Ong Peck Seng, LP Marketing, Electric Power System Seminar, 5thJuly2011

Power System Earth Protection Protects Your Life, Protects Your Property
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 1

Electric Power System Seminar Note of this Power Point

We would like to say a big thank you for your time attending our seminar on 5thJuly2011 at ABB premises. This Power Point is meant for your reference only. Please contact us if you need to verify the data or application used. The contents of this PPT is mainly extracting from our 3rd Technical Application Paper, please refer to the booklet for more detail. Distribution system and protection against indirect contact and earth fault. This PPT contain 88 pages due to time constrain we are only able pages, constrain, to present only 60 slides, the rest of the slides are for your info, please feel free to contact for more questions. Hope to see you in our future programs. Thanks

Electric Power System Seminar Program

Agenda 1.00 pm 1.15 pm 1.30 pm Registration Welcome Earth leakage and earth fault protection of electrical distribution system. Break and Q&A SS and IEC Standard requirements for overcurrent and earth leakage protection devices. The Th requirement for earth i tf th leakage relay (ELR) according to IEC 60947-2 Annex M By Koh Nguang Siah, Product Marketing Manager, Low Voltage Product Division By Koh Nguang Si h B K hN Siah, Product Marketing Manager, Low Voltage Product Division By Ong Peck Seng, AVP Marketing, Low Voltage Marketing Products Division

3.00 p.m. 3 00 p m 3.30 p.m.

4.30 4 30 p.m.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 3

Topic 1

Earth leakage and earth fault protection of electrical distribution system.

Earth leakage and earth fault protection of electrical distribution system. Contents

Why Earthing System Indirect I di t contact and people protection t t d l t ti Indirect contact and property protection Earth fault protection

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 5

L1 L2 N L3

Earthing (Grounding) System

Earthing System Why Earthing

Have you ever wander if the neutral of the power transformer is not connected to earth (ground), the risk of being electrocuted will be elaminated? The answer is not so straight forward, please see few demo as follow: 1.) Isolated earthing 2.) Vertual earth due to stray capacitance 3.) One of the Phase grounded

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 7

Earthing System Demo 1 Isolated Earthing

L1 L2 N L3

Neutral not connected to earth

Isolated earthing Neutral point of transformer not connected to earth (IT System) Q, will I get a shock if I touch any one of the Line (L1, L2, or L3) since there is no return path. A, Only if the out going cables are very short and no virtual earth is formed in the system. system
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 8

Earthing System Demo 2 Virtual Earth

L1 L2 N L3

Virtual Earth will still be formed due to stray capacitence Q, Will I in danger if I touch the Line (L1, L2 or L3) A, Depends on the stray capacitence, leakage current various.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 9

Earthing System Demo 3 One Phase Shorted to Earth

L1 L2 N L3

Q: What happen if one phase shorted to earth? A: 1.) There will not be having a fault. 2.) The other two phases (in this case L1 & L2) will have line voltage with respect to earth, in this demo, will be 433Volts. Neutral to earth will be about 250 Volts.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 10

Earthing System One More Reasons to Earth the System

Loads

Weak point may be damage if no end is earthed p y g

Strong disturbance appeared due to switching or lightning, extra high voltage surge refer to earth (common mode) will travel towards both ends, weak insulation point may be damaged. Earthing of Neutral point will minimized this problem, surge arrestor is also advise to install at the load end.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 11

Earthing System Neutral Earthed

Ci ircuit Bre eaker wi Earth ith h Pr rotection n
L1 L2 N L3

Neutral solidly earthed

To minimze the above mentioned phenomenon, earthing of neutral is compulsary except for some special requirement like IT system system.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 12

Earthing System Earthing for System Protection

Uo

Un

At least two main reasons amount many others are: 1.) Drainage of excessive high surge volatge, especially the common mode disturbances 2.) Preventing prolong high voltage of any phase become Un against p g earth instead of Uo as per normal working condition
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 13

Any way the virtual earth will still formed for large installation

Indirect Contact and People Protection

Indirect contact protection

Protection against Contact: People Protection

IEC 60479-1

Effects of current on human beings and livestock

SS 97 IEC 61008

Impedance of the human body

Internal impedances of the human body

Effects of alternating current

No perception

Perception

Reaction (involuntary contraction)

Let-go

Effects of alternating current

Physiological effects
IEC describes as follow the current effects:
T ime ms
1000 5000 > 50% 2000 1000 500 50% 5%

etanization Perception T Fibrillation

1
200 100 50 20 10
0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2

No reaction 2 No harmful physiological effect 3 Reversible pathological effects 4 Fibrillation risk greater than 50%
1

10 20

50 100 200 500 10002000 5000 10000

mA

Earthing System Demo 4 Physiological Effect

Isolation Transformer

Below 500 A No reaction

Below 50Volt No reaction

Amp Meter

Variac Transformer

Volt Meter

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 22

Earthing System Direct Contact

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 23

Earthing System Selectivity

10mA, 30mA, 100mA, 10mA 30mA 100mA Human Life Protection protection against Protection, indirect contact by the automatic disconnection of supply 300mA, 500mA, 1000mA, 300mA 500mA 1000mA Fire Protection Higher that the above value is consider earth fault.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 24

Earthing System Auto-disconnection of supply RCD, RCCB, ELCB, RCBO, ELR, EFR
RCD, RCCB, ELCB,
Voltage independent type, operating based on induced secondary current. Voltage dependent RCD is equipped with an amplification circuit Voltage circuit.

Amplifier

RCBO A device with the combination of RCD and Circuit Breaker ELR/EFR, A measurement device giving output contact to trip the shunt trip coil of a circuit breaker
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 25

Amplif fier

Earthing System Selectivity 10mA

10mA:

Sensitive human life protection

Hospital Kindergarten, Kindergarten etc

Final distribution circuit for better discrimination

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Must be voltage independent

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Can be voltage dependent

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 26

Earthing System Selectivity 30mA

30mA:

Human life protection

Household, office

Consumer unit

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

(10mA will be too sensitive and cause unnecessary tripping)

MCB.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 27

Earthing System Selectivity 100mA

100mA:

Human life protection and propoer discrimination

Sub-board circuit

Id

Id 100mA (30mA will be too sensitive and t = 0 sec. cause unnecessary tripping) y pp g)

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 28

Earthing System Pulsation DC Leakage

Electronics circuit with Rectifiers or PV panel, generating DC source g yp y volatge, standard AC types of RCCB or RCBO may not be sensitive enought to trip at the designed value, A and B types are available.
A type. (to cater for electronic / loads and Id 100mA circuitry ) t = 0 sec.

Id

Id

A type Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id

A type Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Electronics Circuitry
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 29

Earthing System Pulsation DC Leakage Demo 5

Isolation Transformer

Variac Transformer
Id

R = 150ohm AC Type T

mA

Fluke 43B

A Type Id

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 30

Indirect Contact and Property Protection

Earthing System Selectivity 300mA

300mA:

Property protection (against fire) P t t ti ( i t fi )

Id

500mA

(discrimination with down stream 300mA) )

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id 300mA t = x sec.

Likely to Lik l t cause fi fire if the leakage current is more than 300mA

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 32

Earthing System Leakage more than 300mA Demo 6

300mA:

Property protection (against fire) P t t ti ( i t fi )

500mA

Id

(discrimination with down stream 300mA) )

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 300mA t = x sec.

Load

Likely to Lik l t cause fi fire if the leakage current is more than 300mA

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 33

Earthing System Earth Leakage or Earth Fault

Toroid built-in the RCD

Earth Leakage g Low current

Measuring using Toroid

Earth Fault
High current Measuring using CT

Toroid for external Relay

Earthing System Earth Fault

10 to 20% of In or 120A which ever is lower

10 to 20% or 120A which ever is lower t = 2 x sec.

EFR

EFR

EFR

10 t 20% or 80A to which ever is lower t = x sec.

IG

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 35

Earthing System What causes the Fault

Human Errors Pollution Mechanical faults

Animals

Bad Connections

Outdoor Substation

Transformer Arcing Fault >>> develops into a major fire

Earthing System

Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings: g
1st letter : situation of the electrical system in y relation to the earth T I direct connection of one point to earth all live parts isolated from earth or connection of one point to earth throughout an impedance

Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings:
2nd letter : situation of the exposed-conductive-parts of the installation in relation to the earth T direct electrical connection of exposed-conductive-parts to earth direct electrical connection of the exposed-conductive-parts to th t the earthed point of the power system th d i t f th t In a.c. systems, the earthed point of the power system is normally the neutral point

Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings:
Subsequent S bseq ent letter (if an ) N and PE cond ctors any): conductors arrangement S C N and PE conductors separated N and PE conductors combined in a single conductor (PEN conductor)

Earthing Systems: TN SYSTEM

TN-S system 5 wires

Exposed conductive part

Earthing Systems: TN SYSTEM

TN-S system 4 wires

Exposed conductive part

Earthing Systems: TN SYSTEM

TN-C system

Exposed conductive part

Not allowed in Singapore

Earthing Systems: TN SYSTEM

TN-C-S system

Not allowed in Singapore

Earthing Systems: TT SYSTEM

Exposed conductive part

Earthing Systems: IT SYSTEM

IT system

Exposed conductive p p part

Earthing Systems: IT SYSTEM

Power system: no connection between live parts and earth or co ect o connection by high value impedance g a ue peda ce Electrical installations: exposed conductive parts connected d d ti t t d (independently or collectively) to earth

Earthing Systems: IT SYSTEM

Typical applications: i d t i l or utilities i t ll ti industrial tiliti installations ( (especially chemical, i ll h i l petrochemical and telecommunications) for which a very high level of service continuity is required; installations for IT apparatuses fed by UPS
Small

values of short circuit currents to earth (1st fault), typically 1 to 10 A (0 1A/km cable); (0.1A/km Medium high Medium-high values of short circuit currents to earth (2nd fault) It is strongly recommended not to distribute the Nconductor

Isolation monitors for ungrounded supply mains Isolation monitoring in IT systems

Proposed solution

Earthing System People Protection Ensure Good Selectivity for 30mA and 10mA
30mA for 3 units of 10mA

Human life protection and propoer discrimination

Consumer units e.g.

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

(10mA will be too sensitive and cause unnecessary tripping) y pp g)

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 10mA t = 0 sec.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 52

Earthing System People protection Ensure Good Selectivity for 100mA

100mA for 3 units of 30mA

Human life protection and propoer discrimination

Sub-board circuit

Id

Id 100mA (30mA will be too sensitive and t = 0 sec. cause unnecessary tripping) y pp g)

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

Id

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 53

Earthing System Fire Protection Main and Feeder Circuit

10 to 20% or 120A which ever is lower with delay time at the main

Mian incoming

LSIG
EFR

External Relay y

EFR

EFR

10 t 20% or 80A to which ever is lower t = x sec. Depends on the typr loads

IG

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 54

Earthing System Motor Protection Main and Feeder Circuit

Advisible for the motor motor circuit to add ELR or EFR

LSIG
EFR

External Relay y 5 to 10% of In t = x sec. sec

EFR EFR

IG

Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

UMC

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 55

Earthing System VSD Main and Feeder Circuit

Advisible for all VSD earth protection to be adjusted 300mA or more

1000mA
ELR

300mA A type prefered

EFR EMC Filter IG
Id 30mA t = 0 sec.

RCD

VSD
M
ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 56

Inherent leakage current

Earthing System Total Solutions RCD, RCCB, ELCB, RCBO, ELR, EFR

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 57

Earthing System Total Solutions Avoid Nuisance Tripping

Select correct type tested product with relevant standards especially p the EMC compliances.

Consider using auto-reclosurer.

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 58

 ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 59

Additional Info

Protection of lines

Protection against indirect contact

Verification about the Max Length protected against indirect g p g contact for TN systems with neutral conductor not distributed

L max

0.8 U S 1.5 2 Imin

U = rated voltage of the system (V) ( ) Imin = minimum short circuit current value (A) S = Phase conductor cross-section (mm2) = conductor resistivity @ 20 C (mm2/m) [0 018-copper/0 027C ( mm [0.018 copper/0.027 aluminium]

Protection of lines

Protection against indirect contact

Verification about the Max Length protected against indirect g p g contact for TN systems with neutral conductor distributed

L max

0.8 U0 S 1.5 (1 m) Imin

U0 = phase to ground voltage of the system (V) ( ) Imin = minimum short circuit current value (A) S = Phase conductor cross-section (mm2) = conductor resistivity @ 20 C (mm2/m) [0 018-copper/0 027C ( mm [0.018 copper/0.027 aluminium] p m = ratio between neutral conductor resistance and phase conductor resistance

Protection of lines

Protection against indirect contact

The protection of the cable is assured if:

I min 1.2 I 3
Magnetic threshold Max magnetic threshold tolerance

Indirect Contacts TT system

Fault current in TT

Low level current

Ik = U0 / Rt where: Rt is the total resistance, equal to the sum of the earth electrode (RA) and the protective conductor for the exposed conductive p p parts [ ]; []; U0 is the rated voltage between p phase and g ground

Max admissible voltage in TT system MV/LV Transformer

50 RT Id
RT Ground resistance

RN

RT

Id Tripping differential current - G or S type - Max delay 1 sec distribution circ. 50 V normal environment 25 V shipyard, ambulatory, stable

TT Sistems
Indirect protection normally done with a RCD + a coordination with Ground resistance G d i t

Security y
30mA

Nominal currents In

Ground resistance Rt

5 10 30 100 300 500 1 3 5 10 20

mA mA mA mA A mA mA A A A A A

10 k 5 k 1666 500 166 100 50 16,6 10 5 2,5

RT

DDA

DDA

LVI Cap 5 : Indirect Contacts

Fault current in IT (first fault)
Very low current

Ik = Ur / Z
where: Z Z is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the source, the live conductor up to the point of the fault and the line capacitance; Ur is the rated voltage between phases NB:usually, Ik is measured and not calculated.

LVI Cap 5 : Indirect Contacts

Fault current in IT (second fault, IT ->TT)
low current level

Ik = Ur / Rt where: Rt is the total resistance, equal to the sum of the earth electrode (RA) and the protective conductor for the exposed conductive parts []; Ur is the rated voltage between phases

Fault current in IT (second fault, IT ->TN)

Its a short circuit

Ik = Ur /2Zs where: Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the p p g phase conductor and the PE conductor; Ur is the rated voltage between phases

LVI Cap 7 : Protections and CBs selection

U
-U1 Vref = 400 V LLLN / TN-S Plf = 70 kW Qlf = 34 kvar

Example
1E3s breaker

Time current curve LPE IkLGmin=3.1kA

cable

-QF1 T1B 160 TMD125-1250

100s

-WC1 10s Conductor: Cu 3x(1x50)+1x(1x25)+1G25 Insulator: PVC 1s PVC Cu dV = 0.41 % Ib = 112.3 A 0.1s -B1 Iz = 153.0 A Df = 1.00 L = 20 m V = 398.3 V 398 3 Cosphi = 0.90 0.1kA 1kA I"k LLL = 11.3 kA Ik LG = 3.1 kA -L1 Sr = 77 78 kVA 77.78 From the tripping curve, it is clear that the curve Cosphi = 0.90 Ir = 112.3 A s UF = 100% dV = 0.41 % for a current value lower than 950 A.

10kA

circuit breaker trips in 0.4 circuit-breaker 04

As a consequence the protection against indirect contact is consequence, provided by the same circuit-breaker which protects the cable against short circuit short-circuit and overload, without the necessity of using an overload additional residual current device.

Variation of ventricular fibrillation (479-1)

A good compromise
479-1

AP

Indirect Contact Protection

The protection against indirect contact by the automatic disconnection of supply

needs
an appropriate Earthing Systems connected to all exposed conductive parts

Earthing Systems: TN SYSTEM

Power system: One point directly earthed (normally N point) Electrical installations: Exposed conductive parts connected to that point by protective conductors (PE or PEN)
TN-S system: neutral and protective functions realised by separate conductors (N and PE) TN-C system: neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor (PEN) TN-C-S system: neutral and protective functions combined in a single co ducto conductor in a part of the system pa t o t e syste

Earthing Systems : TN SYSTEM

TN-S, TN C TN S TN-C and TN C S systems TN-C-S Typical applications: industrial, industrial utilities or building installations fed from the M.V. network; Medium/high TN-S values of short circuit currents to TN S short-circuit earth Protection against earth faults: earth-faults: overcurrent protective devices residual current protective device or ground-fault ground fault releases (G function) only in TN-S system

TN-C systems: PEN-conductor cant be interrupted

Disconnecting time in TN systems

Earthing Systems: TT SYSTEM

Power system: One point directly earthed (normally N point) Electrical installations: Exposed conductive parts connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the earth electrodes of the power system.

Earthing Systems: TT SYSTEM

Typical T i l applications: li ti domestic and small industrial installations fed by the utilities directly from the low voltage network low-voltage values of short-circuit currents to earth: short circuit typically 10 to 100 A

Small

Protection against earth-faults: residual current protective device overcurrent protective devices

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

The neutral conductor is connected to the neutral point of the system and it contributes to power transmission It makes available a voltage U0 different from the p phase to p phase voltage U g It makes the single-phase loads functionally independent from each other p It makes the star voltage system symmetrical enough even in the presence of non-symmetrical loads Under specific conditions, the functions of neutral conductor and protective conductor can be combined in a single conductor PEN (TN-C system)

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

It makes available a voltage U0 different from the phase to phase voltage U

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

It makes the single phase loads functionally independent from each other

In absence of the neutral conductor, the disconnected load induces the other two loads to work at a voltage equal to Un/2

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

It makes the star voltage system symmetrical enough even in the presence of non-symmetrical loads non symmetrical

In absence of the neutral conductor, the sum of the currents on the loads must be zero and this causes a dissymmetry of voltages The presence of the neutral conductor and its reduced impedance binds bi d the value of the star point on the load to the ideal one

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

Protection of the neutral conductor: TT or TN systems:

If SN S no b ki d i breaking devices are needed t protect th neutral d d to t t the t l If SN < S neutral protected but not disconnected: Detection of neutral currents is needed Opening of the phase contacts is needed Opening of the neutral contact is not needed O i f th t l t ti t d d If INMax < INz detection of neutral currents is not needed too

In TN-C systems the neutral conductor cannot be disconnected

Earthing Systems: Neutral conductor

Protection of the neutral conductor: IT systems:

It is strongly recommended th t the neutral should not b i t l d d that th t l h ld t be distributed If it is distributed: Detection of neutral currents is needed Opening of all the contacts (phase and neutral) is needed Detection of neutral currents is not necessary : If the neutral is protected against SC by an upstream protective device Or If the circuit is protected by a RCD with In 0 15 INz th i it i t t db ith 0.15I

Indirect Contacts in TN-C-S system

Fault current in TN (C-S)

Its a short circuit

Ik = U0 / Zs where: Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the source, the live conductor up to the point of the fault and , p p the protective conductor between the point of the fault and the source []; U0 is the rated voltage between phase and ground

Thank You

ABB Group July 12, 2011 | Slide 88