Experiment No: 02 Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Tensile Test of A Mild Steel

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 9

Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Tensile Test of a Mild Steel


Specimen.

Objectives:

 To observe a mild steel specimen till failure under load.


 To know the mechanical properties of mild steel.
 To determine the tensile properties

a) Proportional limit
b) Elastic limit
c) Yield point
d) Ultimate strength
e) Rupture strength
f) Modulus of Elasticity

 To determine the percentage of elongation.


 To display the stress VS strain diagram and compare the modulus of
elasticity from graph and calculation.

Theory:

Mild steel is a low carbon steel with 0.16% -0.29% carbon and 0.4% - 0.7%
Manganese, 0.1-0.5% Silicon and some traces of other elements such as
phosphorus. Mild steel has body centered cubic crystal structure. It is soft and
ductile. Mild steel is malleable and has low tensile strength but cheap and easy to
form. Tensile strength, elongation at break, poison’s ratio, modulus of elasticity
are some the mechanical properties of mild steel. The tensile test is most applied
one, of all mechanical tests. Usually a tensile test is conducted at room
temperature and the tensile load is applied slowly. The load on the specimen is
applied mechanically or hydraulically depending on the type of machine. The
tensile Properties of any specimen are described later in the stress-strain
diagram's point section.
Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against
deformation is known as stress. The external force acting on the body is called
load or applied force. Mathematically, stress is written as, σ = P/A.

σ = Stress

P = External force or load

A = Cross sectional area

Strain: The ratio of change in dimension of body to its original dimension is called
as strain. Strain is a dimensionless quantity. It is denoted by Ɛ.

Ɛ = δ/ L

Where,

δ = Change in dimension

L = Original dimension

Relation between stress- strain:

According to Hooke's law,

Stress ∞ strain; within elastic limit

 σ∞Ɛ
 σ = EƐ

Here, E is constant and it is called the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus or


Elastic modulus.
Modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness of material for higher modulus of
elasticity, the material will be more rigid and for lower modulus of elasticity, the
material will be flexible. Stress-strain relationship for materials is given by the
materials stress-strain curve. An example of a stress-strain curve is given below:

Fig.2.1: Stress-strain Diagram


The stress- strain diagram has different points or regions as follows:

 Proportional limit: Proportional limit is a point on the curve up to which the


value of stress and strain remains proportional. Here, P is the proportional
limit point on the diagram and the region OP obeys Hooke's Law.
 Elastic limit: The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed. The point E is
the elastic limit point in the diagram.
 Yield point: Yield point, Y is the point after which material extension takes
place more quickly with no or little increasing in load.
 Ultimate strength: Ultimate strength is the maximum strength that a
material can bear before breaking. It is the highest coordinate on the
diagram and it is denoted by U.
 Rupture strength: The stress at failure is called the rupture strength. The
point, R on the diagram is the rupture or breaking point of a material.

 Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of the unit stress to the unit strain is the
modulus of elasticity or often it is called Young's modulus.

Required Apparatus:

 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)


 Slide Calipers
 Mild Steel Specimen
 Dial Gauge
 Steel Rule

Working procedure:

 At first, the length was of the mild steel specimen was measured by steel
rule and the diameter of the specimen was measured by slide calipers.
 Then the specimen was gripped in the load unit of UTM for tensile test.
 Next, the dial gauge was set with a magnetic stand keeping its pointer to
zero and started to given load from the control unit of UTM. The load was
given by means of hydraulic pressure gradually.
 Then for every load, the deflection was noted. When the rupture point was
reached on the specimen was about to split near its center, the final
dimension and diameter of the breaking area of the specimen were
measured.
 Finally, average modulus of elasticity was calculated with necessary data
and compared the modulus of elasticity of the stress-strain diagram with
the actual value. The percentage of elongation was also determined with
the initial and final length.

Data Table:

Initial diameter of the specimen Di =7.25 mm


Final diameter of the specimen Df = 4.5 mm
Initial length of the specimen, Li = 255 mm
Final length of the specimen, Lf = 309.25 mm
Initial Area, Ai = 41.28 mm2 = 41.28X10-6 m2
No of Obs. Load Deflection Stress Average Stress Strain Average Strain Modulus of Elasticity

P kN δ mm σ = P/A kN/m2 σ kN/m2 Ɛ = δ/L Ɛ E = σ/Ɛ kN/m2

1 11.5 0.5 2.7859E+05 1.9608E-03 1.4208E+08


2 13.7 1.0 3.3188E+05 3.9216E-03 8.4629E+07
3 15.4 1.5 3.7306E+05 5.8824E-03 6.3421E+07
4 16.2 2.0 3.9244E+05 7.8431E-03 5.0036E+07
5 16.4 2.5 3.9729E+05 9.8039E-03 4.0523E+07
6 16.5 3.0 3.9971E+05 1.1765E-02 3.3975E+07
7 16.6 3.5 4.0213E+05 1.3725E-02 2.9298E+07
8 16.7 4.0 4.0455E+05 1.5686E-02 2.5790E+07
9 17.0 6.0 4.1182E+05 2.3529E-02 1.7502E+07
10 17.8 8.0 4.3120E+05 3.1373E-02 1.3745E+07
11 18.5 10.0 4.4816E+05 3.9216E-02 1.1428E+07
12 19.1 12.0 4.6269E+05 4.7059E-02 9.8322E+06
13 19.6 14.0 4.7481E+05 5.4902E-02 8.6483E+06
14 20.0 16.0 4.8450E+05 4.5792E+05 6.2745E-02 8.6765E-02 7.7217E+06
15 20.3 18.0 4.9176E+05 7.0588E-02 6.9667E+06
16 20.6 20.0 4.9903E+05 7.8431E-02 6.3626E+06
17 21.0 22.0 5.0872E+05 8.6275E-02 5.8965E+06
18 21.2 24.0 5.1357E+05 9.4118E-02 5.4566E+06
19 21.3 26.0 5.1599E+05 1.0196E-01 5.0607E+06
20 21.4 28.0 5.1841E+05 1.0980E-01 4.7212E+06
21 21.5 30.0 5.2083E+05 1.1765E-01 4.4271E+06
22 21.6 32.0 5.2326E+05 1.2549E-01 4.1697E+06
23 21.6 34.0 5.2326E+05 1.3333E-01 3.9244E+06
24 20.7 36.0 5.0145E+05 1.4118E-01 3.5520E+06
25 20.7 38.0 5.0145E+05 1.4902E-01 3.3650E+06
26 20.7 40.0 5.0145E+05 1.5686E-01 3.1968E+06
27 20.7 42.0 5.0145E+05 1.6471E-01 3.0445E+06
28 20.7 44.0 5.0145E+05 1.7255E-01 2.9062E+06
29 21.4 46.0 5.1841E+05 1.8039E-01 2.8738E+06
30 20.3 47.0 4.9176E+05 1.8431E-01 2.6681E+06
31 18.2 48.0 4.4089E+05 1.8824E-01 2.3422E+06

Calculations:

Percentage of elongation = (Lf – Li / Li) x 100

= (309.25 – 255/255) x 100

= 21.2745
From Data Table,

For observation 01,

Load, P = 11.5 KN

Deflection, δ = 0.5 mm

Stress, σ = P/A = (11.5 / 41.28 x 10-6 ) kN/m2

= 2.7859 x 105 kN/ m2

Strain, Ɛ = δ / L = 0.5/255 = 1.9608 x 10-3

So, Modulus of elasticity,

E = σ/Ɛ = (2.7859 x 105 /1.9608 x 10-3) = 1.4208 x 108 kN/m2

Average modulus of elasticity, E average = Average stress/Average strain

= (4.5792 x10 5/ 8.6765 x 10-2)

= 5.2778 x 10 6 kN/ m2
600000 Stress vs Strain Diagram

500000

400000
Stress

300000

200000

100000

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain

From graph,

Modulus of elasticity, E graph = 1.4208 x 108 kN/m2 = 142.08GPa

Proportional limit stress = 2.7859 x 105 kN/m2

Elastic limit stress = 3.3188 x 105 kN/m2

Yield stress = 3.9971 x 10 5 kN/m2

Ultimate stress = 5.2326 x 10 5 kN/m2


Rupture/Breaking stress = 3.8760 x 105 kN/m2

Actual modulus of elasticity, E actual = 210GPa

Percentage of error,

= (E actual – E Graph / E actual) x100

= ((210-142.08) / 142.08) x 100

= 32.34

Results:

Elongation = 21.2745%

Average modulus of elasticity, E average = 5.2778 x 106 kN/ m2

Error = 32.34%

You might also like