Polymeric biomaterials are polymers that are used in a broad range of medical products and applications. They include both disposable and non-disposable medical devices, packaging, and equipment. The two main classes are thermoplastics and thermosets, which are distinguished by their processing methods. Successful use of polymeric biomaterials requires understanding their molecular structure and how that determines their properties, as well as knowledge of polymer synthesis, processing techniques, and their applications in medicine.
Polymeric biomaterials are polymers that are used in a broad range of medical products and applications. They include both disposable and non-disposable medical devices, packaging, and equipment. The two main classes are thermoplastics and thermosets, which are distinguished by their processing methods. Successful use of polymeric biomaterials requires understanding their molecular structure and how that determines their properties, as well as knowledge of polymer synthesis, processing techniques, and their applications in medicine.
Polymeric biomaterials are polymers that are used in a broad range of medical products and applications. They include both disposable and non-disposable medical devices, packaging, and equipment. The two main classes are thermoplastics and thermosets, which are distinguished by their processing methods. Successful use of polymeric biomaterials requires understanding their molecular structure and how that determines their properties, as well as knowledge of polymer synthesis, processing techniques, and their applications in medicine.
Polymeric biomaterials are polymers that are used in a broad range of medical products and applications. They include both disposable and non-disposable medical devices, packaging, and equipment. The two main classes are thermoplastics and thermosets, which are distinguished by their processing methods. Successful use of polymeric biomaterials requires understanding their molecular structure and how that determines their properties, as well as knowledge of polymer synthesis, processing techniques, and their applications in medicine.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1/ 10
What is a Polymeric Biomaterial?
Polymeric Materials - Part I
3/12/2010
3/12/2010
What is a polymer? The word is from Greek roots poly meaning many and meros meaning parts . Many scientists prefer the word macromolecule. If one discounts the end uses, the differences between all polymers, whether natural or synthetic, are determined by the intermolecular and intramolecular forces that exist between the molecules within the individual molecules and by the functional groups they contain.
Polymers If we disregard metals and inorganic compounds, we observe that practically everything else in the world is polymeric. This includes the protein, nucleic acid and sugars that p , make up all cells and their extracellular matrix, the fibers in our clothing, the food that we eat, the elastomers in our tires, the paint, plastic wall and floor coverings, our foam insulation, dishes, furniture of our homes, etc.
3/12/2010
3/12/2010
How are they used?
Polymeric Biomaterials are used in a Broad Range of Products
3/12/2010
3/12/2010
MEDICAL PLASTIC MARKET FORECAST TO CROSS 2.6 BILLION POUNDS BY 2004Worldwide
Plastic usage in the healthcare field encompasses several distinct markets-including disposable or single use biomaterials. Predominant are applications for medical devices and related products and packaging.
Medical Plastics Market
Non-disposables comprise slightly over 50% of total volume. Commodity thermoplastics currently dominate the market with a little under 50% of total volume, having a consumption level of 956 million pounds in 1999. ti l l f illi d i 1999 Almost 80% of polymers used in the medical industry are represented by PVC, polypropylene and polystyrene.
3/12/2010
3/12/2010
Medical Plastics Market
Major nondisposable markets include testing/diagnostic equipment, surgical instruments and related equipment, prostheses/implants, dental/ophthalmic devices; Disposable products include syringes, kits, labware, tubing, bl d b t bi blood bags, utensils, gloves, t t il l trays, catheters, th t thermometers, etc.
Polymer Science and Processing Technology
Successful product design requires a knowledge of: the requirements of the final product; the behavior of polymeric materials; commercial polymer p p y processing technology; and g gy relevant cost and market factors.
3/12/2010
3/12/2010
10
Polymer Science and Processing Technology
At the heart of polymer science and technology is molecular structure. It dictates not only final product properties, but d t ti b t the type of polymer synthesis and the potential processing methods.
Molecular Arrangement of Polymers
Most polymers are large linear macro-molecules. This chain is called the backbone. Normally, some of these atoms in the chain will have small chains of atoms attached to them. These small chains are called pendant groups. Pendant chains normally have just a few atoms, but the backbone chain usually has hundreds of thousands of atoms. 11 3/12/2010 12
3/12/2010
The Structure of Polymers
Below is a diagram of polyethylene, the simplest polymer structure
Polymers have a Repeating Structure
We like to think that the atoms that make up the backbone of a polymer chain come in a regular order, and this order repeats itself all along the length of the polymer chain. For example, in polypropylene, the backbone chain is made up of just two carbon atoms repeated over and over again. 13 3/12/2010 14
There are polymers that contain only carbon and hydrogen. These are referred to as hydrocarbons-exs. Polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, and polymethylpentene 3/12/2010
Material Science Logic
Performance/Application
Basics of Polymer Structure
What distinguishes polymers from other organic compounds is molecular weight and dimension?
Structure
Synthesis +processing
Properties Physical Biological
15 3/12/2010 16
3/12/2010
The Structure of Polymers
Even though the basic makeup of many polymers is carbon and hydrogen, other elements can also be involved. Oxygen, chorine, fluorine, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorous, and sulfur are other elements found in the molecular makeup of polymers. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) contains chlorine. Nylon contains nitrogen. Teflon contains fluorine. Polyester and polycarbonates contain oxygen.
The Structure of Polymers
There are also some polymers that, instead of having a carbon backbone, have a silicon or phosphorous backbone. These are considered inorganic polymers. Polysiloxanes (Silicones) and Polyphosphazenes
3/12/2010
17
3/12/2010
18
Vinyl Polymers Vinyl polymers are polymers made from vinyl monomers; that is, small molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds. They make up largest family of polymers. Let's see how we get from a vinyl monomer to a vinyl polymer using for an example the simplest vinyl polymer, polyethylene.
Polyethylene
3/12/2010
19
3/12/2010
20
Vinyl Polymers
PTFE
polypropylene
polystyrene polytetraflouroethylene
polyvinylchloride 3/12/2010
polymethylmethacrylate 21 3/12/2010 22
Other Carbon Chain Polymers
Homopolymer If X=H then polyethylene If X = CH3 then polypropylene l l If X = Cl then polyvinylchloride If X = Benzene ring then polystyrene
Chemical Structure of Some Common Polymers
H H -CCH X n Poly(methylmethacrylate) PMMA Poly(vinylacetate) PAVc
Poly(acrylate) PAA 3/12/2010 23 3/12/2010
Poly(vinylchloride) PVC
24
Chemical Structure of Some Common Polymers
Chemical Structure of Some Common Polymers
Poly(vinylidene chloride)PAVc
Poly(ethylene oxide)PEO
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)PET
Poly(carbonate)
Poly(hexamethylene adipamide) 3/12/2010
Nylon 6,6
Poly(caprolactam) Nylon
25
3/12/2010
Poly(dimethyl siloxane)
Poly(methyl styrene)
26
Classification- Chain Architecture: Linear Structures
Many thermoplastic polymers are built so their molecules consist of many thousands of atoms arranged into long linear chains. But they don't have to be long straight chains.
Polymer Structure Also we know that each such carbon to carbon bond allows full rotation in both molecules, so that in reality the chains are seldom extended to their full contour length but are present in many different shapes, or conformations.
3/12/2010
27
3/12/2010
28
Illustration of the random coil model. One chain is marked boldly.
Consequences of the random coil model
Crystallization strongly impeded by chain entanglement-only partial crystallization or glassy state upon cooling of a melt Entanglement gives rise to very high viscosity of polymer melts Entropic restoring force upon stretching of a chain- entropy elasticity of elastomers
3/12/2010
29
3/12/2010
30
Branched Polymers Not all polymers are linear in this way. Sometimes there are chains attached to the backbone chain which are comparable in length to p g that backbone chain. Some thermoplastic polymers, like polyethylene, can be made in linear or branched versions. This gives them a 2-D quality. 3/12/2010 31
HDPE vs LDPE HDPE LDPE
The branching increases the volume and thus reduces the density of the polymer. 3/12/2010 32
Other Linear Polymers
Proteins are linear polymers that consist of all levo-isomers of amino acids. In contrast, the building blocks of starch and cellulose are d glucose and are joined by d-glucose both condensation through both alpha and beta acetal groups.
Star Polymers Sometimes the ends of several polymer chains are joined together at a common center. Polymers like this are called star polymers. They're often used as additives or as coating materials. 3/12/2010 34
3/12/2010
33
Dendrimer Sometimes there is no backbone chain at all. Sometimes a polymer is built in such a way that branches just keep growing out of branches and more branches grow out of those branches. These are called dendrimers, from the ancient Greek word for "tree". 3/12/2010 35
Cross-linked Polymers Sometimes, both ends of the branch chains are attached to the backbone chains of separate polymer molecules. If enough branch chains are attached to two polymer p y molecules, it can happen that all of the polymer backbone chains in a sample will be attached to each other in a giant 3-D network. This is what happens in certain hydrogels, polyelectrolytes, rubber, silicone and certain polyurethanes. 3/12/2010 36
Types of Polymers Thermosets Classification based on Processing Thermoplastics Elastomers Classification based on mechanical properties Hydrogels- Classification based on chemical properties Polyelectrolytes-Classification based on chemical properties Natural-Classification based on origin Biodegradable-Classification based on biostability 3/12/2010 37
New Frontiers in Sciences, Engineering and the Arts: Volume Iii-A: the Chemistry of Initiation of Ringed, Ringed-Forming and Polymeric Monomers/Compounds
New Frontiers in Sciences, Engineering and the Arts: Volume Iii-A: the Chemistry of Initiation of Ringed, Ringed-Forming and Polymeric Monomers/Compounds
