Titanium…

KARAN SAXENA
CLASS XI-A
ROLL NO.-22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Firstly I would like to thank my school
‘D.L.F. public school’ who gave me
this opportunity.Secondly I would like to
thank my chemistry teacher Mrs.
Mukta Sharma who guided me in
making this project possible.Lastly I
would like to thank my friends and
family who helped me making this
project a reality.
 PREFACE
 Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and
atomic number 22. Sometimes called the “space age metal”, it
has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant
(including sea water, aqua regia and chlorine) transition metal
with a silver color.
 Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium,
molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong
lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and
spacecraft), military, industrial process (chemicals and petro-
chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive,
agri-food, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and
endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting
goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications
 OCCURENCE
 The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits,
principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the
Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living
things, rocks, water bodies, and soils. The metal is extracted
from its principal mineral ores via the Kroll process or the
Hunter process. Its most common compound, titanium dioxide,
is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of
white pigments.Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride
(TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and
titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the
production of polypropylene).
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 A metallic element, titanium is recognized for its high strength-
to-weight ratio. It is a strong metal with low density that is
quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment),
lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting
point (over 1,649 °C or 3,000 °F) makes it useful as a
refractory metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical
and thermal conductivity.
 Commercial (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have ultimate
tensile strength of about 63,000 psi (434 MPa), equal to that of
common, low-grade steel alloys, but are 45% lighter. Titanium
is 60% more dense than aluminium, but more than twice as
strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy.
Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths
of over 200,000 psi (1,400 MPa).[10] However, titanium loses
strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F).
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent
resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum,
capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and
most organic acids. However, it is soluble in concentrated acids.
[
The following Pourbaix diagram shows that actually titanium is
thermodynamically a very reactive metal.
 However, it is slow to react with water and air, because it forms
a passive and protective oxide coating that protects it from
further reaction.When it first forms, this protective layer is only
1–2 nm thick but continues to slowly grow; reaching a thickness
of 25 nm in four years. When exposed to elevated temperatures
in air, however, it readily reacts with oxygen.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Titanium is also one of the
few elements that burns in
pure nitrogen gas, reacting
at 800 °C (1,470 °F) to form
titanium nitride, which
causes embrittlement.
 Experiments have shown
that natural titanium
becomes radioactive after it
is bombarded with
deuterons, emitting mainly
positrons and hard gamma
rays.
 COMPOUNDS
 The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry, but
compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. Because
of this high oxidation state, many titanium compounds have a
high degree of covalent bonding.
 Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from the titanium
dioxide impurities present in them. Titanates are compounds
made with titanium dioxide. Barium titanate has piezoelectric
properties, thus making it possible to use it as a transducer in
the interconversion of sound and electricity. Esters of titanium
are formed by the reaction of alcohols and titanium
tetrachloride and are used to waterproof fabrics.
 CONTD…
 Titanium nitride (TiN), having a hardness equivalent to sapphire
and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs Scale), is often used to coat
cutting tools, such as drill bits. It also finds use as a gold-
colored decorative finish, and as a barrier metal in
semiconductor fabrication.
 Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4, sometimes
called "tickle") is a colorless liquid which is used as an
intermediate in the manufacture of titanium dioxide for paint. It
is widely used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid, for example
in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation. Titanium also forms a
lower chloride, titanium(III) chloride (TiCl3), which is used as a
reducing agent.
 ISOTOPES
 Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti,
and 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Eleven
radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44Ti with a
half-life of 63 years, 45Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51Ti with a half-life of
5.76 minutes, and 52Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining
radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds and the
majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second. [8]
 The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 u (40Ti) to 57.966 u
(58Ti). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 48Ti, is
electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary
decay products before 48Ti are element 21 (scandium) isotopes and the primary
products after are element 23 (vanadium) isotopes.
 HISTORY..
 Titanium was discovered included in a
mineral in Cornwall, England, in 1791 by
amateur geologist and pastor William
Gregor, then vicar of Creed parish. He
recognized the presence of a new
element in ilmenite when he found black
sand by a stream in the nearby parish of
Manaccan and noticed the sand was
attracted by a magnet. Analysis of the
sand determined the presence of two
metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the
attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of
Martin Heinrich Klaproth named a white metallic oxide he could not
identify.Gregor, realizing that the
titanium for the Titans of unidentified oxide contained a metal that
Greek mythology. did not match the properties of any
.. known element, reported his findings to
the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall
and in the German science journal Crell's
Annalen.
 PRODUCTION
 The processes required to extract titanium from its various ores
are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce in the
normal manner, by heating in the presence of carbon, because
that produces titanium carbide. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%)
was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl4 with sodium at
700–800 °C in the Hunter process. Titanium metal was not used
outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll
proved that it could be produced by reducing
titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium. Eight years later he
refined this process by using magnesium and even sodium in
what became known as the Kroll process.[30] Although research
continues into more efficient and cheaper processes (e.g.,
FFC Cambridge), the Kroll process is still used for commercial
production.
 CONTD…
 Titanium of very high purity
was made in small quantities
when Anton Eduard van
Arkel and Jan Hendrik
de Boer discovered the
iodide, or crystal bar,
process in 1925, by reacting
with iodine and decomposing
Titanium sponge, made by the formed vapors over a
hot filament to pure metal.
the Kroll process
 APPLICATION
 Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (
ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a
deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon
content. Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to
refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron
, manganese, molybdenum, and with other
metals.Applications for titanium mill products (sheet,
plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) can be found in
industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging
markets. Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics
as a source of bright-burning particles.
 ARCHITECTURAL USE
 Titanium metal is used in
automotive applications,
particularly in automobile or
motorcycle racing, where
weight reduction is critical while
 maintaining high strength and
rigidity.The metal is generally
too expensive to make it
marketable to the general
consumer market, other than
The high-end products, particularly
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is for the racing/performance
market. Late model Corvettes

sheathed in titanium panels . have been available with

titanium exhausts.
 MEDICAL USE
 Because it is biocompatible (non-
toxic and is not rejected by the
body), titanium is used in a gamut
of medical applications including
surgical implements and implants,
such as hip balls and sockets (
joint replacement) that can stay in
place for up to 20 years. Titanium
has the inherent property to
osseointegrate, enabling use in
dental implants that can remain in
place for over 30 years. This
property is also useful for
orthopedic implant applications.
 PRECAUTION
 Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any
natural role inside the human body. An estimated 0.8 milligrams
of titanium is ingested by humans each day but most passes
through without being absorbed.It does, however, have a
tendency to bio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica. An
unknown mechanism in plants may use titanium to stimulate
the production of carbohydrates and encourage growth. This
may explain why most plants contain about 1 part per million
(ppm) of titanium, food plants have about 2 ppm, and horsetail
and nettle contain up to 80 ppm.