Cisco Fundamentals Chapter 5

Chapter 5:
Operating Systems
IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter5 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Purpose of this Presentation
To provide to instructors an overview of Chapter 5:
List of chapter objectives
Overview of the chapter contents, including
student worksheets
student labs
Reflection/Activities for instructors to complete to

prepare to teach
Additional resources
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Chapter 5 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Chapter 5 Objectives
5.1 Explain the purpose of an operating system
5.2 Describe and compare operating systems to include
purpose, limitations, and compatibilities
5.3 Determine operating system based on customer
needs
5.4 Install an operating system
5.5 Navigate a GUI (Windows)
5.6 Identify and apply common preventive maintenance
techniques for operating systems
5.7 Troubleshoot operating systems
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Chapter 5 Worksheets and Labs
5.2.2 Worksheet: NOS Certifications and Jobs
5.3.2 Worksheet: Upgrade Components
5.4.2 Lab: Install Windows XP
5.4.5 Lab: Windows XP User Accounts and Updates
5.4.9 Worksheet: FAT32 and NTFS
5.5.1 Lab: Run Commands
5.5.4 Lab: Install Third-Party Software
5.6.2 Lab: Restore Point
5.6.3 Lab: Windows Backup and Recovery
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The Purpose of an Operating System
The operating system (OS) controls almost all functions
on a computer.
Learn about the components, functions, and
terminology related to
the Windows 2000 and
Windows XP operating
systems.
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Roles of an Operating System
All computers rely on an operating system (OS) to
provide the interface for interaction between users,
applications, and hardware.
The operating system boots the computer and
manages the file system.
Almost all modern operating systems can support more
than one user, task, or CPU.
The operating system has four main roles:
Control hardware access
Manage files and folders
Provide user interface
Manage applications
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The process of assigning system resources and
installing drivers can be performed with Plug and Play
(PnP).
All modern operating systems are PnP-compatible.
With PnP, the operating system automatically detects
the PnP-compatible hardware and installs the driver for
that component which resolves the conflicts of
hardware.
PnP resolves the conflict of Hardware.
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Application Management
The operating system locates an application and loads
it into the RAM of the computer.
Applications are software programs, such as word
processors, databases, spreadsheets, games, and
many other applications.
Application programming interface (API) is a set of
guidelines used by programmers to ensure that the
application they are developing is compatible with an
operating system.
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Characteristics of Operating Systems
OS automatically discovers and configures PnP hardware
File and folder management
User interface
Command line interface (CLI)
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Application management
Open Graphics Library (OpenGL)
DirectX
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The Types of Operating Systems
Command Line Interface Graphical User Interface
(CLI): The user types (GUI): The user interacts
commands at a prompt. with menus and icons.
Most operating systems include both a GUI and a CLI.

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Compare Operating Systems
Terms often used when comparing operating systems:
Multi-user – Two or more users can work with programs
and share peripheral devices, such as printers, at the same
time.
Multi-tasking – The computer is capable of operating
multiple applications at the same time.
Multi-processing – The computer can have two or more
central processing units (CPUs) that programs share.
Multi-threading – A program can be broken into smaller
parts that can be loaded as needed by the operating system.
Multi-threading allows individual programs to be multi-
tasked.
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Modes of Operation
All modern CPUs can run in different
modes of operation. The mode of
operation refers to the capability of the
CPU and the operating environment. The
mode of operation determines how the
CPU will manage applications and
memory.
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Real Mode
Executes only one program at a time
Addresses only 1 MB of system memory at a time
Directly accesses memory and hardware
Subject to crashes
Available to all modern processors
Only used by DOS and DOS applications
Program Code PC hardware can be

directly controls PC interrupted by bad
hardware. code.
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Protected Mode
Has access to all memory
Can manage multiple programs simultaneously
Allows the system to use virtual memory
Provides 32-bit access to memory, drivers, and I/O transfers
Each program is assigned a space in memory
Computer is protected from program errors
Program HAL controls

talks to hardware
HAL and stops PC
Hardware errors.
Program Code hardware
Abstraction
directly controls cannot be
Layer
PC hardware. interrupted
(HAL)
by bad code.
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Virtual Real Mode
Allows a real-mode application to run within a protected-mode
operating system
Creates virtual machines for each program that runs in real mode
Each virtual machine receives 1 MB of memory and access to
hardware
In the event of a program error, only the virtual machine is
affected
OS provides virtual machine to host the code and protect the PC

Program operates in PC hardware
virtual machine controlled by
virtual machine;
Program Code errors are
stopped
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Desktop Operating Network Operating
System System
• Supports a single user • Supports multiple users
• Runs single-user • Runs multi-user

applications applications
• Shares files and folders • Is robust and redundant
• Shares peripherals • Provides increased security
• Used on a small network • Used on a network
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Operating System
A desktop operating system is intended for use in a

small office/home office (SOHO) with a limited number
of users.
A network operating system (NOS) is designed for a
corporate environment serving multiple users with a
wide range of needs.
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Desktop operating systems:
Microsoft Windows: Windows XP
Macintosh: Mac OS X
Linux: Fedora, Ubuntu, and others
UNIX
A desktop OS has the following

characteristics:
Supports a single user
Runs single-user applications
Shares files and folders on a small
network with limited security
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Network Operating Systems (NOS)
Common NOS include:
Novell Netware
Microsoft Windows Server
Linux
UNIX
A network OS has the following

characteristics:
Supports multiple users
Runs multi-user applications
Is robust and redundant
Provides increased security compared to
desktop operating systems
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Determine Proper Operating System
To select the proper operating system:
Create an accurate profile of your customer by
analyzing the daily, weekly, and monthly computer
activities
Select appropriate software and hardware to satisfy
existing and future requirements
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What Does Your Customer Require?
Office applications
word processing, spreadsheets, or
presentation software
Graphics applications
Photoshop or Illustrator
Animation applications
Flash
Business applications
accounting, contact management,
sales tracking or database
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Identify Minimum Hardware Requirements
Customer may need to upgrade or purchase additional
hardware to support the required applications and OS.
A cost analysis will indicate if purchasing new
equipment is a better idea than upgrading.
Common hardware upgrades:
RAM capacity
Hard drive size
Processor speed
Video card memory and speed
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Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
Most operating systems have an HCL.
HCLs can be found on the manufacturer's website.
HCL includes list of hardware that is known to work with
the operating system.
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Installing the Operating System
Reasons to perform a clean installation of an OS:
When a computer is passed from one employee to another
When the operating system is corrupted
When a new replacement hard drive is installed in a
computer
Before performing a clean installation:
Back up all data first
Explain to the customer that existing data will be erased
Confirm that all needed data has been successfully
transferred
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Hard Drive Setup Procedures
Operating system setup methods:
Install an OS over a network from a server
Install from a copy of the OS files stored on the hard
drive
Install from OS files stored on CDs or DVDs
Partitioning and Formatting
Hard drive must be logically divided (partitioned)
File system must be created on the hard drive
During the installation phase, most operating systems
will automatically partition and format the hard drive
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Hard Drive Setup Procedures
A technician should understand the process related to
hard drive setup.
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Partitioning and Formatting
Before installing an operating system on a hard drive,

the hard drive must be partitioned and formatted.
When a hard drive is partitioned, it is logically divided
into one or more areas.
When a hard drive is formatted, the partitions are
prepared to hold files and applications.
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Prepare the Hard Drive
The first portion of the installation process deals with
formatting and partitioning the hard drive.
The second portion prepares the disk to accept the file
system.
XP supports 4 primary partitions on the Hard Disk.
The file system provides the directory structure that
organizes the user's operating system, application,
configuration, and data files.
Examples of file systems:
The FAT32 file system
The New Technology File System (NTFS)
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Install the Operating System
During the Windows XP installation the user must provide:
Define currency and numerals
Text input language
Name of user
Name of company
Product key
Computer name
Administrator password
Date and time settings
Network settings
Domain or workgroup information
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Create Administrator Account
Setup creates the administrator account with the user
name “administrator”
Change this name to keep the administrator account secure
Only use the administrator account occasionally for critical
system changes
Create a fictitious user account to use as a template

Use secure passwords
These should be a minimum of 7 characters, containing at least
one of each (letter, number, and symbol)
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Complete the Installation
When Windows XP installation
completes:
Computer will reboot
Log in for the first time
Register Windows XP and verify that you are
using a legal copy of the OS
Verification enables you to download
patches and service packs
Use Microsoft Update Manager to
scan for new software and to:
Install all service packs
Install all patches
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Check Device Manager for Conflicts
Look for warning icons (yellow exclamation points)

Double-click to learn about the problem
Red sign indicates that the device is inactive.
Click the plus (+) sign to expand the category
May be able to ignore an error
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Custom Installation Options
With Microsoft System Preparation
Follow these steps for disk cloning:
Create a master installation on one computer
Run Sysprep
Create a disk image of the configured computer using third-
party disk-cloning software
Copy the disk image onto a server
When the destination computer is booted,
A shortened version of the Windows setup program runs
Setup configures only user-specific and computer-specific
settings
An answer file provides data normally required during set up
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The Boot Sequence for Windows XP
Power On Self Test (POST)
POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS
BIOS reads the Master Boot Record (MBR)
MBR takes over control of the boot process and starts NT Loader
(NTLDR)
NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI file to know which OS to load and where
to find the OS on the boot partition
NTLDR uses NTDETECT.COM to detect any installed hardware
NTLDR loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE file and HAL.DLL which is core
of XP
NTLDR reads the registry files and loads device drivers
NTOSKRNL.EXE starts the WINLOGON.EXE program and displays
the Windows login screen
Operating system will not boot if NTLDR is missing.
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NTLDR and the Windows Boot Menu
If more than one OS is present on the
disk, BOOT.INI gives the user a
chance to select which to use.
Otherwise:
NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM to get
information about installed hardware
NTLDR then uses the path specified in the
BOOT.INI to find the boot partition
NTLDR loads two files that make up the
core of XP: NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL
NTLDR reads the Registry files, chooses a
hardware profile, and loads device drivers.
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The Windows Registry
Recognized by distinctive names, beginning with
HKEY_
Every setting in Windows is stored in the registry
Changes to the Control Panel settings, File
Associations, System Policies, or installed software are
stored in the registry
Each user has their own section of the registry
The Windows logon process uses the registry to set the
system to the state that it was in the last time the user
logged in
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The Windows Registry Files
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The NT Kernel and Security Authority
Next, the NT kernel, NTOSKRNL.EXE, takes over
It starts the login file, WINLOGON.EXE
That program starts the Local Security Administration file,
LSASS.EXE (Local Security Administration)
LSASS.EXE is the program that displays the XP welcome
screen
There are few differences between the Windows XP
and the Windows 2000 boot process
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Manipulating Operating System Files
After you have installed Windows XP, you can use
MSCONFIG for post-installation modifications:
This boot configuration utility allows you to set programs that
will run at startup, and to edit configuration files
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The registry is a database that contains information and
settings for all of the hardware, software, users and
preferences. REGEDIT allows users to edit the registry.
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Pressing the F8 key during the boot process opens the
Windows Advanced Startup Options menu, which allows
you to select how to boot Windows.
Safe Mode – Starts Windows but only loads drivers for basic
components, such as the keyboard and display.
Safe Mode with Networking Support – Starts Windows
identically to Safe Mode and also loads the drivers for network
components.
Safe Mode with Command Prompt – Starts Windows and loads
the command prompt instead of the GUI interface.
Last Known Good Configuration – Enables a user to load the
configurations settings of Windows that was used the last time that
Windows successfully started. It does this by accessing a copy of
the registry that is created for this purpose.
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Describing Directory Structures
Windows file system naming conventions:
Maximum of 255 characters may be used
Characters such as a period (.) or a slash (\ /) are not allowed
An extension of three or four letters is added to the filename to
identify the file type
Filenames are not case sensitive
Windows filename extension examples:
.doc - Microsoft Word
.txt - ASCII text only
.jpg - graphics format
.ppt - Microsoft PowerPoint
.zip - compression format
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Describing Directory Structures
Each file has a set of attributes that control how the file
may be viewed or altered.
The following are the most common file attributes:
R - The file is read-only
A - The file will be archived the next backup
S - The file is marked as a system file and a warning is given if
an attempt is made to delete or modify the file
H - The file is hidden in the directory display
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The ATTRIB Command
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NTFS and FAT32
FAT32 is used where files need to be accessed by
multiple versions of Windows. FAT32 is not as secure
as NTFS
NTFS can support more and larger files than FAT32,
and provides more flexible security features for folders,
files, and sizes
Partitions can be converted from FAT32 to NTFS using
the CONVERT.EXE utility, but not in the reverse
direction
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Navigating a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A GUI provides graphical representations of all the files,
folders, and programs on a computer.
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Customizing the Desktop
To customize any of these, simply right-click the item and
then select Properties.
Taskbar
Recycle Bin
Desktop background
Window appearance
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The Start Menu
Customized to two styles, XP and
Classic
Accessed by clicking the Start button
The Start menu includes:
A nested list of all installed applications
A list of recently opened documents
A list of other elements, including; a
search feature, a help center, and system
settings
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My Computer
When you right-click My Computer and
select Properties, there are several
settings that can be customized:
Computer name
Hardware settings
Virtual memory
Automatic updates
Remote access
Files can also be moved and copied using
My Computer
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Launching Applications
Applications can be launched in several ways:
Click the application on the Start menu
Double-click the application shortcut icon on the desktop
Double-click the application executable file in My Computer
Launch the application from the Run window or command line
To view and configure network connections, right-click the

My Network Places icon.
Connect to or disconnect from a network drive
Right-click Properties to configure existing network
connections, such as a wired or wireless LAN connection
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Control Panel Applets
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Display Settings
Change the resolution
and color quality
Change wallpaper,
screen saver, power
settings, and other
options, by clicking the
Advanced button
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Device Manager
Used to view settings for
devices in the computer
Checks all the operational
H/W
An exclamation mark
indicates a problem with a
device
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Task Manager
View all applications that
are currently running
Close any applications that
have stopped responding
Monitor the performance of
the CPU and virtual
memory
View all processes that are
currently running
View information about the
network connections
CTRL-ALT-DEL
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Event Viewer and Remote Desktop
Event Viewer
Logs a history of events regarding applications, security, and the
system.
These log files are a valuable troubleshooting tool.
Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Event Viewer
Remote Desktop
Allows one computer to remotely take control of another
computer.
This troubleshooting feature is only available with Windows XP
Professional.
Start > All Programs > Accessories > Communications >
Remote Desktop Connection
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Performance Settings
Settings for advanced visuals and for virtual memory
Start > Control Panel > System > Advanced > Performance area >
Settings button
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Add or Remove an Application
Utility to install or uninstall applications
Tracks installation files for future thorough uninstall, if
desired
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Upgrading an Operating System
Upgrade Paths
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Upgrading to Windows XP
1. Insert the Windows XP CD. Select Start > Run.
2. In the Run box, where D is the drive letter for the CD-
ROM, type D:\i386\winnt32 and press Enter. The
Welcome to the Windows XP Setup Wizard displays.
3. Choose Upgrade to Windows XP and click Next. The
License Agreement page displays.
4. Read the license agreement and click the button to
accept this agreement.
5. Click Next. The Upgrading to the Windows XP NTFS
File System page displays.
6. Follow the prompts and complete the upgrade. When
the install is complete, the computer will restart.
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Preventive Maintenance Planning
Components of a preventive maintenance plan:
Updates to the operating system and applications
Updates to anti-virus and other protective software
Hard drive error checking
Hard drive backup
Hard drive defragmentation
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Schedule Tasks
The DOS AT command launches tasks at a specified time using
the command line interface
Information about the AT command is available at this path: Start >
Run > cmd Then type AT /? at the command line.
The Windows Task Scheduler launches tasks at a specified time
using a graphical interface
Access the Windows Task Scheduler by following this path: Start > All
Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Scheduled Tasks
Examples of scheduled tasks to run
ScanDisk (Windows 2000) and CHKDSK (Windows XP) check the
integrity of files and folders and scan the hard disk surface for physical
errors.
Defrag: Gathers the noncontiguous data into one place, making files
run faster
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Automatic Updates
An automatic update service scans the system for needed
updates, and recommends what should be downloaded and
installed.
Start > Control Panel > System > Automatic Updates
Automatic update services can setup to download and install
updates as soon as they are available or as required, and install
them when the computer is next rebooted.
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Restore Point
An image of the current computer settings. If the computer crashes,
the OS can roll back to a restore point.
The restore point utility only operates on OS and application files.
Restore points should also be created at the following times:
It helps to boot a system from if computer fails from the last good
boot condition.
When to create a restore point:
Before updating or replacing the OS
When an application or driver is installed
Manually at any time
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Backup the Hard Drive
Backup tools allow for recovery of data.
Use the Microsoft Backup Tool to perform backups.
Establish a backup strategy that will allow for the
recovery of data.
Decide how often the data must be backed up and the
type of backup to perform.
Windows XP uses Volume Shadow Copying, which
allows users to continue to work even as a backup is
taking place.
It is only necessary to make copies of the files that have
changed since the last backup.
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Types of Backups
Clear
Description
marker
Normal Selected files and folders Yes
Copy Selected files and folders No
Selected files and folders that

Differential changed since the last backup
No

Incremental changed since the last backup
Yes

Daily changed during the day
No
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ERD and ASR
ERD and ASR
Windows 2000 offers the ability to create an emergency

repair disk (ERD) that saves critical boot files and
configuration information necessary to troubleshoot
problems in Windows. Windows XP offers the same
features with the Automated System Recovery (ASR)
wizard. Although both ERD and ASR are powerful
troubleshooting tools, they should never replace a good
backup.
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Troubleshooting Process
Step 1 Gather data from the customer
Step 2 Verify the obvious issues
Step 3 Try quick solutions first
Step 4 Gather data from the computer
Step 5 Evaluate the problem and implement the solution
Step 6 Close with the customer
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1. Gather Data from the Customer
Customer information
Company name, contact name, address, phone number
Computer configuration
Operating system, patches and updates, network environment,
connection type
Use a work order to collect information

Description of problem
Open-ended questions
What were you doing when the problem was identified?
Closed-ended questions
Are you currently logged into your network?
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2. Verify the Obvious Issues
Examine the most obvious causes of a problem.
Is the caps lock key set to ON?
Is there a non-bootable disk in the floppy drive?
Are the drive settings and boot order configured correctly in
BIOS?
Can you log on as another user?
Was the computer turned off without being shut down properly?
Has the password changed?
Does the monitor have power?
Does the display have the correct settings?
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3. Try Quick Solutions First
Use the Last Known Good Configuration settings
Enter Safe Mode to troubleshoot video problems
Uninstall an application that was recently added
Roll back the system using a System Restore point
Examine the Device Manager for device conflicts
Run cleanmgr to clean up temp files
Run chkdsk/f to repair problems with the hard drive
Run defrag to speed up the hard drive
Reboot the computer
Login as a different user
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4. Gather Data from the Computer
Examine system files.
Run diagnostic software.
Refer to the computer user manual or BIOS website for
the meaning of beep codes.
Examine the event logs to determine the cause of
computer problems.
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5. Evaluate Problem & Implement Solution
You may need to conduct further research
Refer to repair manuals
Study the product documentation
Visit the manufacturer’s website
Consult repair journals
Talk to technicians who may have repaired similar problems.
Implement the most likely solution first
Return the computer to the original state before trying the
next solution
It may be necessary to test many potential solutions before
the problem is resolved
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6. Close with the Customer
When you are confident that the problem is resolved:
Document the customer information, problem description,
and steps to resolve the issue in the work order.
Explain to the customer how you solved the problem .
Let the customer verify that the problem has been solved.
Complete all documentation including sales orders, time
logs, and receipts.
Complete the work order.
Update the repair journal. You can use the notes from the
journal for future reference.
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Common Problems and Solutions
Problem Symptom Possible Solution
Use the “Roll Back Driver” option to

The computer displays the remove the new video driver.
desktop in 16 color VGA mode Remove any unnecessary programs
after updating the video drivers. from the Startup tab and reboot the
computer.
The computer will no longer boot Remove any floppies and CDs from the
to Windows and gives the error computer and verify that the HDD is set
“Invalid systems disk” as a bootable device in the BIOS setup.
Boot the computer in safe mode and
The computer will not finish
uninstall any recently installed
loading Windows.
applications.
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Chapter 5 Summary
Consider the customer's needs when selecting an OS.
The main steps in setting up a customer's computer include
preparing the hard drive, installing an operating system,
creating user accounts, and configuring installation options.
A GUI shows icons of all files, folders, and applications on the
computer.
Establish a backup strategy that allows for the recovery of
data.
Preventive maintenance helps to ensure optimal operation of
the OS.
Tools for troubleshooting an OS problem include Windows
Advanced Options menu, event logs, device manager, and
system files.
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Instructor Training
Activities
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Activities for Instructor Training
1. Take the Quiz provided in Chapter 5 course content.
2. Complete the 3 worksheets, 2 activities, and 7 labs
included in Chapter 5. While you are completing
these, make notes of potential issues and questions
that students may have.
3. Conduct Internet research to pre-screen online
resources for students to use in completing the
following student worksheets:
5.2.2 NOS Certifications and Jobs
5.3.2 Upgrade Components
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Instructor Training Discussion
Share and discuss with the other instructors, your list
of any potential student issues and questions
regarding the worksheets, activities and labs.
Share with the other instructors, your list of online
resources for students to use in completing the
research worksheets.
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Q and A
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Chapter 5:

IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0

 Reflection/Activities for instructors to complete to

Most operating systems include both a GUI and a CLI.

Program Code PC hardware can be

Program HAL controls

OS provides virtual machine to host the code and protect the PC

• Runs single-user • Runs multi-user

• Shares files and folders • Is robust and redundant

• Shares peripherals • Provides increased security

• Used on a small network • Used on a network

 A desktop operating system is intended for use in a

 A desktop OS has the following

 A network OS has the following

 Before installing an operating system on a hard drive,

 Create a fictitious user account to use as a template

 Look for warning icons (yellow exclamation points)

To view and configure network connections, right-click the

Copy Selected files and folders No

Selected files and folders that

Selected files and folders that

Selected files and folders that

Windows 2000 offers the ability to create an emergency

 Use a work order to collect information

Use the “Roll Back Driver” option to

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Reflection/Activities for instructors to complete to

A desktop operating system is intended for use in a

A desktop OS has the following

A network OS has the following

Before installing an operating system on a hard drive,

Create a fictitious user account to use as a template

Look for warning icons (yellow exclamation points)

Use a work order to collect information