f;jk mdvu

f,dalfha merKs YsIagdpdr

ye`oskaùu
whf.a kEoEfhda .ïj,ska fjka ù Ôj;a
wdrïNfha § jdkrhl=j isáh o ld,h ùug mgka .;a y. jßÉÑ f.j,a fjkqjg
.; fj;a u ñksid flfuka ÈhqKq úh. .,ska ;ekQ f.j,ska o fyd`Èka bÈ l<
ovhï lrñka ;ek ;ek weúÈñka uxudj;aj,ska o Èh w.,a iy m%dldrj,ska
wdydr tl;= fldg ish Ôú;h /l o je`ÿï msÿï lsÍug iqÿiq foajd,j,ska o
.;a Tyq miqlf,l f.dú;eka lsrSu iukaú; jQ tjeks ;eka y`ÿkajkafka k.r
wdrïN l< wdldrh miq.sh mdvïj, kñks. tfia k.rj, Ôj;a ùu wdrïN
§ bf.k .ekSug Tng wjia:djla l< Okj;a .ïjeishka t;eka mgka
,eìKs. ñksidf.a osshqKqfõ by< u ye`ÈkajQfha kd.ßlhska hk kñks. Tjqka
;;a;ajh ,nd .ekSug Tjqkag yels kej;;a lsisÈfkl f.dú;eka lsÍu fyda
jQfha k.r ;kd f.k tajdfha Ôj;a i;=ka we;s lsÍu lf<a ke;. ta fjkqjg
ùu wdrïN l< miq h. wl=re ksmoùu" Tjqkag wh;a jQ bvïj, f.dú;eka lrk
uqo,a mßyrKh wdÈ jeo.;a foa rdYshla ,oafoa ÿmam;a .ïjeishka úisks. tfy;a
fï ld,fha § we;s jQ ksid th ñksid tajdhska ,efnk wiajekafkka jeä
YsIagdpdrj;a ùu kñka ye`Èkafõ. fldgila k.rj, Ôj;a jQ kd.ßlhska
fuu mdvfï § Tng bf.kSug úiska whs;s lr .kakd ,§.
,efnkafka th hs. iajNdj O¾uhg
wh;a i;a;ajfhl= jqj;a ñksid fiiq YsIagdpdrhla hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka
i;=kaf.ka fjka jkafka l=ula ksid tjeks k.r iy tys úiQ kd.ßlhska
oe hs hk ldrKh fuu mdvu bf.k Ôj;a jQ wdldrhg hs. k.rhla .ulg
.ekSfuka miq Tng jegfykq we;. jvd úYd, h' k.rj, úiQ ñksiaiq wl=re
,sùu yqre lr .;ay. k.r md,kh lsÍug
3'1 .%dóh iudcfhka kd.ßl iudchg msßila isáhy. k.rj, Ôj;a jQ msßia
msúiSu iy YsIagdpdr ìysùu wd.ñl ia:dk bÈ l<y. Tjqyq ÿre rgj,a
iu. fj<`odfï ksr; jQy. tfyhska
ñksid b;d mqrdK ld,hl isg .ïudk YsIagdpdrhla hkq l=ula oe hs y`ÿkd
;kd f.k tajdfha Ôj;a ùug mqreÿ jQ .ekSug ta uq,sl ,laIK bjy,a lr .;
wdldrh wms óg fmr mdvfï § bf.k yelsh.
.;a f ;uq ' §¾>ld,hla ;s i a f ia tfia
.ïj, Ôj;a jQ ñksiaiq Èfkka Èk ;j f,dalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj,
;j;a ÈhqKq jQy' f.dú;eka lsÍu;a i;=ka Ôj;a jQ ñksiqka úúO ld,j, tfia
we;s lsÍu;a ksid iuyr .ïjeisfhda ;ukaf.a u YsIagdpdr ;kd f.k ;sfí.
Okj;a jQy' tfy;a iuyr .ïjeishkag ta w;=ßka merKs;u YsIagdpdr f,i
j.d lrkakg isÿ jQfha idrj;a ke;s fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh, Bcsma;=
myiqfjka c,h ,nd .; fkdyels bvïj, YsIagdpdrh, bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh iy
h' ta whg fyd`o wiajekakla fkdue;s ùu Ök YsIagdpdrh y`ÿkajd Èh yels h.
ksid Ôj;a ùu wmyiq fohla úh' ta wh YsIagdpdr ms<sn`oj bf.k .ekSu wmg
ta ksid u .ïj, Ôj;a jQ ÿmam;=ka f,i jeo.;a h. Bg fya;=j tajdfha Ôj;a jQ wh
ie,lsKs' iudcfha ÿmam;a iy fmdfydi;a úiska ksmojk ,o fkdfhl=;a oE wog;a
hkqfjka fofldgila we;s ùug u`. wfma Ôú;j,g m%fhdackj;a ksid h.
mEÿfka tf,i h.
20
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 YsIagdpdrj, Ôj;a jQ wh w¨;a w¨;a foa
ksmojd wm ld yg;a Ôj;a ùu myiq l<
wdldrh fyd`Èka bf.k f.k w¨;aa oE
ksmojd ;u rgg fiajh lsÍug Tn o bgd
y;ajk l%shdldrlu .; hq;= h.

w;S;fha mej;s .ul yd k.rhl

olakg ;snQ fjki meyeÈ,s jk fia
Ñ;%hla w|skak.
wgjk l%shdldrlu
jD;a;hlg wxYl 360 la we;s nj wms
.Ks; mdvfï § bf.k .kafkuq. Tfí .=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia mßÈ YsIagdpdr
ñks;a;=jg ;;amr 60 la ;sfnk nj;a jHdma;sh iïnkaO is;shula ,l=Kq
mehg ñks;a;= 60 la ;sfnk nj;a wms oksuq. lrkak.
fï wdldrhg is;kakg wmg mqreÿ lf<a
merKs fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrfha
isá .Ks;{hska h.
fjä fnfy;a, ud,sud hka;%h, lvodis iy
uqøK hka;%h uq,ska u f,dalhg y`ÿkajd
fok ,oafoa Ök YsIagdpdrfha ck;dj
úisks. fï iEu fohla u wo wmg uy;a
fia m%fhdackj;a h.
m<uqjrg rn¾ fnda,hla idok ,oafoa udhd
YsIagdpdrhg wh;a jeishka úisks. rn¾
hkq wmg uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a fohls.
wms m<`Èk mdjykaj,g rn¾ fhdod
;sfnkakdla fukau úYd, wyia hdkdj,
frdaoj,g mjd fhdokafka rn¾j,ska iEÿ
frdao hs.

3'2 YsIagdpdr jHdma;sh yd bka f,dalhg

Wreu jQ Þhdo

YsIagdpdrhla hkq l=ula oe hs jgyd .ekSug

kï f,dalfha merKs YsIagdpdr lsysmhl
f;dr;=re fidhd ne,sh hq;= h. fï i`oyd
fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh Bðma;=
YsIagdpdrh iy bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh
ms<sn`o rij;a f;dr;=re lsysmhla my;
úia;r lr ;sfí.
YsIagdpdrhla hkq ñksidf.a ÈhqKqj ms<sìUq
lrk b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls. merKs
21
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fojk fldgi
fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrh
ye¢kaùu
fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq jqfha hqm%;Sia fufidfmdf;añhdj msysgd ;sfnkafka
iy ghs.%Sia hk .x.d ksïkj, h. tu by;ska i`oyka l< .x.d folg ueÈjk
.x.d msysgd ;sfnk m%foaYh oeka wh;a f,i h. fuu YsIagdpdrh ìys jQfha
jkafka brdlhg h. fufidfmdf;añhd l%sia;= mQ¾j 3100-2900 w;r ld,fha
hk jpkfhka woyia jkafka z.x.d § h' ta óg wjqreÿ mkaoyilg muK
folla ueÈ jk fia msysá rgZ hkakhs. by; § h'

kshe<S isáhy. tu
m%foaYj, j¾Idj ys`.
ksid Tjqyq .x.dj, c,h
we< ud¾.j,ska ;ukaf.a
f.dúm<j,a fj; /f.k
.sfhda h. j.djg iqÿiq jk
mßÈ fmd<j ilia lsÍug
i;=ka fhdod .ksñka iS
iEfjdah. ta i`oyd Tjqyq
f,dayj,ska ;ekQ k.=,a o
.,ska ;ekQ Wo¨ o Ndú;
l<y. tys j.d l< ± w;r
iS iEfï wjia:djla ±lafjk merKs OdkH j¾." m,;=re iy
fuifmdf;añhdkq ueámqjrejla t<j`M j¾. o úh. ;sß`.= iy nd¾,s Tjqka
úiska j.d l< m%Odk OdkH j¾.j,g
fufidfmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrhg wh;a wh;a úh.
m%Odk k.r wjg jdih l< f.dúfhda
lDIsl¾ufha iy i;a;aj md,kfha

22
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 ^w& fuu foaj uKav,fha
m%Odkshd jQfha - wkQ
kñka ye`ÈkajQ foúhd
h.
^wd& fmd<jg wêm;s
foúhd y`ÿkajk ,oafoa
tkalsls hk kñks.
^t& tka,s,s kñka
jkaokdudkhg ,la
jQfha iq<`.g iy
f.dú;ekg wêm;s
merKs W!¾ k.rfha msysá foúhd h.
fuifmdf;añhdkq is.=rÜ foajd,hla fuifmdf;añhdfõ iEu k.rhl u tu
fuifmdf;añhdkq jeisfhda iajNdj k.rhg wh;a foú flfkla isáfha
O¾uh foúhka f,i i,ld je÷ï-msÿï h. foúhkag mqo mQcd meje;aùug ;ekQ
l<y. j¾Idj iq<`. iy .xj;=r tfia foajd, ye`Èkaùug is.=rÜ hk jpkh
foaj;ajfhka mQcdjg ,la úh. ;uka Ndú; fõ. tu foajd,j, isá mQclhskag
Ôj;a jkafka iajNdj O¾uhg wh;a fuifmdf;añhdkq iudcfha jeo.;a
tjeks foújreka i;=gq lsÍug nj Tjqyq ;ekla ysñ ù ;sìKs.
l,amkd l<y'

fuifmdf;añhdkq YsIagdpdrhg wh;a fldgfia Ôj;a jQ weisßhkajre olaI

kdjql hd;%d fjf<kafoda h. Tjqka ;u fj<`odï
lf<a f.dvìu yryd h. fj<`o
.x.dj, hd;%d lrk l=vd keõj,ska NdKav nQrejkaf.a msg u; mgjd f.k
fj<`odï lsÍug fufidfmdf;añhdkq fj<`odfï hdug Tjqyq mqreÿ ù isáhy.
jeisfhda olaI;djla oela jQy. lEu îu tajd y`ÿkajkafka ;j,ï hkqfjks.
we`ÿï me<`ÿï wdÈ foa fï keõj, f.k
.sfha h. fufidfmdf;añhdfõ W;=re
23
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fufidfmdf;añhdkq iudch
fufidfmdf;añhdkq iudch fldgia
y;rlg fn§ ;sìKs. ta ^1& mQclhska ^2&
by< mka;sj,g wh;a jeishka ^3& my<
mka;sj,g wh;a jeishka iy ^4& jy¨ka
jYfhks. mQclhska fufidfmdf;añhdkq
iudcfha isá n,j;a u msßi hs.
Tjqyq wd.ñl lghq;=j,g wu;rj
ffjoHjreka f,i o lghq;= l<y.
mQcljre ysi uqvq l<y. neg`M iïj,ska
ueiq lndhla Tjqyq ye`o isáhy.
by< mka;sj,g wh;a msßñ iy .eyekqq
rkska ksu l< fkdfhl=;a wdNrK
me<`o isàu isß;laj mej;sKs. msßñ È.g
fldKavh jejQy. Tjqkag È.= /jq,la o
;sìKs. ldka;dfjda tla Wrhla jefik
fia we`ÿï wekafoda h. Tjqkag o È.=
fldKavhla ;sìKs. my< mka;sj, wh
iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;hla .; lf<a ke;s
jqj;a ;ukaf.a ksjdij, myiq f,i
Ôj;a jQy. fjfyi ù jev lf<da h. ta
i`oyd Tjqkag jegqma ,eìKs. Tjqkaf.a
we`ÿï iy wdNrK jákd tajd fkdù h.

miqld,fha § wlaIr moaO;shla f,i

ÈhqKq úh. fï ueámqjrej, fkdfhl=;a
oE ,shd ;sfí. fj<`odï lghq;=j,g wod<
úia;r ta w;r m%Odk h.
fufidfmdf;añhdfõ Ôj;a jQ .s,a.-fïIa
rcq .ek l+ k H wla I rfhka ,s h k
,o ùr l;dj f,dalfha merKs;u idys;H
lD;sh f,i ie,fla. ueámqjre u; ,sùu
wlaIr moaO;sh ÿIalr jqj o fuifmdf;añhdkq jeisfhda
th olaI f,i l< y. ueámqjre u; ,shQ
f,dalfha merKs;u wlaIr moaO;sh we;eï ,sms ueáfhka u ksu l< ljrj,
ksmojk ,oafoa fufidfmdf;añhdkq nyd wod< mqoa.,hd fj; heùug mshjr
jeishka úisks. fuu wlaIr y`ÿkajkafka f.k ;sfí. fuifmdf;añhdj md,kh
l+kH wlaIr hk kñks. l+kH wlaIr l< yuqrdì kï md,lhd úiska ilia
,sùug Ndú; lf<a ueáj,ska idok ,o lrk ,o kS;sud,djla iys; f,aLkhla
mqjre h¡ f;; ueámqjre u; W,a lrk ;sfí. th f,dalfha merKs;u kS;s fmd;
,o ,S lene,a,lska tfia wl=re ,sù h. hs.
wdrïNfha § rEm we`§ula f,i wdrïN
jQ fuifmdf;añhdkq f,aLk l%uh
24
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh

fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq jQfha bkaoshdfõ ish¨ k.rj, oY ,laI myla muK
jhUÈ. m%foaYh yryd .,d hk ck.ykh cSj;a ù ;sfí¡ bkaÿksïk
bkaÿ .x.d ksïkfha h' j¾;udkfha YsIagdpdrfha úiQ ck;dj ;U" f,dalv"
tu m%foaYh we*a>ksia:dkhg;a" Bhï iy áka hk f,day Ndú; l<y¡
mlsia:dkhg;a" bkaÈhdfõ jhU Tjqyq ms<siaiq ueá .fvd`M Ndú; fldg
fldgig;a wh;a fõ' tu YsIagdpdrfha iEÿ ksjdij, cSj;a jQy¡ tu ksjdij,
ÈhqKq u wjia:dj mej;sfha l%sia;= b;d ÈhqKq c,k< moaO;shla ;sìKs¡
mQ¾j 2600 - 1990 ;a w;r ld,fha § Tjqkaf.a k.r b;d fyd`Èka ie,iqï l<
h' fudfykafcdodfrda iy yrmamd hkq tajd h¡ bkaÿksïk jeisfhdaa wlaIr f,i
tys mej;s m%Odk k.r folls' ÈhqKq u Ndú; l< yels ixfla; moaO;shla o
wjia:dfõ § tu YsIagdpdrhg wh;a ks¾udKh l< y'

bka ÿ ks ï k Ys I a g dpdrhg
wh;a m% O dk k.r 4 la ;s ì Ks ¡
tjd kï fudfykafcdÞfrda"
yrmamd" fOd,ùr iy
ld,snka.ka h¡ fï ish¨
k.r fyd¢ka ie,iqï
lrk ,o tAjd h¡ fï
PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka
mqrdúoHd;aul leŒïj,ska
fidhd .kakd ,o tjeks
k.rhl kgUqka h¡

25
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 bkaÿksïkfhka fidhd.kakd ,o fuu uQ¾;sfhka
ms<sìUq jkafka tu YsIagdpdrhg wh;a k.rhl Ôj;a jQ
mQclfhl= hehs ms<s.efka¡ uQ¾;sfha k<f,a olakg we;s
máh Tyq Wiia mqoa.,fhl= nj yÕjk ixfla;hls¡
weia wvjka fldg isák whqßka uQ¾;sh fk<d ;sîu
Tyq ikaiqkaj Ndjkdfjka isák nj fmkajhs¡ th
o tu uQ¾;sfhka olajd ;sfnkafka mQclhl= nj ;j
ÿrg;a ikd: lrhs¡

bkaÿksïkhg wh;a
k.rj, úiQ ck;dj
b;du;a l%uj;a f,i
bÈlrk ,o c,ldKq <sx
iy wmøjH neyer lrk
k< moaO;s Ndú; l<
y¡ fuu PdhdrEmfhka
±lafjkafka tjeks
k.rhl bÈlrk ,o"
fm!oa.,sl m%fhdackh
i|yd Ndú;hg .;a <s|
ls¡

bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a

merKs k.rj, olakg ;sfnk
uekúka ilia l< mdrj,a
m%jdykh ms<sn`o idlaIs f,i
ie,lsh yels h¡ fuys ±lafjkafka
tf,i m%jdykhg fhdÞ .;a
lr;a;hl wkqrejls¡ fuh fl<s
fi,a,ï i|yd fhdÞ.;a tlla
ùug bv ;sfí¡

26
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fuu PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka bkaÿ
ksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a uqødjls¡ tys
by<ska fmfkkafka ixfla; lsysmhls¡
tAjd lsishï woyila m%ldY lsÍug
fhdod.;a wlaIr úfYaIhla hehs fndfyda
fokd l,amkd lr;s¡ rEmfha ±lafjk
i;a;ajhd rhsfkdaisria nj ksiel h¡
bkaÿksïk YsIagpdrhg wh;a uqødj,
l=ula ,shd ;sfnkafka ± hs fuf;la
lsisjl= y÷kdf.k ke;¡

Bcsma;= YsIagdpdrh
wm%sldkq uydoaùmh yryd .,d nisk ùug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' Bcsma;= jeishka
khs,a .x.dfõ my< fldgig wh;a úiska f,dalhg odhdo l< úYsIag;u
ksïk m%foaYfha fuu YsIagdpdrh ÈhqKq ks¾udKh jQfha msróv hs' mdrdfjda
jqfha l%sia;= mQ¾j 3150 § muK h' tu rcjrekaf.A u<isrere ;ekam;a lrk
m%foaYh j¾;udk Bcsma;=jg wh;a jk ,oafoa msróvj, h' Tjqka úiska ksmo
neúka fuu YsIagdpdrh o tkñka jQ ;j;a jeo.;a wx.hla kï wlaIr
ye`Èkafõ' §¾> ld,hla ;siafia fuu moaO;sh hs' fkdfhla i;=kaf.a iy
YsIagdpdrh md,kh lrk ,oafoa mdrdfjda NdKavj, rEm Ndú; fldg ks¾udKh
kñka ye`Èkafjk rc fm<m;la úisks' lrk ,o tu wlaIr ye`Èkafjkafka
Bcsma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a ñksiqkaf.a Bcsma;= Ñ;%dlaIr kñks'
m%Odk cSjfkdamdh jQfha lDIsl¾uh hs'
ta ksid ÈhqKq jdßud¾. moaO;shla ksmo
27
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 fuu PdhdrEmfha ±lafjkafka
Bcsma;=fõ w.kqjr jQ lhsfrda
k.rhg u`ola wE;ska ;ekl
msysá .Sid kï ia:dkfha
f.dvk.d ;sfnk msróv
hs' fïjd ;=< mdrdfjda
rcjrekaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a
ìfidajrekaf.a uD; foay
;ekam;a lr ;sfí' Bcsma;=fõ
merKs;u msróv bÈ lrk
,oafoa l%sia;= mQ¾j 2630-2611
w;r ld,fha § h' .Sidys
msysá msróv f,dalfha
;sfnk mqÿu yf;ka tlla
f,i ie,fla'

fk*fk*jqfgka fk*àá /ðk mdrdfjda rcl=

jQ wlafyk;kaf.a ìij hs¡ weh Ôj;a jQfha
l%sia;= mQ¾j 1370 - 1330 w;r ld,fha § h¡ wef.a
fuu Wvqlh uQ¾;sh weh Ôj;ajk ld,fha
§ u ks¾udKh lrkakg we;ehs ie,fla¡
wlafyk;ka rcq ñh hdfuka miq flá l,la
weh úiska Bðma;=j md,kh lrk ,§¡ fk*àá
ìij mqrdK ld,fha Ôj;a jQ rEu;a u ldka;djla
f,i ie,fla¡

Bðma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a

W.;=ka ,sùug Wmfhda.s lr
.; yels ixfla; ud,djla
ksmojd we;¡ tÈfkod Ôú;hg
iïnkaO fkdfhl=;a NdKavj,
iy olsk weiqre lrk oE rEmhg
ke.Sfuka tu ixfla; ilia
lr ;sìKs¡ fïjd ye`Èkaùug
Bðma;= Ñ;%dlaIr hk fhÿu
Ndú; fõ¡

28
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'
 rdclShhl= mlaISka yUd-
hk wdldrh ±lafjk
mer‚ Bðma;= is;=jula¡
mßirh b;du o¾YkSh
f,i fuys is;=jï lr
;sfí¡

Bðma;= YsIagdpdrhg wh;a m%N+jrhl=f.a

uñhla ±lafjk cdhdrEmhls' u< isrere
l,a;nd .ekSfï uñlrK l%uh f,dalhg
yÿkajd fok ,oafoa Bðma;= YsIagdpdrfha
jeishka úisks'

l%sia;= mQ¾j 1332 -

kujk l%shdldrlu 1323 w;r ld,fha
Ôj;a jQ gQgkalduka
by; olajd w;s rEm igyka wOHkh rcqf.a uñfha uqyqK
fldg my; oelafjk iaudrl wh;a u; ;nd ;snQ rkska
l< fjia uqyqK hs'
YsIagdpdrh ,shd olajkak'

^w& iaudrlh ^wd& YsIagdpdrh

fi,a,ï ueá lr;a;h
l++kH wlaIr
msróv
fk*àá /ðk
i;a;aj ixfla; iys; ueá uqød
gQgka lduka rcqf.a uqyqfKa rkska l<
wkqrej
29
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h'