Experiment No: 02 Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Tensile Test of A Mild Steel
Experiment No: 02 Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Tensile Test of A Mild Steel
Experiment No: 02 Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Tensile Test of A Mild Steel
Objectives:
a) Proportional limit
b) Elastic limit
c) Yield point
d) Ultimate strength
e) Rupture strength
f) Modulus of Elasticity
Theory:
Mild steel is a low carbon steel with 0.16% -0.29% carbon and 0.4% - 0.7%
Manganese, 0.1-0.5% Silicon and some traces of other elements such as
phosphorus. Mild steel has body centered cubic crystal structure. It is soft and
ductile. Mild steel is malleable and has low tensile strength but cheap and easy to
form. Tensile strength, elongation at break, poison’s ratio, modulus of elasticity
are some the mechanical properties of mild steel. The tensile test is most applied
one, of all mechanical tests. Usually a tensile test is conducted at room
temperature and the tensile load is applied slowly. The load on the specimen is
applied mechanically or hydraulically depending on the type of machine. The
tensile Properties of any specimen are described later in the stress-strain
diagram's point section.
Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against
deformation is known as stress. The external force acting on the body is called
load or applied force. Mathematically, stress is written as, σ = P/A.
σ = Stress
Strain: The ratio of change in dimension of body to its original dimension is called
as strain. Strain is a dimensionless quantity. It is denoted by Ɛ.
Ɛ = δ/ L
Where,
δ = Change in dimension
L = Original dimension
σ∞Ɛ
σ = EƐ
Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of the unit stress to the unit strain is the
modulus of elasticity or often it is called Young's modulus.
Required Apparatus:
Working procedure:
At first, the length was of the mild steel specimen was measured by steel
rule and the diameter of the specimen was measured by slide calipers.
Then the specimen was gripped in the load unit of UTM for tensile test.
Next, the dial gauge was set with a magnetic stand keeping its pointer to
zero and started to given load from the control unit of UTM. The load was
given by means of hydraulic pressure gradually.
Then for every load, the deflection was noted. When the rupture point was
reached on the specimen was about to split near its center, the final
dimension and diameter of the breaking area of the specimen were
measured.
Finally, average modulus of elasticity was calculated with necessary data
and compared the modulus of elasticity of the stress-strain diagram with
the actual value. The percentage of elongation was also determined with
the initial and final length.
Data Table:
Calculations:
= 21.2745
From Data Table,
Load, P = 11.5 KN
Deflection, δ = 0.5 mm
= 5.2778 x 10 6 kN/ m2
600000 Stress vs Strain Diagram
500000
400000
Stress
300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain
From graph,
Percentage of error,
= 32.34
Results:
Elongation = 21.2745%
Error = 32.34%