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    Bacteria

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    ramwgsha
    This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structures and organelles. It describes the structures found in prokaryotic cells like bacteria, including their cell walls, membranes, flagella/fimbriae, plasmids, ribosomes and endospores. It also briefly outlines some of the organelles present in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies and lysosomes.

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    Bacteria

    Uploaded by

    ramwgsha
    29 views34 pages
    This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structures and organelles. It describes the structures found in prokaryotic cells like bacteria, including their cell walls, membranes, flagella/fimbriae, plasmids, ribosomes and endospores. It also briefly outlines some of the organelles present in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies and lysosomes.

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    This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structures and organelles. It describes the structures found in prokaryotic cells like bacteria, including their cell walls, membranes, flagella/fimbriae, plasmids, ribosomes and endospores. It also briefly outlines some of the organelles present in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies and lysosomes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    29 views34 pages

    Bacteria

    Uploaded by

    ramwgsha
    This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structures and organelles. It describes the structures found in prokaryotic cells like bacteria, including their cell walls, membranes, flagella/fimbriae, plasmids, ribosomes and endospores. It also briefly outlines some of the organelles present in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies and lysosomes.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    Functional Anatomy Bacteria

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells


     Prokaryotic cells  Eukaryotic Cells
    • No Nucleus • Nucleus
    • No Organelles • Organelles
    • Cell Wall of • If cell wall, Cellulose
    peptidoglycan or chitin
    • Binary Fission • Mitosis
    • 1 circular chromosome • Linear chromosomes
    Prokaryotic Cells

     Size
    • Length 2u to 8u
    • Diameter 2u to .2u

    Morphology
    cocci
    bacilli
    spiral
    Arrangement
     Cocci
    • diplococci
    • streptococci
    • tetrads
    • sarcinae
    • staphylococci
     bacilli
    • diplobacilli
    • streptobacilli
    • coccobacilli
     spiral
    • vibrio
    • spirilla
    • spirochete
    Monomorphic vs. pleomorphic

    Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    Prokaryotic Cell Structure
     Glycocalyx - term to describe substances
    that surround bacterial cells
     1. Capsule
    • if substance is organized and firmly attached to
    cell wall
     2. Slime Layer
    • if substance is unorganized and loosely attached
    to cell wall
    Function of Capsule

    1. Contribute to Virulence of bacteria by


    preventing phagocytosis by WBC’s

    A. Streptococcus pneumoniae

    B. Bacillus anthracis
    Functions of Capsules

     2. Prevents drying out or dessication

     3. Allows bacteria to adhere to various


    surfaces
    • Streptococcus mutans - enamel on teeth to
    cause dental carries
    • Klebseilla pneumoniae - attaches to respiratory
    tract
    Motility
     Almost all Spiral bacteria are motile

     About 1/2 of Bacilli are motile

     Almost all Cocci are non-motile


    Flagella
     1. Monotrichous

     2. Amphitrichous

     3. Lophotrichous

     4. Peritrichous


    Axial Filament - found only in spirochetes
    (flexible spirals)

    Treponema pallidum
    Borrelia burgdorferi
    Fimbriae
     Filamentous appendages that are shorter,
    straighter and more numerous that flagella

     found mostly in Gram (-) Bacteria

     used for attachment not motility


    Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    Bordetello pertussis
    E. coli (pathogenic)
    Cell Wall
     Main structural component - Peptidoglycan

     Peptidoglycan
    • repeating dissacharide units
    • polypeptides
    Gram (+) Cell Wall
     NAM N-acetylmuramic acid
     NAG N- acetylglucosamine
     tetrapeptide side chains
     pentaglycine crossbridges
     teichoic acid
    Gram (-) Cell Wall
     NAM
     NAG
     Tetrapeptide side chains
     pentaglycine
     2nd Outer membrane
    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
    • Lipid A
    • O Antigen
    Bacterial cell wall - chemically unlike
    any other structure in Animal cells
     Target for drugs that can attack and kill bacteria
    without harming the host cell

     MANY ANTIBIOTICS are specifically


    directed at Cell Wall Synthesis
    • Penicillin
    • works by damaging the pentaglycine crossbridges of the
    peptidogylcan layer
    • Works best against Gram (+) bacteria
    lysozyme
     Digestive enzyme that damages bacterial
    cell walls
     found in tears, saliva & mucus
     attacks the bond between NAM & NAG
     Works best on Gram (+) bacteria
    Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
     2 structural component
    • double layer of phospholipids
    • proteins

     Fluid Mosaic Model


    Functions of Cell Membrane
     1. Selective barrier (selectively permeable)
     2. Secretes exoenzymes
    • amylases
    • lipases
    • peptidases
    • CAN NOT UNDERGO PHAGOCYTOSIS
    Functions of Cell Membrane
     3. E.T.S. is located here
     4. Enzymes for cell wall synthesis
     5. If photosynthesis, enzymes are located on
    membranous structures called thylakoids
     6. Mesosomes - invagination of cell
    membrane attached to DNA (Binary Fission)?
    Antimicrobial Agents
     Disinfectants and Antiseptics
    • many are aimed at disrupting the cell
    membrane
    Nuclear area (nucleoid)
     1 circular chromosome (ccDNA)
     attached to a mesosome
    • segragation of DNA during Binary Fission
    Plasmids
     Small circular, extra-chromosomal pieces of
    DNA
     5 to 100 genes
     Code for auxiliary metabolic functions:
    • antibiotic resistance
    • penicillase
    • production of toxins
    • E. coli 0157:H7
    Ribosomes - protein synthesis
     Prokaryotic Ribosome  Eukaryotic Ribosomes

     70 S  80 S
    • 50 S • 60 S
    • 30 S • 40 S
    Selective Toxicity
     Some antibiotics are aimed at the 70 S
    ribosomes of bacterial cells

     Streptomycin, Neomycin, Erythromycin


    and Tetracycline work by inhibiting protein
    synthesis by disrupting the 70 S ribosome
    Endospores - formed under periods of
    environmental stress
     Only found in Gram (+) Bacteria
     Bacillus
    • Bacillus cereus
    • Bacillus anthracis
     Clostridium
    • Clostridium tetani
    • Clostridium botulinum
    • Clostridium perfringens
    Endospores
     Extremely resistant to heat, cold, chemicals,
    lack of water, etc.

     Most vegetative bacterial cells are killed at


    temps. above 70 C (160 F)
    • Endospores can survive boiling water for
    several hours (some for as long as 20 hours)
    Endospores
     Spores can remain viable for weeks,
    months, years
     Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
    • spores found in Minnesota were 7,500
    years old and still germinated
    Eukaryotic Cell - Organelles
     Nucleus
     Nucleoli
     Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
    • rE.R.
    • sE.R.
     Ribosomes
     Golgi Body
     Lysosomes

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