we;=<a msgq

rks,a" ið;a" fÊùmS f.dv thso@ - ndyq

v.S - ms,af,a - iïnkaOka yjqf,a brKu - ,xldfma,s

ckdêm;sf.a /já,a, yd iajhx /jàu - rK;a

20/=

uy igkla w; <Õ
mqj;am;la f,i ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,È'
2010 wf.daia;= ck /,af,a fkdief,k y~ 27 jk ldKavh' 04 jk l,dmh

wdKavqj úhrefjka cúfm jeg Wv wdh;k le<fUhs

kfndk foa ys ñ, Èfkka Èk by< hñka ;sfnk w;r úúOdldr jQ
jl%nÿ ud¾.fhka w;g ,efnk fidÉpï jegqmo Èh ù hk ;;a;ajhla
yuqfõ rdcH-ixia:d yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha lïlrejka ish mäm; jeälr
.ekSfï igkg wjYH n,fõ." ixúOdk Yla;Ska taldrdYS lrñka isák
nj ~yrh~ g jd¾;d fõ'
fï jgmsgdj ;=< wdKavqj jeà isák úhre .kakj'''~~ hs lshd isá iuka rka;m%sh fuu
;;a ; a j h fmka k q ï lrñka miq . s h od Woaf>daIKhg úúO wxY j, jD;a;Sh iñ;s 14
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska jD;a;Sh iñ;s le|jd mjid la Rcq f,i l%shdldÍj iyNd.S ù isák nj o
we;af;a idlÉPd ud¾. blaujd fjk;a l%u u.ska jeäÿrg;a mejiSh'
m%Yak úi|d .eksug jD;a;Sh iñ;s iQodkï
fkdúh hq;= njh' ta w;r" fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fï w;r miq.sh cQks myf,diajeksod mqoa.,sl
md,lhka fï igka /,a,g uqyqK §u i|yd wxYfha lïlrejkaf.a jegqma jeälr .ekSfï
lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iyfhka udj;a igk werUqfka wdKavqfõ tlai;a lïlre
fidhñka isák njo jd¾;d fjhs' iïfï,kfha iy tlai;a lïlre iïfï,kfha
fufyhùfuks' tlai;a lïlre iïfï,kfha
fï ms<sn|j wm l< úuiqulg ms<s;=re ÿka iNdm;s ,Skia ch;s,l mjikafka mqoa.,sl
jD;a;sh iñ;s uyd iïfï,kfha uy f,alï iuka wxYfha lïlrejkag úfYaIfhka Ôjk wxl
r;akm%sh lshd isáfha jegqma jeä lr .ekSu i|yd §ukdj ksis mßÈ ,nd .ekSu wo ojfia b;du
lïlre ixúOdk Èh;a lr we;s fm;aiï w;aika w;HjYH lreKla njhs' ~~'''jeäjk Ôjk
lsÍfï jHdmdrh b;d id¾:lj fmrg hñka úhoug Tfrd;a;= fokak kï wksjd¾hfhkau
;sfnk njh' ~~'''''miq.sh cQks udfi wms fï wmg Ôjk wxl §ukdj ,efnkaku ´k'
fm;aiï w;aika lsÍu wdrïN lf<a' fï jk úg ckdêm;sjrhd fmdfrdkaÿ jqkq remsh,a
rdcH mßmd,k" fi!LH" uqøKd," k.r iNd" 2500$}mqoa.,sl wxYhg;a ´k' ta jf.au rch
;eme,a" l<dm wOHdmk ld¾hd, we;=¿ wdh;k mqoa.,sl wxYfha ydïmq;=kag n, lrkak ´k
.Kkdjl fiajlhka fuhg w;aika ;nd fiajd .súiqï
reyqKq úYaj úohd,fha iqika; wreK nKavdr isiqjd fmd,sish
;sfnkjd' wf.daia;= myf<dfjka miafia wms úiska urd ±uqjd hehs fpdaokd lrñka fld<U fldgqj ÿïßhfmd<
wdh;k.;j yd lafIa;%.;j Woaf>daIK mgka yh jk msgqjg''''''''''' bÈßmsg meje;s YsIH Woaf>daIKfha wjia:djla

- f,ala yjqia - GSP iykfha lïlrejkaf.a fldgi b,a,Su

ovhlaldrfhla jQ m;a;rldrfhla foaYhg fødayS ùulao@
- wekagka udlia
layjqia wdh;kfha iNdm;s nkaÿ, moaul=udrg tfrys ks¾kdñl m%ldYhla ksoyia fjf<| l<dm yd fmdÿ fiajd fiajl ix.uh
wdh;kh ;=< fnod yeÍu ms<sn|j Tyqg mlaImd;S idlaIslrefjla ùu
m%;slafIam l< f,ala yjqia fiajlfhla yd f,alayjqia fiajl ix.ufha úOdhl uß ld tl ai; a ck m o h úis ka ,x l dj fj kq f j k a ,n d § ;s nQ GSP
iNsl fla'ta';s,lisß jev;ykulg ,la lr ;sfí' f y j; a jr K Sh n ÿ i y k l % u h T i a f i a l ï lr e j kag y s ñ ú h h q; =
whs; s jdi slï b ,a ,d i s à u f o a Y f ø d a y S l% s hd j l a j k a f ka f lf i a ±h s
k s oyi a f j< | l< dm y d f m d ÿ f i a j d f i a j l i x .u f h a m%Odk f,alï
f,ala yjqia wdh;kfha fulS jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlhdj tys wdrlaIl wxYfha wekagka udlia wdKavqfjka m%Yak lrhs' fyf;u tfia úuid isáfha jD;a;Sh ix.ï
ks,OdÍka úiska ldurhla ;=< r|jd ;nd .ksñka" fmr lS ks¾Kdñl m;%ldj .Kkdjla úiska weußld tlai;a ckmohg ,nd § we;s f;dr;=re mdol lr
fnod yeßfha f,alayjqia fiajl ix.ufha iNdm;s" Wmf,alï yd ;j;a úOdhl .ksñka GSP iykh kj;d oud we;ehso tfia f;dr;=re ,nd §u foaYfødayS l%shdjla
iNslhka y;r fofkl=f.a ueoy;aùfuka hehs i|yka flreKq mdfmdaÉdpdrK jkafka hehs lshñka wdKavqfõ iuyr ue;s weu;Ska t,a, lrk fpdaokdjka
,smshlg w;aika lr fok f,ig n,mEï lr ;sfí' tfy;a Tyq thg tlÕ iïnkaOfhks'
fkdùu ksid fï iñ;s kdhlhdg Èjd wdydrh .ekSugj;a wjia:djla fkd§
úúO ;¾ckhka lrñka meh 06-07 l muK ld,hla ;siafia tlS ldurh ;=< f ï m s< s n| j ; j ÿ r g; a lr e K q me y e È , s l r k we k a g k a u dl i a
r|jd f.k isg" wjidkfha jev ;ykï lsÍfï ,smshla w;g § wdh;kfhka ~ ~ '' ' ' weu ßl d t lai ;a c k m o r c h wf ma ks I a m do k .e k S f ï § úf Ya I
msgux lr we;ehs f,ala yjqia fiajl ix.uh úiska fï isoaêh iïnkaOfhka iy k hla , nd § ; s f nk j d ' y e ne h s t a i y k , nd § ;s f n k a f k a
k slïu f kd f õ ' j evl r K c k ; dj f .a j D ;a ; S h wh s ;S ka i q r ls k n j g
ckdêm;s jrhdg hjd we;s meñKs,a,l i|yka fõ'
yh jk msgqjg'''''''''''

yïnkaf;dg jrdh msgia;r

f,ala yjqish ;=< fnod yßk ,±hs lshk ks¾kdñl m;%sldfõ fufia o i|yka
h'

~~uQKq ihls w;a fod<ils uhqrd

Èjeia fk;ska wfma ÿlg msysg
wfm whs;Ska Wÿr .kak ld,lkaKs
msg jdyfka
fjkak idñfka
md,fka
wdfhdaclhkag újD; lrkjd
fyk .ymka fyk .ymka nkaÿ,hf. md,fka ~~
- jrdh wêldßfha iNdm;s
nk fkdjeïnrfha újD; ls ß ug ks h ñ; yïnka f ;dg jrdh .ek i|yka
fï ms<sn|j l< úuiqulg ms<s;=re ÿka f,alayjqia fiajl ix.ufha lrñka jrdh wêldßfha iNdm;s m% s h ;a úl% u frdhs g ¾ mq j ;a f ia j hg mjid
we;a f ;a ~~''''wms f;,a .nvd ls Í u md,kh lrkjd' th ms g g foka k
m%ldYlfhla ~yrh~g lshd isáfha wdh;kfha iNdm;s jrhd Èh;a lr we;s kj n,dfmdfrd;a ; = fjka f ka kE' kuq ; a keõ nvq md,kh" .nvd ls Í fï myiq lï" nvq
m%;sm;a;s u; fiajlhkaf.a udisl wdodhï lmamdÿ lsÍu" iajhx úY%du l%uhla .nvd" keõ nvq yqjudrej yd wfkla ish¨u lghq;= wdfhdaclhka i|yd újD;
l%shd;aul lsÍug mshjr .ekSu" jkaÈhla f.k /lshdj yer hk f,i lrkjd''''~~ hkqfjks'
fiajlhkag n,mEï lsÍu wd§ ;;a;ajhka ;sîu ksid fiajlhka w;r uy;a
l,lsÍula mj;sk njhs' m%Yakhla jkafka fujeks widOdrK mßirhla ;=< Tyq fï mjid we;a f ;a weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,s h k 1'5 l wdfhda c khla iys ;
yd ta iïnkaOfhka wdh;kfha jD;a;Sh iñ;s mjd ksis l%shdud¾.hka yïnka f ;dg jrdfha lghq ; = úfoia wdfhda c lhka g mjrk njh' úfoia
fkd.kakd ;;a;ajhla ;=< fujka ks¾Kdñl m;%sld u;=ùu fkdj tfia u;= wdfhda c lhka i|yd jk fï wdrdOkh ,nk fkdjeïnrfha th újD; ls Í u;a
fkdjkafka kï mqÿu úh hq;= njhs' iuÕ iumd; jkq we;' fï jrdh kef.kys r yd ngys r w;r we;s f,da l fha
yh jk msgqjg'''''''''''

W;=f¾ wj;eka jQjka jyd ish .ïìïj, mÈxÑ lrõ !

 2 wf.dai;
a = 2010

bvï fld,a,h
miqniajk
bxÈhdfõ
ckwr.,h
wd ishdfõ uyd n,j;d f,i fmkS isák
ù rjxYf.a rx.kh cd;Hka;r fudiafldõ iskud Wf,<g bÈßm;a lr bkaÈhdj fï jk úg u.yeßh fkdyels nrm;,
wk;=rlg uqyqK md isà' fï nj miq.sh od t<s
;snqKs' thg iyNd.S ùug ug;a pqág;a werhqï ,enqKs' ùrjxY ldls mdg ±lajQ m%jD;a;shlska meyeÈ,s jqKs' ta kï rchg
lñihlska ieriS wÜgd,hla u; jdä ù fn,a, uola Tijd CIs;sch foi n,d Ndr jk iEu ler,slrefjl=gu remsh,a ,CIhla
yeÕSïnrj n,d isák whqre úoyd olajk ±jeka; lgjqÜ fudiafldõ p;=rY%fha iy mqyK q j
q la iuÕ /lshdjla ,nd fok nj ngysr
iú lr ;snqKs' ~~fï hld fufy;a Wmjdi mgka wrka jf.a''' fufy;a ;=xuq,a, fnx.d, wdKavj q m%ldYhg m;a lsruS h' bkaÈhdkq
ykaÈhla ;sfhkjo u,a,s@~~ pQá fld¨.egfhl=f.ka weiSh' fld¨jd ùrjxYf.a N+ñfhka 40] l m%foaYhla fï jk úg;a bkaÈhdkq
PdhdrEmhla idlal=fõ ;sî wmg fmkaùh' uOHu rchg yd m%dka; wdKavqjg wysñ lrñka
le/,a,la me;sfrñka ;sîu fuhg fya;=j ù we;'
m%Odk foaYkh meje;aùug kshñ; uydpd¾hjrhd wm ms<s.;af;a ~~ù wd fm%dï È.skaÈ.gu isÿ jQ flfkys,slïj,g tfrysj .eñ iuÕs fjñka ;j;j;a me;sfrkakg úh' 2008 muK
isß ,xld~~ hs pQá lshoa§h' ~~ u¾úka is,ajd bia uhs neÉfïÜ~~ hhs fya lSh' m%foaYj, ler,s ì%;dkH md,k iufha isgu jk úg ~~frâ fldßfvdarh~~ kñka y÷kajk úYd,
foaYlhdf.a fïih wi,u wmg wiqka mkjd ;snqKs' udOHfõ§kaf.ka yd iskud meje;=ko" fï jk úg mek ke.S we;s le/,a, m%foaYhla fuu .ß,a,d igkaldóka we;=<;a jHdmdrh
f,da,Skaf.ka Yd,dj msÍ ;snqKs' fujeks Wiia ks¾udKhla ms<sn| úpdrhla u¾okh lsÍug wdKavqjg yelshdjla ke;s nj hgf;a ckhdf.a md,khg k;= úh' fuu ;;a;ajh
lsÍug bv ,eîu uf.a fmr mskla ~~ hehs mßj¾;lhd foaYlhd lshQ oE foa Y md,k úYa f ,a Y lhka f .a - úfYa I fhka u ksid rcfha ie,eiau w¾nqohlg uqyqK mEfõh' iEu
mßj¾;kh lf<ah' bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k úpdrlhkaf.a iy hqo ;eku fldïmeks .sks ;nñka" fndaïn mqmr q ejd yßñka
úfYaI{hkaf.a woyi ù ;sfí' thg fya;=j fï le/,a, bÈßhg hkakg úh' fï wjia:dfõ§ wdKavj q
~~m%Odk k¿jd wÜgd,h u; jdä ù b;d r¿ ne,aulska ßoauhlg fn,a, lrljd fjk f;la ler,sldß;ajhg fya;= jq ;ukaf.a iaÓr yuqod iuÕ lghq;=
lsÍug ikakoao l,a,s mqyK q q lr
wjg krUk cjksldj tys f;audj yßhg fmkaùula yeáhghs uu i,lkafka~~
foaYlhd wm foi ne,Sh' ~~fuys wruqK neka lS uQka Nh lsÍuhs' thd b;d
ldrKdj,g úi÷ï .ek md,l
mx;shg ys;d.ekSug j;a fkdyels wNhkd; nKavdr uqod yeÍu isÿ lf<ah' fuhska
id¾:lhs lsh, uydpd¾h iQßhmafmreu lshd ;sfnkjd'''' fkao@~~ ~~Tõ' neka lS ùu;a" ler,sldß;ajh Èfkka Èk ;;a;ja h ;j;j;a wjq,a úh' fuu
uQka iyf,da, WK wrx ±ka WK ikakm s d;h;a yeÈ,d''~~ uu wdvïnrfhka lSfjñ' ixj¾Okh fjñka úúO uÜgïj, ckhd ikakoao l,a,s ñksiqkag myr foñka" f.j,a .sks
foaYkh ksud jQ miq m%Yak lsÍïj,g wm ,laùh' Èkd.ksñka isàu;ah' ;nñka" >d;kh lrñka" ia;k s% a ¥IKh lrñka ckhd
udOHfõÈfhla( ~~uq,a cjksldfõ fnda;,hla yd .sks fmÜáhla ;nd ìh jeoaod m,jd yeÍug lghq;= lsÍu ksid úfrdaOh
;snfq Ka wehs@~~ bkaÈhjg ksoyi ,nk ld,fha wdkaød m%foaYfha mEï tlai;a jkakg úh' th ;j;a bÈßhg hñka
uu( ~~we;af;kau fuh wdkkaofhka mgka wrka m%{dfjka wjika úh hq;=hs ~f;f,ka.dkd f.dú wr.,h~ kñka rdcH úfrdaë ;ñ,akdvq yd ldIaór iajxh;SrKh i|yd jk
le/,a,la we;súh' thg fidaúhÜ wdOdro ,enqKq ixúOdk iuÕo wo jk úg iuÕs ù we;'
lsh,d wOHCI kshu lr,d ;snqKd' ta i|yd ncjqjla ±óug iS,a fnda;,h" .sks
fmÜá yd is.rÜ ,ndf.k ;snqKd~~' njg u;hla we;' tfy;a th ì%;dkH wdOdro
we;sj u¾okh lf<dah' bka miqo È.ska È.gu ler,slrejka úiska bka§h rcfhka ksoyia lr.;a
udOHfõ§( ~~we;a;gu th iS,a fnda;,hla fkfjhs fkao@~~ m%foaY wo .ïuqkaf.a iNd u.ska md,kh flfr;s'
È,a,s wdêm;Hhg tfrysj iy m%dka; md,lhkag
uu( ~~Tn yß' wms foaYSh foa ckm%sh lsÍu i|yd oxfldgqj biameI,a ud¾. ieliSu" jdßud¾. ieliSu" iduh wdrCId
tfrysj ler,sldß ;;a;j
a hka meje;=K's tfukau1967
fnda;,hl=hs f.kdfõ' k¿fjda jfÜg jdä ù rÕmEfõ nvq odkak n,df.k~~' jk úg kej; nrysr fnx.d,fha kelai,and¾ lsÍu yd wêlrK lghq;=" wd¾Ól lghq;= wd§
udOHfõ§( ~~th meg%,a lsh,d iuyre lshkjd~~' j,ska f.dùkag bvï w,a,d .kakd msKsi jQ ish,a, tu iNd ;=< ixúOdkh lr;s'
uu( ~~wms tfia lsõfõ nexls uQka nh lrkak' we;a;gu ta oxfldgqfõ nvq~~' wr.,hla mekke.= K s ' tys kdhlhs k a iy
udOHfõ§( ~~Tn,df.a m%Odk k¿jd iïudk ,dNS k¿fjlao@~~ iyfhda.h ÿka msßia >d;kfhka le/,a, fl<jr fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< 2009 § wdKavqj ~~Tmf¾Ika
uu( ~~we;a;gu 89 le/,af,a rKúrefjla' f.daks ì,af,la fmkakj q du fndlafla lsÍug bka§h rchg yels úh' .%Ska ykaÜ~~ kï hqo jevms<sfj, Èh;a lf<ah' fï
;snK q q Tlafldu judr, lma .eyeõjd'''' B<Õg wkqrdOmqf¾ jefõ .So fudamidxf.a u.ska wo jk úg b;d oreKq wdldrfhka ñksiqka
~uy,a,d iy uqyqo~ l:dfõ weÜ l<d' Tyq Bg Ô 7 hs lshk iïudk y;am,l ler,sldß ;;a;ajh kej; t<suykg meñKsfhaa >d;kh ^wrekaO;S frdahs mjikqfha Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ
.d.;a;d~~' uE;Nd.fha úfYaIfhka ukafudayka isx n,hg m;a l< wdldrfhkau fuu l%shdj,sh bÈßhg hñka
udOHfõ§( ~~Tyqf.a rx.k ffY,sh .ek hula lshkjd kï '''@~~ ùfuka miq we;s l< wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh fya;=fjka mj;sk njh'& lrñka úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dm i|yd
uu( ~~we;a;gu fuh Tyqf.a iajNdúl rx.k ffY,shla' fuh nekalS uQkag h' ta bkaÈhdfõ we;s l< úfYaI wd¾Ól l<dm fhdað; bvïj,ska ckhd m<jd yeÍug uOHu wdKavj q
ßwelaIka tlla ksid úpdrlhska y÷kajkafka ~nluQka~ ke;akï ~fmd,anE uQka~ Special Economic Zone (SEZ) j,g wjYH bvï m%dka; wdKavq iuÕ lghq;= lrñka isà'
ffY,sh lsh,d~~' i|yd tu N+ñj,ska ckhd m<jd yeÍu wdrïN
lsÍfuka miq úh' wdkaød m%foaYa" pÜáia.d¾" ler,slrejka" rcfha yuqodj, iy fldïmeksj, m%Odk
fï wjia:dfõ ;reK ks<shla wfmka m%Yak lf<a '' ~~fï *s,aï tfla tlu fidax.a .=crdÜ" y¾hdkd" l¾kdgl" flar<" uydrdYaG%" iemhqï ud¾.h jk ÿïßh mqmqrejd yeÍï iy mS,s
tl yß iaùÜ wfka''''''tfyu fkao@~~ Tßiaid" ;ñ,akdvq" W;a;¾ m%foaYa iy ngysr mekakùïo lr;s' u.S ÿïßh kj;d foaYk mj;aj;s'
~~fïl ifya,s;a lsõjd' thdg jeäh fyd|g .=KjxY,d .eka.a tl isx l<d~~' fnx.d,fha fuu úfYaI wd¾Ól l<dm ìys lsÍug miq.h s Èkl ÿïßhla mS,s mekakùfuka u.Ska 150 la
~~.=KjxY,d jvd oCI nhs,d j,g~~ pQá thg tl;= lf<ah' wdKavqj ie,iqï lr we;' bkaÈhdkq rch úiska muK ñh .sfhah' fuh .ß,a,kaf.a l%shdjla hehs
~~fuys" ur yË § yËk ks<sh b;d oCI ;eke;a;shla fkao@~~ rislfhla uf.ka fï i|yd ;SrKh .kq ,enQfha 2000 jif¾§h' wdKavqj fpdaokd l<o" .ß,af,da m%ldY lr we;af;a"
úuiSh' ~~weh fnd,sjqâ ks<shlao@~~ 2005 jk úg fhdað; úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dm 500 ~~wms ck;djg mSvd lrkafka keye' wfkla tl wms
~~kE" kE' weh ó.uqfjka l=,shg f.kajd .;a ks<shla' wehf.a jD;a;sh u< ka 220 ksu flßKs' fï jk úg úfYaI wd¾Ól wfma m%foaYfha§ ÿïßhla mqmqrejkafka wehs@ fïl
f.j,aj, fï whqßka rÕmEu' wE b;d oCIhs'~~ l<dm 1022 la fhdað;j we;' wmj wm%idohg ,la lsÍu i|yd bka§h fldñhqki s Ü
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fuúg ixúOdhl jrfhl= ke.S isgfhah' ~~fuu Ñ;%máfha m%Odk k¿jdf.a
rdcia:dka" .=crdÜ uydrdYaG%" ìydr" cd¾lkaoa" udOHh okakd kuq;a m%ios O
a lrkafka keye~~ hkqfjks'
újdyl ìß| wef.a rx.kh ms<sn|j fm%alaIl Tn yd wka;¾cd,h yryd l:d
lsÍug iQodkñka isà~~ Yd,dfõ ±jeka; ;srhl YIS ks<shf.a rej Èia úh' ngysr fnx.d,h" ñfidardï m%dka;j, úYd,
jYfhka f.da;ls% ckhd jdih lr;s' iïm%odhsl / wr.,hg iyNd.S ù isák msßia mjikqfha oYl
~~;=ïuq,fa ,a rx.kfha§ Tfí iajdñmqreIhd fõÈldjg k.sk úg Tn uq,k s a i;=áka .Kkdjla mqrdu wjudkhg yd mSvdjg m;aj isá
iskdù miqj ue,jqfka wehs@~~ ixúOdhl weiSh' ~~we;af;kau foaYmd,k mjq,la lshdjka iy Ôjk meje;aula we;s fuu f.da;%sl
ckhdf.a meje;au fï úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dm ksid ;uka wo jk úg mj;sk fuu ùr úl%udkaú; .uka
yeáhg uka;S% ieñhd ñh hEu ìß|g wefok ixj¾Ok jdikdjla' ksoyia iajhsÍ ud¾.h wdrïN lf<a bka§h fldñhqksiaÜ mCIh
nrm;, wk;=rlg uqyqK mEfõh'
rdcHhla' ckdêm;sg uf.a uqla;sh;a' talhs uu i;=gq jqfKa''''' ta iuÕu ug ^ud´jd§& ;u wr.,hkag kdhl;ajh .ekSfuka miqj
±kqkd Tyq lrkafka fndrejla nj' uf.a isyk s ud<s.d iqkdñhg .shd jf.a od,d 2007 uq,a ld¾;=fõ§ ngysr fnx.d,fha kkaÈ.%dï njh' fï ish¨u ikakoaO yd nyqck wr.,j,
.shd' talhs yeËqfõ' ~wfka fmïnr ysñ i|''''$$ uf.a isysk ke;s fõo@'''Tn ys isÿ l< ïf,aÉP fmd,sia m%ydrfhka miq fuu kdhl;ajh Rcqj fyda jl%j bkaÈhdkq fldñhqksiaÜ
uefrkafka flÈko@''''''$$~ ud ta úry fõokdfjka .ehQ .Shhs' weh .S;hla .dhkd úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dmj, ienE ;;a;ajh f,djg mCIh ^ud´jd§& úiska orkq ,nk nj úpdrlhkaf.ao
l<dh' fy<s úh' ta jk úgo ngysr fnx.d, m%dka;h u;hhs'
m%Yka h( ~~fuh Ñ;%máfha ;snqfKa kE fkao@~~ md,kh lrkq ,enQ f ha fldñhq k s i a Ü mCIh
W;a;rh( ~~Tõ' ixialrKfha§ lmd od,d'~~ ^udlaiajd§& uQ,sl;ajfhka jQ jdudxYsl fmruqK ~~ldka;djkaf.a f.!rjh /lSu i|yd fldñáh~~ úiska
m%( ~~Tfí ieñhd Wmjdfika ñh .shd kï@~~ úisk's tu rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka ydr oyil muK ixúOdkh lrk ,o uyd Woaf>daIKhla miq.sh cQ,s
W( ~~tjeks jdikdjla fldhskao wmg@~~ úfYaI fmd,sia lKavdhula kkaÈ.%dï jg lr 20 od ngysr fnx.d,fha cd¾.%dï k.rfha§ meje;aúKs'
m%( ~~Tfí ieñhf.a nr Èk folg lsf,da ;=kla wvq jQ njg m%pdrhla bkaÿkSihs dkq i,Sï .DDma kï fldïmeKshg ridhk rcfha yuqod úiska fidakduqÇ .ïudkfha isÿ l<
;sfhkjd@~~ uOHia:dkhla f.dvke.Su i|yd bvï ,nd §ug iuqy ia;%s ¥IKhg tfrysj jQ fuu Woaf>daIKhg
W( ~~we;a;gu ug;a ´l uq,skau lsõfõ f,alayjqia tfla ;eke;a;shla' ug .ïjeishkaj t,jd oukakg lghq;= l<o fkdyels 50"000 lg wêl ldka;djka msßila iyNd.S jQ nj
kï meyeÈ,s hula lshkak wudrehs'''' wfka~~' jQfhka fjä;nd m<jd yßkakg úh' tu fjä jd¾;d úh' k.rhg we;=¿ ùug we;s ud¾. y;ßkau
m%( ~~we;a;gu Tfí ÈhKshg mshd mjik oE t;rï meyeÈ,s kE' Tyq ;eîfuka .ïjeishka 14 fofkla ureuqjg m;ajQ ud¾.h jidf.k meñKs fuu fm<md,s k.rhg
t;ekÈ mjikafka l=ulao@~~ w;r" 70 lg jvd ;=jd, ,eîh' tu jif¾§u we;=¿ ùug W;aidy lf<ah' m%foaYfha m%.;sYS,Skao
W( ~~Tyq lSfõ" ~ÿfõ uu fï Tlafldu lrkafka" fimamv úÊcd odkafka kej; j;djla bka§h fldñhqki s Ü
a mCI ^udlaij
a d§& tl;= jQ fuu Woaf>daIKhg iy fm<md,shg wjYH
Wfò wkd.; foaYmd,fka fjkqfjka' wrld Wf.a tldf.a wkd.f;a fjkqfjka l%shdOrhka iy fmd,Sia Nghka 3000 la muK jQfha tu m%foaYh Ndr Wm m%dfoaYSh ks<Odßhd uqK
oÕ,oa§ ug WU fjkqfjka lrkak ;sfhkafka fuÉprhs ÿfõ~ lsh,'~~ meñK" N+ñh Wÿrd .ekSug tfrys fldñáfha / .eiSugh' tfy;a wdrCIl wxYh úiska fuu fm<md,sh
~~Tng fndfydu ia;+;shs YIS~~ wef.a rej ;srfhka uelS .sfhah' iaùug iyNd.S ù isá msßig l< fjä ;eîfuka k.rhg we;=¿ùu b;d wiSrefjka j<lajd,Sh'
14 fofkla muK ureuqjg m;a úKs' fufia È.ska
kej;;a wfmka m%Yak weiSu werUqKs' ~~we;a;gu ñiag pQá" igka cjksld .ek È.gu iEu m%foaYhlu ;u ksc N+ñj,ska ckhd j¾Okh jk fuu wr.,hg wo jk úg wrekaO;S
n,y;aldrfhka NSIKh fhdojd m<jd yeÍu isÿ frdahs we;=¿ bkaÈhdfõ nqoaêu;a;= úYd, msßilao
Tn fudkjo ys;kafka@~~
lf<ah' iyfhda.h foñka" m%dka; kr.j," úfYaIfhka È,a,fs ha
~~we;a;gu wp, cdf.dv mshisßhka Wk;a pßf;g hql; a h
s bIaG l<d' fmd,Sihs ;a iy úfoaYj,o úfrdaO;d mj;aj;s' wrekaO;S frdahs
fujeks wjia:dj, b;d fyd¢ka rÕmEjd~~' we;=¿ nqoaêu;=ka 23 lf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka hq;= uyd
~~wjidk jYfhka wms Tfnka fufia wykjd" ~fujeks fY%aIaG iskudjla ìys tfy;a fuu m%foaYj, ckhd ish¨ foku fuhska
ìhm;aj m,d .sfha fkdue;' Tjqyqo úYd, f,i Woaf>daIKhla wf.daia;= 3 od o È,a,s k.rfha
lsÍfï Yla;sh Tn rgg ,enqfKa uyskao Ñka;kh ksid hehs uu lSfjd;a@ meje;aùug lghq;= i,id we;s nj udOH jd¾;d
~~Tn yßhgu yß' ta;a wm wu;l l< hq;= keye" rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;u= ;a ±kg nyqckhd ixúOdkh lrñka úfrdaO;d meje;aùh'
NSIKh ±ä jkakg ±ä jkakg" Tjqyqo wdKavqfõ lrhs'
fok iyfhda.h~~ uu lSfjñ'
ikakoaO l,a,js ,g myr § wú /ialrñka .ß,a,d
ieuf.a iqNme;=ï ueo Yd,dfjka wms kslauqfKuq' fujeks ;;a;j
a hla ;=< ler,slrejl=g remsh,a ,CIhla"
jHdmdrhla njg m;aùh' fuh b;d fõ.fhka
mSvdjg m;a jQ iEu m%foaYhlu me;sfrkakg úh' mqyqKqjla iuÕ /lshdjla ne.ska ,nd f.k wr.,h
.=KjxYf.a f;aud .S;fha yË ijkg we;ska wefiñka ;snqKs' ta iuÕu .ß,a,d l%shdldrlï ±ä jkakg úh' ta mdjd fok f,i bka§h uOHu wdKavj q ler,slrejkag
i|yd úúO úfrdaO;d lKavdhï" wr., lKavdhï fhdackd lrhs'
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a = 2010 3

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wdpd¾h úl%undyq lreKdr;ak

f.da,Sh n,j;=kaf.a w o wdKavqjg jvd úmlaIh ;=< w¾nQoh weú,s,d

.syska lsh, ug isÿjk foaj,a Èyd ne¿jyu
fmfkkj' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ;=< mej;=k
iqÿiqhs lsh,' msßisÿ u¾Olfhla f,i f,dj mqrd
;ekla ;ukag ;sfhkj lsh, WkaoE ys;kj kï
uka mqÿu fjkafka kE' ta;a ljqre n,hg wdj;a

w¨;a uqrfmd, rks,a úfrdaë l,n,h t;ek u hg .syska' ta furg ;=< we;s ck;d whs;Ska md., f.da,Sh
wkqj w¿;a fohla" ta mlaIfhka /äl,a úi÷ï wd¾Ól jqjukdjka Èh;a lrkj kï f,dl=
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk whg fmfkkafka keye' wudrejla fõú' f*dkafiald ke;sj ck;d úuqla;s
W ;=re kef.kysr m%foaY j, fou< ck;dj oi oyia .Kkska we;a;gu fjk kdhlfhla t;ek bkafka lSj;a fmruqKg lrkak mq¿jka fohla kE lsh,;a yqÕ
>d;kh ls Í u;a " wo tys flÍf.k hk bvï fld,a , h" fmfkkafka keye' rks,a iuÕ tl;= fj,d iuQy fofkla ys;kak mgka wrka' ck;dj w;rg
ckmolrKh yd tys jdiS ck;djg ;uka mÈxÑj isá iqmqreÿ kdhl;ajhla f.dv ke.Sug ið;a fm%auodi;a hkak we;a; kdhl;ajhla Tjqkag kE lsh,hs
bvï j, mÈxÑhg yd tajd ksoyfia N=la;sú£fï wjia:dj fkd§ wka;sfï § tl;= fj,d jf.hs' we;a;gu m%Yakh fï wh ys;kafka' wfkla w;g ckrd,a lrg
isàu" fukau fï N+ñh b,a,k mrlal=jg úfoia wdfhdaclhkag ;s f hka f ka uys k a o g
mejÍug iQodkï j isàu wdÈh u.ska ck;d u¾Okfha yelshdj úreoaOj fudloao fï
fmkajd isàu;a" tmuKla fkdj" f.da,sh Okjdofha foaYmd,k mlaIhg fokak mq¿jka
yd hqOuh wjYH;djhka i|yd úfYaIfhka ,xldfõ uqyqÿ ;Srfha wd¾Ól iudc
bv ie,iSu;a u.ska ;uka úiska ol=Kq wdishdfõ ~~BY%dh,h~~ l%shdud¾.h lshk tl
njg m;aùug we;s iqÿiq lu ,xldKavqj úiska Tmamq lr ;sfnk
neúka ta i|yd f.da,Sh Okj;=kaf.a me;af;ka lghq;= werfUñka .ekhs' f.da,Sh
;sfnk nj wo meyeÈ,s fjñka ;sfí' n,j;=kaf.a Woõfjka
rg ÈhqKq lsÍu .ek
oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia fï ;;a;ajh ±rE mlsia;dkh miq.sh tlÕ kï ±ka wdKavj q g
jir lsysmhl ;u l%shdldÍ;ajh u.ska fï ;;a;ajhg nrm;, úreoaO fjkafk fojeks
ydks lrf.k ;sîu ksid fï moúh ,xldjg w;am;a ùug lreK .ek ú;ro@
lreKq ie,iS we;s nj fmfka' miq.sh jir fol-;=k ;=<§ iuyre ys; ys;d ysáh
f.da,Sh n,j;=ka w;r j¾Okh jQ u;h ù we;af;a ~~;%ia;jdohg rks,a n,h fnod
tfrys hqoaOh~~ i|yd mlsia;dkh wjxlj fmkS fkdisák nj h' yeÍulg leu;s iudc
we*a>ksia:dkh yd udhsïj we;s jhU mlsia;dka N+ñfha we;s
f.da;%sl ckhd fjfik f*vr,a m%foaY w,a lhsvd yd ;f,andka m%cd;ka;%jd§
yuqod l%shdldÍ jk m%foaY f,i ie,flk w;r" tu lghq;= jevldrfhla ls h ,'
u¾Okh i|yd mlsia;dkh ksis mshjr fkd.kafka hhs Tjqka wo kuq;a ±ka Wkakefya ta
úYa j di lrk nj fmfka ' ta w;r fï m% f oa Y j, ;% i a ; me;af;ka wdKavj q iuÕ
l%shdldÍ;ajfha j¾Okh bxÈhdfõ uqïndhs m%ydrhg mdol jQ yema f mka k g hka f ka
njgg;a" ldIaórfha ;%ia; l%shdjkag mßirh f.dvk.k njg;a keye' ta fjkqjg ck;djd§ kQ;k nKavdrkdhl .kak yeu fj,djlu ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa
Tjqka iel my, lr;s' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< bxÿ-mlsia;dka m%Yak flfkla fjkak oÕ,kj' we;a;gu wo ojfia r;= idhu fyaÈ,d hkj' ckrd,a u.ska wdKavqj
iïnkaOfhka bxÈhdjg mlaImd;S f,i Tnud wo lghq;= lrk uQ,H wruqo, úiska fok udj;g hQ'weka'mS' h mrdch lrkak ck;dj ys;=j;a ckrd,ag hkak
njo meyeÈ,s ù ;sfí' ta wkqj we*a>ksia:dkfha ;%ia; úfrdaë wNsfhda. lrkj lsh, ys;k tl;a úys¿jla fjkj' mq¿jka wd¾Ól .ukla fjku ;sfhkj lsh,
fufyhqï j,§ mlsia;dkq huqod Nghka 3000 la muK >d;kh
ù ;sìh§" weußldj ;u cd;sl wjYH;djhka wvq ,xiqfõ oud ta ksid rks,a kslï u wdldr.; úreoaOjdÈfhla lõrej;a ys;kafka keye'
;sîu mlsia;dkhg o úYd, m%Yakhla j we;=jd ksiel h' ñil foaYmd,k úl,am kdhlfhla fkfuhs' ta
wkqj iudc Woaf>daIK wu;l lr, nv.skak" fï wkqj ne¨jyu úreoaO mlaI tl wruqKlg
ta wkqj f.da,Sh n,j;=ka ,xldj ol=Kq wdishdfõ ;u uqrfmd, m% c d;ka ; % j doh .ek ú;rla mdrg nys k f.fkkak wudrehs' ta fjkqjg fmdÿ igkla
njg w¨;ska m;alr.ekSu i|yd i,ld n,ñka isákafka fmr lS kdhl;ajhla ;ud ±ka ndr §, ;sfhkafka' fï .ek ys;kj kï lïlre igk uq,a lr,d
mßÈ ck;d u¾Okh yd Tjq k a f .a N+ ñ w;a m ;a lrf.k úÈhg ;;a;ajh .,df.k .sh;a" we;a;gu ld¾ñl" ys;kak fjkj' wdKavqj taldêm;s .ukla hkj
wdfhdaclhkag mejÍfï ms<sfjf;a § ,xldKavqj BY%dfh,a wdKavqjg Ys,ma wd§ jevldrhkag f,dl= kdhl;ajhkag bvla lsh, t<smsg fmfkk ;;a;ajhla kE' ta úoshg
fkdfofjks wkkqlïmSh u¾olhka nj Tmamq lr we;s ;;= ,nd §,d ;sfhkafka' ìï uÜgfï § lsisu .e,jqula yeu me;a;gu u¾Okh Èh;a lrñka wdKavqj
hgf;a h' fï ms<sn|j ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka m%foaYfha kE lsõjg ;ju mgka .;af;a kE' iudc fn§ï l%h
s d lrk njla t<smg
s kE' ta fjkqjg ck;djdoh
n,j;d jk bxÈhdj iuÕ iqjp lSlrej lghq;= lsÍug ,xldfõ
wdKavqj muKla fkdj m%Odk úmlaIh;a" nyq;r fou< mlaI;a ;=< ck;dj ke.sg, tkakg mgka .;a;g miafia tl tl úÈj,g u;=lr .ksñka ;udf.a .uk
fmkajd we;s iQodku hs' t wkqj fï lghq;a; i|yd iqÿiq rg hQ'weka'mS'fha fï u;jdo j,g bv ,efnhs lsh, hEuhs uyskoa ,d lrf.k hkafka' ta wkqj u¾Okh
f,i ,xldj ks¾foaY lf<a bxÈhdj u.ska h lSjo wi;Hla ys;kak wudrehs' ck;djg ±ka fï wd¾Ól l%uh .ek muKla lsh, ck;dj w;rg hkak wudre
fkdjkq we;' ;=< Ôj;a fjkak wudrehs lsh, f;afrkak mgka hs' fou< ck;djg kï hqoaOh yd u¾Okh
wrka' rks,a n,kafka ùÈ Woaff>daIK j,g neye, tlu foa lsh, jqk;a ms<s.kak ;;a;ajhla
,xldfõ W;=re m%foaYfha fou< ck;djg wdKavqj olajkafka ck;dj ;udf. foig .kak' ta w;ru wdKavqj ;sfhkak mq¿jka' ta;a isxy, ckhd w;r kï ta
BY%dh,h .did ;Srfha m,ia;Skqjkag olajk ie,ls,a,u h' f.khk jevms<sfj,g;a Wäka iyfhda.h fokj' úÈygu u¾Okh uq,a lr,d ys;k ;;a;ajhla
.did ;Srfha j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 360 l muK jk ìï ;Srefõ ta Wv ;ud fofokd yuqfj,d l:d ny lr, yeu kE' ta wh w;r § wksjd¾hfhka u iudc wr.,h
,laI 15 l muK m,ia;skq ck;djla Ôj;a fjhs' Tjqka miq.sh fohlau lrkafka' ið;a fm%auodi lE.eyeõjg .ek l;d lrkak fjkj' ta;a ±ka ck;d úuqla;s
ld,h mqrdu Bðma;=j fj; lmd ;snQ ìïf.j,a ud¾. u.ska
w;HdjYH øjH ,nd .;a;o 2009 isg BY%dh,fha n,mEu u; tu ;ukag;a fjku iudc wd¾Ól .ukla bÈßm;a fmruqKg;a ta úÈyg ys;kak neß ;ekl ysrfj,d
ud¾. moaO;sh ì| ±óug Bðma;=j mshjr .;af;a h' BY%dh,h lrkakg yels njla fmkak, keye' we;a;gu jf.hs ne¨jyu fmfkkafka' fmdÿfõ yeu ck
fuu N+ñfha ksIamdok lïy,a yd f.dúm,j,a j,ska 90] la tfyu fjk .ukla fmkajkak wudrehs' kj fldgilg u .e,fmk igkamdG fydhk ;ekg
muKu nq,afvdai¾ lr ±ukq ,enQ w;r" fuys ;sfnk j.d ìï ,snr,ajd§ Okm;s .uk wer fjk;a fohla f,dafl Wkakeye,d m;a fj,d lsh,hs lshkak fjkafka'
j,ska 29] la wdrlaIl wjYH;djhka i|yd hhs mjrdf.k fldfyaj;a kE' iq¿ Okm;s isyskh Wv ið;a
;sfí' fï mjrd.;a N+ñh úfoia wdfhdaclhkag úlsKSug hk f,dl=jg ueo mx;sh fjkqfjka lE .eyeõj;a ta ta wkqj iudc wr.,h ueog jefgk úÈhg
njo jd¾;d ù we;af;a h' whg fokak wd¾Ól msZ<sfj;la f.da,Sh OfkaYajr igkla f.dv kef.kakg bv ;sfhkj' ta úÈfha
l%uh ;=< b;sßfj,d kE' ckm%sh foaYmd,khg igkl § wfkla mSä;hkaf.a igka we;s fjkafka
fufia fï ck;dj wka; wirK §k Ndjhg fy,d ;sfí' iqÿiq ;guk yeu Okm;s foaYmd,lfhl=g u fï lgql fï iudc wr.,hg wkqnoaO igka yeáhg hs'
wdydr fyda T!IO mjd ke;' BY%dh,h fï m%foaYh ;=< 2008-09
§ udi .Kkla .; jQ wdl%uKhla fufyhjkq ,enQ w;r bka i;Hhg uqyK q fokakg isÿfjkj' tal ;ud ið;ag;a ksoyi m%cd;ka;%jdoh jqk;a fï wr.,hg u
1600 la m,ia;Skqjka urKhg m;a úh' bka 300 la orejka h' jqfka' ta .ek m%Yakh wdjyu Tyqg jqfka fl,skau iïnkaO lrkak fjkj' fï úÈhg ;;a;ajhka
fï fufyhqï j,§ urKhg m;a jQfha BY%dfh,ajreka 08 fofkla rks,ag hg;a fjkak' ilia fjkj kï ck;djd§ ck n,hla fjk u
muKs' wdl%uKfhka úkdY jq ;u f.a fodr idod .ekSug ke.sákak yelshdjla kE' fudlo@ foaYSh Okm;s
Tjqkag wjia:djla ke;' Tjqkag wdydr yd T!IO f.k wd keõ wfkla w;g ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg lrkak úldYkhlg wo bvla ke;s ksid' we;a;gu
j,g miq.shod BY%dh,h myr ÿkafkah' ;=¾lsfhka ,enqKq fï mq¿jka fohla ;sfhkj o@ Tjqkag jug yeß, jev Okm;s iudch tjeks foaYSh Okm;s ke.sàulg
øjH j,g ndOd lrk ,§' lrk ck;dj w;rg tkakg kï mrK b;sydihg bv b;=re lr, kE' ta ksid ck;djd§ ,snr,a
uq¿uKska u úreoaO fjkak ´kE' Tjqka wo;a Okm;s ke.sàula we;s fjkak bvla kE' ke;akï
fuys § ,xldfõ fou< ckhdf.a brKu h<s u;la lsÍug bvla lshkafka fï rg ;%ia;jdofhka fírd.kak mru ta bv b;du wvqhs' merKs ck;djd§ igka mdG
fkd.ksuq' th fuhg;a jvd oreKq nj wms lõre;a oksuq'
jev fldgi lf<a ;uka nj hs' n,a,d kdjkak ;=<ska t<shg wdmq uyskao wo bkafka fld;ko
ck;d u¾Okh i|yd l=i,dk ,;a ia:djr md,khla iys; f.kshkj jf.a uyskaoj cd;sl igkg weof.k ls h , ldg;a fmfkkj' ck;djd§ WKq i q u
rgla ^ta i|yd rfÜ m%Odk úmlaIfha o iydh ,nk md,khla& .shd¨' fï wkqj fou< igk wêrdcHjdohla yeáhg wefrkak fjk lsisu ck;djd§ jevla lsÍug
f,i ,xldj ;u uqrfmd,la lr .ekSu i|yd f.da,Sh n,j;=kaf.a y÷kajk uq.aO kHdfhka Tjqka leä, keye' fï fï uyskao Ñka;khg bv keye'
we;s iQodku miq.sh od kej; ,xldjg meñK .sh tlai;a hqoaOh ;=<ska isxy, cd;sl rdcHh Yla;su;a lr,
cd;Skaf.a ksfhdað; kS,a nQkafka f.a iy weußldkq ksfhdað; Okm;shkag u¾Okhg bv yo, ÿkak nj Tjqka fï w¿;a mßirh ±ka Okjdoh blaujd hk
frdnÜ íf,ala f.a ueosy;a ùu u.ska o fmkakqï lrhs' jgyf.k kE' th fï jf.a iq¿ Okm;s mlaIhlg úi÷ula b,a,d isákj' ì| jefgk Okm;s fldgia
jgyd .kak wudre fohla' fï wkqj Tjqkag iudc ler,sldÍ jev ms<sfj,lg tl;= fjkak mq¿jka'
nqkafka lshd isáfha nEka lS uQka f.a lñgqfõ mrud¾:h ,xldj m%cd;ka;%jd§ .uklg we;=<a fjkak wudrehs' ta úÈhg ne¿fjd;a Okm;shka ck;djd§ka ùu
.ek ;uka ;=< we;s hym;a yeÕSu f,djg fmkakqï lsÍu neúka
thg iyfhda.h fok f,ih' íf,ala ,xldj id¾:l f,i wfkla w;g ±ka fckr,a f*dkafiald yokafka fjkqjg jfï igkalrejka fjkak bv ;sfnk
;%ia;jdohg uqyqK fok rgla f,i j¾Kkd lf<a mlsia;dkfha ;uka fjku olaIsKdxYsl .ukla hkak' Tyq njhs fmfkkafka'
l%shdldÍ;ajh .ek ;o m%ydrhla t,a, lrk w;rjdrfha h' ys;kj we;s rks,af.a jev fldgig ;uka jvd
 4 wf.dai;
a = 2010

v.S - ms,f
a ,a - iïnkaOka yjqf,a
brKu
fo u< ck;djf.a m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fidhd ne,S u g Wkka ÿ jla
fidhkakkg v.a,ia foajdkkao úiska olajk nj yÕjñka f.k hk
le|jk ,o fou< mCI ixioh È.ska fm% d a v dj flfrys fudjq k a
È.g /iajqjo th l:d idmamqjla njg
muKla m;a ù we;s nj fmfka' fou< ;jÿrg;a úYajdih ;nd we;s
cd;sl ixOdkh yefrkakg isjdÔ,sx.ïf.a nj Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu ;yjqre
fou< cd;sl úuql;
a s ixOdkfha isg W;=re lrhs.
kefÕkysr uy weu;s isjfkai;=frhs
pkaøldka;kaf.a à'tï'ù' mCIh olajd isÿ l< hqo wmrdOhka ms<ns |j
fï ixiohg we;=<a ù isà' f,dal n,j;=ka u.ska n,mEï
is ÿ ls Í u ;j;a ms ß ilf.a
fï ixioh fï jkúg cQks 24 wdrïNl woyi ù ;sfí'
/iaùfï isg cQ,s 28 fjksod olajd wjia:d
y;rla muK /iaù ;sfí' fou< cd;sl
ixOdkh úúO fya;= bÈßm;a lrñka ;j;a msßilf.a u;h jkaafka
ixiohg tl;=ùu u.yßñka isà' fï fï tl;= ù isák fou< mCI
ks i du ixiofha ixúOdk kjfha u tl;=j ;j;a Yla;su;a lsÍu
m%OdkSkfa .a w;aikska ks, ,smh
s la o fïjk yd ta u.s k a fyda fou<
úg fou< cd;s l ixOdkfha kdhl ck;djf.a wr.,hg kj
iïnkaOka fj; fhduq lrkakg mshjr udj;la újr lr.ekS u g
f.k we;' wdkka o ix.Í" v.a , ia mshjr .; hq;= njh'
foajdkkao" isjfkai;=frhs pkaøldka;ka"
pkaøyika fp,ajkdh.ï moaukdN yd fudk tl;=jla yeÿj;a fou<
isjdð o we;=MZj kdhlhka kjfofkl=
cd;sl mCI ish,a, l,amkd
fuu ,smshg w;aika ;nd we;

tl me;a;lska fou< mCIj, tluq;=j m%uL

q n,.;= rgj,a uyskoa wdKavj q m%Yka lrkafka o fou< cd;sl úuql; a s wr.,fha
fyd| ldrKhla fjkjd jf.au fou< fï lsisu lreKlg wju jYfhka fyda lrñka lghq;= mrdch ms < s n |j fkdj,
tfrys jkakg uyskao wdKavqfõ leìkÜ lrk njh. uyskoa
ck;dj m%uqLj fï kdhlhka m;a ù
weu;sjrfhla jq v.a,ia foajdkkaogj;a wdKa v q j g iydh O¾uisß ,xldfma,s uyskao wdKavqj isÿ l<
isák wirKNdjfha m%ldYkhla o fõ' W;=re kef.kysr úkdYh,
tfia fyd| ldrKhla jkakg yelshdj yels h djla ke;' fou< ixOdOdkh fokafka Ökh
Tyqf.a Wmldrh ,nd
,efnkafka wo ojfia fou< ck;djf.a bxÈhdjg je| jefgñka isà m%uqL wdishd;sl n,j;=ka lshdh.
.ksñka wju iykhla fyda ,nd.ekSu
CIKsl m%Yk
a j,g úi÷ï jf.au foaYmd,k
úi÷ula fjkq f jka o tlu woyilg fï ;;a;ajh ;=< fou< vhiafmdardj wefußlka rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=j yd ms<sn|j nj fmfka. fou< mCI ish,a,
tkakg tu tl;=jg yelshdj ,efnkafka y;r wf;a fn§ we;' fou< vhiafmdardfõ fifkaÜ iNdj Y%S ,xldfõ hqoOa fha wjidk tlu fõÈldjlg le|jd .ekS f ï
kï muKs' nyq;rhla ;ju;a is;kafka wfußldj Nd.fha isÿjQjd hehs lshk isÿùï ms<n s |j W;aidyh ±lsh yelafla tu w¾:fhkah.

fuh uyskao wdKavqfõ m%n, ~~1952 wjqreoafoa y;r fofkla bkak mjq,lg udfilg lkak
fldgialdrfhl= jk v.a,ia foajdkkao ~~fudlo nx WU msgqmiaig fj,d yex.s,d jf. bkafka~~ fndkak .sfha remsh,a 202$} hs lsh, .Kka n,, ;snK q ' tod Ôjk
fukau W;=f¾ uy weu;s ms,af,hdkag o ~~kE'''nx''' ndyq;a weú,a,dfk mslÜ tlg''' wka;sug wms ta f.dvg wxl tallhl ñ, yeÿfõ ta re' 202$}" Ôjk úhou 100 hs lsh,
fou< ck;dj fjkqfjka l<yels fohla jefghs o okafk keye fïjg weú,a,' talhs ux fï l,amkd mokï lrf.k' t;fldg Ôjk úhou mokï tallh jk 100 ka
fkdue;s nj fyd¢ka ;yjq r e jk lf<a'''~~ fnÿjyu tallhla
~~msiaiqo nx' wms thdf. rems h ,a 2 la f,i
wjia:djla o fõ' mla f I fkfjhs f ka ' wms
mä wr.,fha fjä kQ,g
.Kkh l<d' ta wkqj
fldá;a fkfuhsfka' wo thd tod jeäjk iEu Ôjk
fou< cd;sl ixOdkfha wfmaCIdj jkafka weú,a, bkafka wfma jefâg wxlhlgu remsh,a folla
fï tl;=fjka neyerj bxÈhdfõ yhsh fka''''~~ f.jk njg rch
wrf.k uyskao wdKavqjg n,mEï fldg ~~tal kï we;a; ;uhs''''~~ m% ; s m ;a ; s u h ;S k a ÿ jla
fou< ck;djf.a foaYmd,k wruqKq
flfia fj;;a Tjqkaf.a wdikak .egMZ
fjkqfjkaj;a úi÷ula fiùu fõ' fï
ta miq.sh cQ,s 15 jeksod
fnf,lalfâ yxÈfha
r;au,dfka fnf,lalf⧠.;a;d' kuq;a tajd yßhg
flrefKa kE' ta moku
u; .Kka ne¨jyu wo

.sks wjq,hs
ks i du ls i s ú fgl fudk wdldrhg meje;ajqkq mslÜ Ôjk wxl tallhl ñ,
Woa f >da I Khlg iyNd.S rems h ,a 180$} f,ig
wrdOkd l<;a iïnkaoka,d fï f.dvke.S ùug meñK isá lïlrejka .Kka n,, ;sfhkjd" wms
we;s ixiohg tl;=jkakg bvla ke;' fofofkla w;r we;s jqkq fkdfõ wdKa v q f õ u
l;d nyls' tlai;a lïlre wdh;k úiska' ta
fou< ck;djf.a wr,.hg foaYmd,k iïfï,kh" wdKavqfõ lshkafka 2002 wjqreoafoa
úi÷ula ;nd hqo wkd:hka ;ukaf.a tl;ai;a lïlre lrmq .Kka ne,Sï Wv
.ïìïj, keje; mÈxÑ lsÍu" foaYmd,k iïfï,kh" ta l dnoa O j wr mkia fofla wjqreoafoa
isrlrejka ksoyia lr.ekSu" w;=reoyka meje;ajQ fuu mslÜ .;a; ta nvq u,a,u .kak
jQjka fjkqfjka Tjqkfa .a mjq,j
a ,g lsih
s ï Woaf>daIKfha uQ,sl úhoï lrka k hkj
f;audmdGh ù ;snfq Ka ~~Ôjk remsh,a 17"996$} la' b;sx
iykhla ,nd§u" wê wdrCIl l,dm wxl tallhl ñ, jQ re'180$}
bj;a lrjd .ekSu wdÈh fjkqfjka wju 17"996 iSfhka fnÿjyu
jyd .eiÜ lrkq~~" re'2500$} remsh,a tlish ye;a;E
fohla lrkag fï mCIj,g yelshdjla jegqma jeäùu ish¨ kuhhs oYu 06 hs' lsÜgqu
fkdue;s nj fï jkúg ;yjqre ù ;sfí' fiajlhkag jyd ,nd fokq" oYu wxlh ne,Sfï
fudjqkag fou< ksc ìfï b;sßj ;sfnk hkakhs' ndgd" ABM" hqks .Ks;uh l%uh wkqj
iïm;a álj;a wdrCId lr .ekSug ,Sj¾" welaó we¨ñkshï yd rems h ,a 180$} tkjd'
Yla;su;a jevms<sfj,la we;af;a ke;' ;j;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfha talhs wms lshkafka Ôjk
wdh;khkays lïlrejka o" wxl tallhl ñ, jQ
wdKavqj W;=r isxy,SlrKh lrkakg ÿïßh lïlrejka o fï rems h ,a 180$} jydu
.;yels ish¨Zu l%shdud¾.hka .ksñka Woaf>daIKhg jeä jYfhka tl;= fj,d' .eiÜ lrkak lsh,'''~~ ndgd irfKa kñka m%lg tlai;a lïlre
isà' mj;sk wêwdrCIl l<dm bj;a iïfï,kfha m%Odk f,alï irKmd, o is,ajd Ôjk wxl §ukdfõ
Èhõ Èhõ - wmg Èhõ l;dj udOHj,g myo, ÿkafka ta wldrhg h' ~~ fï .Kka ñkqï
lsÍu flfia fj;;a uq,;sõ m%foaYfha ;j;a fooyia mka - iSh Èhõ ksjerÈ lsh, ck yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=j;a ms<swrka
wlalr 4000 la muK jydu wê wdrCIs; Èhõ Èhõ - wou Èhõ ;sfhkj' ta;a wdKavqj ydïmq;=ka tlal iïuq;shla .yf.k fïl
l<dmhla f,i kï lsÍug wdKavqj jeä mähla - wmg Èhõ .eiÜ lrkafka keye' ta
lghq;= lr we;' ixj¾Okh fldg j.d
l< yels bvï wlalr 40"000 la muK ~~wfma orejka g fok lsß fõ,a .Kk wms wvq lr, ;sfhkafka fla'Ô' lxldkïf.a fjkq jg remsh,a 67 .dfk
mrK tlla f.jkak
nyq cd;sl fldïmeKsj,g mjrd §ug lsßmsá ñ, by< hdu ksid' udihlg ojihs folhs uia álla" hkj¨' wms wykafka Ôjk
wdKavqj lghq;= lrñka isà' fïjdfha ud¨ álla tlal n;a fõ,la fokafka' hqoafo ksid wms bji wxl §ukdj wo ojig kshñ; mßÈ f.jkak wdKavqj iQodkï
we;a ; ys ñ lrejka ;uka f .a u ìfï ordf.k ysáh' ta;a ±ka hqoaOh bjr fj,d wjqreoaola' ta f.d,af,d ke;akï Ôjk wxl §ukdj lshk tl wyj,a tlla lrkak o@''''~~
whs*d odf.k nd,a kgkj' ue;s weu;Skaf.a f,dl= f,dlalkaf.a irfKa f.a yfå we;af;a ±ä njls' ál fudfyd;lska mslÜ jeg
l=,Slrejka njg m;a fjkjd yefrkakg mä jeä lr .;a;d' myiqlï yod .;a;d' wmsg ;uhs fudl=;a fm<md,shla njg m;a úh' fld<U foig Èfjk ud¾. ;Srefõ
úl,amhla fou< ck;djg wo b;sÍ ù ke;af;a'''~~ mslÜ jefÜ ysáh tla ldka;djla wm weiQ mekhg wvla ish wKilg hg;a lr.;a lïlrejka igka mdG lshñka"
ke;' lshdf.k lshdf.k .sfha jlalv levqj jf.a' mslÜ tfla iuiuj igka mdG mqjre Tijd .ksñka r;au,dk ue,snka yxÈh foig
ysáfha ldka;djka h' wefooa§ fmd,Sish jdyk yiqrejñka thg bvlv ie,eiaiqfõ yria
hqoO
a fha § isÿjq nrm;, iïm;a úkdYhg;a lmkakg bÈßm;a ùug yelshdjla ke;s ksid nj fmkqks'
jvd úkdYhla wo fou< ck;djg mecfrd fnkaia - my< .shd
w;aú¢kag isÿ ù ;sîu fÄojdplhls' lk fndk foa - by< .shd lrõ lrõ - .eiÜ lrõ
uys k a o wdKa v q f õ f.da , S h wd¾Ól wfma nvg - fl<, .shd Ôjk wxfl - .eiÜ lrõ
m%;sm;a;s" hqoaOfha§ isÿ l< udkj ysñlï Ñka;kfhka - fl<, .shd - Tjqkaf.a úfrdaOfha yË fldïmeKshg - hg;a fkdjõ
jdyk ysrùfuka kef.k k<d yË hgm;a lrf.k fnf,lalfâ lïlrejf. - whs;sh Èhõ
ì| ±óg;a jvd tyd hñka W;= f ¾ yxÈh foorjñka wyial=i wrd kef.hs'
ck;djf.a udkj ysñlï Wÿrd .ksñka
isà' mia jk msgqjg'''''''''''
wf.dai;
a = 2010 5

fidndoyu"
we ;a ; jYfhka u la I q ø Ôùka "
jDlaI,;d" yd i;=ka iajdNdúl mßirh
fjkia lrkq ,nkafka tfia lsÍug woyia
lrk ksid fkdfõ' kuq;a ñksid úiska
;uka mQ¾j fldg kS¾Kh lrkq ,nk

ukqIH;ajh yd
wjYH;djka ;Dma;su;a lr .kq i|yd
;u Y%uh fhdojd ±kqj;aju fidnd oyu
fjkia lrkq ,nhs ' ;u ~~c¾udkq
o¾Ykjdoh~~ lD;sfha udlaia fufia ,shhs'
~~'''''Tjqka ;ukaf.a hemSï udjf;a ^Means
of subsistence& ksIamdokh wrUkjd;a

Y%uh
iu.u Tjqkaj i;=kaf.ka fjkafldg
ie,lSu werfUhs'''''~~

Y%uh úiska udkjhd wfÉ;ksl

^ Unconscious& iajdNdj oyfï
f,dalfhka fjka lrk ,o fudfydf;au" whqßka fkdie,lsh hq;=h'
WmlrK yd n,Yla;s m%Njhka fidhd
th ta iu.Z tal;ajh o we;s lr .ekSu;a thg jeä fõ.hlska th
.ekSu u.ska fidndoyu iuÕ b;d lsÜgq
isÿ úh' ukao h;a Y%uh jkdyS" ~~'''ñksid fï mqoa.,hskaf.a
tal;ajhla lrd t<eöfuks'
;ukaf.au l%shdjka" ueoy;aùï" l%uj;a l% s h dldß;a j fha ks Y a Ñ ;
yeisrùï yd ;ukaf.a yd fidndoyu iajrEmhls" Tjqkfa .a Ôú;h
ukao h;a fï fidndoyu mßj¾;kh
w;r fjkia ùï" îcuh mßjD;a;h S fjkia ms<n s | ksYÑ
a ; m%ldYKhls'
lsÍfï l%shdoduh ;=<§ udkj meje;au
ùu ^Metabolism& md,kh lrkq ,nk fï mqoa.,hska ;u Ôú;h
yd udkj l%shdldÍ;ajh w;f¾ iyfhda.h
l%shdoduhla'''''~~ jk ksid;a fukau yd ta m% l dYhg m;a flfrk
f.dvke.Su i|yd;a" fidndoyu
ksidu ~~......ñksid yd fidndoyu w;r wdldrh Tjqkaf.a meje;au
mßj¾;kh ieuúgu iudÔh l%shdoduhla
is ÿ jk wfkHda k H îcuh mßjD;a ; s h u; r|d mj;S' Tjqkaf.a
lsÍu i|yd;a Y%uh ueÈy;ajk fyhsks'
l%shdodufha úYaj fldkafoaish jkafka" meje;au Tjqka l=ula
ñks i a meje;a u ks ¾ Kh lrka k djQ m%fhdackhg f.k
~~ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ñksiqka ksYaÑ;
fidndoyfuka mekfjk iod;ks l ksmokjkjd o" ke;skï
iïnkaO;djhkag yd ne£ï j,g
fldkafoaish hs.” ( Karl Marx - Capital l=uk whqßka ksIamdokh
t<efUñka fidndoyu u; Tjq k a f .a
Vol 1 - Penguin Books - 283-290) lrkjdo o hk folg
l% s h dldÍ;a j h wdrïN lrhs ' túg
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh werfò....” Karl Marx iudkqmd;sl fõ ” (Karl Marx wo wfma mD:súh b;du uQ,sl jQ
udkj j¾.hd yd fidndoyu w;r and Freddrick Engels - The
- Wage Labour and Capital
m%;súfrdaOh Y%u l%shdj,sh ;=<§" tu German Ideology - 31) oaú;aj w¾nQohl ysr ù isà' tkï
l%shdj,sh iuÕ j¾Okh fjñka"
ksrka;rj ÿria;r fjñka yd ksrka;rju
tfia Y%uh jkdyS fidndoyu wLKavj m<uq j " iudÔh jYfhka nyq c k
mßj¾;kh lsÍfï úê u.ska iudc Ôú;h iudch j¾Okh ùu ;=<§
w¨;a fjñka mek k.s k a k ls ' tla
o fkdkej;S m%;sksIamdokh lrkakd jQ yd fidndoyu iu.Z tys ¥.SNdjh" Austerity"" ñ,sgßlrKh
me;a;lska fï m%;súfrdaOh m%d:ñl f,i
m%ldYhg m;a flrefKa Y%u l%shdoduh
m% j dyhls ' ta yd iu.u th iudc mj;sk wka;¾ l%shdjka iuÕ wdÈhhs" fojkqj" mdßißl úkdYh
úldYkfha fukau mqo.a ,hka thg wuqKkq iudcfha ; a fidndoyfï;a
u.s k a ñks i a iudch fidndoyfï
,eîfï wdldrhkq;a ;Skaÿ lrkakla o fjkia l ï is ÿ ùfï § ;a " u.ska Ôjh mDÓúfhka w;=reoyka
m%lD;shg wh;a fN!;sl n,fõ.hka f.a
md,kfhka ksoyia lr .ekSug l%shd
fjhs' udlaia yd tx.,aia ksÍlaIKh l< ;S r Kd;a ul idOlh jQ f ha ù hEfï ;¾ckhhs' fu;eka isg
mßÈ" ks I a m dok úêfha øjHuh
lsÍu u.sks' tfiau wfkla me;af;ka fï
~~fuu ksIamdok udÈ,sh yqÿ mqoa.,hkaf.a iajdNdjfha we;s jQ fjkia lï werfUk ,s m s ls y s m hla u.s k a
Y%u l%shdoduh" Ôjk mej;=ï yd Y%u
Yla ; s h j¾Okh flfrk kj wú-
fN!;sl meje;au ìyslsÍu f,i ir, h' tkï ksIm a dokfha § fhdod ~~yrh~~ fmkajd §ug jEhï lrkafka
.eKqkq wdhqO yd ;dlaIKfha
mäh ;ju jeä fj,d keye' ta ksid wms j¾Okhka h' uq,a m%d:ñl fï ish¨u ;;a;ajhka mek ke.Sfï
'''''''''''''y;r jk msgqfjka
bÈßm;a lrmq jegqma jeäùu w;HdjYHhs' wúhla jQ ;shqKq lsÍfuka uQ , h tlla u njhs ' ta l= u la o
mä wr.,fha '''''''' ta l fke,enq f kd;a ' ''~~ ;uka .ekS u g hula lemSfï" isÿre lsÍfï
h;a" ukqIH;ajfha w;s úYd,
r;au,dk uyck nexl= YdLdj bÈßmsg n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bÈß l%shdud¾. .eko fyda yEÍfï yelshdj we;s
Woaf>daIlhkaf.ka jeiS .sfhah' tls hlv fya úia;r lf<ah' iuia: úYaj úoHd, .,a wúfha is g j¾;udk nyq;rhl wjYH;djka g
lKqjla u;g ke..;a ndyq" ~~wo fï wdKavj q moaO;sh .;a l, 4000 l wdpd¾h uKav,hla hq.fha ixlS¾K
uq¿uKskau ydïmq;=ka k,jk wdKavqjla W.eka ù fï lghq ; = j, fhfo;s ' fï hkaf;%damlrK olajd tajdfha
m%uqL;ajhla fkd§" wkqlïmd
njg m;a fj,d' ydïmq;=ka kj iduqysl idlÉPdjg tla jqK fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha we;s jQ j¾Okh w;s uy;a úrys;j iq¨ msßilf.a ,dNh yUd
.súiqï w;aika lrkafka keye' jevm, fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wdpd¾h ks¾ud,a rxð;a f,i fidndoyu u; mdkakd
we;=f<a ;sfnk ksIamdok fldgia lv, foajisß ;ukaf.a ;¾lh fufyu bÈßm;a jQ ukqIH n,h úia;S¾K úh'
hk Okm;s l%uhhs' ;j;a jpk
msgia;r fldka;d% ;alrejkag fokjd' ueIska l<d' ~~''''''wdKa v q j ls h kjd kï mä tx.,aia ~~fidndoyfï j,ska lshkjd kï w;sßla;
mjd fokjd' lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j jeälrkak i,a,s keye lsh," wms iQodkï ohf,la;slh~~ ;=< § fufia
ydïmq;k= fa .a fomd¾;fïka;j = la fj,d' kS;hs tal ms<s.kak' yenehs tfykï ckdêm;sf. ,Sfõh'
jákdlï ovhfï fhfok frdfnda
n,a , g .s y s , a , d' hq o a f oka mia f ia mä b|, yeu ue;s weu;s flfklau mß;Hd. hka;%h jk m%d.aOkh hs'
jeälrkj lsõj' uy tjqkfa .a jeälr.;a;d' lrkak ´k' yefudaf.u jegqma ;, hï
ms<sfj,la wkqj yev.iaijkak ´k'''''~~ ~~'''''fidnd oyu wNsnjd ñksid
lïlrejdf.a mähg nÿ .y, tl me;a;lska
fmdlÜ .yoaÈ" wfkla me;af;ka nvqj, ñ,
,nd we;s ch.%yk .ek wms
t;rï uq<djg m;a fkdfjuq'
lvqmq,a
by< ou, ydu;g m;a lr,' i; mylska fï w;r kef.kysr ish bvï j,ska m<jd
jegqma jeä lf<a keye' wms fï igk wo yeßh njg kef.k úYd, Woaf>daIKhls' ta tla tla ch.%yk i|yd fidndoyu we;a; jYfhkau f.ù hk iEu ojila
wdrïN lf<a lïlrejkaf.a mäh Èkd.kak' ikakoaOj meñKs isxy, l;d lrk msßila wfmka m<s.kS' ta tla tla ch.%yKh mdidu wm fuu kshuhka .ek jvd
fï igk wms kj;a;kafka ta ish¨ foh tys isá isxy,hka iy mkaif,a m%:u fldgu" wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fyd| jegySula ,nd .kakd w;r" iajdNdj
ch.%ykh lrf.k lshk tl wms wdKavj q g yduqÿrejrekao t<jd oud we;' yduqorejkag m%;sM, f.k ths' tfy;a fojkqj yd O¾ufha iïm%odhsl .uka u.g wfma
lshkjd'~~ w;afmd,ika yË ueo úl%undyqf.a jia jeiSugo ;ekla ke;' mq;;
a ,fï l,amá
s fha weÕs,s .eiSfuka we;sjk jvd;a laIKsl
¥m;a oy;=kl ëjr ck;dj m,jd yer f;jkqj l,ska kqÿgqjd jQ yd;amiskau
yË B;, fuka foijka midre lrf.k iy jvd;a ÿria : m% ; s ú mdl .ek
hhs' úl%undyq lreKdr;ak tlai;a lïlre we;' wdre.ïfí mka i ,la uy oj,a fjkia m%;súmdl ,nd fok w;r" tajd
fmdf<djg iu;,d lr,dh' ks;ru mdfya uq,a ch.%yKh wfydais ixcdkkh ls Í fuka bf.k .ks u q '
iïfï,kfha fukau wdKavqfõ tlai;a
lïlre iïfï,kfha o wkqYdil jrhd h' lrhs' fuifmdf;añhdfõ" .%Sisfha yd iq¿ úfYaIfhkau" j;auka ishjfia iajNdj
jkaksfha iy kef.kysr fou< - uqia,sï hqo wdishdfõ j.djka i|yd ìï ,nd .ekSug úoHdj úiska w;am;a lr .kakd ,o
~~''''';uqkakdkafia,dg ud¿ lE,a, f,dl=jg wkd:hka ;ju isákafka wkd: l|jqre le,E úkdY lr ±uQ ñksiaiq" le<E iuÕ ±jeka; ch.%yKhka f.ka miqj fjk
´ko@ ke;akï rfÜ lE,a, ´ko@ ud¿ j,h' Tjqkaf.a bvï fylafghd¾ oyia u f;;ukh tlaldiq jk uOHia:dk ljrodlg;a jvd wms" tÈfkod ksIamdok
lE,a, f,dl=jg ´k kï rfÜ lE,a, ke;s .Kks k a fldïmeKs l rejka g yd yuq o d iy c,dY o úkdY lr ouñka ;uka lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug;a" tfiau
fõú' rfÜ lE,a, ´k kï ud¿ lE,a, mqxÑ lEïmaj,g hehs lshd lïì .id fldgq tu rgj, j;auka uqvqìï we;s lsÍug tkhska wvq .Kfka tajdfha jvd;a ÿria:
fõú'''''~~ fï hqoaOh hk jljdkqfõ má ;o lr.fkh' úúO wxYhkaf.ka flfrk ia;%s moku ±uQ nj fkdo;ay' b;d,s cd;slfhda m%;súmdl mjd md,kh lsÍug;a yels
lr.kak lsh, Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha ¥IKhkag tfrysj fï wkd:hkao úfrdaO;d we,a m a i a l÷j, W;= r e nEjq f ï *hs k a ;;ajhl isáuq'''''~~ Freddrick Engels- The
uy f,alï ffu;%m S d, isßfiak foaYdkqrd.h Woaf>daIK wrUd we;' reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha jkdka;r lmd ±uQ úg" tfia lsÍfï § Dialectics of Nature - 274-275
wjqii a d ñksik
q a f.dkdg weka¥ yeáh' kuq;a isiqfjla urd ouQ njg fpdaokd lrñka Tjqka ;u m%foaYfha lsßmÜá md,kh
±ka n,k fldg rfÜ lE,a,;a ke;' ud¿ isiqyq igka uÕg wj;S¾Kj we;' iuQ, >d;kh lrñka isáfhda hhs Tjqka ld¾ólrKh legq j fmr .uka .s h
lE,a,;a ke;' ta uÈjg wefÕa lE,s;a ySka ;=< lsisÿ yeÕSula fkdù h' tfia lsÍfï úoHdfõ yd ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh
fj,dh' flfia fj;;a ydïmq;=kag iyk i,id §
jevlrk ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï lmd § wjqreoafoa jeä ld,hlau" l÷lr W,am;a fidndoyu mßj¾;kh lsÍfï udkjhdf.a
±uqfõ" mä jeä fkdlf<a ~~foaYfm%aó~~ fuda,aÜ c,h ;ukg wysñ lr .kakd nj o" fï Yla;Ska by< ±uqjd muKla fkdfõ' fï
fï werUQ jegqma Woaf>daIKh fjk;a jD;a;h S tl ;ejrE fgdms .s,,a ùfuks' tfia .s,,
a jñka ksid jeis ld,j,§ w;s úYd, c, l|la mQ¾j-ld¾ñl iudchka ;=<§ ukqIHhd
wxYhka lrd me;sr hkq olakg ,enqfkah' hqoaOh Èkqfõ jevlrk ck;dj kue;s hld ;eks;,d N+ñhg weo jeàu ms<n s |j Tjqkg a yd fidndoyfï mj;s k wfkHda k H
cQ,s 27 jeksod úYaj úoHd,hSh wdpd¾h wdKavjq g ;=re¿ lrf.kh' oeka W;=f¾ hqoOa h t;rïj;a ±kSula fkd;sìKs'''' fï wkqj n,mEfï;a " th l% u j;a j yeis r ùu
jD;a;Sh iïfï,kh tla Èk ixfla; bjrh' ta i|yd ta fjkqfjka ,nd.;a fiajh wm lsisfia;a" È.aúch l< ;eke;af;la iïnka O fhkq ; a " fï fomd¾Yjfha u
j¾ckhla Èh;a lf<ah' ta uyskao rdcmlaI fjkqfjka o hldg f.úh hq;=h' ne|.;a úfoaYSh ck;djla md,kh lrk iqnisoaêh i|yd tajd w;r iu;=,s;djh
ckdêm;s 2008 § ,sÅ;j fmdfrdkaÿ ù we;s hldf.a fldgi ±ka b;sx Èh hq;=h' ta mj;a j d .ekS f ï m% d Kh yd iudk
mä jeäùu ,nd fkd§ug úfrdaOh m, wdldrfhka ia j dNdj O¾uh md,kh
hldf.a yeáh' wdKavqfõ Bkshd foaYfm%aó fkdlrk nj;a " ia j dNdj O¾ufhka wjYH;djh;a fuka u" tfia ls Í fï
lrñks' ta fjkqfjka meje;ajQ udOH yuqjl§ uka;rfhka yd úfoaY n,fõ. l=uka;%K
fulS wdpd¾h iïfï,kfha iNdm;s uydpd¾h mßndysrj isákakd jQ ;eke;af;l= f,i yelshdj;a m<uq j;djg úoHd;aulj
uka;rfhka hld ±ka kï fu,a, jk mdgla fkdisák nj;a" wmo uia-f,a iy fud<h y÷kd .kq ,eìKs' kuq;a ffcjf.da,h
iïm;a wur;=x. lshd isáfha ~~'''''fï wdKavj q ke;' ukao .=rd,df.a Bkshd foaYfm%aufha
n,hg m;a lrkak fjfyi uykais jqk ;ru ±ka ±ka hldg jegfykakg mgka iys;j iajNdjO¾uhg wh;aj we;s w;r" ^Biosphere& ms<sn|j yd ta u; isÿ
úYd, msßila fïfl bkafk' hqoafo ÿl wrf.k we;s ksidh' 53 y¾;d,h wdfõ th ;=<u Ôj;a jk nj;a" iajNdj O¾uh flfrk wmf.a l%shdldÍ;ajfha
fõokdj wms;a úo ord.;a;' ckdêm;s;=ud yd,a ñ< jeä lsÍfukah' 80 uyd jevj¾ckh flfrys wfma wdêm;Hh me;srùu ixhqla; m%;súmdlhka ms<sn|j;a" fï úoHd;aul
lsõj hqoafoka miafi jika;h Wodfjkj jeä jegqma b,a,sï u; msmsrefkah' wo fï jkq f ha " ia j Ndj O¾ufha ks h uhka {dKh udkjhd úiska ,nd .;af;a ù
lsh,' t;a úYajúoHd,j,g jika;h wdfõ folu tl;= j igk werö we;' ~80 y÷kdf.k tajd ksjerÈ f,i wod, lr uq;a tmuKla mdßißl úmßKdufhka
keye' t;=ud wdrdOkd l<;a úfoaY.; jevj¾ckhg uq, msrefõ r;au,dk ÿïßh .ekSug iu;a ùfuka wmg wfkla ish¨u we;sjk úm;a;Ska f.ka wmj wdrlaId
tlu wdpd¾h" uydpd¾hjrfhla úYajúoHd, jevmf,ah' fujro jegqma wr.,fha fiajd i;=kag jvd jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla ;sfíh lsÍug iEyqfka ke;' tx.,aiag kej;
;=<g wdmiq wdfõ kE' wehs@ fï mäfhka kQ,g .sks ;enqfõ r;au,dk fnf,lalfâ hk lreKska nj;a wmg iEu mshjrl § weyqïlka fouq'
Ôj;afjkak neß ksid' 1984 ka miafia wfma yxÈfha §h' u u;la lrkq ,nkafkah' yh jk msgqjg'''''''''''
 6 wf.dai;
a = 2010
''''''''''''m<uq jk msgqfjka j¾Okh jk igk iuÕ tlaj
fkdyels njgo idudðlhkaf.a
uy igkla ' '''''' w;afmd,ika ueo Tyq mjid we;' iuia: fm<.efiñka jvd ksjerÈ jegqma b,a,u
ieliSug;a" ta b,a,u
S la
S igka lrk jD;a;h s wkd: l< mq;=fka''''''
úYaj úµd, moaO;sh ksfhdackh lrñka
bgq lrkak' iduQysl .súiqï w;aika tys wdpd¾h uydpd¾hjre 4000 lg jeä ixúOdk j, fmdÿ b,a,u S la f,i bÈßm;a
lrkak' ±ka kï wmg ;j;a bjikak m%udKhla isák njo fyf;u wjOdrKh lsÍu hq.fha wjYH;djh fjkqfjka ueÈy;a .srhg wiq jQ - mqjlla n÷ ù
neye''''~~ hkqfjka lreKq meyeÈ,s lrk lr we;' ùu;a jegq m a wr.,fha ienE f,i
,Skia ch;s,l mjikafka wf.daia;= ui fhfokakkaf.a ne?reï j.lSula jk nj;a mfilska ysr ù - mfilska ,sheù
ueo jk úg r;au,dfkka wrUk jegqma tfy;a fufia i;r È.ska ke. tk lïlre Tjqyq wjOdrKh lr;s' tfia ke;skï wkd: l|jqr
Woaf>daIKh wk;=rej lïlre igka /,a, iu. fm< .eiSu u. yßñka úúO b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lsÍu u.ska Èh;a ù bmeÿKq mq; kqU
fomd¾;fïka;=j bÈßmsgg;a" fld<Ug;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK remsh,a 8000$} we;s jegqma wr.,h fn§u" wdKavj
q g iyk ~~oE ys;ldó~~ ok jeoaokaf.a
f.k tk njhs' ~~''''wms fïflÈ wfkla b,a,Sula bÈßm;a lrkq ,eîu foaYmdk i,id ;ukaf.a iSñ; foaYmd,k Wjukd
jD;a;sh iñ;s iïfï,k tlal taldnoaOj úpdrlhkaf.a ielhg fya;= ù ;sfí' bgq lr.ekSu i|yd lïlre mx;sfha fmdÿ mrïmrd.; fod< ÿl ikyd
lghq ; = lrka f k fldfyduo ls h k cúfmg iïnkaO cd;sl jD;a;sh iñ;s igk Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug ork jEhul nq,;a úgla fia
idlÉPdjla lrka k n,dfmdfrd;a ; = uOHia:dkh m%ldY lr we;af;a 2006 iajrEmh .ekSu je<elaúh fkdyels nj;a weUÍ ym ù
fjkj' yenehs tfyu fkdjqk;a wms kï jif¾ jegqma jeä lsÍula ,nd ÿka Tjqka jeäÿrg;a fmkajd fohs' Tjqka ñys u; je.sÍ
fï igk bÈßhgu f.kshkj'''~~ Tyq wjia:dfõ isg fï jkúg Ôjk wxlh úfYaIfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka lïlre
~yrh~g mejiSh' mx;sfha fmdÿ igka weúf,k yeu úgu mE.S hdù
tall 76'9 lska jeäù ;sfnk nj;a" ta
wkqj ±kg ms<sf.k we;s remsh,a 180$} ^WodyrK f,i 1980 uyd jevj¾ckh ur kskafoa Wka
úYaj úµd, wdpd¾hjrekaf.a jD;a;sh Ôjk wxl §ukdj iuÕ ii|k l, - 1988 ,x.ufhka werö me;sr .sh j¾ck iqjfia ie;fmoa§
iñ;s iïfï,kh rch fmdfrdkaÿ jQ jegqma fiajl jegqma remsh,a 13"842$} f,i jeä /,a, jeks& cúfm h ;u foaYmd,k
jeä lsÍu ,nd fkd§u ms<sn|j úfrdaOh i'n'fj,a.u
úh hq;= njhs' fï jk úg úáka úg wjYH;d u; igkamdG udrelr ta u.yer
m, lrñka miq.shod tla Èk ixfla; lïlrejka igka u.ska ,nd.;a remsh,a hEu fyda mdjd §u ms<sn| b;sydihlg
jev j¾ckhla Èh;a lf<a h' tfia lrñka 5"250$} Ôjk wxl §ukd uqo,a bka wvq Wreulï lshkakla neúka tu w÷re
ckdêm;sjrhd fmdfrdkaÿ jQ mßÈ jegqma l< miq ,eìh hq;= wog kshñ; jegqma b;s y difhka fjka ù fmdÿ igkla
jeä ùï jyd ,nd fok f,i;a tfia
fkdjkafka kï wf.daia;= oyih jeksod
jeäùu f,i remsh,a 8000$} l b,a,Su fm,.iajd .ekSug wo wjxlju bÈßm;a fIaka'''''''''''
bÈßm;a lrk njhs' fï ms<sn|j woyia úh hq;=j ;sfnk njh'
isg ;u idudðlhka iafõÉPdfjka bgq m, lrk foaYmd,k úpdrlhka fmkajd
lrk úúO mßmd,k lghq; = j,ska fokafka ta ta jD;a;Sh iñ;s ixúOdk flfia fj;;a jegqma m%Yakh yd jD;a;Sh wfma rfÜ
bj;ajk njg rchg wk;=re weÕùula j,g úúO m%;sm;a;s bÈßm;a lrñka wo whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka úúO Èidfjka bvlvï
o lf<a tu ix.ufha iNdm;s jydpd¾h igka je§ isák lïlre kdhlhkaf.a
iïm;a wur;=x. h' udOH idlÉPdjl§ jeks jljdkqjl ;u jegqma b,a,ï s .Kkh fnod fokjd
lsÍfï whs;sh we;s uq;a" ta whs;sh fmdÿ fmdÿ úYajdih jkafka fuu wf.daia;=
Tyq mjid isáfha fï rch n,hg f.k udih wjika ùug fmr jegqma wr.,fha msgjqkag
tkak fndfyda fihska or Èh weoao úYd, igklg ndOdjla fkdúh hq;= nj h'
tfukau wo remsh,a 2500$} fha bÈß msïula n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels lKq fld,a,hg
msßila wdpd¾h ix.ufha bkakd njhs'
ta;a jegqma igk thg ys,õ lrkakg fmdfrdka ÿ j bgq l r.ekS f ï Èidfjka njh' iud.ïj,g'

'''''''''''''mia jk msgqfjka ie,ls,a, fhduq lrkafka wdikak iy ''''''''''''m<uq jk msgqfjka Wmka ìfï
weÕg ±fkk ^Tangible& m%;sM,h flfrys wka; wirKj
fidndoyu'''''''' muKls ' ''''~~ Freddrick Engels- The GSP iykfha ' '''''' wms ,.skjd
Dialectics of Nature - 276"277
l+vdrïj,
~~'''''fï i|yd wfma fï olajd mej; tk fldkafoais iys;j we;s lr .;a .súiqï Wkaf.a wú
udlaia o fï m%Odk ldrKh" tkï Okjd§ u.skh q 's t;a fï rfÜ md,lfhda rdcH wxYfha
ksIamdok udÈ<sfha iy ta iuÕu wfma
ksIamdokfha fï wk¾:odhl m%;súmdl jev j¾ckhla lf<d;a wêlrKhg .syska wKil ueo'
iuld,Sk iudc ms<sfjf,a o iïmQ¾K
mfia iY%Sl;ajh u; flfrk n,mEu ksfhda. wrf.k tajd lvdlmam,a lrkjd'
úma,jhla isÿ lsÍu wjYH fõ'
iïnkaOfhka 1867 § fufia ,Sfõh' ksoyia fjf<| l<dmfha lsisu lïlre hqla;shg igka jeÈ
fï ;dla meje;s ish¨ ksIamdok udÈ<s kS;sÍ;shla l%shd;aul jkafka keye' ìh.u uq,a ckmo jeishka
~~'''''Okjd§ ksIma dokh ±jeka; uOHia:dk l¾udka;Yd,djl lïlrefjd jeä jegqmla
yq f ola Y% u fha b;du;a la I Ks l iy
w;f¾ ck.ykh taldrdYS lf<ah'~~fï b,a¨jdu ta fiajlhkaf.ka 518 la t<shg f,ig
fl<skau m%fhdackj;a M,h w;alr .ekSu
fya;=fjka kd.ßl ck.ykh ±ïu' 37 lg kvq ±ïu' fï jf.a f.dvdla iy,a ke<sfha f.dúhkao
muKla b,lal lr .;s' miq l,l§
ks r ka ; rfhka m% u dKfhka " n,fhka " isoaëka jqKd' fï ms<sn|j wms lïlre
u;=jk iy l%ñl mqkrdj¾;kh iy wo wirKhs
jeo.;a l ñka wêl;a j h w;a m ;a lr fomd¾;fïka;j = g meñKs,s l<du ta ks,OdÍka
iuqÉPh u.ska l%shd;aul jk jeäÿr UN kq;a kE"
.;af;ah' fuys m%;sM, folla ;sfí' tla lsõfõ ´j idudkH foaj,afk lsh,' Bg
m%;súmdl iïmQ¾Kfhka u fkdi,ld
yeßKs' uq,ska meje;s iduQysl bvï whs;sh w;lska bka iudcfha ft;sydisl pd,k miafia wms weÕ¿ï l¾udka; ysñhkaf.a ngysr;a kE'
n,h ^ historical motive power& ix.uh" ydïmq;=kaf.a iïfï,kh wd§ fï
tla w;lska fmdÿfõ .;a l< ;ukag
ixflakaøKh ùu isÿúh' wfkla me;af;ka yeu j.lsjhq;= wxYhla iuÕu idlÉPd
b;du iómj meje;s fohg ñksiqkaf.a wfka fIaka"
tu.ska ñksid iy mDÓúh w;r mj;sk l<d' t;a tal îß w,skag ùKd jhkjd
±kqu iSud jQ ixj¾Ok uÜgulg wkqrEm fufy;a ñáhdj; jf.hs"
Ôjuh wka ; ¾ n,mEug ^metabolic jf.a jqKd' rg ;=< l;d lr, lïlrejkaf.a
jQ w;r" wfkla w;ska fï wd§l,amsl
interaction& ndOlhla njg m;a úh' whs;js dislï ,nd .kak" ;sfhk whs;j s dislï wiq ke;=j;a''''
wd¾Ól l%ufha we;s úh yels whym;a
WodyrKhla f,i ta u.ska ñksid wdydr wdrlaId lr.kak .;a; ish¨ W;aidyhka udßhka ke;=j;a''''
m%;sM, yß.iaid .ekSug hï bvlvla
yd frÈms<sj, wdldrfhka mdßfNdackh fï úÈhg ì| jegqkd' ta ksid wms 2008
,efnk tla;rd bvï w;sßla;hla mQ¾j lsis fjkila kE
lrkakd jQ mfia ixfhda. ù we;s uQ,Od;+ka jif¾ È rdcH wxYfha jD;a;Sh iñ;s 07 la
f,i ks.ukh lf<ah' fï bvï w;sßla;h
^constituent elements&" kej; ta lrd iuÕ tlaj fï ms<sn|j weußldfõ jD;a;Sh ksoyfia .sksis¿j
wjika jQ úg" fmdÿ whs;sho ì| jegqks'
wdmiq .uka lsÍu j,lajd,kq ,eîh' i ñ ; s u y d i ï f ï , k h g (ASLSIO& o,ajkak'
flfia jqjo" jvd;a ÈhqKq ish¨u ksIamdok
tu.ska mfia iaÒridr idr;ajh i|yd
ia j rEm ck.ykh úúO mx;s j ,g
mj;s k ndys r ia j Ndúl fldka f oa i s h
meñKs,, a la bÈßm;a l<d' Bg miafia 2009- fiard
úfNaokh ùug o" tu.ska md,l iy 2010 kej; kej; lïlre whs ; S k a
l%shd;aul ùu m¿ÿ lr we;' tfukau W,a,x>Kh ùï ms<sn|j wms ASLSIO tlg
mSä; mx;s w;r m%;súfrdaO;djhg ;=vq
fuf,iska kd.ßl lïlrejdf.a fN!;sl meñKs,s l<d' ta wh fufya weú,a, fï .ek
ÿks' fï wkqj" ksIamdokh ;jÿrg;a mSä;
fi!LHh;a" ta iuÕu .%dóh lïlrejdf.a

zyrhZ g
ck;djf.a o< hemSï udOHh muKla fydh, n,, rch we;=¿ wod, ks,OdÍka
nqoaêuh ðú;h;a úkdY lr ±óh' yqÿ tlal idlÉPd lr, wdmyq .syska weußlka
iemhSulg iSud fkdjQ fyhska" md,l
ia j dNdúlj yd bfí ìys j q k q îcuh rdcHhg §mq jd¾;d Wv ;uhs GSP tl
mx;sfha jqjukdjka ksIamdokfha kshdul
mßjD;a;Sh l%shdodufha yd;ami msysá kej;s, ;sfhkafka'
idOlh njg m;a úh' wo mj;akd Okjd§
fidNdjhka úkdY lr oeóu ksid ñksia
ksIamdok udÈ,sfhka fuh b;du;a mQ¾K
odhl jkak
ixy;sfha mßmQ¾K ixj¾Okhg wjYH fï w;r Tyq wjOdrKh fldg isákafka fï
f,i l%shd;aul lrkq ,en we;'''''~~
mßÈ" iudc ksIm a dokh md,kh jk kS;h s rfÜ jevlrk ck;dj fmkak, ksIm a dolhka
f,iska l%uj;aj mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd yd rch iyk .kak w;f¾ ta iykhkaf.ka
~~'''''fm!oa.,sl Okm;shka laIKsl ,dNh
n, lrhs' lDIsl¾ufhaoS .;a l< th jevlrk ck;djg ysñ úh hq;= fldgi
;ld ksIamdokfha iy yqjudrefõ ksr;
Okjd§ ksIamdok l%shdj,shla f,iska fkdfokjd kï tajd b,a,d igka je§u
ù isák ksid" ie,ls,a,g fhduq l<
yels jkqfha m%:u fldgu wdikak;u
mßj¾;kh ùu o¾Ykh jQfha foaYfødayS l%shdjla o lshd ck;dj ;SrKh uqo,a tùfï§
ksIamdolhdf.a Èúms§ula ^martyrology&
iy b;du;a laIKsl ,dNh muKls'
f,i h' Y%u WmlrKh jy,aNdjhg m;a
l< hq;= njhs' fldïm[a [ ùÈh ;eme,a
fm!oa.,sl ksIamdolfhla fyda
wdldrhla ^Means of enslaving& fmkS yf,ka udre lr.; yels
fjf<kafola ksIamdokh lrk ,o fyda
.sfhah' lïlrejdj iQrdlEug;a"
ñ,g .kakd ,o yqjudre NdKavhla
È<s÷Ndjhg;a m;a flßKs' Y%u l%shdodufha
''''''''''''m<uq jk msgqfjka f,i uqo,a weKjqula fyda
iq m q r eÿ .s c q ,dNhla iuÕ úl= K k
iudc iïnkaOh ^the social combination fldu¾I,a nexl=fõ wxl
muKska iEySulg m;a jk w;r" miqj
of labour processes& Tyqf.a yïnka f ;dg jrdh'''''
tu NdKavh fyda th ñ,§ .;a mqo. a ,hskg
a
^lïlrejdf.a& mqoa., iÔùNdjh" ksoyi
8480005295 orK .sKqug
l=ula isÿfõ o hkak fkd;lhs' tu
l%shdj, u iajdNdúl úmdlhkag o thu
yd iajhx;SrKh ixúOdkd;aulj hgm;a m%Odk keõ ud¾. j,ska tlla fukau ner lr"
lrkq ,nkakl iajrEmfhka fmkS u;= mqrdK ~~is,l
a a udj;~~ Tiafia msyg
s d we;ehs wod, l=ú;dkaish
wod, fõ' ls h q n dfõ l÷ nEjq ï j,
ù fmkqks' ....... thg;a jeäfhka Okjd§ hkqfjkao frdhsg¾ j¾Kkd lr ;sfí'
jkdka;r .sksn;a fldg" tu w¿j,ska
lDIsl¾ufha il, m%.;sh r|dmj;skafka
b;d by< ,dNhla ,enQ tla mrmqrl
iQrdlEfï l,djla u;h' th lïlrejd f;,a .nvd lsÍfï lghq;= msgia;r pïmsld fiarisxy"
flda m s j.djla i|yd muKla fmda r
iQrdf.k lEula muKla fkdj mio wdfhdaclhkag mjrkafka ke;s nj fufia
,nd.;a ia m d[a [ jeú,s l rejka g ta NdKavd.dßl"
iQrdlEula fjhs' fok ,o m% l dY jq j o cd;Hka ; r foa Y md,k
iïnka O fhka l= u k reodjla ù o@
ld,mßÉfÊohlg mdxY=idr;ajh jeälr úpdrlhkaf.a ;lafiarej ù we;af;a jrdh zyrhz" 143"
wk;=rej weoye¨k ±ä ksj¾;k
.ekSfï ish¿ bÈßmshjrhka" §¾> ld,Sk f.dv ke.Sug Kh m%d.aOkh iemhQ Ökh"
j¾Idm;kfhka" ysia m¾j;h muKla lsõ mdr"
jYfhka mfia fmdaIKh i|yd jk W,am;a ;u n,Yla;s wdrlaIdj yd n,Yla;s wxYfha
b;sß lrñka wkdrlaIs; Wv mia ;Ügqj
kgUqka lr ±ófï Èidjg fhduq flreKq ;u n,mEu iúu;a lr .ekSu i|yd fld<U 02'
fidaodf.k .sh úg Tjqkag we;s reodjla
m%.;Ska jkafkah'''''~~ Marx - Capital - jk f;daka ,Kqjla f,i yïnkaf;dg
ù o@ iudch iïnka O fhka fuka u
Vol. 01 637-638 jrdfha f;,a .nvd ixlS¾Kh f.dvke.Su
iajNdjO¾uh iïnkaOfhka o .;a l< fukau fufyhùu o ;uka w;g f.k
j;auka ksIamdok udÈ<sh uQ,sl jYfhkau ^,nk l,dmh n,ka k & we;s njh' hk ,smk
s hg ;eme,a lrkak'
wf.dai;
a = 2010 7
kQ ;k ~mjq,~ uqyqK fok .eg¿ ms<sn|j f.a iuq¿fõ § wjOdrKh flreKq w;r" o fmr ;snQ úkdYldÍ rgdfõ isg l%ufhka .; hq;=h' c,fhka rjQ uv fmr,Sug jvd
Michael Polard úiska ,shQ The Family kï Bg úreoaO ùug lsisfjla bÈßm;a fkdùh' fjkia fjñka mj;S' fuh b;d fiñka isÿúh .eUqre k.=,la fhÈh hq;j
= dla fuks' fidaúhÜ
.%ka:fha § Tyq m%Yakh bÈßm;a lrkafka kuq;a thg ±lajQ m%;spdr úúOdldr úh' yels l%shdj,shls' mjq, iïnkaOfhka .;a foaYfha ldka;djkag msßñka yd iudk
fufiah' ielfhka" ksyË ùfuka iy we;efula l, úkdYldÍ iajrEmfhka we;sùug óg;a foaYmd,k ysñlï ,nd§u fuys tla ir,u
jHdl+,;ajfhka hqla; jQy' flfia kuq;a jvd fndfyda ÿrla hdug we;' fuh wm .eg¨jls' óg jvd ÿIalr .eg¿j kï
~~j¾;udk ld¾ólrKh jQ iudcfha Ôjk yeugu meyeÈ,s jQ lreK kï lsishï u;l ;nd .; hq;h = ' mjq, iy .Dy Ôú;h Tjqkag jevìï j, iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s j,
rgdj mjqf,a iïm%odhsl ixl,am j,g l%shdj,shla isÿfjñka mj;sk njhs' fuu ;ju;a mj;skafka merKs rgdjghs' th ld¾ñl jYfhka iu;eka ,nd §uhs'
;¾ckhls' .eñ iudcfha mjq,l ish¨ l%shdj,sh jHdl+, f,i oreKq fyda wN+; wd¾Ólhg jvd ixiaÓ;sl ùu iy ta ms<n s |
idudðlhska fmdÿ reÑl;ajhlg yev .eiS wdldr fmkakqï lrk w;r" kj iy jvd ±kqj;aNdjh ySk ùu óg fya;j = hs' foaYmd,kh fï ;=<ks a ldka;djkag wjdishla isÿ lsÍug
we;s w;r Tjqkaf.a /lshd iy úfõlh o Wiia uÜgfï mjq,a ks¾udkh lsÍug fuys wd¾Ólh jeks lreKq j,§ jevlrk ck;dj msßñkag bv fkd;eîug j. n,d.; hq;=
fuh flakaøfldg mj;S' kuq;a ld¾ñl we;s yelshdj ±lSug ;ju ld,hla ,eî iduqyslj l%shd lsÍu ksid tu lreKq ;u fõ' kuq;a i;H jYfhkau mjq, ;=< iajdñhdg
iudcfha /lshd u.ska we;s lrk mSvkh" ke;' mka;sfha kHdhg wkqj bÈßhg f.k hEug yd Nd¾hdjg iu whs;Ska ,nd §u óg;a
jevìï lrd .uka lsÍfï m%jdyk fjfyi yelsù ;sfí' kuq;a .Dy Ôú;h iïnkaOfhka jvd .eg¿ iys; fõ' fï i|yd wmf.a
yd ld,h" fiajfha kshqla; ld,h iy mjq,a leã ì§ hEu ms<sn| f;dr;=re udOH .;a l," jev lrk ck;djo ~mjq,a tall~ ish¨ .Dyia: m,mqreÿ úma,ùlrKh l<
úfõlh úúO ld, mßÉfÊoj,g fnod ;sîu úiska meyeÈ,s flfrkqfha wyUq isÿùï f,igh' jYfhka fn§ mj;S' hq;= fõ' tfy;a fuu idudkd;au;dj we;s
iy jevìfï § ksjfia mßirhg m%;súreoaO ud úiska lshjk ,o ,smh s l fmkajd § jk ;=re iudchSh fyda foaYmd,ksl jYfhka
iudc cd, iy .eàug isÿùu wd§ lreKq ;snqfKa jevlrk mka;sfha mjq,a ldka;dj iu whs;Ska ,eîu .ek l;d
u.ska ;u mjq, iu. mj;sk in|;d ÿ¾j, neñ leãhEu ~~ks ¾ Ok l< fkdyel' weh .Dy lghq;= j,g

wjq,a mjq,a
lrhs' laIKsl wdydr .ekSug mqreÿùu mka;hs u; OfkaIj a rfha oïje,a oud ysrlr isák ;=re wehg
ksid mjqf,a idudðlhska iuÕ tlaj wdydr n,mEu~~ ks i d we;s iudchSh fyda foaYmd,ksl lghq;=
.ekSfï mqreoao .s,fs yñka mj;S' rEmjdyskh
s jkakla f,ih' kuq;a j, ks r; ùug ,efnk ld,h
keröu ksid o ;u mjqf,a idudðlhska fuh fu;rï ir, fnfyúka iSudfõ'
iu. úfkdao ùfï ld,h isud fõ' ;jo fkdfõ' Ofka I a j rfha
rEmjdyskS jevigyka j, wka;¾.;h yd fmr ;snQ n,mEu iy jvd Wiia kj mjq, njg mßKduh
ld,h wkqj jeäysá yd nd, mrïmrd w;r ±ka ;s f nk n,mEu ùug wjYH uQ,sl wjhj iy tajd
mr;rh yd fn§u jeä lrhs' fï kùk jYfhka fuh fojeoEreï we;sjk wdldrh wOHhk l< hq;h = '
Ôjk rgdj u.ska ~~mjqf,a ld,h~~ Wÿrd jk w;r" m%Odk fya;j = fuu wjhj ufkda úoHd;aul yd
.ekSu i|yd WodyrK lSmhls' jkafka ks¾Ok mka;fs ha fN!;sl jYfhka fnfoa' jevlrk
fõokdldÍ mßKduh ck;djf.a ixialD;sl yd
kùk úoHdfõ iy ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKj q ksid fõ' fuu mßKduh fm!oa.,sl;ajfha Wiiaùu fï ksid
mjq,la jvd fyd¢ka ;udg .e,fmk mßÈ w¾nQohla olajd .uka lrk Tjqkfa .a wjYH;djkaj, iajdNdjh yd
ie,iqï lr .; yel' orejka ,nk ld,h wNHka;r úkh ÈhqKq fõ' hful=f.a
w;r" wm ±ka w;aú¢ñka isákafka
wNHka;r úkfha n,h ;Skÿ a fjkafka mjqf,a
;SrKh lsÍu iy orejka .Kk iSud lsÍu fuu l%hs dj,sfha uq¨ wjq,ia y.; wjÈhhs' wNHka;r yËg wkqjh' tkï ìß| yd
óg wh;a fõ' fï ksid mjq,la ,nk orejka tneúka
foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól mßj¾;k u.ska ieñhd tla lrk ne£ï j, ;ru yd
.Kfka idudkH w.h 0'4 lska wvq ù we;s ;on, f,i úkdYldÍ jQ hqoaOh úiska jákdlu wkqjh'
kuq;a ldka;dj u; megfjk nro wvq ù ñksiqka È.=ld,Sk jYfhka ;u mjq,a j,ska mjq,a ;;a;ajh u; we;s
we;' tu ksid wehf.a wdhqld,h o jeä ù fjka lr ;eîfuka iy kj uqyqKq wyUq lrk n,mEu jl% iy
we;' tfy;a ldka;dj o we;=¿j" iudch f,i uqK.eiaùfuka ksiÕ f,i mjq,a Èhlr ndysr fõ' fï ksid;a pïmsld r;akdhl flfia fj;;a kj
Ôú;hla yd kj mjq,la
úiska fuu jrm%ido Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu yÍ' fuu n,mEu úma,jh u.ska jvd;a w;S;fha isg Wreu jQ .Dy i|yd fN!;sl fldkafoais
isÿjkafka b;d fiñkah' merKs u;h jQ Yla;su;a lrk ,§' hqoaOh meje;s ld,h iïm%odhhka flfrys n,mEula we;s lsÍug ks¾udkh lsÍfï §" th flfiaj;a iudcjd§
ldka;djka újdyfhka miqj /lshdfjka bj;a úiska ft;sydisl iïm%odhka u; muKla th iu;a ù ke;' f.dvke.Sfï fmdÿ lghq;= j,ska fjka lsÍug
ù orejka n,ñka l,a f.jk isß; ;ju r|d mej;=kq ish,a, úkdY lr oukq ,eîh' uQ,O¾uhla f,iu .; fkdyelsh' lïlre
;sfí' fuys m%;sM,h f,i ;udg ,enqkq id¾ rdcH n,h" mka;s jrm%ido fukau mjq, we;=¿j iuia; .Dyia: Ôjk rgdfõ rdcHh" orejkaf.a fmdÿ wOHdmkfha j.lSu
wOHdmkh ,eîfï fyda /lshd wjia:dj merKs idïm%odhsl mjq,a o óg we;=,;a fõ' úma,ùh fjkila we;s lsÍug kï" lïlre nrm;, f,i ndr.ekSug yd bjqï msyqï
.s,syS hdug bv § miq;efjk ldka;djka úma,jh úiska kj foaYhla f.dvke.Su mka;sh ±kqj;a ù l%shd l< hq;= jk w;r lghq;"= f,dkavß lghq;= wd§ bis,h
s fkdyels
fndfyda fj;s' orejka ,eîug fmr ;reK wdrïN lsÍu ;=<ska tys b;du laIKsl yd mka;sh ;=<skau we;s jk ixialD;sl bÈß nr j,ska mjq, ksoyia lr .ekSug ;rï
újdyl ldka;djf.ka iudch fkdbjis,u s ;a ir,u wruqKq bgqlr .kakd ,§' wd¾Ólh .ukla i|yd we;s leue;a; m%fhdackhg fmdfydi;a úh hq;=h'''''~~
f,i úuid isákafka mjq, wdrïN lrkafka
flÈk o hkak .ekhs' wef.a újdyfha yqÿ
m iq.sh i;sfha ckdêm;s rdcmlaI lsÍu i|ydh' fuys§ úfYaIfhka ;ukaf.a fï whqßka fjf<| .sKfq ï ysÕh wdjrKh
úiska ie,lsh hq;= m%ldY folla lr hï wruqo,la ;ekam;a lr ,nk uqo,ska lrf.k fuu f.jqï fYaI w;sßla;h
wre;u orejka ,eîu yd ye§u jQjd fiah' ;snqks' tlla kï ;uka yuqjg meñKs ks¾udKh ùu wdKavqj wfmalaId lrhs'
/lshdfõ kshq;= ;reK ldka;djka flfrys Ôj;a jk jhia.; ck;dj uqyqK ÿka
^cQ,s 28& jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlkag l< w¾nQ o hg ^fcHIa G mq r jeis h ka f.ka wdKavqj tfia $ ñ,shk 200 l f.jqï
wm%idoh m, jkafka weh f.or fkdkej;S m%ldYhhs' tys Tyq lshd we;af;a remsh,a fYaI w;sßla;hla wfmalaId l<o" wd¾Ól
msßñfhl=g ysñùug ;snQ /lshd wjia:djka fldgila& iyk ie,iSula f,ih' fuu
fooyia mkaishhlska rcfha fiajlhkaf.a iykh udi yhla we;=<;§ wdmiq yl=,d úYaf,aIlhka ;lafiare lrkafka th $
meyer .ekSu iïnkaOfhks' jhi 40 muK jegqma jeä lrk njla ~~uyskoa Ñka;kfha~~ ñ,shk 1000-1500 w;r ysÕhla njg
blau jq ldka;djka mjq,a nr wvqùfuka .ekSu iïnkaOfhka ck udOH l<
ke;s njh' ta ksid fï fmdfrdkaÿj úuiq ï j,g ms < s ; = r e §u uy nexl= fmr,Su jvd;a úh yels foh njh' Tjqka
miqj kej; wOHdmkfha fyda /lshdj, wdKa v q j úis k a bgq lrka f ka hhs fmkajd fokafka wdKavqj fj<o fYaIfha
ks,OdÍka m%;slafIam lr ;sfí'
kshe,Sug keUqre ùfï m%jk;djfhla we;;a" n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk f,ih' fï m%ldYh ysÕh $ ñ,shk 4500 la f,i weia;fïka;=
flfia fj;;a ckdêm;sjrhdf.a fï m%ldY lr ;snqKo" th $ ñ,shk 6000 blaujd
ta b;d l=vd ixLHdjla muKs' merKs wdl,am iïnkaOfhka ;u wi;=g m, l< jD;a;h S
hï m%udKhlska fjkia ù hñka ;sfnk iñ;s kdhlhkag ckdêm;s mjik ,oafoa fol wdY%s;j mj;sk miqìu jkafka hkq we;s njh' tu ;lafiarej, fjki
njla fmfka' jir 1966 iy 1998 olajd rgg wjYH jkafka j.lsh hq;= jD;a;Sh wdKa v q j tÈfkod úhoï iïnka O j u;=jkafka ta wkqjh'
ld,h ;=< újdy ùfï idudkH jhi jir iñ;s njh' mgq mq o a . , b,la l hka nrm;, uqo,a ysÕhlg uqyqK § isák
1 l=;a udi 04 lska jeäù ;sfí' tu ld,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd ,xldj mdjdfok n,mEï njh' úfYaIfhka jd¾Islj f.ùug we;s fuhg fya;=j ù we;af;a wdKavqj b;d
;=<§u mjq,lg we;s orejkaf.a idudkH j,g bv fkdfok njhs' ieu m%Yakhlau ±jeka; Kh jdßl yd fmd,S i r , f,i f.jqïfYaI w;sßla;hla foi
.Kk 0'4 lska wvq ù we;' fuh iaÒr idlÉPd u.ska úi¢h hq;= n,d isáho fujeks ;lafiarejl§
m%jk;djla kï" Tnf.a uqkqnqrka WmÈk njo Tyq ;jÿrg;a mjid i,ld ne,s h hq ; = nrm;,
ld,h jk úg újdy ùfï idudkH jhi ;sfí' wd¾Ól idOl .Kkdjla
wjqreoa 30 olajd jeäjkq we;'''''~~ ;sfí' ld¾ñl wmkhk wodhï
fï w;r ñ,shk 1'2 la jk j, my; jeàfï ;;a;ajh yd
OfkaYajr wd¾Ólhg yev .eiSfï § mjq, rcfha fia j lhka g rems h ,a th fiajd kshqla;sh flfrys
fjkia ùug bv we;s wdldrh by; i|yka 2500$} jegqma jeä ùula fokafka n,mdk wdldrh;a " fuka u
úh' Wm;a fõ.fha wvqùu;a" iy jhia .; kï ta i|yd remsh,a ì,shk 36 wka;su jYfhka rfÜ ld¾ñl
ù orejka ìys lsÍfï m%jk;dj;a fuys la jeh jk njg .Kka n,d ixj¾Okh wrNhd fï ;;a;ajh we;s
i|yka fõ' ñksia j¾.hdf.a ñysmg s meje;au we;ehs rcfha ks, wdrxÑ ud¾. lrk n,mEu;a ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h'
i|yd m%ckk fõ.h iy mßirhg WÑ; i|yka lrhs ' flfia fj;;a lïy,a jeiS hEu ksid úrlaIs;Ndjfha
ksfrda.S orejka ìys lsÍu hk idOl folu ckdêm;s fï iñ;s kdhlhkag j¾Okh ±kgu olakg ,efí' foaYSh
b;du jeo.;ah' flfia jqjo ldka;dj mjq,a mjid we;a f ;a idOdrK jegq m a uqo,a l¾udka;lrejka w;r hym;a ;rÕh
nfrka hï hï m%udKhlg fyda ksoyia ùu jeäùula .ek i,ld n,k njh' m%udKh wdKavqfõ jd¾Isl wdodhug iu i|ydh hk ñ:Hd m%nkaOhla fhdod.ksñka
kï w;HdjYHfõ' ;kslru orejkaf.a nr fjñka ;sìh§ fujka w¾nQohlg uqyqK wdfhdack uKav,h u.ska l=vd yd uOH
ldka;dj msg megùfuka u;= ù we;s Tyqf.a fojk m%ldYh ~~fcHIaG mqrjeishka~~ §u iajdNdúlh' m%udKfha foaYSh l¾udka; fj; ,nd
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m, l< ,smh s u.ska ixhql;
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mshjr .ksñka isà' isiq wr.,
l%shdldßlfhl= jQ reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha
iqika; nxvdr YsIHd fmd,sia m%ydrhlska
ñh.sfha fï fkdfndaodh' wdKavqj úiska
isiqjdf.a urKh ms<sn| jro wka;rh msg
mgjkakg ÿ¾j, W;aidyhl kshef,ñka
isà' fï w;r isiqka w;awvx.=jg .ekSï yd
Wiia wOHdmkh myr§ï ms<n
fjñka mj;S'
s |j ksrka;rj f;dr;=re jd¾;d
uyskoa iy rks,a
jekiSug wdKavqj úiskau fmdrdkaÿ jQ úYaj úoHd,
wdpd¾hjrekaf.a jegqma jeäùu ms<n s |j úúO
fï ojiaj, UNP tfla ið;a msf,a wh álska ál ið;af.ka whska fjñka
;uhs¨ bkafka' ta jqkdg rxð;a uoaÿu nKavdr ið;af.a <.g fj,d f,dl=
ifmdaÜ tlla fokj¨' ta;a ohdisß chfialr álla m,a,ï neye,¨' rxð;a
bv fkd;nuq
l:d lshñka m%udo lsÍu ksid wdpd¾hjre
miq.h
s od ixfla; j¾ckhl ksr; úh' úYaj uoaÿu nKavdr fï .ek ohdisßf.ka weyeõj¨ fudlo@ ohd Thd mgka
úoHd, wdpd¾hjreka yd wkOHhk ld¾h .;a; igk ±ka w;yßñka bkafka' Tnu fkao fïl mgka .;af;a' ta ksid
uKav,h w;r fn§ula we;s fldg jegqma ;uhs wms;a fiÜ jqfKa' ta;a ±ka Thd ál ál m,a,ï nyskj fkao lsh,'
is h¨u úYaj úoHd, we;=MZj Wiia jeäùu m%udo lsÍu wdKavqfõ ie,eiau nj t;fldg ohdisß lsõj¨ wehs ukqiaifhda m,a,ï fkdneye fldfyduo@
wOHdmk wdh;k l%udkql+,j fmfka' wdpd¾hjreka wOHdmk ld¾Hhkaf.ka uyskaohs-rks¨hs fokak tl;= fj,d .súiqula .yf.k¨ ;sfhkafka' ~~wE'''
fm!oa . ,S l rKh yryd úkdY ls Í fï neyerjk ;;a;j a h ;=<" isik
q a yd wkOHhk ta fudloao@~~ lsh, uoaÿu nKavdr weyeõju hflda uyskaog wdfh;a
wdKavfq õ ie,eiau Wiia wOHdmk weu;sjrhd ld¾h uKa v ,h fío lrñka " Wiia md¾,sfïka;=jg tkak jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkhg uq¿uKskau ifmdaÜ tl
f,i tia î Èidkdhl uy;d úiska l%h s djg wOHdmkh jekiSfï l=uka;%Kh ch.ekSu fokak wfma f,dlal tl;= fj,d' ta fjkqjg uyskao lsh, ;sfhkj óg
ouñka isà' Tyq úYaj úoHd, wOHdmkh wdKavqfõ ie,eiau fõ' miafi uu tl hQ'weka'mS' uka;%S mrfhlaj;a wdKavqjg .kafka keye lsh,'
m%uqL Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn|j jßka jr ±ka f,dlal Wv odf.k Th Tlafldgu fokafka talhs lsh,;a lsõj¨'
lrk ,o m%ldYhkaf.ka ta nj ;yjqre jk wdpd¾hjrekaf.a yd wkOHhk fiajlhkaf.a
nj lshd isák jdudxYs, úuqla;s fmruqK jegqma igk ch.kakd w;ru" wOHdmk
ksfõokhla ksl; = a lrñka fuys we;=,dka;h
ms<sn|jo ±ä úu¾Ykhl fhfohs'
lmamdÿjg tfrys isiq wr.,h Yla;su;a
lrñka" wdKavfq õ Wiia wOHdmkh jekiSfï
hdmfka l;d
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igka ±ä f,i u¾Okh lrkakg wdKavqj wjOdrKh lruq' fydh, n,kak' ±ka b;sx fufyu .sys,a, Tkak ëjr lÜáhla yuq jqkd¨'
±ka fï f.d,a,;a tlal wr ol=fKka .sh msßi úúO jdo újdo lrkj¨'
iu ,sx.slhka b,a,d isák ta wh È.gu lsõfõ wms biair ysáfha m%Ndlrkaf.a ;=jlal=j hgf;a' ta;a
wms fydog lEj" îj <uhs mdi,a .shd' fyd|g Ôj;a jqkd lsh,¨' ta;a ±ka
wms m%Ndlrkaf.ka uqoj .;a;d lshk wdKavqj hgf;a wms bkafka isxy,

iu whs;k
S a y÷kd.; hq;h= s yuqodfõ ;=jlal= wKil hgf;a' ta ú;rla fkfuhs" ±ka wmsg lkak
fndkak bkak ysákak ;eklaj;a keye' fmakj fkao fï glrka uvqj,
;uhs wfma orefjdhs wfkla mjq,aldrfhdhs Tlafldu bkafka' tfyu ne¨ju
w.ue;s wmsg ys;fkj fudlgo wmsj uqoj.;af;a lsh,' yenehs b;sx fï úÈhg
È.gu .sfhd;a ;j;a m%Ndlrka flfkla fydhdf.k ;=jlal= w;g .kak
~~ fâ ,s ñr¾~~ Tka ,hska fjí msgqj l< u.ska wmf.a ixialD;shg mSvdjla jkafka o ;uhs fjkafka lsh,;a lsõj¨' t;fldg wr ol=fKa lÜáh lsõj¨ wdhqO
úuiqul§ w.ue;s È'uq' chr;ak mjid hkak foi n,d ta wkqj ;SrKhla .; yels ke;sj iduldó úfrdaO;d lrkak mq¿jkafka' tfyu lr, whs;sjdislï
we;af;a ish,a,g fmr iu,sx.slhkaf.a nj;a w.ue;s chr;ak tys § fmkajd §
;sfí'
Èkd.kak;a mq¿jkafka lsh,' WodyrK f,i uy;aud .dkaê .ek;a lsõj¨'
iudch úiska ~~iu whs;k
S ~a ~ hkqfjka bÈßm;a
lrkafka l=ula ±hs wdKavqj úiska m<uq ta mdr t;k ysáh álla ueÈúfha flfkla bÈßhg weú,a, lsõj¨ uy;a;fhda
fldg jgyd .; hq;=j ;sfnk njhs' tfukau Tyq ;jÿrg;a i|yka lr we;af;a .dkaê wúysxid wr.,hla lf<a iqoaog úreoaOj' Wkag fudf<a ;snqk tal
iuyr ngysr rgj,a iu,sx.sl;ajh yd f;areï .kak' ta;a fufya bkak tjqkag fldfyao fud<hla' ta ksid b;sx
Tjqka ;u whs;Ska b,a,d isàfï jrola ke;s iu,sx.sl újdyhka o ms<sf.k we;s w;r" nfgkau ;uhs lsh, fokak ´k lsh, lsõj¨'
nj;a" kuq;a wms Tjqkag wjYH lrkafka fï iïnkaOfhka iykhla ,nd §ug kï
l=ulao hkak ksYaÑ;ju ±k .; hq;=j Y%S ,xldfõ iu,sx.sl iudch ;uka b,a,d
;sfnk nj;a" Tjqka wm iuÕ fï ms<sn| isák whs;Ska ms<sn|j w¾:l;khla ,nd
woyia yqjudrejlg t<öfuka fï b,a,Sï Èh hq;= nj h' úu,a ùrjxYg fpdaokd f.dvla
w¾:idOl fld,a,hla fï ojia j, fndfyda fofkla fodvjkafk Èk ;=kl udrdka;sl Wmjdihla
lr, jd¾;djla ;shmq úuf,a .ek¨' Th w;r 154 nia ßhÿrka yd
fldkafodia;rjreka úuf,g we;sfjkak foys lmkj¨' fudlo@ miq.sh

f.daGdf.a kñka
ldf,a È.gu jy, ;snqK fn!oaOdf,dal udj; jdyk .ukd .ukhg
wermq ksid uy jghla .ykafka ke;sj fnd/,a,g hkak mq¿jka lu
;snqk¨' úuf,f. Wmjdih ksid kej;;a mdr ueo hlv lKq ysgj,
uq¿uKskau mdr jy, ou,¨' fïlg ;o fjÉp tl fldkafodia;r flfkla
o laIsK ,xld wêfõ.S ud¾.fha ffp; ks,OdÍka 80 la muK fiajfha fhdojd lsõj¨ nEka ls uQka *q,a uQka lrkak .syska úu,h nEla uQka lr.;a;" wms
ydn¾ bxðkshßka wdh;kh úiska fldka;d% ;a ;snqks' tod isg uE; ld,hla jk f;la tu ;uhs taflkq;a mßmamq lkafk lsh,' fïl wyf.k ysgmq f;dg<Õ ukqiaifhla
ud¾.fhka f.dv k.k B fldgfia wdrlaIl wdrlaIl ks,OdÍka ìh .kajd Tjqkaf.a lsõj¨ ùrjxY weu;s;=ud m;a;f¾lg lsh, ;snqk¨ fkao thd Èk ;=kla
lghq;= lrkq ,nkafka fudrhska .dâ fiajh ,nd .kakd ,o w;r Tjqka fjkqfjka nv.skafka ysáfh' tfyu fkdjqkd kï lsf,da ;=kla nr wvq jqfka fldfyduo
wdrlaIl fiajh úiskh a ' fuu fudrhska .dâ w¾: idOl wruqof,a odhl;ajhla ,nd § lsh,' hlfvda wfma mjq,a nv.skafka bkak ;rug tfykï fï fjkfldg
wdrlaIl wdh;kfha ,shd mÈxÑ ,smks h jkqfha fkdue;' 2010 ckjdß udifha isg 12 nr wvqfj,d mq¿ka jf.a Wv mdfjkak tmdhe lsh, ta ukqiaih lsõj¨'
wxl'189$3" l=remamquq,a, mdr" mdkÿr fofkla i|yd muKla w¾: idOl wruqo,a
hkqfjks' tys whs;sldrhdf.a ku jkqfha i|yd uqo,a f.jd we;s w;r b;sß wh
H.M.A' bkaøð;a fyar;a h' fudyq" kdúl fjkqfjka uqo,a f.ùula isÿ fkdlrhs'
yuqodfõ úY%dñl fldudkav¾ flfkla jk
w;r" wdrlaIl f,alï f.daGdNh rdcmlaI ffp; ydn¾ wdh;kh udislj fõ,d igyka úlag¾ whsjkag SMS tlla
f.a lsÜgq úYajdijka;fhla nj iEu flfkla m;a iEu wdrlaIl ks,Odrhl=gu ksl=;a
iuÕu mqridrï lshñka Tjqka ìh .kajdf.k lrkq ,nhs' fï i|yd wdrlaIl wdh;kh ,xldfjka msguxfj,d hqfrdamfha Ôj;ajk wfma udOH i.fhda lSm fofkla
isákafkls' mqoa., kï iy fiajd ia:dk i|yka lr fï <ÕÈ uqK .eiqk¨' ta uqK .eys, ;sfhkafka mqxÑ idlÉPdjlg' b;sx
,sÅ; b,a,Sula ffp; ydn¾ wdhkfhka l< idlÉPdj bjr fj,d lÜáhu t<shg neye, hkak .;a;u yßu wudrehs¨'
fuu wdh;kh 2009 jif¾ cq,s udifha hq;= w;r tu b,a¨ï m; Wmfhda.S lrf.k fudlo" tod tfya WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%aâ wxYl 37 hs ¨' fï ksid tlaflfkla
fulS wêfõ.S ud¾.fha B fldgfia wdrlaIl fõ,d igyka m;a ffp; ydn¾ wdh;kh upx n,mxfld wo ,xldfõ WIaK;ajh lSho lsh," lsõju ;j flfkka
lghq;= Ndr.;a w;r tu wjia:dfõ wdrlaIl úiska ksl=;a lrhs' n,, lsõj¨ fikaáf.%aâ wxYl 27 hs upx lsh,' ta fj,dfõ t;ek ysáh
;j udOHfõ§ i.fhla upx wms úlag¾ whsjkag SMS tlla hjuqo YS;
fyK f.äh

rgl Ôj;aùfï i;=g ú| ord .kak tkak lsh, lsõj¨'

iriú weÿre-isiq wr.,-lïlre jegqma igka

ke; jia jikakg wïmdf¾ ysñg;a
u¾úka iy N. rdcmlaI
wkqrdOmqr me;af;a bkak nia uqo,d,s flfkla fï <ÕÈ fld<U wdj
fou¿ka urd ol=Kg fok jika;h fj,djl u¾úka is,ajd weu;sjrhd yuq jqkd¨' ñksy u¾úkaf. fyd| .c
ñ;=frla¨' b;sx Tkak ál fõ,djla fï fokak l;dlr b|, u¾úka
±ka wrô,d fcmafmda tlf,a .hmq .ehqï lsõj¨ fï uqo,d,s k.skjfld jdyfkag fmdä .ukla hkak lsh,' tfyu
lsh, uqo,d,s;a oudf.k u¾úka is,ajd fl<skau .sfha kdu,a rdcmlaI
yuqfjkak¨' tfyu .sys,a, wr nia uqo,d,s w÷kaj, §, lsõj¨" i¾ fuhd
hqo ch ñßia" lsßn;a .=,s .s,,a ;a ;uhs wkqrdOmqf¾ bkak f,dl=u nia uqo,d,s' nia foish mkyla ú;r
lÜáhf.a iqj fkdjQ mYapd;a uqL wudrej ;sfhkj' wfma yeu jevlgu Woõ fjkj' i¾g w÷kaj, fokak ;uhs tlal
wdfõ' ´k m%fhdackhla .kak mq¨jka lsõj¨' b;sx fufyu l;dlrlr
iqj lrkakg lgqlïì" weiaf,daka ng;a wrka b|, wdmiq u¾úkaf.a f.org wdmq nia uqo,d,s weyeõj¨ wehs i¾ ux .ek
wr fndre f.dvla lsõfõ' ug ;sfhkafka nia folfk' jerÈ,dj;a kdu,a
rK úre jika;h <Õ <Õ tk mdghs fíì b,a¨fjd;a uu fldfyka nia fokak o" lsh,;a' ta mdr yskdfj,d
u¾úka lsõj¨ hflda uu ±ka bkafka neis,a tlal' ta jqkdg uyskao .shdu
B<Õg tkak bkafk neis,a fkfuhs fïld' ´l=kag ´k fndre mïfmdaßldrfhd
.=fKhd úiska tjk ,È' ú;rhs' WU nh ke;sj boyka lsh,;a lsõj¨'

w;HdjYH NdKav ñ, wvq lrõ` jegqma §ukd jeä lrõ`

143" lsõ mdr" fld<U 02" mÈxÑ {dKisß fld;a;sf.dv jk ud úiska fld<U 02" fjf,daka mefiaÊ ys Tiaúka uqøKd,fha uqøKh lrk ,È'