Md.

Salah Uddin Yusuf, Abdul Munem Saad,

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

Analysis of Lightning Surge Phenomenon and Surge Arrester

Performance of a 400kV Transmission System
MD. SALAH UDDIN YUSUF, ABDUL MUNEM SAAD, MONIRA ISLAM, and
CHOWDHURY AZIMUL HAQUE
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Khulna- 9203
BANGLADESH
[email protected] [email protected], [email protected], and
[email protected]

Abstract: - Lightning causes abrupt interruption in electrical power network. In this study a 400kV transmission
system has been modelled to observe the influence of lightning surge current front time and tail time, back
flashover phenomenon and performance of transmission line surge arresters. At first, induced voltage on the top
of the tower has been observed for different front times and tail times of the same surge current function. A
dynamic insulator flashover simulation model is also developed based on the voltage–time characteristics curve
of the insulator string to observe the insulator flashover phenomenon. Effect of front time of the surge current
on insulator flashover has been observed for the mentioned two different cases such as direct strike on the
overhead ground wire and tower top of different surge currents and it has been found that insulator flashover
phenomenon takes less time to occur for lower front times. Simulation results also show that although flashover
occurred across the insulators placed on two horizontal ends of the transmission tower for lightning strike on
the overhead ground wire and top of the tower, no flashover has occurred across the insulator placed on the
horizontal midpoint of the tower. To implement transmission line surge arresters IEEE, Pinceti and Farnandez-
Diaz surge arrester models were compared and the one with the better accuracy has been applied to observe the
effectiveness of surge arresters against lightning surges. Three different cases containing different surge
currents such as direct strike on the overhead ground wire, tower top and phase conductor have been taken into
account for the surge arrester performance analysis. The induced overvoltage on the phase conductors with and
without surge arresters has been analyzed for each cases using ATP Draw. In first two cases the induced
voltage on the phase conductors are greater than the Basic Impulse Level (BIL). In case of direct strike on the
phase, induced voltage is greater than BIL where the lightning strikes. Applying surge arresters has effectively
reduced the induced voltage below the BIL thus preventing line outages in each case and it has been observed
that for greater induced voltage arrester’s percentage overvoltage suppression becomes higher.

Key-Words: - Lightning surge, Transmission Tower model, Flashover, Surge Arrester, ATP/EMTP.

1 Introduction EMTP (Electro Magnetic Transient Program),

Lightning surge is a very natural and most NEC (Numerical Electromagnetic Calculation) and
unpredictable phenomenon which may disrupt FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) methods
power system and cause equipment’s failure. are generally used for power system transient
Lightning generally strikes on the tall structure in analysis. Among these EMTP or ATP (Alternating
everywhere. Because of the structural height Transient Program) has gained more popularity
transmission towers and lines are prone to lightning because of its user-friendly environment.
strike. Lightning can strike the overhead ground Transmission tower modelling is required to study
wire, tower top and phase a conductor which in turn the lightning transient behavior of a transmission
causes extensive damage to the phase conductors tower. M. Ishii et al proposed a tower modelling
and insulator strings by inducing overvoltage on approach using parallel RL circuits in [1]. In [2], T.
phase conductors and across insulator strings. Hara implemented a simple distributed line to
Flashover is also observed when voltages across the represent the equivalent circuit of a transmission
insulators become higher than the insulator tower. Lightning phenomenon on a transmission
withstands level and it causes serious damage to the tower was studied using NEC method representing
system. the tower as an equivalent circuit following T.Hara

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 Md. Salah Uddin Yusuf, Abdul Munem Saad,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

tower model [2] in [3]. In [4], M.Ishii’s proposed 2 Transmission System Modelling
equivalent circuit of transmission tower [1] was 2.1 Transmission Line Model
adopted to express a 132kV transmission tower for 400kV transmission tower with two overhead
EMTP analysis. In [5], for a 77KV transmission ground wires are considered for this study. The
tower a comparison between tower models in [1]
wires are 300km long. ACSR AFL-8 was taken as
and [2] was conducted. Representing the tower as a
phase conductors with a resistance of 0.0557 per
loss-less Constant-Parameter Distributed Line, back
flashover event was observed across insulator kilometer [14] and AFL-1, 7 as the overhead ground
strings when lightning strikes the overhead ground wires conductors with a resistance of 0.417 per
wire and phase conductor in [6]. In [7], transmission kilometer [15]. In ATP Draw phase wires and
tower was expressed in M. Ishii’s proposed ground wire are modeled separately using LCC
equivalent circuit [1] to analyze the performance of template. For simplicity one transmission tower
line surge arresters using EMTP-RV software. It along with two tower spans has been considered.
was stated that direct strike on the overhead ground Line termination at each side is carried out by
wire or top of the tower will induce voltage on the terminating the phase conductors with AC operation
phase conductors and across insulator string and voltages and grounding the overhead earth wires to
induced voltage on the phase conductors and across avoid any reflection that might affect the simulated
insulators was later investigated for back flashover high-voltages around the point of impact following
using PSCAD in [8]. [16].
Surge Arresters do not operate under normal
voltage and provide a low impedance path to ground 2.2 Transmission Tower Model
for a surge wave when lightning strikes. Thus surge In this study M. Ishii’s proposed tower modelling
arresters exhibit a non-linear behavior. In recent method has been applied which is shown in Fig. 1,
days, metal oxide or ZnO surge arresters have
to model the 400 kV transmission tower presented
garnered more attention for surge protection.
in Fig. 2 [17]. Tower surge impedance is
According to [9] ZnO surge arrester cannot be
calculated from CIGRE recommended equation
represented only by a non-linear resistance since its
residual voltage is highly influenced by the [18]:
magnitude and rate of rise of the surge current and (1)
an equivalent model to represent ZnO arrester was Where, the equivalent radius of the tower can
also proposed by IEEE Working Group in [9]. be determined with the help of Fig. 3a using the
Another model was suggested by Pinceti based on following equation:
the preceding model in [10]. Based on the IEEE
model a simple and effective surge arrester model (2)
was presented by Farnandez-Diaz in [11]. In [6]
Surge arrester was represented by the equivalent
model presented in [10]. Surge arresters were
implemented to the power system using Pinceti
model [10] in [7]. Transmission line surge arresters
were represented according to [9] in [12]. A
comparative study between the surge arrester
models has been conducted for a 132kV
transmission system concluding that the Farnandez-
Diaz model is more accurate in [13]. In this paper
effect of surge front time and tail time during
lightning surge event and performance of surge
arresters for a 400kV transmission system have been
studied.
The rest of the papers are organized as follows.
Section 2 describes the transmission tower system
with different parameters. Simulation results have
been discussed in section 3. Finally section 4 Fig. 1. Multistory tower model.
concludes the result.

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. 400kV transmission tower [17]. Fig. 3. Equivalent tower model.

Fig. 3b shows the equivalent circuit to represent The withstand capability and back flashover
the tower. The tower modelling equivalent mechanism of the insulator string can be expressed
parameters have been calculated from the following as following [19]:
equations [5]:
(12)
(3)
(4) Where, =flashover voltage, = 400*L,
(5) =710*L, L = insulator length (meter), t =elapsed
(6) time after lightning stroke (µs).
If voltage between the terminals of the insulator
(7) becomes equal or greater than the flashover voltage
(8) from Equation (12), flashover will appear across the
(9) insulator string. Hence the insulator flashover event
(10) simulation model has been developed using a time
dependent voltage controlled switch across the
Where, = surge impedance of the upper insulator strings following the flow diagram in Fig.
section of the tower, = surge impedance of the 4. During simulation period both the voltage across
lower section of the tower, = resistance of the R- the insulator is measured and the flashover voltage
L branch of the upper section of the tower, from Equation (12) is calculated simultaneously at
= resistance of the R-L branch of the lower an interval of Δt, which is actually the sampling
section of the tower, = inductance of the R-L time of the simulation. At any time instant, these
branch of the upper section of the tower, two voltages are compared and if the voltage across
= inductance of the R- L branch of the lower the insulator string is equal or greater than the
section of the tower, = attenuation co-efficient, = flashover voltage, the switch is closed to simulate
tower travel time, = surge velocity and = height the flashover event at the corresponding time
of the tower. instant.

2.3 Cross Arms Model 2.5 Surge Arrester Model

Cross arms are modelled as distributed constant In present days, Metal Oxide surge arresters gained
lines following [2] and the surge impedance is more popularity for surge protection of transmission
given by: system. These arresters have high resistance under
(11) normal operating condition but show low resistance
Where, h = height of the cross arm, r = radius of when system overvoltage occurs. According to [20]
the cross arm. for a 400kV transmission system surge arrester of
336kV rated voltage is selected.
To represent the nonlinear behavior of surge
2.4 Insulator and Back Flashover Model
arresters several models have been proposed. IEEE
Insulator strings are represented as capacitor having
[9] and Pinceti [10] and Farnandez-Diaz [11]
equivalent capacitance value of 80pF per unit [19].
models have been chosen for comparison in this
study.

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

Fig. 5. IEEE model.

Fig. 4. Flashover simulation model flow diagram.

In IEEE model which is shown in Fig.5, the non-
linear characteristics can be achieved using two
arresters separated by an R-L filter. For slow-front
surges the impedance of the filter is very low and Fig. 6. Pinceti model.
the two non-linear arresters are practically in
parallel. For fast-front surges R-L filter exhibits
significant impedance resulting more current
through A0. Inductance associated with magnetic
fields near the arrester is denoted by L0. R0 is placed
to stabilize numerical integration in simulation
software. Capacitance between the terminals of the
arrester is denoted by C. The parameters are given
as follows [9]:
(13)
(14)
Fig. 7. Farnandez-Diaz model.
(15)
(16) (19)
(17) Where, Vn= Rated voltage of the arrester, Vr8/20 =
Where, d= estimated height of the arrester, n= Residual voltage for a (8/20) 10 kA lightning
number of parallel columns of metal oxide in the current and Vr1/T2 = Residual voltage for a (1/T2) 10
arrester. kA lightning current.
Fig. 6 shows Pinceti model which has some In Farnandez-Diaz model depicted in Fig. 7, only
minor differences from IEEE model. The inductance between two non-linear branches is
capacitance between the terminals is eliminated due considered. Terminal to terminal capacitance has
to its negligible effect. Instead of two parallel been taken into account. Like the Pinceti model, a
resistors with the inductors a resistance of about resistance of about 1MΩ is connected across the
1MΩ is placed between the input terminals. The input terminals. Parameters have been calculated
operating principle is quite similar to that of the from the following [11]:
IEEE model. The parameters can be determined
from the following equations [10]: (20)

(18) C (21)

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(22)

Where, i(t)= instantaneous lightning current, I0=

peak value of lightning current,τ1= front time of
lightning current,τ2=tail time of lightning current.
For back flashover studies crest value of the
current source can be as high as 200kA [19]. Fig. 8a
shows the surge current 150 kA (3/77.5 µs) that has
been selected for direct strike on the overhead
ground wire in this study following [6]. According
to [8] 100kA (1.2/50 µs) and according to [4] 20kA
(a) (1/30.2 µs) have been selected for direct lightning
surge on top of the tower and phase A conductor
respectively and shown in Fig. 8b and Fig. 8c.The
lightning strike is modeled by a Hiedler current
source and a parallel lightning-path impedance of
400Ω.

3 Simulation and Result

3.1 ATP Draw model
Simulation has been carried out in ATP Draw
software. The ATP Draw equivalent circuit of the
transmission system is presented in Fig. 9. The
(b) values of the parameters are calculated from the
preceding modelling scheme. The value of the tower
footing resistance is considered to be 10 ohms as
such was done in [4]. Length of the insulator strings
is considered to be 4.3m [22].

3.2 Observations of Different Effect

3.2.1 Effect of Front time and Tail time
For lighting strike on an overhead ground wire, the
front time of the lightning surge current has an
influence on the induced voltage on top of the
tower. Considering the peak amplitude of the surge
current to be 150kA, the induced voltage wave
shapes for different front times have been depicted
(c)
in Fig. 10 which clearly shows that for a lower front
Fig. 8. Surge Current Waveforms. time the induced voltage will be higher. For the
Where, Rated voltage of the arrester, front time of 1.2µs, 4µs and 6µs the induced voltage
= Residual voltage for a (8/20) 10 kA on the tower top is 7.8 MV, 7.5 MV and 7.2 MV
⁄
lightning current, Vr1/20 = Residual voltage for a respectively.
The same analysis has been carried out for tail
(1/20) 10 kA lightning current and ⁄ =
time 20µs, 40µs and 60µs which is depicted in Fig.
Residual voltage for a (30/60) 1 kA lightning
11. It is apparent from the obtained voltage wave
current.
shapes that variation of maximum induced voltage
for the same surge current with different tail times is
2.6 Lightning Model negligible.
Lightning current source can be expressed as Single
Exponential function, Ramp type function, Double 3.2.2 Effect of Surge Front Time on Insulator
exponential function and Hiedler function. For Flashover
simulation purposes Hiedler function [21] has been Considering the first case scenario which is
more popular in recent EMTP studies and so it has lightning strike on the overhead ground wire with
been selected in this study. 150kA surge current of a fixed tail time. For

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

Fig. 12. Voltage across insulator holding phase A

due to direct strike on overhead ground wire for
Fig. 9. Equivalent system model in ATP Draw. different front times.

Fig. 10. Induced voltage on tower top for different Fig. 13. Voltage across insulator holding phase C
front times. due to direct strike on overhead ground wire for
different front times.
Table 1
Time to Flashover Occurrence Due To Direct Strike
on the Overhead Ground Wire For Different Front
Times
Time to Flashover Occurrence
Front Front Front Front
Time Time Time Time
1.2µs 3µs 5µs 10µs
Insulator
holding 3.5µs 3.7µs 4µs 9.5µs
phase A
Fig. 11. Induced voltage on tower top for different
tail times. Insulator
holding 5.5µs 6µs 6.8µs 8.6µs
different front times of 1.2µs, 3µs, 5µs and 10µs of phase C
the surge current function voltage wave shapes
across the insulators have been observed which are Similarly in the next case that is lightning strike on
depicted in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 respectively for the tower top 100kA surge current of a fixed tail
insulators holding phase A and phase C. Table 1 time has been injected for different front times of
presents a better understanding by providing the 1.2µs, 3µs, 5µs and 10µs. Fig. 14 and Fig. 15
variation of time to insulator flashover occurrence illustrates the voltage wave shapes across the
with the variation of front time. It appears that insulators holding phase A and phase C
voltage shapes across the insulators are highly respectively. Table 2 shows the time to insulator
influenced by the front time of surge current and flashover occurrence for different front times. For
lower front time causes faster flashover occurrence. the insulator holding phase A flashover occurs only

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Fig. 14. Voltage across insulator holding phase A Fig.16. Residual voltage of 336kV ABB PEXLIM Q
due to direct strike on tower top for different front surge arrester for 20kA (8/20µs) surge current.
times. Table 3
Residual Voltage of 336 kV ABB PEXLIM Q Surge
Arrester for 20kA (8/20µs) Surge Current
Observed
Residual
Surge residual
voltage
Arrester voltage in Difference
in Data
Model ATP (%)
sheet
Draw
IEEE 889 kV 2.3%

Pinceti 883 kV 869 kV 1.6%

Fernandez-
879 kV 1.15%
Diaz
Fig.15. Voltage across insulator holding phase C
due to direct strike on tower top for different front
times. between the insulators terminals could not intersect
Table 2 the volt-time characteristic curve.
Time to Flashover Occurrence Due To Direct Strike In both cases, no flashover is observed across the
on the Tower Top for Different Front Times insulator holding Phase B which is installed in the
Time to Flashover Occurrence horizontally middle position of the tower.
Front Front Front Front
3.2.3 Surge Arrester Performance
Time Time Time Time
IEEE Pinceti and Farnandez-Diaz models for the
1.2µs 3µs 5µs 10µs
selected surge arrester ABB PEXLIM Q with a rated
Insulator No No No
voltage 336kV have been compared by injecting
holding 11.1µs Flash- Flash- Flash-
20kA (8/20µs) surge current into each model in
phase A over over over
ATP Draw. The observed residual voltage for IEEE,
Insulator No
Pinceti and Farnandez-Diaz Model were 889 kV,
holding 5.3µs 5.8µs 6.6µs Flash-
883 kV and 879 kV shown in Fig. 16. According the
phase C over
manufacturer’s datasheet residual voltage of the
arrester for 20kA (8/20µs) is 869kV [23]. So from
for the 1.2µs front time. But for higher front times
Table 3, it is apparent that the deviation from the
the voltage across the insulator is not severe enough
manufacture provided data is less for Farnandez-
to intersect the volt-time characteristic curve and
Diaz model. Thus Farnandez-Diaz model shows
hence no flashover has been observed. In case of the
better accuracy in this case. Lightning Surge has
insulator holding phase C, 1.2µs front time surge
been considered to hit overhead ground wire.
current causes the fastest flashover. Higher values of
Induced overvoltage shape on the phase conductors
the front time take longer time for the insulator
is shown in Fig.17. The maximum overvoltage on
flashover to appear. The least severe case which
phase conductor A, B and C is respectively 3.27
contains the surge current of 10µs front time no
MV, 2.49MV and 2.56 MV respectively.
flashover has been observed as the voltage shape

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Table 4
Maximum Voltage on Phase Conductors Due To
Overhead Ground Wire Lightning Strike
Over-
Phase Without With
voltage
Conductor Arrester Arrester
Suppression
A 3.27 MV 0.824 MV 74.8%
B 2.49 MV 0.816 MV 67.2%
C 2.56 MV 0.816 MV 68.1%

Fig.17. Induced overvoltage on the phase

conductors due to direct strike on overhead ground
wire.
Induced voltage with surge arresters on the phase
conductors for this case is shown in Fig. 18. From
Table 4, the maximum voltages with surge arresters
on the phase conductors A, B and C are 0.824 MV,
0.816 MV and 0.816MV when the lightning strikes
the Overhead Ground Wire. Basic Insulation Level Fig.19. Induced overvoltage on the phase
(BIL) of the connected equipment and transformer a conductors due to direct strike on tower top.
400 kV transmission system is around. 1.55 MV
[20]. Thus it is apparent that transmission line surge
arresters have reduced the magnitude of the
overvoltage induced on the phase conductors to a
value below the Basic Insulation Level (BIL)
preventing line outage.
In the next case surge current is injected onto
the tower top. Induced voltage on the phase
conductors is presented in Fig. 19. The observed
peak value of the induced voltage of phases A, B
and C conductors are 2.22 MV, 1.67 MV and 1.68
MV. Adding transmission line surge arresters has
significantly reduced the phase conductors induced Fig.20. Induced overvoltage on the phase
voltage which is shown in Fig. 20 and from Table 5 conductors due to direct strike on tower top with
respectively on phase A, B and C peak induced surge arrester.
voltages are 0.814 MV, 0.8 MV, 0.801MV. Table 5
Maximum Voltage on Phase Conductors Due To
Tower Top Lightning Strike
Phase Without With Over-voltage
Conductor Arrester Arrester Suppression
A 2.22 MV 0.814 MV 63.3%
B 1.67 MV 0.800 MV 52%
C 1.68 MV 0.801 MV 52.3%

Surge current has been imposed on the phase

conductor in the next case to simulate the shielding
failure event. Phase A conductor was considered to
be hit directly by the lightning impulse current. The
other phase conductors remain unaffected in this
Fig.18. Induced overvoltage on the phase
case. Waveforms of induced voltage on phase A
conductors due to direct strike on overhead ground
conductor before and after applying surge arrester is
wire with surge arrester.

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strings at the two horizontal ends of the tower are

more prone to flashover occurrence during lightning
phenomenon. Thus this observation can be taken
into account during tower structure design and
transmission line and insulator string erection to
reduce the damage to the insulator string during
lightning surge phenomenon by preventing insulator
flashover.
From the simulation results it has been observed
that induced overvoltage on the transmission lines
can be much higher than the suggested Basic
Fig.21. Induced overvoltage on the phase conductor Impulse Level which may cause line outage or
A due to direct strike. severe damage to the connected equipment due to
the travelling waves of severe magnitudes for each
of the mentioned three case scenarios. Transmission
line surge arresters have been implemented and it is
observed that surge arresters reduce the induced
overvoltage under the Basic Impulse Level thus
preventing line outage and other equipment failure.
A significant observation is that the percentage
overvoltage suppression of the arrester is higher for
greater induced voltage and in this study the range
of the percentage overvoltage suppression is 52% to
74.8%. For the protection of electrical equipments
and power outage from lightning induced
Fig.22. Induced overvoltage on the phase conductor overvoltage this research analysis will play a
A due to direct strike with surge arrester. significant role.
Table 6
Maximum Induced Voltage on Phase A Conductor References:
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 Md. Salah Uddin Yusuf, Abdul Munem Saad,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Monira Islam, Chowdhury Azimul Haque

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E-ISSN: 2224-350X 97 Volume 14, 2019