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    To Study The Bending Behavior of Z-Sec

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    Faisal Sardar
    Experiment no. 3 studied the bending behavior of a Z-section beam under symmetrical bending. The beam was loaded along its principal axes in two settings and deflections were measured. Deflections were smaller when loaded along the principal axis compared to other orientations. Theoretical and experimental deflections differed due to the beam's unsymmetrical shape. Bending stresses were highest at the extreme fibers and followed the bending theory equations. Loading along the principal axis utilizes the full potential of the beam's cross-section and minimizes deflections.

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    To Study The Bending Behavior of Z-Sec

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    Faisal Sardar
    588 views10 pages
    Experiment no. 3 studied the bending behavior of a Z-section beam under symmetrical bending. The beam was loaded along its principal axes in two settings and deflections were measured. Deflections were smaller when loaded along the principal axis compared to other orientations. Theoretical and experimental deflections differed due to the beam's unsymmetrical shape. Bending stresses were highest at the extreme fibers and followed the bending theory equations. Loading along the principal axis utilizes the full potential of the beam's cross-section and minimizes deflections.

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    To Study the Bending Behavior of Z-sec

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    Experiment no. 3 studied the bending behavior of a Z-section beam under symmetrical bending. The beam was loaded along its principal axes in two settings and deflections were measured. Deflections were smaller when loaded along the principal axis compared to other orientations. Theoretical and experimental deflections differed due to the beam's unsymmetrical shape. Bending stresses were highest at the extreme fibers and followed the bending theory equations. Loading along the principal axis utilizes the full potential of the beam's cross-section and minimizes deflections.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    588 views10 pages

    To Study The Bending Behavior of Z-Sec

    Uploaded by

    Faisal Sardar
    Experiment no. 3 studied the bending behavior of a Z-section beam under symmetrical bending. The beam was loaded along its principal axes in two settings and deflections were measured. Deflections were smaller when loaded along the principal axis compared to other orientations. Theoretical and experimental deflections differed due to the beam's unsymmetrical shape. Bending stresses were highest at the extreme fibers and followed the bending theory equations. Loading along the principal axis utilizes the full potential of the beam's cross-section and minimizes deflections.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 10

    Experiment no # 3

    TO STUDY THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF Z-SEC


    PURPOSE
    To Confirm The Theory That Loading Of Beam Along Principle Axis Always Produce Symmetrical
    Bending .
    APPARATUS

    cantilever beam (z-sec) with rotating arrangement.


    Dial gauges (two in no. Having l.c 0.001in)
    loading pans & weights
    vernier caliper
    steel tape

    RELATED THEORY
    AXIS OF SYMMETRY :
    If An Axis Divide A Section In Two Parts In Such Way Thats A Parts Are Mirror Image Of Each Other
    Such An Axis Is Called Axis Of Symmetry .
    SYMMETRICAL SECTION
    A sec that atleast has one axis of symmetry is called symmetrical sections .
    Un symmetrical section :
    A sec doesnot have one axis of symmetry is called unsymmetrical section.
    e.g

    Z SECTION

    ANGLE SECTION

    PRINCIPLE AXIS
    Principle Axis Are The Set Of Rectangular Axis About Which Moment Of Inertia Are Either Max Or
    Min But Thr Product Moment Of Inertia Is Zero About The Same Axis.

    ORIENTATION OF PRINCIPAL AXIS


    in case of a symmetrical sec the axis of symmetry are the principle axis but for unsymmetrical axis we
    have to determine their orientation by using following relation .

    =
    SYMMETRICAL BENDING
    when loading and deflection are parallel or along the principle axis the bending is said to be symmetrical.
    Un symmetrical bending :
    when deflection occures in more than one plane than bending is termed as unsymmetrical bending

    BENDING THEORY

    The plai sec of the beam remain Plain .


    The material pf the beam is homogenous & obeys hookes law .
    The moe for tension & compression are same .
    The beam is initially straight & of constant x-sec.
    The plain of loading must contain a principle axis of the beam x-sec and the load must b
    perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of he beam.

    = =
    WHERE
    M=Moment
    E=Modulu of elasticity
    R=Radius of curvature
    I=Moment of inertia
    y=Location of fibre at which B M is to be calculated
    =Bending stress

    PROCEDURE

    Note down the x-sectional dimensions and effective span of the beam.
    Calculate x-sectional properties, including orientation of the principle axis.
    Make setting 1 of Z-section
    Set dial gauge to measure the vertical and horizontal deflections.
    Take reading of the dial gauge at zero load.
    Apply the load in 20N increments (max. 60N) and note down the reading of both dial
    gauge.
    Repeat experiment for loading in descending order.
    Prepare the beam for setting 2 i.e. rotates the beam x-section as major principle axis
    should become horizontal.
    Repeat the whole procedure as is done in setting 1.

    OBSERVATION & CALCULATION


    DESCRIPTION
    LENGTH

    OBSERVED VALUES
    (mm)
    1107

    bf1

    (25.25,25.70,26.3)=25.31

    bf2

    (24.55,26.25,25.55)=25.45

    tf

    (2.15,2.03,1.88)=2.02

    tf2

    (2.55,2.11,2.55)=2.40

    tw

    (2.10,1.83,1.80)=1.91

    (56.40,55.70,56.30)=56.13

    Z
    b1
    tf1

    d
    tw
    Y
    tf2
    b2

    CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA


    SETTING 1
    SR.NO.

    Iz

    AREA

    AY2

    Iz=Iz=AY2

    1
    2
    3

    17.37
    22007.7
    29.26

    51.106
    98.76
    60.96
    IZ

    28.17
    1
    25.75

    40555.11
    168.1907
    40420.29

    40572.48008
    22175.89075
    40449.55
    103197.9208

    SR.NO.

    IY

    AREA

    AZ2

    Iy=Iy=AZ2

    2726

    51.106

    12.25

    7669.094

    10395.09

    30.02

    98.76

    0.555

    30.42055

    60.44055

    3277.4

    60.96

    11.19

    7633.173

    10910.57

    IY

    21366.11

    SR.NO.

    IYZ

    AREA

    AYZ

    IYZ=Iyz+Ayz

    51.106

    12.25

    28.17

    17635.79

    17635.7862

    98.76

    0.555

    71.5294

    71.529399

    60.96

    -11.19

    -25.75

    17565.17

    17565.1668

    IYZ

    35272.4824

    SETTING 2
    Iz =116302.9
    Iy = 8261.129
    Izy = 0
    Y-Axis

    Y-A

    Y-Axis

    xi s

    Y-Axis

    x
    Z-A

    is

    Z-Axis

    Z-Axis

    Z-Ax
    is

    SETTING 1

    SETTING 2

    EXPERIMENTAL DEFLECTION

    SETTING
    1

    LOAD "P"
    (N)
    HDGR

    0
    278

    20
    280

    282
    Z1/H (mm)
    VDGR

    0
    200

    203.5

    184.5

    273.5

    0
    198

    191

    230

    346.5

    6.86
    419

    419

    3.63
    200

    199.5

    5.47
    209

    209

    199
    232.5

    235
    0

    342

    0.165
    199.5

    550

    550

    351

    192

    201
    Y2/V
    (mm)

    190

    459
    4.55

    1.78

    185
    VDGR

    270

    60

    463

    277

    184

    455

    2.25

    Z2/H (mm)

    368.5

    369

    207
    Y1/V
    (mm)
    HDGR

    368

    40

    0.381
    265

    266.5

    0.62
    301

    301

    268
    0.838

    1.7

    2.578

    THEORATICAL DEFLECTION

    Setting
    I

    Load
    (N)
    0
    20
    40
    60

    Y1
    (mm)

    Z1
    (mm)

    V
    (mm)

    H
    (mm)

    0
    0.361
    0.723
    1.084

    0
    1.885
    3.770
    5.654

    0
    -0.325
    -0.651
    -0.976

    0
    1.637
    3.274
    4.911

    Y1
    (mm)
    Setting
    II

    Z1
    V
    (mm) (mm)
    0
    0
    -0.386
    0
    -0.772
    0
    -1.158
    0

    0
    0.386
    0.772
    1.158

    H
    (mm)
    0
    0
    0
    0

    COMPARISON BETWEEN EXP & THEORATICAL DEFLECTION

    Setting

    II

    Sr.#

    Load

    1
    2
    3
    4
    1
    2
    3
    4

    0
    20
    40
    60
    0
    20
    40
    60

    Horizental Deflection
    Th.
    Exp. % diff.
    0
    0
    0
    1.637
    36.83
    2.25
    3.274
    37.03
    4.55
    4.911
    36.49
    6.86
    0
    0
    0
    0
    100
    0.165
    0
    100
    0.381
    0
    100
    0.62

    Vertical Deflection
    Th.
    Exp.
    % diff.
    0
    0
    0
    0.325
    81.7
    1.78
    0.651
    82.0
    3.63
    0.976
    82.15
    5.47
    0
    0
    0
    0.386
    53.9
    0.838
    0.772
    54.7
    1.7
    1.158
    55.06
    2.578

    GRAPHS

    SETTING 1 (HZ)
    L
    O
    A
    D
    (
    N
    )

    70
    60
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    0

    THEORATICAL
    EXPERIMENTAL

    4
    DEFLECTION (mm)

    SETTING 1 (VR)
    70
    L
    O
    A
    D

    60
    50
    40

    30

    THEORATICAL

    20

    EXPERIMENTAL

    N 10
    0
    0

    DEFLECTION (mm)

    SETTING 2(HZ)

    THEORATICAL

    70
    60
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    N
    0
    L
    O
    A
    D

    EXPERIMENTAL

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    DEFLECTION (mm)

    SETTING 2 (VR)
    70
    60
    L
    O 50
    A 40
    D 30
    (
    N

    THEORATICAL

    20

    EXPERIMENTAL

    10
    0
    0

    0.5

    1.5
    DEFLECTION (mm)

    2.5

    BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

    SETTING 1
    Y-Axis
    Y-Axis

    Z-Axis

    a
    Z-Ax
    is

    POINT
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J

    My
    N-mm
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13
    7851.13

    Mz
    N-mm
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2
    20701.2

    E/Ry
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171
    0.171

    E/Rz
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064
    0.064

    y
    mm
    29.07
    29.07
    0
    24.66
    24.66
    27.06
    27.06
    0
    27.05
    27.05

    z
    mm
    25.47
    0.48
    0.48
    0.48
    25.69
    25.69
    1.48
    1.48
    1.48
    25.47

    20 N
    6.61
    4.94
    -0.03
    -4.24
    -5.87
    -6.28
    -4.53
    0.10
    4.72
    6.26

    STRESS (Mpa)
    40N
    60N
    13.22
    19.83
    9.87
    14.81
    -0.06
    -0.09
    -8.49
    -12.73
    -11.74
    -17.61
    -12.56
    -18.84
    -9.05
    -13.58
    0.19
    0.29
    9.43
    14.15
    12.53
    18.79

    SETTING 2

    xis
    Y -A

    Y-Axis

    Z -A

    x is

    a
    Z-Axis

    POINT

    My

    Mz

    E/Ry

    N-mm
    N-mm
    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    7851.129 20701.19

    E/Rz

    STRESS (Mpa)

    0.896

    mm
    1.49

    mm
    14.70

    20 N
    33.66

    40N
    67.32

    60N
    100.99

    0.171

    0.896

    1.11

    10.98

    -5.02

    -10.05

    -15.07

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    -0.01

    -0.07

    -0.43

    -0.86

    -1.29

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    -0.96

    -9.44

    -12.14

    -24.28

    -36.43

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    -1.32

    -13.06

    -31.73

    -63.46

    -95.19

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    -1.42

    -13.97

    -32.87

    -65.75

    -98.62

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    -1.02

    -10.07

    5.6

    11.21

    16.81

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    0.02

    0.21

    1.33

    2.66

    3.99

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    1.07

    10.49

    14.06

    28.12

    42.18

    7851.129 20701.19

    0.171

    0.896

    1.41

    13.94

    32.7

    65.4

    98.09

    COMMENTS
    Difference in the experimental & theoratical reading occure due to the un symmetry of
    the beam.
    Due to the sensitivity of the dial gauges exp reading get affected.
    Personal error occure due to disturbance & not observing reading carefully.
    From this experiment it is clear that when the load is applied on the principle axis than
    there is less deflection in the horizontal and vertical deflection as compare to when the
    load is applied other than principle axis. In this way we can utilize the full potential of the
    section and we can minimize the deflection due to loading during the serviceability of the
    sections in any project.

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