RTOS6

UNIT - 6
TARGET IMAGE
CREATION
P.V.K.Chaitanya, E.C.E, GVPCEW
OFF-THE-SHELF
OPERATING SYSTEMS
Non real-time embedded OS
Suitable for non-real time applications
They use preemptive kernel, but strict deadlines cannot

be met.
Real Time OS
Real time functionality is achieved through very low

latency.
They are deterministic OS i.e. worst case response time

can be predicted.
Handheld/mobile OS
Meant for handheld devices and mobiles
Eg Palm OS, Symbian OS, Windows OS, Android, iOS

COMMONALITIES OF OS
The features supported by OS of different vendors

appear almost the same.
Some of them are
Integrated Development Environment
POSIX Compatibility
It specifies the Application Programming Interface to achieve

portability of applications.
TCP/IP support
Vendors supply an IDE that includes editor, compiler and debugger

and necessary cross-platform development tools.
TCP/IP protocol including FTP, SMTP, HTTP is integrated in the OS.

Function calls will be provided to access network-related services.
Device Drivers
Number of device drivers for serial port, parallel port, USB,. are
provided.
PORTABLE O S INTERFACE (POSIX)
POSIX is a standard developed by IEEE.
It is a set of function calls to access the OS

objects and services.
Application developed by using API of one

vendor was not able to be ported to another OS.
Thus POSIX standardized the API.
It gives the various function calls and library

functions that need to be implemented by the
OS.
There are different profiles of POSIX standard

depending upon the size of the system.
DIFFERENCES IN OS
Support for processors
OS code consists of processor-independent and processordependent code.
So every OS may not support all the processors.
Footprint
Footprint or memory occupied by the kernel differs from

OS to OS
They require a few kilobytes of memory
Java environment
Some vendors provide JVM support for their OS.
Board Support Packages
Some vendors supply hardware boards built around

different processors with OS ported onto the hardware.
DIFFERENCES IN OS
Scheduling Algorithms
Scheduling
algorithms provided by different OS may

be different.
Maximum number of tasks

Maximum
number of tasks supported differs from OS

to OS. Some support only 64 tasks whereas some
support upto 232 tasks.
Assigning task priorities

Some
OS may have fixed priorities to the tasks,

whereas som may have dynamic priorities, which
can be changed during execution time.
DIFFERENCES IN OS
Priority inheritance
Some
OS may support priority inheritance and some

may not.
POSIX SUPPORT
Though
OS vendors claim POSIX support, it may be

only for small system POSIX profile, but not fullfledged POSIX support.
Licensing terms
For
some OS, on-time payment gives the entire

source code.
For
some OS, vendors ask for a small amount for the

development system without source code and
demand a large amount for the source code.
EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS
They use preemptive priority based kernel, but

donot meet strict deadlines.
Stripped down versions of desktop OS can be

used as Embedded OS.
This strategy is used in developing 3 embedded

OS
Embedded
Windows
NT
XP Embedded
Embedded
Linux
EMBEDDED NT
Many embedded systems use Single Board

Computer(SBC) hardware, which is similar to
desktop computers hardware.
The application and the OS, needs to be bundled

and transferred to the target hardware.
Applications of Embedded NT are Internet Kiosk,

ATM,
It is based on Windows NT
A minimal OS without network requires 9MB of

RAM and 8MB of program memory.
With network components and device drivers, it

requires up to 16MB of RAM and 16MB of program
memory.
EMBEDDED NT
Applications can be developed using Visual Basic or

Visual C++.
To develop applications, the required configurations are
Windows NT 4.0
Service pack 4.0
Internet explorer 5.0
Visual studio 6.0 development environment
Development tools called Component Designer and

Target Designer are provided.
Target system can be created in following ways
That boots from a CDROM
Bootable partition on the hard disk
Target image on an empty hard disk

WINDOWS XP EMBEDDED (OR) EMBEDDED XP
It is the successor to Windows NT
It is a preemptive multitasking OS, and uses Win32

applications and drivers
So, applications developed on desktop using visual

studio can be ported to the embedded system.
Different applications are set top boxes, internet

kiosks,
It has IPv6 support, IrDA compliance,

connectivity, Plug and Play, ..
But, it requires large RAM and program memory.
It provides utilities such as Component Designer

and Target Designer
LAN
EMBEDDED LINUX
Like Linux, Embedded Linux is covered by GNU

General Public License and hence the complete
source code is free
It is now used on a number of devices such as PDAs,

set top boxes, cellular phones, internet appliances,
in telecommunication switches and routers, ..
Main attractions are
Open source software
Availability of large number of software resources in

source code form
Support for POSIX
EMBEDDED LINUX
As many non-standard variations of Embedded

Linux are available, this may lead to nonportable applications
So, Embedded Linux consortium released the

Embedded
Linux
Consortium
Platform
Specifications(ELCPS) to bring standardization
It defines 3 environments for 3 different

embedded system requirements
Minimal
system environment
Intermediate
Full
system environment
system environment
EMBEDDED LINUX
Minimal System Environment
It is applicable for embedded system with one processor

and associated memory.
They work in isolated mode without user interaction and

have no secondary storage and file system
Only one process with one or more linux tasks or POSIX

threads will be running.
So, the OS footprint will be small.
Intermediate System Environment
They have one or more processors, but need not have

secondary storage.
File system can be built in a flash device
Support for secondary storage is also provided

EMBEDDED LINUX
Full System Environment

They
have one or more processors, secondary

storage, network support and user interface.
It
supports full multipurpose Linux
For any environment, the various API calls to be

supported such as, for task management, interprocess communication, file management,
mathematical function library calls, header file
definitions for symbolic constants, are
specified.
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS
Some of the many real time operating systems

available are
QNX
Neutrino
VxWorks
MicroC/OS-II
RTLinux
QNX NEUTRINO
It is an RTOS from QNX software systems limited.
It supports a number of processors such as ARM,

MIPS, PowerPC, SH-4, StrongARM, x86 and
Pentium.
Has support for C,C++ and Java Languages and

TCP/IP protocol stack.
Has support for multiple scheduling algorithms

such as round-robin, FIFO, .
Upto 65535 tasks are supported and each task

can have 65536 threads.
It requires 64K ROM and 32K RAM

VXWORKS
It supports a number of processors such as

PowerPC, Intel StrongARM, ARM, Hitachi SuperH,
Motorola Coldfire, .
Supports both preemptive and round-robin

scheduling
256 priority levels can be assigned to tasks
Supports priority inheritance
MICROC/OS-II
It is a preemptive RTOS
It is certified for use in commercial aircraft by

Federal Aviation Administration
Features are source code availability, scalable,

portable, multitasking, deterministic, reliable.
Supports 64 tasks out of which 8 are system

tasks. Each task is assigned a unique priority.
Round-robin scheduling is not supported
RTLINUX
FSM Labs has 2 editions of RTLinux

RTLinuxPro
RTLinuxFree
It is a hard real time operating system
Supports x86, Pentium, PowerPC, ARM, Fujitsu,

MIPS, Alpha
Footprint of 4MB is required
Does not support priority inheritance
RTLinux tasks are given priority compared to

Linux tasks
Worst case interrupt latency is 15 microsecs


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UNIT - 6

P.V.K.Chaitanya, E.C.E, GVPCEW

Non real-time embedded OS

Suitable for non-real time applications

They use preemptive kernel, but strict deadlines cannot

Real time functionality is achieved through very low

They are deterministic OS i.e. worst case response time

Meant for handheld devices and mobiles

Eg Palm OS, Symbian OS, Windows OS, Android, iOS

The features supported by OS of different vendors

Some of them are

Integrated Development Environment

It specifies the Application Programming Interface to achieve

Vendors supply an IDE that includes editor, compiler and debugger

TCP/IP protocol including FTP, SMTP, HTTP is integrated in the OS.

PORTABLE O S INTERFACE (POSIX)

POSIX is a standard developed by IEEE.

It is a set of function calls to access the OS

Application developed by using API of one

It gives the various function calls and library

There are different profiles of POSIX standard

Support for processors

OS code consists of processor-independent and processordependent code.

So every OS may not support all the processors.

Footprint or memory occupied by the kernel differs from

They require a few kilobytes of memory

Some vendors provide JVM support for their OS.

Board Support Packages

Some vendors supply hardware boards built around

algorithms provided by different OS may

Maximum number of tasks

number of tasks supported differs from OS

Assigning task priorities

OS may have fixed priorities to the tasks,

P.V.K.Chaitanya, E.C.E, GVPCEW

OS may support priority inheritance and some

OS vendors claim POSIX support, it may be

some OS, on-time payment gives the entire

some OS, vendors ask for a small amount for the

EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS

They use preemptive priority based kernel, but

Stripped down versions of desktop OS can be

This strategy is used in developing 3 embedded

P.V.K.Chaitanya, E.C.E, GVPCEW

Many embedded systems use Single Board

The application and the OS, needs to be bundled

Applications of Embedded NT are Internet Kiosk,

A minimal OS without network requires 9MB of

With network components and device drivers, it

Applications can be developed using Visual Basic or

To develop applications, the required configurations are

Service pack 4.0

Internet explorer 5.0

Visual studio 6.0 development environment

Development tools called Component Designer and

Target system can be created in following ways

That boots from a CDROM

Bootable partition on the hard disk

Target image on an empty hard disk