations: C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: pl. 1 (1889), as K. wattii ; Y.C.Yang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 12: 107, fig. 5 (1939), as K. polysperma ; R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: figs 5DE & 49, fig. 21 (1998). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 5051, figs 2223 (1998).
35
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Figure 6. Kadsura heteroclita. A, flowering branch; B, gynoecium; C, isolated carpel; D, androecium; E, isolated stamen; F, fruit; G, seed (A, E.H.Wilson s.n. , 10 Sept. 1921, A; B, P.W.Korthals s.n., [without date], L; C, F.J.Harmond 1419 , P; D, E.Hennipman 3897, L; E, W.Meijer 3566, L; F, redrawn from Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. , fig. 184.2 (1983); G, Mrs N.E.Parry 426, K). Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B = 1 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 0.5 mm; F = c. 1 cm; G = 3 mm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54, fig. 21 (1998), The American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
36
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (7) 1020 (29) mm long; lamina elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, (6.5) 7.513.5 (16) cm long, (2.5) 3.56.5 (9.5) cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base cuneate to obtuse, often short-attenuate; margins entire to denticulate with 0 (11) teeth per side; apex acute to (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 59 (16) pairs per leaf, straight to arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, occasionally with secondary flower borne in axil of bract, always on young growth; peduncles (1.5) 320 (35) mm long (male), 433 mm long (female). Tepals 1017 (25), white, cream or yellow; largest tepal 4.720.5 mm long, (3.6) 4.512 (15) mm wide. Male flowers with 4062 (74) stamens, absent from apex of torus (rarely present); torus often forming an extension. Female flowers with 2872 carpels; pseudostigmas broad, subpeltate. Fruit peduncle c. 1446 mm long; apocarps sessile, c. (7) 1022 mm long, (6) 810 (15) mm wide, red. Seeds pyriform, discoid or reniform, 1 or 2 (11) per apocarp, 4.25.7 (7.6) mm long, 4.36.5 (7.2) mm wide. Fig. 6. Malesia (Java, Malay Peninsula, Sarawak and Sumatra), Indochina, S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan), Himalayan India and Sri Lanka. 36. CHC, CHH, CHS. 40. ASS, EHM, SRL. 41. LAO, THA, VIE. 42. BOR, MLY, SUM. Scandent or climbing in submontane to montane forests; 8002000 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year (dependent on latitude). Map 31.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Szemao, A.Henry 12312 (IBSC, MO, NY, US). HAINAN: Lin Fa Mtn, W.T.Tsang 267 [=LU 17016 ] (IBSC, UC, US). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Fujian, Mang-dang-shan, Nanping-shi, G.S.He 4658 (MO). 40. ASSAM: Lushai Hills, Sialsuh, N.E.Parry 426 (K). SRI LANKA: Sabaragamuwa, Ratnapura Distr., Deniyaya, Sinharaja Forest above Beverley Estate, A.H.M.Jayasuriya & S.Balasubramaniam 3244 (A, MO, NY, PDA). 41. THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Sutep, A.F.G.Kerr 3296 (C, E, K, UC). VIETNAM: Route de Laokay Chapa, A.Ptelot 8646 (A, P). 42. BORNEO: Sarawak, 3rd Div., Kapit Distr., Bukit Tibang, Ulu Balleh, Balleh [Balang] ridge, Ilias bin Paie S.28587 (A, E, K, L). MALAYA: Pahang, Ulu Jeriau, Fraser's Hill, T.C.Whitmore FRI 20407 (A, SING). SUMATERA: Lampung, G. Subaijuh, H.S.Yates 1505 (NY, UC).
Kadsura heteroclita is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27). The fruits are eaten locally in Himalayan India (Arora & Pandey, 1996: 129).
3. Kadsura induta A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 173-174 (1947)

T: China: Yunnan, P'ing-pien Hsien, 18 July 1934, H.T.Tsai 60946 ; holo: A. Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 237, fig. 67, 19 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 56, fig. 25 (1998).
Young shoots pubescenttomentose. Leaves: petiole (17) 2126 mm long, pubescenttomentose; lamina elliptic, 1115.5 cm long, 57 cm wide, papery, pubescent-tomentose on abaxial surface (especially on veins); base obtuse to truncate (acute in younger leaves); margins variably entire to denticulate; teeth 014 per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 79 pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles 1118 mm long (male). Tepals 1719; largest tepal 1012 mm long, 67 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 6672 stamens; anthers absent from apex of torus, with apex of torus forming short extension. Female flowers not seen. Fruit peduncle c. 40 mm long; apocarps sessile, c. 1822 mm long, 1416 mm wide, red. Seeds 3 or 4 per apocarp, variably reniform to pyriform, 6.58.4 mm long, 6.68.2 mm wide. China (Guangxi and Yunnan). 36. CHS. Scandent or climbing in dense forests in valleys; 7001500 m. Flowers July (based on limited data); fruits Nov. (based on limited data). Map 32.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Yunnan, Ping-pien Hsien [Pingbian], H.T.Tsai 60847 (A), H.T.Tsai 60946 (A). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, Mubian [Napo], C.C.Chang 12512 (IBSC); Guangxi, Tianlin, Nanzhidi 5176 (IBSC).
37
SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD 4. Kadsura angustifolia A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 177178 (1947)
(2001)
T: [Vietnam:] Tonkin, near Cha Pa, Col de L-qui-H, 28 July 1926, E.Poilane 12624 ; holo: A; iso: K, P. Kadsura guangxiensis S.F.Lan, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1983(2): 121 (1983). T: China: Guangxi, Longsheng Xian, Huapin Linqu, 4 July 1962, S.F.Yuan & L.F.Liu 5476 ; holo: SYS; iso: IBSC. [ Kadsura oblongifolia auct. non Merr.: F.Gagnepain, in H.Humbert, Fl. Gn. Indo-Chine (suppl) 1: 58 (1938)]. Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 57, fig. 26 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole 1017 mm long; lamina narrowly elliptic, 9.514 cm long, 2.54.5 cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base acute; margins variably subentire, denticulate, serrulate or serrate; teeth 210 per side of leaf; apex (long-) acuminate; secondary veins 713 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles c. 910 mm long (male), c. 1012 mm long (female). Tepals 915, whitish; largest tepal c. 7.68.4 mm long, 56.2 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 50 stamens; anthers present on apex of torus. Female flowers with c. 80 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle c. 40 mm long; apocarps sessile, c. 910.5 mm long, 89.5 mm wide, colour not known. Seeds 1 per apocarp, round, c. 67.7 mm long, 6.47.2 mm wide. S China (Guangxi) and N Vietnam. 36. CHS. 41. VIE. Scandent or climbing in forests; 9601800 m. Flowers June (based on limited data); fruits Sept. (based on limited data). Map 33.
36. CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, Longsheng Xian, Huapin Linqu, Z.Z.Chen 51123 (IBSC); Guangxi, Guanyang, Z.Z.Chen 52322 (IBSC); Guangxi, Longsheng Xian, Huapin Linqu, S.-L.Yu & H.F.Tan 700566 (IBSC), S.F.Yuan & L.F.Liu 5476 (IBSC). 41. VIETNAM: Tonkin, between Hanoi and Bac-Ninh, B.Balansa 4831 (P); Phuong Mai, 15 Nov. 1882, R.P.Bon s.n. (P); near Cha Pa, Col de L-qui-H, E.Poilane 12624 (A, K, P).
Kadsura angustifolia is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27).
5. Kadsura renchangiana S.F.Lan, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1983(2): 120 (1983)
T: China: Guangxi, N Luchen, SW of Shan Fang, Chu Feng Shan, 9 June 1928, R.C.Ching 5847 ; holo: SYS; iso: IBSC, NY. Illustration: Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 241, fig. 69, 16 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 56, fig. 25 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (10) 1218 (25) mm long; lamina elliptic to oblong, (10) 1114 (15.5) cm long, (2.5) 3.54.5 (5.5) cm wide, very papery; base acute (especially in younger leaves) to obtuse; margins subentire to denticulate or serrulate, occasionally lobed-serrulate; teeth (0) 59 (10) per side of leaf; apex long- (rarely short-) acuminate; secondary veins 79 pairs per leaf, strongly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles 2940 mm long (male), to 110 mm long (female). Tepals 915, yellow; largest tepal 9.810.4 mm long, 7.79.3 mm wide. Male flowers with 4250 stamens; anthers invariably present at apex of torus. Female flowers with 4270 carpels. Fruit peduncle (20) 100165 mm long; apocarps sessile, 1015 (20) mm long, (8.5) 9.514 (15.5) mm wide, red to black. Seeds 1 per apocarp, round, (6.3) 6.87.5 (8.5) mm long, (6.7) 7.17.7 (8.6) mm wide. China (Guangxi). 36. CHS. Scandent or climbing in dense woodland; 9001300 m. Flowers June (based on limited data); fruits Nov. (based on limited data). Map 34.
36. CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, Damiaoshan [Jinxiu], T.C.Chen 870 (IBSC); Guangxi, Damiaoshan [Jinxiu], S.H.Chun 14268 (IBSC), S.H.Chun 15229 (IBSC); Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan Expedition 13063 (IBSC); Guangxi, Damiaoshan [Jinxiu], C.H.Lui 2524 (IBSC); Guangxi, Longsheng, Guangfu Expedition 781 (IBSC); Guangxi, Ying-kiang, Fan-ching Shan [Fanjingshan], S.S.Sin 51409A (IBSC); Guangxi, Longsheng, H.F.Tan 700851 (IBSC), H.F.Tan 700863 (IBSC).
38
SCHISANDRACEAE (Kadsura) 6. Kadsura longipedunculata Finet & Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52, Mm. 4: 53 (1905), reprinted in Contr. Fl. As. Or. 2: 53 (1907), as K. longepedunculata
T: China: Su-tchuen [Sichuan], Tchen-kou-tin [Chengkou] district, [without date], P.G.Farges s.n.; holo: P. Kadsura discigera Finet & Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52, Mm. 4: 52 (1905), reprinted in Contr. Fl. As. Or. 2: 52 (1907). T: China: Su-tchuen oriental [Sichuan], Tchen-kou-tin [Chengkou] district, [without date], P.G.Farges s.n. (" A"); lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 58 (1998). Kadsura peltigera Rehder & E.H.Wilson, in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wils. 1: 410 (1913). T: China: Kiangsi [Jiangxi], below Kuling, 1 Aug. 1909, E.H.Wilson 1736 ; lecto: A, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 58 (1998); isolecto: A, E, IBSC, K, US. Kadsura omeiensis S.F.Lan, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1983(2): 122 (1983). Omei [Emei Shan], 22 Sept. 1952, C.H.Hsing et al. 32878 ; holo: SZ; iso: IBK. T: China: Sichuan, Mt
[ Kadsura japonica auct. non Dunal: S.T.Dunn & W.J.Tutcher, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 10: 29 (1912); H.Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 245 (1931)] [ Schisandra axillaris auct. non Hook.f. & Thoms.: L.Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 322 (1900), as Schizandra ] Illustrations: C.Y.Cheng, in W.-P.Fang, Icon. Pl. Omeiensium 1(2): pl. 74 (1944), as K. peltigera ; Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. 528, fig. 183 (1983); Y.-W.Law, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30(1): 239, fig. 68, 915 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 60, fig. 27 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (6) 8.517 (30) mm long; lamina elliptic (occasionally ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic), (5.5) 6.512 (15) cm long, (2) 2.54.5 (6.5) cm wide, variably papery to coriaceous; base acute (rarely obtuse in older leaves); secondary veins (4) 57 (8) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate; margins variably subentire to denticulate, serrulate or serrate; teeth (0) 38 (10) per side of leaf; apex shortto long-acuminate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles (12) 1640 (64) mm long (male), (10) 3050 (162) mm long (female). Tepals 1015 (20), (pale) yellow, occasionally reddish; largest tepal (4) 57 (12.9) mm long, (3.1) 3.56 (10) mm wide. Male flowers with 2654 stamens; anthers usually present on apex of torus. Female flowers with (20) 3258 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle 2595 mm long; apocarps sessile, 6.511.5 (15) mm long (4.5) 5.56.5 (11) mm wide, red, purple (rarely black); pericarp thin. Seeds 13 per apocarp, reniform, 3.44.6 mm long, 4.85.5 (6.1) mm wide. 2n = 28, Z.Wu & C.Huang, Guihaia 15: 4751 (1995). China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang). 36. CHC, CHH, CHS. Scandent or climbing in woodlands, generally near rivers; 1001300 (1700) m. Flowers JuneAug.; fruits (Sept.) Oct. onwards. Map 35.
36. CHINA SOUTH-CENTRAL: Sichuan, Mt Omei [Emei Shan], Hsiung, Chang & Tsiang 33544 (IBSC); Guizhou, near Lengjiaba, Songtao Xian, Sino-American Guizhou Botanical Expedition 1891 (NY). HAINAN: Tunchang, G.A.Fu 4102 (IBSC). CHINA SOUTHEAST: Fujian, "Bo Gan" Valley, Baek-liang and vicinity, H.C.Chen 3127 (UC); Zhejiang, between Ping Yung and Tai Suan, R.C.Ching 2176 (IBSC, UC, US); S Anhwei [Anhui], W Chemen, Li kan, R.C.Ching 3159 (UC); Hunan, near Cao-jia, Su-yuan-bao, Yi-zhang, S.H.Chun 2115 (MO); Guangxi, Zu-fu-shan, Di-jia, Jiu-wan-shan, Luo-dong-xiang, San-fang region, Da-miao-shan, S.H.Chun 14448 (MO); Guangdong, Loh Fau Mountain (Lofaushan), E.D.Merrill 11015 (NY, UC); Jiangxi, Yun Lun Feng, Lushan, K.Yao 8571 (K, NY, MO).
Kadsura longipedunculata is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27). Fragrant oils are derived from the stems, leaves and fruit, and the stems have been used in the manufacture of rope (Wang, 1980: 803). The fruits are eaten locally in China (Reis Altschul, 1973: 73).
7. Kadsura philippinensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 277 (1908)

T: Philippines: Luzon, Benguet, near the barrio of Bacong, 5 miles [c. 8 km] north of Baguio, [without date], A.D.E.Elmer 8700 ; holo: PNH, destroyed; lecto: A, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 198 (1997); isolecto: A, E. Kadsura paucidenticulata Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 5: 176177 (1910). T: Philippines: Luzon, Benguet, Mt Pauai [Pawoi], June 1909, R.C.McGregor 8498 ; holo: PNH, destroyed; lecto: K, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 198 (1997); isolecto: L, NY. Kadsura macgregorii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 5: 177 (1910). [Pawoi], June 1909, R.C.McGregor 8340 ; holo: PNH, destroyed. T: Philippines: Luzon, Benguet, Mt Pauai
39

Kadsura sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 2: 153 (1923), nom. illeg . Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 63, fig. 28 (1998).
(2001)
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (6.5) 7.515 (17) mm long; lamina elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic or ovate, (6.5) 710 (11.5) cm long, 35 (6) cm wide, papery; base cuneate to obtuse; apex acute to acuminate; margins entire to denticulate; teeth 04 (6) per side of leaf; secondary veins 56 (7) pairs per leaf, often indistinct due to presence of intersecondary veins, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles 1027 mm long (male), 1626 mm long (female). Tepals 1012, reddish (outer), white or yellow (inner); largest tepal 4.210.6 mm long, 4.78.4 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 2442 stamens, absent from apex of torus. Female flowers with 1736 carpels; pseudostigmas broad, subpeltate. Fruit peduncle c. 2838 mm long; apocarps sessile or on short stipe, to c. 1.2 mm, c. (2.5) 56 mm long, (2.5) 33.5 (5) mm wide, white to brown; pericarp thick. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, reniform, c. 2.64.2 mm long, 3.44.7 mm wide. Philippines (Luzon and Mindanao). 42. PHI. Scandent or climbing in submontane to montane forests; 8502100 m. Flowers Mar.Dec.; fruits Nov.Dec. Map 36.
42. PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Abra Prov., Massisiat-Mt Pultoc, G.L.Alcasid et al. 304 (= PNH 1701) (A, PNH), G.L.Alcasid et al. 312a [=PNH 1594 ] (A, PNH); Mindanao, L. Lanao, Camp Keithly, M.S.Clemens 1145 (A, BO, US); Mindanao, Davao Distr., Todaya (Mt Apo), A.D.E.Elmer 11498 (A, E, L, NY, US); Luzon, Sorsogon Prov., Irosin (Mt Bulusan), A.D.E.Elmer 17032 (A, C, L, NY, UC); Luzon, Benguet, Sablang, Balacbac, E.Fnix 12629 (L); Luzon, Rizal Prov., A.Loher 13000 (A, UC); Luzon, Benguet, Pauai [Pawoi], R.C.McGregor 8498 (K, L, NY); Luzon, Albay, Mayon Volcano, D.R.Mendoza 1044 [=PNH 18173] (L, PNH); Luzon, Sorsogon Prov., M.Ramos 23531 (A, L, NY, US).
8. Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 57 (1817)

Uvaria japonica L., Sp. Pl. 536 (1753). T: icon in E.Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot. 477 (1712). T: Formosa [Taiwan]: Ariko, Jan. 1917, Kadsura matsudai Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 4 (1920). Y.Matsuda s.n.; type: not located.
Illustrations: A.Schnizlein, Icon. Fam. Nat. Regni Veg. 3: pl. 175 (1843); T.-S.Liu, Ill. Native Introd. Lign. Pl. Taiwan 1: 82, pl. 68 (1960); H.-L.Li, Fl. Taiwan 2: 400, pl. 350 (1976), reproduced in H.-L.Li & S.-M.Chaw, Fl. Taiwan 2nd edn, 2: 424, pl. 196 (1996). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 66, fig. 30 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (6.5) 1117 (23) mm long; lamina elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, (6) 7.510.5 (12.5) cm long, (2.5) 35 (6.5) cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base acute (younger leaves) to obtuse (older leaves); margins subentire to denticulate, serrulate or serrate, rarely lobed-serrulate; teeth (0) 46 (10) per side of leaf; apex (short-) acuminate; secondary veins 57 (8) pairs per leaf, often indistinct due to presence of intersecondary veins, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles (11) 1426 mm long (male), 1339 mm long (female). Tepals 812, yellow; largest tepal (6.1) 7.28.6 (11.8) mm long, (4.3) 5.76.8 (7.5) mm wide. Male flowers with 2850 stamens; anthers either present or absent from apex of torus; when stamens absent, apex lacks extension. Female flowers with 3048 carpels; pseudostyles variably broad and subpeltate. Fruit peduncle (20) 2640 (61) mm long; apocarps sessile, 5.57.5 (10) mm long, 5.57.5 mm wide, red to purple; pericarp very thin, not distally thickened. Seeds 13 per apocarp, reniform, 3.23.9 mm long, 4.44.9 (5.5) mm wide. 2n = 28, T.W.Whitaker, J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 376385 (1933); H.Okada, J. Jap. Bot. 46: 2933 (1971); H.Okada, J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 2, Bot. 15: 115200 (1975); R.-Y.Chen et al., Chrom. Atlas Chin. Princ. Econ. Pl. 1: 321322 (1993). S Japan, S Korea, Nansei-Shoto and Taiwan. 38. JAP, KOR, NNS, TAI. Scandent or climbing in forests, often near water; sea level to 500 m (Japan and Korea), to 2000 m (Taiwan). Flowers Apr.Oct.; fruits Oct.Dec. Map 37.
38. JAPAN: Kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., along Suzukawa R. from Onoaida to Janokuchi-taki waterfall, Yaku-cho, D.E.Boufford & S.Mitsuta 20185 (MO); Honshu, Ishikawa Pref., Kaga-shi, Shioyamachi, Kashima-jinja, K.Deguchi 5508 (MO); Honshu, Osaka Pref., Takatsuki-shi, Kawakubo, M.Hotta & H.Koyama 800 (C, E, MO, NY, UC); Kyushu, Nagasaki Pref., Tsushima Is., Shimoagata-gun, Kyozuka to
40
Komoda, H.Ohashi, H.Ohba & Y.Tateishi 141 (E, NY, UC). KOREA: South Korea, Hongno, T.Taquet 2592 (E, K). NANSEI-SHOTO: Loochoo [Ryukyu] Is., Sakishima-Gunto, Ishigaki Is., J.L.Gressitt 613 (NY); Okinawa Is., near Nago, Kunigami, E.H.Walker, S.Sonohara, S.Tawada & T.Amano 6366 (US). TAIWAN: Taichung Co., Chia Yang Nursery, Edinburgh Taiwan Expedition (1993) 129 (E); Botel Tobago, Mt Hon-tou, T.C.Huang & M.T.Kao 6199 (MO).
Kadsura japonica is used medicinally (Saunders, 1998: 27). A viscid derivative of the bark was previously used as a pomade for hair-dressing in Japan (Walker, 1976: 472), and a mucilaginous extract from the leaves was used in traditional Japanese washi paper manufacture (Kaempfer, 1729: 254). The fruits are eaten locally in Japan (Hatushima & Amano, 1958) and Taiwan (Liu, 1960: 82). Kadsura japonica is the only species in the genus of horticultural significance (Krssman, 1985: 195; Cullen & Howe, 1989: 318), generally grown for its foliage and scarlet fruits.
9. Kadsura oblongifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 23: 241 (1923)

T: China: Hainan, Na-ta [Nodoa], [without date], F.A.McClure 1668 (=8011 ); holo: PNH, destroyed; lecto: UC, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 67 (1998); isolecto: MO. Illustrations: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 177 fig. 36ae (1947); Y.-W.Law, Sylva Sin. 527, fig. 182 (1983); W.F.Huang, Fl. Guangdong 1: 23, fig. 22 (1987). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 68, fig. 31 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (5) 69 (14) mm long; lamina elliptic, rarely oblong-elliptic, (6) 7.58.5 (10) cm long, 23 cm wide, papery to subcoriaceous; base acute, rarely obtuse; margins (sub) entire, rarely denticulate; teeth 0 (5) per side of leaf; apex rounded, acute or short-acuminate; secondary veins (4) 5 or 6 pairs per leaf, often indistinct due to presence of intersecondary veins, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, always on young growth; peduncles 815 mm long (male), 1030 mm long (female). Tepals 1113, yellow to pink; largest tepal 4.58 mm long, 3.55.5 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 2425 stamens; anthers present on apex of torus. Female flowers with 3050 carpels; pseudostyles broad. Fruit peduncle 2032 (37) mm long; apocarps sessile, (3.5) 56 (8) mm long, 3.54.5 mm wide, red; pericarp very thin, not distally thickened. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, reniform, 2.43.3 (3.8) mm long, (3.2) 3.54 (4.5) mm wide. S China (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi). 36. CHH, CHS. Scandent or climbing in dense to sparse woods, often on hillsides, and typically on dry soils; 150900 m. Flowers and fruits JulyNov. Map 38.
36. CHINA SOUTHEAST: Guangxi, Bebai, S.Q.Chun A63283 (IBSC); Guangdong, Wen-fu-she, Da-bu Co., Bu-cheng, S.C.Lee 202745 (IBSC, MO); Guangdong, near Yue-shan, Huai-ji Co., Y.G.Liu 3013 (IBSC, MO); Guangdong, Yangchun, C.Wang 38415 (IBSC), C.Wang 42076 (IBSC); Guangxi, Lang-ping, Bo-bai, S.Q.Zhong B30 (MO). HAINAN: Nor-Tai-See, "Chinese collector, comm. C. Ford 441" (NY); Ching Mai Distr., Tung Pin Tin, Tai Wong Ling, C.I.Lei 205 (IBSC, SING, NY, UC, US); Lin Fa Shan, Tsai-keng, W.T.Tsang 357 [=LU 15856 ] (IBSC, UC); Lam Ko Distr., Lin Fa Shan and vicinity, W.T.Tsang 557 [ =LU 15856 ] (NY).
Kadsura oblongifolia is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27). The fruits are eaten locally in China (Reis Altschul, 1973: 73).
Sect. 2. Sarcocarpon
Kadsura sect. Sarcocarpon (Blume) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 163164 (1947).
Sarcocarpon Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 21 (1825). T: Kadsura scandens (Blume) Blume.
Male flowers with 1557 stamens; connectives as broad as thick, with thecae of adjacent stamens not contiguous. Female flowers with 18200 (300) carpels; pseudostyles either narrow and subulate (K. lanceolata and K. borneensis) or broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas (other species). Seven species; Indochina, Thailand and W Malesia.
41

1 2 Stamens 1532; carpels 1868; pseudostyles narrow, subulate Lamina (5.5) 6.513 (14.5) cm long, (2.5) 35.5 (6) cm wide, with (3) 46 (9) pairs of secondary veins per leaf; flower peduncle (2) 411 (15) mm long Lamina (10.5) 1217.5 (21.5) cm long, 6.511 (15) cm wide, with (5) 7 or 8 (9) pairs of secondary veins per leaf; flower peduncle 01.5 mm long Stamens 2157; carpels 35200 (300); pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas Lamina length:width ratio (1.7) 1.82.6 (2.7); outer tepals 48.9 mm long, 2.37.3 mm wide, slightly reduced to 0.40.7 of length of largest Lamina length:width ratio (1.1) 1.42.1 (3); outer tepals 1.53.8 mm long, 24.7 mm wide, very reduced to 0.10.4 of length of largest Flower peduncles 215 mm long in female flowers; outer tepal broad, with length:width ratio 0.60.8 5 5: 4: 6 Carpels 3540 Carpels 100200 (300) Flower peduncles usually more than 15 mm long in female flowers (to 62 mm); outer tepal narrow, with length:width ratio 0.71.2 Leaf intercostal venation indistinct adaxially, prominent abaxially; apocarps subglobose, (3.5) 711 (12) mm long, (3.5) 610 (12) mm wide, with length:width ratio of 0.91.3, borne on stipes (1.8) 2.910.8 (15.2) mm long; carpels (20) 4455 Leaf intercostal venation prominent both ad- and abaxially; apocarps elongate, 9.522 (30) mm long, 6.514 (17.5) mm wide, with length:width ratio of 1.21.8 (2.1), sessile; carpels 5082 (110)
(2001)
10. K. lanceolata
2:
11. K. borneensis
1: 3 3: 4
14. K. acsmithii
16. K. celebica 15. K. marmorata
13. K. verrucosa
6:
12. K. scandens
10. Kadsura lanceolata King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58: 376 (1889)
T: [no locality or date], "Dr Kings collector " [ H.H.Kunstler ] 3463 ; lecto: K, fide A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 204 (1947). Kadsura ultima A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 207208 (1947). T: [Indonesia: Moluccas], Amboina [Ambon], Hatalae, 24 Oct. 1913, C.B.Robinson 2005 ; holo: US; iso: K, L. Illustration: G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 73B (1891). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 70, fig. 32 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (5) 718 (22) mm long; lamina (ovate-) elliptic, rarely ovate, (5.5) 6.513 (14.5) cm long, (2.5) 35.5 (6) cm wide, coriaceous; base obtuse, rarely truncate (cuneate in younger leaves); margins entire; apex acuminate, rarely acute; secondary veins (3) 46 (9) pairs per leaf, slightly arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves, occasionally with secondary flower borne in axil of bract, always on young growth; peduncles 26 (15) mm long (male), c. 510 mm long (female). Tepals 714, pink to dark red (outer), cream to yellow (inner); largest tepal 57.8 (13.5) mm long, 3.56.3 (14.7) mm wide. Male flowers with 1532 stamens. Female flowers with 1868 carpels; pseudostyles subulate, without pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle 414 mm long; apocarps sessile, 56.5 mm long, 46 mm wide, red or yellow; pericarp uniform in thickness or slightly thicker distally. Seeds 13 per apocarp, discoid to pyriform, (3.7) 4.14.5 (5.2) mm long, (3) 3.45 mm wide. Malesia (Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Sulawesi and Sumatra). 42. BOR, MLY, MOL, SUL, SUM. Scandent or climbing in tropical to submontane forests, occasionally in montane and subalpine forests; to 1400 (2900) m. Flowers Apr.Nov.; fruits MayDec. Map 39.
42
42. BORNEO: Sarawak, 1st/2nd Div. boundary, Ulu Simunjan, G. Buri, P.Chai et al. S.36771 (K, L); Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Dallas, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 27272 (A, K, L, NY, UC); Kalimantan Timur, Sg. Susuk region, E Kutei, A.Kostermans 5719 (L). MALAYA: Pahang, Fraser's Hill, H.Keng, C.Y.Wee & students 10676 (SING); Perak, Larut, "Dr King's collector " [ H.H.Kunstler ] 3700 (K). MOLUCCAS: Halmahera, G. Sembilan, D.R.Pleyte 344 (K, L, SING). SULAWESI: Central Sulawesi, Upper Sopu Valley, M.M.J.van Balgooy 3536 (L). SUMATERA: Lampung, Mt Tanggamus, M.Jacobs 8229 (K, L); Sumatera Barat, Air Sirah on watershed above Padang, Barisan Ra., E.F.de Vogel & P.Vermeulen 7420 (L); Aceh, G. Leuser Nature Reserve, Upper Mamas R. Valley, c. 15 km W of Kutacane, W.J.J.O.de Wilde & B.E.E.de WildeDuyfjes 19038 (L).
11. Kadsura borneensis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 205 (1947)

T: [Malaysia:] British North Borneo [Sabah], Mt Kinabalu, 15 Aug. 1933, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 34425 ; holo: UC; iso: A, K, L, NY. Illustration: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 206, fig. 41a (1947). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 73, fig. 33 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (14.5) 16.532 mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (10.5) 1217.5 (21.5) cm long, 6.511 (15) cm wide, very coriaceous; base obtuse to truncate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins (5) 7 or 8 (9) pairs per leaf, arcuate. Flowers solitary, either in axils of leaves or in axils of fugacious bracts, on young growth; peduncles 01.5 mm long (both sexes). Tepals 1220, yellow; largest tepal 5.812.3 mm long, 411.7 mm wide. Male flowers with 1828 stamens. Female flowers with c. 35 carpels; pseudostyles subulate, without pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle short; apocarps sessile, (10.5) 1422 (24) mm long, (9) 9.511.5 (12.5) mm wide, reddish-purple; pericarp greatly thickened distally. Seeds 1 per apocarp, reniform, c. 7.4 mm long, 8 mm wide. Borneo (Mt Kinabalu, Sabah). 42. BOR. Scandent or climbing in tropical montane forests; to 2000 m. Flowers Aug.Sept. Map 40.
42. BORNEO: Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Mahandui R., C.E.Carr 26291 (SING); Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Mesilau R., W.L.Chew & E.J.H.Corner 4114 (SING); Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, W.L.Chew, E.J.H.Corner & A.Stainton 173 (K); Sabah, Ulu Liwagu and Ulu Mesilau, Mt Kinabalu, W.L.Chew, E.J.H.Corner & A.Stainton 2508 (K, L, SING); Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, Mesilau Cave, W.L.Chew & E.J.H.Corner 4711 (K, L, SING); Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 30555 (A, L, NY, UC), J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 31889 (K, L, NY, UC), J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 34425 (A, K, L, NY, UC); Sabah, Upper Kinabalu, Dehobong R., J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 40493 (A); Sabah, Ranau, Kinabalu, H.T.Sinanggul 38367 (K, L).
12. Kadsura scandens (Blume) Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] 911 (1830)
Sarcocarpon scandens Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 21 (1825); Kadsura scandens var. normalis Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6 (1891), nom. inval .; Kadsura wallichii Korth. ex Koord. , Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2: 242 (1912), nom. inval., publ. pro syn.; Pulcheria rosea Noronha ex Steenis & Steen.-Krus., Regnum Veg. 71: 369 (1970), nom. inval., publ. pro syn. T: [Indonesia: Java, without date], C.L.Blume s.n.; lecto: L, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 199 (1997); isolecto: K, NY. Kadsura cauliflora Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] 1112 (1830); Kadsura scandens var. cauliflora (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6 (1891). T: [Indonesia:] Jawa, [Mt Boerangrang, without date], C.L.Blume s.n.; lecto: L, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 199 (1997); isolecto: K, L. Kadsura scandens var. intermedia Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6 (1891). T: [Indonesia:] Java, SagarantenRambai, 26 June 1875, O.Kuntze 521 ; lecto: NY, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 199 (1997). Schisandra ovalifolia Parment., Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 237, 312 (1896), as Schizandra . T: [Indonesia:] Sumatra, Padang, Ajer Mantjoer, Aug. 1878, O.Beccari 667 ; holo: MEL; iso: K, L. [ Schisandra axillaris auct. non Hook.f. & Thoms.: C.E.O.Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6 (1891), as Schizandra ] Illustrations: C.L.Blume, Fl. Javae [Schizandreae] pl. 12 (1830), in part as K. cauliflora ; pl. 1 reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: frontispiece (1998); G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 71 (1891); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 75, fig. 34 (1998). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 76, fig. 35 (1998).
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Figure 7. Kadsura scandens. A, flowering branch; B, gynoecium; C, isolated carpel (lateral view); D, androecium; E, isolated stamen (lateral view); F, fruit; G, seed (A, H.N.Ridley 6354, SING; BC, M.Nur 26103, SING; DE, P.W.Korthals s.n. , L; F, redrawn from C.G.G.J.van Steenis, Mount. Fl. Java, fig. 29.3 (1972); G, N.Wirawan 134, L). Scale bars: A = 3 cm; B = 3 mm; C, E = 1 mm; D = 2 mm; F = 1 cm; G = 2 mm. Drawn by H.L.Wilks. Reproduced from R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13, fig. 1 (1997), Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
44
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (7.5) 11.530 (48) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (9) 1015 (21) cm long, (4.5) 59 (15) cm wide, papery to coriaceous; base obtuse to truncate (cuneate in younger leaves); margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 46 (8) pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves or fugacious bracts, occasionally with secondary flower in axil of bract, occasionally cauliflorous; peduncles (4) 813 (18) mm long (male), 1262 mm long (female). Tepals 1018 (24), white, pale yellow or red; largest tepal (7.4) 916 (18.9) mm long, (4.7) 712 (14.3) mm wide. Male flowers with 2452 stamens. Female flowers with 5082 (110) carpels; pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle 2125 mm long; apocarps sessile, 9.522 (30) mm long, 6.514 (17.5) mm wide, red; pericarp greatly thickened distally. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, pyriform, discoid or reniform, (4.5) 58.5 (10) mm long, (4) 59 (11) mm wide. Fig. 7. Malesia (Bali, Java, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). 42. JAW, LSI, MLY, SUM. Scandent or climbing in tropical montane forests; to 2400 m. Flowers Mar.Nov.; fruits Nov.Jan. Map 41.
42. JAWA: Kandang Badata to Tjibeureun, H.S.Yates 2881 (NY, SING, UC). MALAYA: Malacca, W.Griffith 74 (K); Pahang, G. Ulu Kali, K.M.Kochummen FRI 16187 (A, K, L); Perak, Bukit Maxwell, Larut, B.C.Stone 15461 (L); Selangor, Ulu Langat F.R.G. Nuang, T.C.Whitmore FRI 12180 (L). SUMATERA: Sumatera Selatan, G. Dempoe, Palembang, Ajoeb 479 (L); Aceh, Takenigeum, W.N.Bangham & C.M.Bangham 703 (A, NY); Padang, Ajer mantjoer [Ayer mancior], O.Beccari 667 (K, L); Sumatera Barat, Kerintji region, Rawah Bento near Kaju Aro, Pajakumbuh, W.Meijer 6637 (L); Sumatera Utara, Asahan, Loeban Ria, Rahmat Si Boeea 7605 (A).
Kadsura scandens is used medicinally (Saunders, 1998: 27). The fruits are eaten locally in the Malay Peninsula (Heyne, 1950: 626; Burkill, 1966: 1296).
13. Kadsura verrucosa (Gagnep.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 195196 (1947)

Schisandra verrucosa Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 66 (1939), as Schizandra . T: [Vietnam:] Tonkin, Binh Lu, 28 Mar. 1936, E.Poilane 25429 ; lecto: P, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 201 (1997); isolecto: A, K. [ Kadsura cauliflora auct. non Blume: G.King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 58: 375 (1889); G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 222 (1891); H.N.Ridley, Fl. Malay Penin. 1:20 (1922)]. Illustration: G.King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: pl. 72 (1891), as K. cauliflora . Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 79, fig. 36 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (14) 15.530 (60) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (8.5) 1015 (21) cm long, (4) 4.512.5 (14) cm wide, coriaceous; base obtuse to truncate; margins entire, rarely subdentate; apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins (4) 57 (8) pairs per leaf, arcuate. Flowers either solitary in axils of leaves or in axils of fugacious bracts, occasionally cauliflorous and in glomerules on trunk; peduncles 1022 mm long (male), 2335 mm long (female). Tepals 1216 (19), yellow, cream or pink; largest tepal 11.315 (21.5) mm long, 9.614 (19.7) mm wide. Male flowers with 4057 stamens. Female flowers with (20) 4455 carpels; pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle 2050 mm long; apocarps borne on (1.8) 2.910.8 (15.2) mm long stipes, articulate at apex of stipe, (3.5) 711 (12) mm long, (3.5) 610 (12) mm wide, red or yellow; pericarp uniform in thickness, not distally thickened. Seeds (1 or) 2 per apocarp, discoid to reniform, 56.5 mm long, 56.6 (7.8) mm wide. Indochina (Laos and Vietnam) and Malesia (Java, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra). 41. LAO, VIE. 42. JAW, MLY, SUM. Scandent or climbing in tropical submontane forests, rarely montane; to 1300 (2000) m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year. Map 42.
41. LAOS: Ching Lawang, Tawrenj, A.F.G.Kerr 20906 (K, L). THAILAND: Salut, Kao Kao Ra., A.F.G.Kerr 14500 (K). VIETNAM: Tonkin, Binh Lu, E.Poilane 25429 (A, K, P). 42. JAWA: Tjiapoes, Buitenzorg, J.G.Hallier 751 (L, NY). MALAYA: Kedah, Bt. Bintang Gunong Tebu Forest Reserve, Y.C.Chan FRI 25072 (A, L); SE coast of Johore, Padang Mulud, M.Shah & A.Shukor MS.2479 (SING); Selangor, Klang, Telok Forest Reserve, J.Sinclair 40108 (E, L, SING). SUMATERA: Riau, Kuala Belilas, P.Buwalda 6761 (L); Sumatera Barat, Kerintji region, G. Tudjuh, Pajakumbuh, W.Meijer 6586 (L); Aceh,
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G. Leuser Nature Reserve, Putjuk Lau Monkudu, c. 25 km NNW of Kutatjane, Seldok, G. Bandahara, W.J.J.O.de Wilde & B.E.E.de Wilde-Duyfjes 12933 (BO, L).
14. Kadsura acsmithii R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 42: 109110 (1997)

T: [Malaysia:] Sarawak, 2nd Division, Lubok Antu, Ulu Engkari, Sg. Kaup, 9 Mar. 1974, P.Chai S.33578 ; holo: L; iso: K, KEP, MO, SAN. Illustration: R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 42: 108, fig. 1 (1997). Maps: R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 42: 110, fig. 2 (1997); R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 73, fig. 33 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole 2035 (41) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (11) 13.518.5 cm long, 5.510.5 cm wide, papery to coriaceous; base acute to obtuse (occasionally cuneate); margins entire; apex acute to long-acuminate; secondary veins (3) 46 pairs per leaf, (slightly) arcuate. Flowers solitary, in axils of leaves or fugacious bracts, occasionally cauliflorous; peduncles (7) 1317 (31) mm long (male), c. 37 mm long (female). Tepals (9) 1217, pale (yellowish) green, tinged red (outer), pink to deep red (inner); largest tepal 10.114.6 mm long, 7.911.3 mm wide. Male flowers with 2253 stamens. Female flowers with 35110 carpels; pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle 3050 mm long; apocarps sessile, 78 mm long, 67.5 mm wide, reddish-purple; pericarp uniform in thickness or slightly thicker distally. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid or reniform, 5.86.5 mm long, 6.87 mm wide. Malesia (Borneo). 42. BOR. Scandent or climbing in tropical lowland to submontane forests; sea level to 1160 m. Flowers Mar.Dec.; fruits Nov. (based on limited data). Map 43.
42. BORNEO: Sarawak, 5th Div., W.M.A.Brooke 10530 (L); Sarawak, 2nd Div., Lubok Antu, Ulu Engkari, Sg. Kaup, P.Chai S.33578 (K, L, MO); Kalimantan Timur, between Long Bawan and Panado, R.Geesink 9001 (A, L); Kalimantan Timur, East, near G. Redels, Berau, A.Kostermans 21751 (A, K, L); Sarawak, 4th Div., G. Mulu Natl Park, B.Lee S.38112 (K, L); Kalimantan Barat, 6080 km NNW of Tumbang Samba, upper Samba R., Bukit Raya and upper Katingan (Mendawai) R., J.P.Mogea 3737 (L), J.P.Mogea & W.J.J.O. de Wilde 4068 (K, L); Kalimantan Barat, Bukit Raya, H.P.Nooteboom 4024 (BO, L), 11245'E, 045'S, H.P.Nooteboom 4089 (A, L).
15. Kadsura marmorata (Hend. & A.A.Hend.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 196197 (1947)
Sphaerostema marmoratum Hend. & A.A.Hend., Ill. Bouquet 2: pl. 40 (185961); Schisandra marmorata (Hend. & A.A.Hend.) Hemsl., Garden 8: 271 (1875), as Schizandra . T: icon in E.G.Henderson & A.A.Henderson, Ill. Bouquet 2: pl. 40 (185961). Kadsura apoensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2748 (1915). T: Philippines: Mindanao, Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, toward Sibulan River, Mainit Creek, Sept. 1909, A.D.E.Elmer 11718 ; lecto: GH, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 197 (1997); isolecto: A, E, F, K, L, MO, NY. Kadsura sulphurea Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2750 (1915). T: Philippines: Mindanao, Agusan, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, Aug. 1912, A.D.E.Elmer 13505; lecto: GH, fide R.M.K.Saunders, Fl. Males. I, 13: 197 (1997); isolecto: A, E, F, K, L, MO, NY, UC. Kadsura clemensiae A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 206207 (1947). T: [Malaysia:] Sarawak, Upper Rejang River, Gat, 1929, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 22115 ; holo: A; iso: K, NY. [ Kadsura scandens auct. non Blume: E.D.Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci., Bot . 2: 422 (1907); E.D.Merrill, Bibl. Enum. Born. Pl . 251252 (1921)] Illustrations: E.G.Henderson & A.A.Henderson, Ill. Bouquet 2: pl. 40 (185961), as Sphaerostema marmoratum , reproduced in R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 83, fig. 37 (1998); A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 206, fig. 41fk (1947). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 84, fig. 38 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole (15) 1933 (79) mm long; lamina elliptic to ovate, (10) 1318 (21) cm long, (5) 611 (18) cm wide, coriaceous; base obtuse to truncate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins (3) 5 or 6 (8) pairs per leaf, generally arcuate. Flowers solitary in axils of leaves or fugacious bracts, occasionally cauliflorous, often in glomerules on trunk; peduncles 517 mm long (male), 26 mm long (female). Tepals 1321, yellowish; outermost tepal sometimes greenish; largest tepal (6.3) 913 mm long, 6.19.7 mm wide. Male flowers with 3853 stamens. Female flowers
46
with c. 100200 (300) carpels; pseudostyles broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Fruit peduncle short; apocarps sessile, (16) 1939 mm long, 614 mm wide, cream to dull yellow or red; pericarp very thickened distally. Seeds 1 or 2 per apocarp, discoid to pyriform, 58.6 mm long, 4.65.2 (6.6) mm wide. Malesia (Philippines, Sabah and Sarawak). 42. BOR, PHI. Scandent or climbing in tropical submontane forests; to 1500 m. Flowers Apr.Aug.; fruits Feb.Oct. Map 44.
42. BORNEO: Sarawak, G. Gading, Lundu, P.Chai S.18494 (K, L, SING); Sarawak, Upper Rejang R., Gat, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 22115 (A, K, NY); Sabah, Tenompok, Mt Kinabalu, J.Clemens & M.S.Clemens 29354 (A, BO, L, NY, UC); Sabah, Elphinstone Prov., Tawao, A.D.E.Elmer 21696 (A, C, K, L, NY, SING, UC). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Davao Prov., Todaya [Mt Apo], A.D.E.Elmer 11718 (A, GH, K, L, NY); Mindanao, Agusan Prov., Cabadbaran [Mt Urdaneta], A.D.E.Elmer 13505 (A, GH, K, L, NY, UC); Mindanao, Zamboanga del Norte, C.O.Frake 578 [=PNH 38132] (A, L, PNH), C.O.Frake 805 [=PNH 38361] (A, L, PNH); Palawan, Mt Beaufort, C.E.Ridsdale SMHI 39 (A, L, UC, PNH); Palawan, Aborlan, Panacan, Victoria Mtns, M.D.Sulit 3728 (A, L, PNH).
16. Kadsura celebica A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 202203 (1947)

T: [Indonesia: Sulawesi] Minahassa, Tomohon, Oct. 1894, K.F.Sarasin & P.B.Sarasin 584 ; holo: K. Illustration: A.C.Smith, Sargentia 7: 206, fig. 41be (1947). Map: R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 84, fig. 38 (1998).
Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves: petiole c. 15 mm long; laminas ovate, c. 13 cm long, 9 cm wide, subcoriaceous; base obtuse to truncate; apex acute to short-acuminate; margins entire; secondary veins c. 5 or 6 pairs per leaf, arcuate. Flowers solitary, occasionally with secondary flower borne in axil of bract or in axils of leaves or fugacious bracts; peduncles c. 15 mm long. Tepals c. 12; largest tepal c. 12.5 mm long, 8 mm wide. Male flowers with c. 35 stamens. Female flowers with c. 40 carpels; pseudostyles irregularly broad with subpeltate pseudostigmas. Fruit and seed not seen. Malesia (Sulawesi). 42. SUL. Only known from type collection, lacking habitat data. 45. Map
Excluded species
Kadsura blancoi Azaola, in F.M.Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd edn 594 (1845) = Phytocrene blancoi (Azaola) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 2: 432 (1907) (Icacinaceae). Kadsura pubescens Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 620 (1861) = Actinidia miquelii King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 196 (1890) (Actinidiaceae).
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48
REFERENCES
Arora, R.K. & Pandey, A. (1996), Wild Edible Plants of India: Diversity, Conservation and Use. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: New Delhi. Burkill, I.H. (1966), A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives: Kuala Lumpur. Chase, M.W., Soltis, D.E., Olmstead, R.G., Morgan, D., Les, D.H., Mishler, B.D., Duvall, M.R., Price, R.A., Hills, H.G., Qiu, Y.-L., Kron, K.A., Rettig, J.H., Conti, E., Palmer, J.D., Manhart, J.R., Sytsma, K.J., Michaels, H.J., Kress, W.J., Karol, K.G., Clark, W.D., Hedrn, M., Gaut, B.S., Jansen, R.K., Kim, K.-J., Wimpee, C.F., Smith, J.F., Furnier, G.R., Strauss, S.H., Xiang, Q.-Y., Plunkett, G.M., Soltis, P.S., Swensen, S.M., Williams, S.E., Gadek, P.A., Quinn, C.J., Eguiarte, L.E., Golenberg, E., Learn Jr, G.H., Graham, S.W., Barrett, S.C.H., Dayanandan, S., & Albert, V.A. (1993), Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528580. Clarke, C.B. (1905), New or noteworthy plants, Gard. Chron. 38: 162163. Crawford, M. (1992), Useful Plants for Temperate Climates. Vol. 2. Shrubs. Agroforestry Research Trust: Torquay, Devon. Cullen, J., & Howe, J. (1989), Schisandraceae, in S.M.Walters, J.C.M.Alexander, A.Brady, C.D.Brickell, J.Cullen, P.S.Green, V.H.Heywood, V.A.Matthews, N.K.B.Robson, P.F.Yeo & S.G.Knees (eds), The European Garden Flora. Vol. 3. Dicotyledons (Part 1), pp. 317 318. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Hooker, W.J. (1851), Sphaerostema propinquum, Bot. Mag. 77: fig. 4614. Donoghue, M.J. & Doyle, J.A. (1989), Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of the Hamamelidae, in P.R.Crane & S.Blackmore (eds), Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae. Vol. 1. Introduction and "Lower" Hamamelidae, pp. 1745. Clarendon Press: Oxford. Gorokhova, G.I. (1982), Fruiting of far-eastern species of plants under conditions of the forest steppe zone of western Siberia, Sov. J. Ecol. 12: 219222. [In Russian] Hatsushima, S. & Amano, T. (1958), Flora of Okinawa. Ryukyu University Press: Naha. Heyne, K. (1950), De Nuttige Planten van Indonesi. 3rd edn. Van Hoeve: The Hague/Bandung. Hooper, D. (1929), On Chinese medicine: drugs of Chinese pharmacies in Malaya, Gard. Bull., Straits Settlem. 6: 1165. Kaempfer, E. (1729), The History of Japan, Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 169092. Vol. 3, Appendix, transl. J.G.Scheuchzer [1906 reprint, Glasgow: Maclehose]. Krssmann, G. (1985), Manual of Cultivated Broad-leaved Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press: Portland, Oregon. Law, Y.-W. (1996), Magnoliaceae DC. trib. Schisandreae DC., in Y.-W. Law (ed.), Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Vol. 30(1): 231269. Science Press: Beijing. [In Chinese] Liu, T.-S. (1960), Illustrations of Native and Introduced Ligneous Plants of Taiwan. Vol. 1. National Taiwan University: Taipei. Loconte, H. & Stevenson, D. W. (1991), Cladistics of the Magnoliidae, Cladistics 7: 267 296. Perry, L.M. & Metzger, J. (1980), Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachussetts.
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Qiu, Y.-L., Chase, M.W., Les, D.H. & Parks, C.R. (1993), Molecular phylogenetics of the Magnoliidae: cladistic analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 587606. Rao, R.R. (1981), Ethnobotany of Meghalaya: medicinal plants used by Khasi and Garo tribes, Econ. Bot. 35: 49. Reis Altschul, S. von (1973), Drugs and Foods from Little-known Plants. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Saunders, R.M.K. (1998), Monograph of Kadsura (Schisandraceae), Syst. Bot. Monogr. 54: 1106 + 2 pl. Saunders, R.M.K. (2000), Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae), Syst. Bot. Monogr. 58: 1146 + 6 pl. Smith, A.C. (1947), The families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. Sargentia 7: 1224. Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Nickrent, D.L., Johnson, L.A., Hahn, W.J., Hoot, S.B., Sweere, J.A., Kuzoff, R.K., Kron, K.A., Chase, M.W., Swensen, S.M., Zimmer, E.A., Chaw, S.-M., Gillespie, L.J., Kress, W.J. & Sytsma, K.J. (1997), Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 149. Song, W.-Z. (1988), Herbal studies on plants of the Schisandraceae, Bull. Chin. Mat. Med. 13: 36. [In Chinese] Song, W.-Z. (1990), Lignin compounds of Schisandraceae plant, biological activities and domestic resources, Nat. Prod. Res. Dev. 3: 6880. [In Chinese] Song, W.-Z. & Xiao, P.-G (1982), Medicinal uses of Schisandraceae plants in China and their lignin compounds. Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs 13: 4048. [In Chinese] South China Institute of Botany (1982), A Handbook of Medicinal Plants in Guangdong. South China Institute of Botany: Guangzhou. Tanaka, T. (1976), Tanaka's Cyclopedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku: Tokyo. Walker, E.H. (1976), Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington D.C. Wang, W.-T. (1980), Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum. Vol. 1. Science Press: Beijing. [In Chinese]. Watt, G. (188996), A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Vol. 6(2). Superintendent of Government Printing: Calcutta. Yuan, S.-L. & Chao, W.-J. (1996), Germplasm resources of Kadsura Juss. and Schisandra Michx. in Qinling Bashan region, J. Pl. Resources Environ. 5: 3537. [In Chinese] Zhang, B.-N. (1991), Schisandraceae, in X.G. Li, and F. Liang (eds), Flora of Guangxi, pp. 106112. Guangxi Science and Technology Publishing House: Nanning. [In Chinese]
50
MAPS
Number in brackets refers to page on which the taxon is described.
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1. Schisandra grandiflora (5)
2. Schisandra rubriflora (5)
3. Schisandra incarnata (6)
4. Schisandra sphaerandra (6)
5. Schisandra neglecta (8)
6. Schisandra sphenanthera (9)
52
7. Schisandra arisanensis subsp. arisanensis (10)
8. Schisandra arisanensis subsp. viridis (11)
9. Schisandra glaucescens (11)
10. Schisandra elongata (12)
11. Schisandra tomentella (12)
12. Schisandra pubescens (13)
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13. Schisandra pubinervis (14)
14. Schisandra lancifolia (14)
15. Schisandra micrantha (15)
16. Schisandra henryi subsp. henryi (16)
17. Schisandra henryi subsp. yunnanensis (17)
18. Schisandra henryi subsp. marginalis (17)
54
19. Schisandra longipes (17)
20. Schisandra perulata (18)
21. Schisandra chinensis (19)
22. Schisandra glabra (22)
23. Schisandra repanda (22)
24. Schisandra bicolor (23)
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25. Schisandra propinqua subsp. propinqua (26)
26. Schisandra propinqua subsp. intermedia (26)
27. Schisandra propinqua subsp. sinensis (27)
28. Schisandra propinqua subsp. axillaris (29)
29. Schisandra plena (29)
30. Kadsura coccinea (32)
56
31. Kadsura heteroclita (35)
32. Kadsura induta (37)
33. Kadsura angustifolia (38)
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34. Kadsura renchangiana (38)
35. Kadsura longipedunculata (39)
36. Kadsura philippinensis (39)
37. Kadsura japonica (40)
38. Kadsura oblongifolia (41)
39. Kadsura lanceolata (42)
58
40. Kadsura borneensis (43)
41. Kadsura scandens (43)
42. Kadsura verrucosa (45)
59
(2001)
43. Kadsura acsmithii (46)
44. Kadsura marmorata (46)
45. Kadsura celebica (47)
60
INDEX
Accepted names are in roman, synonyms and doubtful names in italic. Principal page references are in bold, figures and plates in italic.
parvifolia A.Agostini 35 paucidenticulata Merr. 39 peltigera Rehder & E.H.Wilson 39 philippinensis Elmer 35, 39 , 58 polysperma Yen C.Yang 35 propinqua Wall. 25 pubescens Miq. 47 renchangiana S.F.Lan 34, 38 , 58 roxburghiana Arn. 35 roxburghiana auct. non Arn. 32 scandens (Blume) Blume 31, 41, 42, 43 , 44 , 59 var. cauliflora (Blume) Kuntze 43 var. intermedia Kuntze 43 var. normalis Kuntze 43 scandens auct. non Blume 46 sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr. 40 sulphurea Elmer 46 ultima A.C.Sm. 42 verrucosa (Gagnep.) A.C.Sm. 42, 45 , 59 wallichii Korth. ex Koord. 43 wattii C.B.Clarke 35 wightiana Arn. 35 Kadsuraceae Radogizky 1 Maximowiczia Rupr. 2, 19 amurensis Rupr. 19 chinensis (Turcz.) Rupr. ex Maxim. 19 sinensis W.Robinson 19 Menispermaceae subfam. Schisandroideae Raf. 1 tribe Schisandreae DC. 1 Pauslowia Wight ex Arn. 31 Phytocrene blancoi (Azaola) Merr. 47 Pulcheria Noronha 31 rosea Noronha ex Steenis & Steen.-Krus. 43 Sarcocarpon Blume 31, 41 scandens Blume 43 Schisandra Michx. 1, 2 subg. Pleiostema (A.C.Sm.) Y.-W.Law 3 subg. Plena Y.-W.Law 25 subg. Schisandra 18 sect. Maximowiczia (Rupr.) Nakai 19 sect. Maximowiczia (Rupr.) Y.-W.Law 2, 19 sect. Schisandra 3, 21 sect. Sphaerostema (Blume) Nakai 2, 25 subg. Sinoschisandra Y.-W.Law 2, 3, 7 subg. Sphaerostema (Blume) Y.-W.Law 25 sect. Kadsura (Juss.) Baill. 31 sect. Pleiostema A.C.Sm. 3 arisanensis Hayata 8, 10 subsp. arisanensis 10, 11 , 53 subsp. viridis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders 10, 11, 53 axillaris (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson 29 axillaris auct. non Hook.f. & Thoms. 39, 43
Actinidia miquelii King 47 Austrobaileyaceae 1 Cosbaea Lem. 31, 32 coccinea Lem. 32 Embelia valbrayi H.Lv. 27 Illiciaceae 1 Illiciales 1 Kadsura Juss. 1, 31 subg. Cosbea (Lem.) Y.-W.Law 31, 32 sect. Cosbaea (Lem.) A.C.Sm. 32 subg. Kadsura 34 sect. Kadsura 31, 34 sect. Sarcocarpon (Blume) A.C.Sm. 31, 41 acsmithii R.M.K.Saunders 42, 46 , 60 ananosma Kerr 32 angustifolia A.C.Sm. 34, 38 , 57 apoensis Elmer 46 billitonensis A.Agostini 35 blancoi Azaola 47 borneensis A.C.Sm. 42, 43 , 59 calophylla A.C.Sm. 32 cauliflora auct. non Blume 45 cauliflora Blume 43 cavaleriei H.Lv. 32 celebica A.C.Sm, 42, 47 , 60 championii C.B.Clarke 35 chinensis Hance ex Benth. 32 var. annamensis Gagnep. 32 chinensis Turcz. 19 clemensiae A.C.Sm. 46 coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm. 31, 32 , 33 , 56 var. sichuanensis Y.-W.Law 32 discigera Finet & Gagnep. 39 grandiflora Wall. 5 guangxiensis S.F.Lan 38 hainanensis Merr. 32 heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib 35 , 36 , 57 induta A.C.Sm. 34, 37 , 57 interior A.C.Sm. 35 japonica (L.) Dunal 31, 34, 35, 40 , 58 japonica auct. non Dunal 35, 39 lanceolata King 42 , 58 lanceolata auct. non King 35 longipedunculata Finet & Gagnep. 35, 39 , 58 macgregorii Merr. 39 marmorata (Hend. & A.A.Hend.) A.C.Sm. 42, 46, 60 matsudai Hayata 40 oblongifolia Merr. 35, 41 , 58 oblongifolia auct. non Merr. 38 omeiensis S.F.Lan 39
61
INDEX
Schisandra cont . bicolor W.-C.Cheng 21, 23 , 24 , 55 var. tuberculata (Y.-W.Law) Y.-W.Law 23 chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. 2, 19 , 20 , 55 var. glabrata Nakai ex Mori 19 var. leucocarpa P.H.Huang & L.H.Zhou 19 var. rubra Sprenger 30 var. rubriflora Franch. 9 var. typica Nakai 19 coccinea Michx. 22 crassifolia Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep. 35 discolor Nakai 22 elongata (Blume) Baill. 8, 12 , 53 var. dentata Finet & Gagnep. 15 var. longissima Dunn 15, 16 var. marmorata Hallier f. 30 elongata auct. non (Blume) Baill. 9, 11 flaccidiramosa C.R.Sun 9 glabra (Brickell) Rehder 2, 18, 21, 22 , 55 glaucescens Diels 8, 11 , 53 glaucescens auct. non Diels 6 gracilis A.C.Sm. 15 grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson 3, 4 , 5 , 52 var. cathayensis C.K.Schneid. 6 var. rubriflora (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. 9 grandiflora auct. non (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thoms. 6 grandiflora auct. non Hook.f. & Thoms. 18 hanceana Baill. 32 henryi C.B.Clarke 7, 8, 15 subsp. henryi 16 , 54 subsp. marginalis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders 16, 17 , 54 subsp. yunnanensis (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders 16, 17 , 54 var. longipes (Merr. & Chun) A.C.Sm. 17 var. marginalis A.C.Sm. 17 var. typica A.C.Sm. 16 var. yunnanensis A.C.Sm. 17 hypoglauca H.Lv. 16 incarnata Stapf 3, 6 , 52 lancifolia (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) A.C.Sm. 8, 14, 54 var. polycarpa Z.He 8 longipes (Merr. & Chun) R.M.K.Saunders 7, 17 , 55 marmorata (Hend. & A.A.Hend.) Hemsl. 46 micrantha A.C.Sm. 8, 15 , 54 neglecta A.C.Sm. 8 , 52 nigra Maxim. 22 ovalifolia Parment. 43 perulata Gagnep. 8, 18 , 55 plena A.C.Sm. 25, 29 , 56 propinqua (Wall.) Baill. 25 subsp. axillaris (Blume) R.M.K.Saunders 2, 25, 26, 28 , 29 , 56 subsp. intermedia (A.C.Sm.) R.M.K.Saunders 26 , 56 subsp. propinqua 26 , 56 subsp. sinensis (Oliv.) R.M.K.Saunders 26, 27, 56 var. intermedia A.C.Sm. 26 var. linearis Finet & Gagnep. 27 var. sinensis Oliv. 27 var. typica A.C.Sm. 26 propinqua auct. non (Wall.) Baill. 9 propinqua auct. non Baill. 29 pubescens Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson 8, 13 , 53 var. typica A.C.Sm. 13 pubinervis (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) R.M.K.Saunders 7, 14 , 54 repanda (Siebold & Zucc.) Radlk. 21, 22 , 55 rubriflora Rehder & E.H.Wilson 3, 5 , 52 rubriflora auct. non Rehder & E.H.Wilson 6 sphaerandra Stapf 3, 6 , 52 f. pallida A.C.Sm. 6 f. typica A.C.Sm. 6 sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson 8, 9 , 52 var. lancifolia Rehder & E.H.Wilson 14 var. longipes Merr. & Chun 17 var. pubinervis Rehder & E.H.Wilson 14 sphenanthera auct. non Rehder & E.H.Wilson 11, 14 tomentella A.C.Sm. 8, 12 , 53 tuberculata Y.-W.Law 23 verrucosa Gagnep. 45 vestita Pax & K.Hoffm. 13 viridis A.C.Sm. 11 wilsoniana A.C.Sm. 23 Schisandraceae Blume 1 Schisandreae DC. 1 Schisandroideae Raf. 1 Sphaerostema Blume 2, 25 axillare Blume 29 axillare auct. non Blume 26 blumiana Griff. 35 elongatum Blume 12 elongatum auct. non Blume 9 grandiflorum (Wall.) Blume 5 japonicum A.Gray 19 japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. 19 marmoratum Hend. & A.A.Henderson 46 propinqua (Wall.) Blume 25 pyrifolium Blume 29 var. denticulatum Blume ex Koord. 29 Stellandria Brickell 2 glabra Brickell 22 Trochostigma repanda Siebold & Zucc. 22 Uvaria heteroclita Roxb. 35 japonica L. 40 pyrifolia Reinw. ex Blume 29 Winteraceae 1
62

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AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY, CANBERRA

Commonwealth of Australia 2001

Helen S. Thompson Patrick McCarthy Annette J.G. Wilson Katy Mallett

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS PART

Species Plantarum Steering Committee (as at March 2001)

Editor Canberra, 2001

KEY TO GENERA BASED ON MALE FLOWERS

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

KEY TO GENERA BASED ON FEMALE FLOWERS AND FRUITS

KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS

Subg. 3. SCHISANDRA sect. 1. MAXIMOWICZIA

Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA Subg. 2. SINOSCHISANDRA

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

10. S. tomentella 11. S. pubescens

5. Schisandra neglecta A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 127129 (1947)

Schisandra neglecta is used medicinally in India (Rao, 1981: 49).

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

7. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 12 (1915)

SCHISANDRACEAE (Schisandra) 7a. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata subsp. arisanensis

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

9. Schisandra elongata (Blume) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1: 148 (1868)

10. Schisandra tomentella A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 119120 (1947)

Schisandra pubescens is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982).

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

14. Schisandra micrantha A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 135136 (1947)

Schisandra micrantha is used medicinally in China (Song & Xiao, 1982).

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

15a. Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke subsp. henryi

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

T: Russia: Amur, M.O.Putz s.n.; n.v.

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

T: USA. Georgia: Savannah,

T: Michaux's illustration (1803: fig. 47);

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

22a. Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. subsp. propinqua

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

23. Schisandra plena A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 154 (1947)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

1. Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 166167 (1947)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

2. Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib, Fl. Siam. 1: 28 (1925 [1931])

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

3. Kadsura induta A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 173-174 (1947)

Kadsura angustifolia is used medicinally in China (Saunders, 1998: 27).

7. Kadsura philippinensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 277 (1908)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

8. Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 57 (1817)

9. Kadsura oblongifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 23: 241 (1923)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

16. K. celebica 15. K. marmorata

11. Kadsura borneensis A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 205 (1947)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD

13. Kadsura verrucosa (Gagnep.) A.C.Sm., Sargentia 7: 195196 (1947)

SPECIES PLANTARUM FLORA OF THE WORLD