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    Biomolecules & Cells Biol10002 Lectures 1-9 Cell Biology Geoff Mcfadden, RM 211 Botany

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    waimoe
    This document provides an overview of cell biology, focusing on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotes like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, as well as other organelles. The document also provides examples of important prokaryotes and the roles they play, such as producing oxygen and fixing nitrogen. It highlights characteristics of prokaryotic cells like their small size, circular DNA, ribosomes, and potential to move via flagella.

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    Biomolecules & Cells Biol10002 Lectures 1-9 Cell Biology Geoff Mcfadden, RM 211 Botany

    Uploaded by

    waimoe
    41 views39 pages
    This document provides an overview of cell biology, focusing on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotes like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, as well as other organelles. The document also provides examples of important prokaryotes and the roles they play, such as producing oxygen and fixing nitrogen. It highlights characteristics of prokaryotic cells like their small size, circular DNA, ribosomes, and potential to move via flagella.

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    lect-02

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    This document provides an overview of cell biology, focusing on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotes like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, as well as other organelles. The document also provides examples of important prokaryotes and the roles they play, such as producing oxygen and fixing nitrogen. It highlights characteristics of prokaryotic cells like their small size, circular DNA, ribosomes, and potential to move via flagella.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views39 pages

    Biomolecules & Cells Biol10002 Lectures 1-9 Cell Biology Geoff Mcfadden, RM 211 Botany

    Uploaded by

    waimoe
    This document provides an overview of cell biology, focusing on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotes like bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, as well as other organelles. The document also provides examples of important prokaryotes and the roles they play, such as producing oxygen and fixing nitrogen. It highlights characteristics of prokaryotic cells like their small size, circular DNA, ribosomes, and potential to move via flagella.

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    of 39

    Biomolecules & Cells BIOL10002


    

    Lectures 1-9 Cell Biology

    Geoff McFadden, Rm 211 Botany

    

    

    [email protected]

    

    8344 4272
    Lecture 2
    An introduction to the prokaryotes,
    features, importance and cell
    biology. What is a nucleus?
    Glossary words

    Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, Domain Eukarya, bacteria, prokaryotic,


    peptidoglycan, circular chromosome, nucleoid, ribosome, flagella, nucleus,
    organelles, chromosomes histone chromatin, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
    Life depends on prokaryotes

    • Archaea allow herbivores to break down


    the sugars in plants
    • Bacteria in our intestines help to make
    essential vitamins
    • Harmless Bacteria in our skin protect us
    from attack by other invaders
    Gut microbiome

    >30,000 species of bacteria in the human gut (streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, enterobacteria,
    mycobacteria, spirochetes, mycoplasma, corynebacteria, clostridia, or lactobacilli)
    You are a
    metaorganism
    comprised of numerous
    organisms that interact,
    mostly cooperatively, to
    create a whole.
    Indeed, without gut
    bacteria, you would be
    very sick and not
    develop properly. If
    your gut flora is
    abnormal, you may
    become ill in many
    ways including mental
    illness and suffer
    degenerate
    neurological illnesses.
    Prokaryotes are used in food production.

    Fermented foods
    - produced via the action of microbes
    yoghurt, cheese,
    wine, beer, vinegar,
    sauerkraut, salami,
    tempeh, kimchi,
    soy sauce …

    Silage for stock feed


    Life depends on prokaryotes

    + = ?
    Life depends on prokaryotes
    • More than 50% of the earth’s free oxygen
    is generated by bacteria
    • About 70% of biologically available
    nitrogen is processed by bacteria

    Oxygen-producing Cyanobacteria Stromatolites


    Spirulina spp Western Australia 3.5 Ga
    Some diseases caused
    by members of Domain
    Bacteria
    Legionnaire’s, typhus, Lyme disease, TB,
    gangrene, leprosy, meningitis, pneumonia,
    cholera, dysentery, syphilis, gonorrhoea,
    anthrax

    Domain Archaea
    are not known to
    cause any diseases
    Bacteria can cause disease

    impetigo
    pharyngitis Streptococcus cells

    http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/data/cariesser.html

    cellulitis Dental caries


    Cutaneous (skin-borne) B. anthracis cells in
    Anthrax Monkey Spleen
    You’re from France - wow!
    Say, you have lovely eyes.

    Be a
    Bacterium
    & see the
    world

    Hey everyone. We’re


    going to France!
    Prokaryotic cells
    • Usually microscopic (1-10µm)
    • DNA is single, circular chromosome
    (‘nucleoid’)
    • No proteins attached to DNA (Bacteria)
    • Proteins (‘histones’) attached to DNA
    (Archaea)
    • Wall (peptidoglycan), similar in Bacteria &
    Archaea
    Domain Bacteria

    Domain
    Archaea
    Typical prokaryotic cell
    Prokaryotic DNA is single, circular chromosome
    Bacteria cells
    • Cells typically have a wall (peptidoglycan)
    • One surrounding membrane (Gram +)
    • Two surrounding membranes (Gram -)

    Christian Gram
    Gram negative - two membranes & wall
    Gram positive - one membrane & wall

    OM = outer membrane
    P = peptidoglycan wall
    CM = cytoplasmic membrane
    Ribosomes
    • All cells have ribosomes
    • Small machines composed of numerous
    proteins and several RNAs
    • Site of translation
    • Take mRNA sequence and ‘translate’ it to a
    protein sequence
    • Prokaryotic ribosomes are small (17-23nm)
    • Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger (25-30nm)
    Ribosomes

    “Maybe you should write


    that spot down!”
    Ribosomes

    • Bacterial ribosomes
    are different to
    eukaryotic ribosomes

    • Sensitive to drugs like


    chloramphenicol,
    erythromycin and
    tetracycline -
    antibiotics
    Ribosomes
    Prokaryotic flagellum
    • Motility appendage
    • Long thin filament
    • Corkscrew action
    • One of only two rotating shaft designs in
    biology
    • Composed of flagellin protein
    • Extracellular (not inside the cell membrane)
    • 6,000 rpm (similar to car engine) but often lot
    slower (~200 rpm) due to drag & energy loss
    Bacteria with flagella
    http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1298895216779168700#
    Spirochaete bacteria swimming
    Prokaryotic division
    • Prokaryotes divide by ‘binary fission’
    • Constricting ring pinches parent cell into two
    Prokaryotes vs
    Eukaryotes
    • Prokaryotes are microscopic
    • Eukaryotes can be large and
    multicellular
    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus
    • Eukaryotic cells have a
    nucleus
    Size of eukaryote cells

    ← animal embryo on pin


    blood cells in syringe →
    100 µm
    Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
    (no nucleus) (with nucleus)
    Prokaryotes = Bacteria & Archaea
    Features of Eukaryotic Cells not seen in Prokaryotes

    • Division of labour in the cytoplasm.


    • Nucleus & histones
    • Endomembrane system.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum. (ER).
    • Golgi complex.
    • Cytoskeleton.
    • Microtubules.
    • Microfilaments.
    • Intermediate filaments.
    • Motor proteins & movement
    Features of the eukaryotic nucleus
    • Surrounded by a double membrane or nuclear
    envelope
    • Presence of nuclear (annular) pores (75 nm in
    diameter, text wrongly says 9nm)
    • DNA in long, linear strands covered with
    histones = chromatin
    • Different organisms have different numbers of
    chromosomes
    – Humans 46, Arabidopsis (cress )10
    • Nucleolus = subregion of nucleus where
    ribosomal genes are transcribed
    • RNA transcribed from DNA leaves nucleus via
    pores and goes out into the cell to be translated
    Drew
    Berry
    Eukaryotic Nucleus
    EM of nucleus

    Image of a frozen
    nucleus cracked
    in half

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