Natural resources:

Materials given commonly on earth that can be utilized by living creatures are named to be regular
assets. These are the land, the water and the air. The strong peripheral layer of the world's hull is
known as the lithosphere. The water that is found on the world's surface, as groundwater, is known
as the hydrosphere. The air that covers the entire Earth like a sweeping is known as the air. The
district on earth involving both biotic and abiotic segments is called the biosphere.

Air:
Air is a combination of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water fumes. Nitrogen is
utilized to create various natural atoms like proteins. Nitrogen is fixed in plants and is moved to
creatures through natural way of life. Oxygen is utilized by plants and creatures during the time
spent breathing. The burning of non-renewable energy sources likewise requires oxygen. Carbon
dioxide is utilized by plants during the time spent photosynthesis. Numerous marine creatures use
carbonates broken down in ocean water to make their shells.

● The role of the atmosphere in climate control – Atmosphere covers the Earth like a blanket. It
prevents the sudden increase of temperature due to sun in the day and also prevents the steady
escape of heat from Earth to outer space. The absence of atmosphere on moon makes the
temperature varies from −190 C to 110 C.

● The movement of air: winds - During the day, the air above the land in coastal locations heats up
more quickly and rises. As the air rises, a region of low-pressure forms, and air from the sea moves
into it. Winds are created by the movement of air from one place to another. The wind would be
blowing from the sea to the land during the day. Because soil cools faster than water, the air above
the ground cools faster at night.

● Rain - During the day, water bodies heat up and evaporate into the atmosphere. The vapour cools
as it rises. The vapour condenses into small water droplets, which fall as rain as a result of the
precipitation process. The prevailing wind patterns determine rainfall patterns.

● Air pollution - Air pollution is the contamination of the air with chemicals, smoke, dust particles,
and disease-causing agents. When fossil fuels are burned, distinct nitrogen and sulphur oxides are
produced, which dissolve in rain and cause acid rain. The amount of hydrocarbons produced by the
combustion of fossil fuels likewise grows. When there are large levels of pollutants present, visibility
is reduced. Breathing air contaminated with any of these pollutants on a regular basis raises the risk
of allergies, cancer, and heart disease.

Water: A wonder liquid:

Water can be found on the surface of the Earth, underground, and as water vapour in the
atmosphere. The maximum amount of water available is salty marine water. The majority of the
freshwater on the planet is in the form of frozen ice. Water is necessary for plant and animal survival
because cellular functions take place in a water media. Dissolved substances are transferred from
one portion of the body to another. As a result, in order to survive, organisms must maintain the
level of water bodies. The amount of water available determines not just the number of individuals
of each species that can survive in a given area, but also the diversity of life there.
● Water pollution - Water pollution is defined as the introduction of undesired elements into
bodies of water. Fertilizers, pesticides, sewage, chemicals, and detergents are examples of
undesirable substances. The amount of dissolved oxygen reduces when the temperature of the
water rises owing to pollution. Aquatic creatures get their oxygen from dissolved oxygen. Many
aquatic organisms die when the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is reduced.

Mineral riches in the soil:

Another vital natural resource that sustains life is soil. Soil is made up of particles of soil, humus,
and living creatures. In between the soil particles, there is also some water in the form of droplets
or air. The soil is made up of the sun, water, wind, and living beings. Uneven rock contraction and
expansion splits and breaks them down into smaller soil particles. Frozen water lodged in rock
fractures and breaks the boulders, turning them into soil. Lichens that grow on the surface of rocks
emit chemicals that break down the rocks and turn them into soil. River water breaks down hard
rocks into soil particles. Rocks are eroded and sand particles are carried by strong winds.

Humus is a type of soil that contains pieces of decomposed biological creatures. Because it causes
the soil to become more porous and allows water and air to permeate deep underground, it is a
crucial element in determining the soil structure. The topsoil is the soil's top layer, which contains
humus and live creatures in addition to the soil particles.

● Soil pollution - Soil contamination is the addition of pollutants that have a negative impact on soil
fertility. The usage of fertilisers resulted in the extinction of many beneficial microorganisms and a
reduction in soil fertility. Deforestation has resulted in the erosion of the soil's top most productive
layer. Soil erosion was also caused by animal overgrazing. Wind and water can also carry fine soil
particles away

Biogeochemical cycles:
The transfer of matter and energy between the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere
takes place constantly and thus makes the ecosystem dynamic but stable. These transfers take place
through various cycles explained below.

● Water cycle - The entire method wherein water evaporates and falls at the land as rain and later
flows again into the ocean thru rivers is called the water cycle. Water is able to dissolve a big variety
of substances. As water flows via or over rocks containing soluble minerals a number of them get
dissolved withinside the water. Thus, rivers deliver many vitamins from the land to the ocean, and
those are utilized by marine organisms.

● Nitrogen cycle - The nitrogen cycle is the method through which nitrogen is transformed among its
diverse chemical forms. This transformation may be finished via organic and bodily techniques.
Important techniques withinside the nitrogen cycle encompasses fixation, ammonification,
nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen makes up seventy-eight percent of the earth’s
environment. The percent of nitrogen withinside the environment is maintained through the
nitrogen cycle. Plants and animals can't make use of atmospheric nitrogen quite simply. It must be
constant via means of a few organisms referred to as nitrogen fixers. Nitrogen solving
microorganisms like Rhizobium stay in symbiotic affiliation withinside the root nodules of sure
leguminous plants. These microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, that is
applied quite simply via the means of plants. Nitrogen-solving microorganisms alongside unfastened
residing microorganisms withinside the soil gain ninety percent of nitrogen fixation. During lightning,
the excessive temperatures and pressures created withinside the air convert nitrogen into oxides of
nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to offer nitric and nitrous acids and fall on land at the side of
rain. Plants convert those nitrates and nitrites into amino acids. Ammonification is the technique
with the aid of which soil microorganisms decompose useless natural dependents and launch
ammonia into the soil. Nitrification is the technique with the aid of using which ammonia is
transformed into nitrites and nitrates. Denitrification is the technique with the aid of using which
nitrates are transformed into atmospheric nitrogen.

● Carbon cycle - Carbon takes place withinside the elemental shape as diamonds and graphite. The
carbon cycle begins off evolved in plants. Plants use carbon dioxide withinside the ecosystem to
synthesize glucose withinside the presence of daylight via means of the procedure of
photosynthesis. Living matters ruin those glucose molecules to supply strength and launch carbon
dioxide via respiration. Burning of fuels for numerous wishes like heating, cooking, transportation
and commercial strategies provides carbon dioxide to the ecosystem.

● Oxygen cycle - Oxygen from the environment is used up in 3 processes, particularly combustion,
respiratory and withinside the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Oxygen is lower back to the
environment in best one predominant procedure this is photosynthesis. A diagrammatic
representation has been shown below.

The greenhouse effect:

Some gases save you from the break out of warmth from the earth. A boom in the proportion of
such gases withinside the environment could cause the common temperatures to boom globally and
that is referred to as the inexperienced residence effect. CO2 is one of the inexperienced residence
gases. A boom withinside the CO2 content material withinside the environment could cause extra
warmth to be retained with the aid of using the environment and result in worldwide warming.

Ozone layer:

The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere, one of the layers of the atmosphere. Each molecule of
ozone is made from 3 oxygen atoms. It is toxic however it prevents dangerous radiations from
accomplishing on the earth’s surface, wherein they'll harm many lifestyles. Chlorofluorocarbon
compounds (CFCs) outcomes withinside the depletion of ozone layer.