rde;f rom;qdkwm

roDwm-prf;acsmif;
(tHhbG,Zf if pDpOfonfh rde;f rom;qdkwm pmtkyrf S? 2004)

ud,k uf ]rde;f rom;awGukd OD;pm;ay;Lady first' vdYk ajymwmcH&&if pdww f w kd wfcw

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hJ al ygh/ tJ'v D v
kd rl sK;d u ]rde;f rom;qdw k m}
acgif;pOfxrJ mS wpfcck k a&;&rwJ/h blaz;pm;zdYk wef;pDr,fvyk w f ek ;f trsKd ;om;wcsKd Uu 'Lady first'qdjk yD; aemufqw k af y;r,fvyk v f u
Ykd awmh
]qmol t&ifpm; Hungry one first }qdkjyD; aemufqkwyf pfavh ½Sw d mrdkY udk,f a&;r,fh ]rde;f rom;}u arQmfvifx h m;ovdk jzpfrvm&if
pdwrf aumif;ygbl;vdkUyJ ajymyg&ap/

...

udk,hfq,fausmo f ufb0rSm yxrqHk; pdw0f ifpm;cJhwJhpmawGu bmoma&;pmayawGyJ jzpfcJhygw,f/ cufwmu

]a,musm;F wd\ kY em;onf em;a!mif;jzifh rwifw h ,ftyf/ tMum;tjrifA[kokwjzifo h m wifw h ,ftyf\/}qdkwhJ "r®y' pmom;rsKd ;udk
vrf;nTecf suw f pf&yfvkd oabmxm;cJw h myg/ (ckxu d kd em;razmufjzpfygbl;/) rde;f rawG b,f vdak exdik o f ifw h ,fqw kd thJ yd'k af wGuakd wmh
ausmzf wfcv hJ kUd rodygbl;/
tm;usrw d Jh rde;f rwpfa,mufawmh ½Scd Jhzl;ygw,f/ ]y#mpm&Dax&D}yg/ ½l;oGypf Gm t0wfAvmjzpfaewJh r,fy#m[m
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU w&m;awmfukd em,ltjyD;rSm wpfxkid w f nf;eJU yxrqHk;r*fuk&d wJt h cdkuf uJ&h w
hJ if;qdkMuwJyh &dowfukd jyefajymcJw h hJ
taMumif;t&mawG[m ud, k b hf 0tay: trsm;MuD; vTr;f rd;k cJw
h ,fvYkd qd&k ygr,f/ &wemoH;k yg;qdw k hJ yef;oHk;cdkiu
f kdom yefoifhw,fqkdjyD;
ESi;f qD? py,f? ca&awGukd acgif;ay: rwifjzpfcw hJ m? ig;yg;oDvudkom cg;0wfykqk;d vdk jrJatmif0wf oifw h ,fqjkdy;D yd;k ? zJ? uwÅyD g
awGukd ud, k af y: rqifjzpfcw hJ m? olawmfaumif;Opömckepfjzmudo k m jref;oifwh ,fqjkdy;D ausmufoH ywÅjrm;awG? oeyfcg;rdwu f yfawGukd yg;eJY
em;ay: rqifjzpfcw hJ m/ tJ'gawGtm;vH;k [m ]y#mpm&Dax&D} taMumif; zwfjyD;&mu pcJw h mawGyg/ tJ'gu vG&J if a,musm;F aumif;
wpfa,muf&JU aexdkijf yKrlenf;awGuom udk,u hf kd qGJaqmifEkdicf Jhygw,f/

...

'gaMumifh udk,f cH,x

l m;wJh rde;f rom;wpfa,muf&UJ cHpm;csuaf wGukd a&;rjycsiaf wmhygbl;/ udk,t
f ygt0if rde;f rom;vdkU
owfrw S cf x
H m;&wJv
h al wGtaMumif;udkyJ udk,t hf aeeJY ½SmazGcpH m;jycsiyf gw,f/ urÇmOD;puwnf;u vlom;udk trsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;om
cGJjyD;xm;cJhygw,f/ rde;f reJY a,musmF;aygh/ ordki;f rSww f rf; vufvSr;f rSDorQxJu rde;f rom;awGtaMumif; MunfhvkduMf u&atmif
av/

...

ckEpS o
f £&mZfawGukd c&pfawmfray:rD eJY c&pfawmfay:jyD;&,fvYkd cGx J m;wmrdYk a½S;tusq;kH udk od&atmif c&pfawmfray:rDukd
Munfhvkduaf wmh . . .
bDpD 3500 rSm tD*spu f rde;f rom;awG[m bmvDuae rkev Yf yk &f mu bD,mazmufwwfvmjy;D bD,mpaomuf aecJMh uw,fvYkd
odvkdu&f ygw,f/ tpm;eJYtaomufu wGJqufaeawmhvnf; tke;f oD;pm;? tke;f &nfaomufMuovdk aerSmyJvYkd awG;&wmaygh/
]udu k mudvk m ,Ofaus;rI}uae ]bD,m,Ofaus;rI}udk ajymif;oGm;wJh ESpq f ,f&mpkaESmif;umvawGu pvdkU rde;f rom;awG bD,mrl;aewm
jrifwkdi;f cdk;vdk;ckvk jzpfcJhrw
d m owd&rdyg&JU/
bDpD 3000rSmawmh w½ky{f u&D pDvif½SD;u ydk;xnf0wf&wm MudKufolrkdU t0wftxnfvkdtyfcsut f wGuf ydk;arG;jrLa&;
pwifcJhygw,f/ {u&D? {u&mZfawGukd,w f kdif pm;? 0wf? aea&;qdkwmeJY ruif;Edkiw f mawmh aocsmygw,f/ jznfph u G cf suvf kYd
oHk;avh½MSd uwJh Zdrcf yH pön;f qdkwmuvnf; {u&DtzdkY vdktyfcsuf jzpfaewmrdkU udk,hf vdktyfcsuu f kd udk,hf zmom ajz½Si;f zdkY
MudK;pm;wJhtaeeJY ydk;ZmarG;wmu obm0usaejyefygw,f/ jynfwGif;jzpfyifeDeJY csnaf wGukd Murf;vdkU qdkjyD; r0wfcsicf JhMuwJh
rde;f rom;awGu ckawmh ,dk;',m;uvmwJh csKyfjyD;om;csnx f nfawG 0wfrS acwfrSD vSyw,fvkdY xifaewwfMuygw,f/ ,dk;
',m;jzpfu aps;MuD;vdkY jznfYpGucf supf m&if; 0ifoGm;awmh vdktyfcsut f wGuf 0wf&r,fh rde;f rom;awGtzdkY jynfwGi;f jzpfuyJJ vdk
tyfcsuu f kd jznfhqnf;ay;w,fav/ tckawmh jynfwGi;f jzpfcsnaf wGawmif tweftoifh jyefjzpfxGe;f vmaeygw,f/ 21&mpk
rde;f rom;awGu udk,hfzmom ½Si;f wwfawmh ydk;arG;ay;r,fh {u&D pDvif½SD; rvdkawmhygbl;/
 bDpD 1850rSm tD*sprf ed ;f rom;awGu udk,0f efwm;zdkUqkdjyD; ysm;&nfeJU rdausmif;tnpftaMu; a&mjyD; rde;f rudk,x f J
xnfhcJhMuw,fvkdUqkdygw,f/ b,fupd örsKd ;rqdk vdktyfcsuaf y: tajccHjyD; wDxGi&f jrJ r[kwv f m;/ udk,0f ef wifruyJ
ul;pufa&m*gawGukdyg wm;ay;Edkiw f Jh uGe'f Hk;awG oHk;ygqdkwJh 21&mpkrSmawmif tcsKUd tcsKd Uaomrde;f rom;awGu ajcvGev f ufvGef
vGejf yD;umrS ay:aq;xdk;csiv f kdY qdkjyD; aq;cef;vmwwfMuwmyg/ udk,w f kdiwf DxGiMf uHqcJhwJh tD*spo f lawGxufyJ acwfaemuf
usaeavovm; rpOf;pm;wwfygbl;/
bDp1D 750rSm [mrl&mbDuk'd Oya't& rde;f rawG wefzk;d ½Syd pön;f udk ydkiq f kid cf iG ?hf qufccH iG hf &vmcJyh gw,f/ 'Dt h &ifuawmh
rde;f r[m vlyk*¾Kd vfwpfOD;wpfa,muf r[kwo f vdkygyJ/ a,musm;f ao&if om;orD;awGuyJ tarGquf cHcGihf½Sw d myg/ 'Dykdif
qdkicf iG uhf pd u
ö vnf; vdktyfcsut f & ay:aygufcw hJ ,fqkw
d m oHo,jzpfp&m r½Syd gbl;/ 21&mpkrmS awmh ydkiq f kid cf iG q
hf kw
d m rde;f rawG
vufxJrSmxuf yg;pyfxJrSm a&mufaejyDvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/
bDpD 1500rSm [vDykdvpf qdkwJh tD*spaf q;ynmoifausmif;awmfu rde;f rausmif;olawGukd ausmif;om;tjzpf
pwifvufcHcJhygw,f/ tD*sprf Sm rde;f rawG bmvDuae bD,m vkyw f wfwJhtcsed ef JY udk,0f efwm;enf; wDxGiw f wfwJhtcsed f
Mum;umv ESpaf ygif; 650 uGmcJhw,fqkdwm jzpfoifhwmyg/ udk,0f efwm;enf; MuHqwwfaejyDjzpfwJhred ;f rom;awG aq;q&m
jzpfciG &hf zdu
kY awmh ESpaf ygif; 350 apmifv h ku
d &f ygw,f/ 'DuaeY aq;ausmif;awGrmS awmh rde;f cav;awGu trsm;pkyg/ aq;½Ht k yk t
f yg
t0if emrnfausm?f ae&m&q&m0efawGuawmh a,musm;F awGcsn;f ygyJ/ tJ'v D kd taetxm;rSm q&m0efrMuD;awG ae&m&vmzdkY
ESpaf ygif; 350awmh rvdkavmufbl; xifyg&JU/
bDpD 776rSm yxrqHk;urÇmhtkdvHypfyGJ usi;f ywJhtcg rde;f rom;awG MunfhcGihfvnf; r&? jydKifcGihfvnf; r&bl;vdkY
qdkygw,f/ 21&mpkrSmawmh 'Durde;f rom;awGu Edkiif Hjcm;abmvHk;yGJukdawmif tm;ay;aeMuwmyJ/ upm;zdkY 0go emygwmawmh
r[kwMf uygbl;/ tm;ay;wmudk 0goemygMuwmyg/

...

c&pfawmfay:jyD;wJYESpaf wGukd Munfhjyefawmh . . .

at'D 397u yxrqHk;jynfolYaq;½Hkukd pdeYfazmfvDemqdkwJh rde;f rom;u a&mrrSm wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ befZif
wdki;f tifyg,macwfwke;f u bk&m;zl;awGtwGuf aq;ay;cef;oabmrsKd ; pDpOfcJYMuwmudk tm;usvkdY jynfolUaq;½Hk qdkwmudk
wnfaxmifcJhwmvdkUqkdygw,f/ tD*sprf Sm rde;f rom;awG aq;ynmoifcGihf pwif&cJhwmu bDpD 1500rSqkdawmh tJ'rD wdik cf if
ESpaf wmfawmfMumMumuwnf;u a,musm;F q&m0efawG ½Sad ecJjhyv D Uk d ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jynfoUl aq;½Hq k kd wmu tJ't D csed rf mS uwnf;u
ray:cJhyJ ESpaf ygif; 1900eD;yg; ausmv f Gejf yD;rS rde;f rom;wpfOD; pwifwnf axmifcJh&mu jynfoUl aq; ½Hq k wkd m ay:vmcJw h maygh/
'geJrY sm;awmif 21&mpkrmS jynfoUlaq;½Hu k aq;½Ht k yk t
f rsm;pk[m rde;f rawG r[kwMf uygbl;/
at'D 900u w½kyjf ynfrmS rde;f rom;awGukd arG;cgprSmuwnf;u ajcacsmif;av;awG csKd ;jyD; t0wfeUJ pD;ay; wJ"h avhukd
pwifcJhygw,f/ Mumzl;av;vdk jzpfaejyD; vS&atmifvkdU qdkygw,f/ tJ'Dacwfu csKd ;xm;wJhajcao;ao;av;udk ydk;zdeyftvSxJrSm
wpfaeukef zGux f m;wwfwJh rde;f rom;awGuom a,musmF;aumif;aumif; &Edkiw f ,fvkdY qdkjyefygw,f/
ud,k v hf t
kd yfcsuu f kd rlwnfjyD; trsm;twGuyf g jznfph rG ;f ay;Edik rf ,fh tpDtpOfukd awG;Edik cf w hJ hJ w½ky{f u&D pDvif½;DS om olUy;kd xnfawGu
ajcaxmuf xkyzf Ykd tqifajyaeaMumif; od&if b,fvakd er,f rajymwwfygbl;/ ESpaf ygif; 3900vnf; vGev f ma&m {u&DUy;kd uvnf;
ajcxkyzf wf jzpfa&myJ/
at'D 1004rSm *syefpma&;q&mr rl&mqmuD½u DS b D u l ]*ef*syD kjH yif} trnf& 0wÉK½Snu f kd a&;om;cJyh gw,f/ tJ'0D wÉK[m
urÇmha½S;tusqHk;0wK½Snt f jzpff owfrSwcf H&wJh 0wÉKvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tdraf ½SUpH*ef*sDrif;om;&JU eef;wGi;f tcspZf mwfvrf;eJY
eef;wGi;f taMumif;udk uAsmqefqef a&;zGJYxm;w,fvkdY qdkygw,f/ pma&;olu armif;rawmf? rdzk &m;i,fwkdYtjzpf trIxrf;cJhol
jzpfjyD; ol&Y UJ eef;wGi;f 'dik ,
f m&Dukd tajccHjyD; a&;cJw h m jzpfygw,f/ vljrifuiG ;f rSm ud, k wf ikd f ud,
k u
f s rwifw h ,f&wJh rde;f rom;awG[m
olUwkdU&JU jzpfwnfrI? pGr;f &nf? cHpm;csuef JY qEawGukd zGiht f efzkdY uavmifukd tm;udk;cJhMuwm aocsmygw,f/ tdkvHypfukdom ETJvkdU
r&wmyg/ uavmifukdawmh qGJvkdU &w,fav/
at'D1220wke;f u jyifopfwuodv k af wGrmS rde;f rom;awG aq;ynmoifMum;cGirhf &jyefb;l vdUk qykd gw,f/ (vGecf YJ wJEh pS af ygif;
2700ausmw f ek ;f uawmh tD*sprf mS rde;f rq&m0efawG ½Scd o hJ m;yg/) wpfcg bDp1D 390u vef'efrmS aq;q&m ? q&m0eftjzpf vkyu f ikd cf iG &hf zdq
Yk &kd if
wuodkvw f pfckcku bGw YJ pfckawmh vdktyfw,fvkUd qdkygw,f/ tJ't D csed u
f t*Fvef rSmvnf; rde;f rawG wuodkvf wufciG rhf &awmh
vef'efrmS rde;f raq;q&m&,fvYkd r½Scd jhJ yefygbl;/ 'gayr,fh ud;k &D;,m;u rde;f rom;awGuawmh jywfom;ygw,f/ a,musm;f q&m0efeYJ
tukrcHb;l vdkU nDwn l mwl jiif;MuwmrdkY bDpD 1406rSm rde;f rq&m0efoifwef;awG ay;vdku&f ygw,f/ 21&mpkrmS awmh a,musm;F
om;zGm;rD;,yfuyk g&*lawG rsm;vmovdk rde;f rt½d;k ukyg&*lawGvnf; ½Sv d mygjyD/ use;f rma&;pDrcH suaf wGeUJ ay:vpDawG csrw S &f wJah e&m
awmfawmf rsm;rsm; rSmawmh a,musmF;awGyJ ½Sad ewwfygw,f/
at'D 1821u rde;f rom;awG wuodkvw f ufcGihf udkvHbD,mrSm pwif&cJhygw,f/ pOf;pm;Munfh&if rde;f rawG bGJY&
ynmwwfjzpfciG &hf cJw h m ESpaf ygif; 200awmif r½Sad o;ygbl;/ urÇmah ½S;tusq;kH 0wK½n S uf akd wmh vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygif; wpfaxmifuwnf;u
rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu vSycrf;em;pGm a&;om;cJhjyD; jzpfygw,f/
at'D 1840u vef'efrmS yxrqHk; uRefpeH pfq f efu Y siaf &;nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJyh gw,f/ tJ't D csed u
f vlc&D½mS armhwu f
uRepf eH pfqefu Y siaf &;udk tm;oGecf eG pf u kd vf yk af ecsed yf g/ tJ'n D v D mcHukd wufzYkd MudK;pm;wJt h cg rde;f rom; jzpfvUkd qjkd yD; wufciG rhf &cJyh gbl;/
tJ'geJUyJ olu olUoil ,fcsi;f tJvZD bufu'DpwefweG f eJt Y wl trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; twGuf nDvmcHwpfck usi;f yEdik zf Ukd MudK;yrf;cJjh yD;
at'D 1848rSm yxrqHk;nDvmcH usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ vlraI &;? bmoma&; eJY taxGaxGtkycf sKyfa&;qdki&f m yxrqHk; trsKd ;
orD;tcGit hf a&;nDvmcHukd olwkUd EpS af ,muf usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'D tcsed u f ae ESpaf ygif; 160avmufMumvmwJh tcktcgrSm
urÇmEh ikd if t H awmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;rsm; eJY wef;wltcGihf ta&; &aeMujyv D Ykd qdEk ikd af yr,fh vuf½;kH &nftpGr;f jyEdik w f t
hJ qifah vmufrmS om
jydKifqkid cf iG &hf aeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ ESvk;H &nf? OmPf&nfwt kYd pGr;f jyEdkijf yD; udk,pf m;jyKEdkicf iG v hf kd tcGit hf a&;rsKd ;rSmawmh ta&;rygqJyg/
at'D 1854? c½dki;f rD;,m;ppfrmS zavm&ifpEdkuw f ifa*;vfu 'Pf&m&olawGukd ulno D el mjyKpkay;cJyh gw,f/ tJ't D wGuf
vufeufxrd eS 'f Pf&maMumifh ppfonfrsm; aoEIe;f [m 47%uae 2.2%xd usqif;apEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ at'D 1860rSmawmh rde;f rom;
16a,mufpkpnf;jyD; *syefu tjrifhqHk; zl*sD,mrmawmifukd wufEkdicf Jhygw,f/ 'gawGu rde;f rom;awG&JU cdkirf mwJhESvHk;&nfeJY
MuHch kid wf vhJ uf½kH;pGr;f wdku Y kd jyEdkicf w
hJ ,fvkq Yd k&d ygr,f/
at'D 1868u ,d;k ',m;rSm trf'ef*rlerfqw kd hJ rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu rdbay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzYkd jiif;qdk cJyh gw,f/
'Dvkrd b d ay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzq kYd kwd thJ pOftvmudk w&m;0if vGeq f efzkUd MudK;pm;wJt h aeeJY udk,t hf rd af xmif zufukd ud, k w f ikd af ½G;cGihf
jyXmef;ay;zdUk bk&ifx h rH mS yg wifjyawmif;qdck yhJ gao;w,f/ ya'o&mZfEikd if aH wmfrmS tckvkd tjzpf tysuf jzpfysucf jhJ y;D ESpt f pdwv f eG af jrmufwhJ
at'D 1893rSmawmh e,fomvefEikd if rH mS rde;f rom;awGukd rJay;ydik cf iG hf pwifay;cJyh gw,f / e,fomvef[m rde;f rrJay;cGihf yxrqHk;
ay;cJhwJhEkdiif Hvnf; jzpfygw,f/ ta½SUawmif tm½SeJY taemufOa&myrSm ckvkd &ydkicf Gihaf wGupd ö ay:aygufcjhJ yD;aemuf at'D 1896?
tar&durSm *Reaf [mhyuif; aq;ausmif; pwifziG v fh pS cf yhJ gw,f/ ausmif;tvSL½Siu f rde;f rwpfO;D jzpfjyD; rde;f r? a,musm;f aq;ausmif;udk
twllwl wufEkdiaf tmif &nf½G,jf yD; vkyaf y;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf at'D 1898rSm ½Sm;vufyguif*ifvrefu rde;f reJU pD;
yGm;a&;ynmqdkwJh pmtkyu f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJhygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ynmrwwf&if wdki;f jynfpD;yGm;a&; ysuq f D;w,fvkdU olu
axmufjycJhygw,f/ 'DvkdeJY 19&mpk[m rde;f rom;awGtwGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;wJh &mpkESpw f pfck jzpfcJhygw,f/
at'D 1956rSm *dkv'f grD,mu tpöa&;Edkiif jH cm;a&;0efMuD; jzpfvmygw,f/ uJbeD uftzGx YJ rJ mS olwpfa,mufxJ rde;f rom;
yg½Syd gw,f/ 1958rSmawmh t*FvefrmS rde;f rawG vTwaf wmfxrJ mS yg0ifEikd v f mygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf tkycf sKyaf &; ydik ;f ? pDrcH efcY aJG &;ydik ;f qdik &f m
jrifhrm;wJh&mxl;ae&mawGrSm rde;f rom;awGae&m&vmMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&m&vmMuwJht aMumif; wul;wu ajymae?
a&;aeMu&wmudku owif;xl;rdkY ajymae&wmrsK;d jzpfaeygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ae&m& vmwm[m qef;jym;w,f? yHkreS rf [kwb f ;l ?
tJ'Doabmudk aqmifaeygw,f/ aemufqHk; at'D 2000? uae'grSm bmAvDrufvmcsiq f kdwJhred ;f rom;u yxrqHk; trsKd ;
orD;w&m;olMuD;csKyf jzpfvmygw,f/ uae'g[m 1930 avmufrmS wke;f uawmh rde;f r[m vlyk*Kd vfwpfO;D wpfa,muf r[kwv f kYd
jyXmef;cJw h EhJ kid if yH g/ ESpf 70Mumawmhvnf; jyXmef;wmawG ajymif;oGm;wmaygh /
bmyJjzpfjzpfyg/ b,ft&murS rjrJb;l qdw k m aocsmjyD;om;ygyJ/ &mZ0ifyjJ zpfjzpf? ordik ;f yJjzpfjzpf rjrJwt hJ aMumif; awGukd
a&;xm;? rSwx f m;wmawG r[kwv f m;/ tck a½S;acwftqufqufu rde;f rom;awGtaMumif; od&awmhvnf; 'D rjrJwJhoabm?
ajymif;vJavh½w Sd Jhoabmu txift½Sm;ygyJ/ tajymif;tvJawGukd rde;f rom;awG udk,w f kdif jyKcJhMuovdk cHvnf;cHcJhMuygw,f/
[kwu f Jh / rde;f rom;qdkwm jyKvkyw f wfwJh? cHpm;wwfwJh vlom;ygyJav/
...

a&;ay;&rSmu ]rde;f rom;qdkwm . . }wJh /

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6-12-2003