A Note On Drazin Inverses: HEN ING
A Note On Drazin Inverses: HEN ING
A Note On Drazin Inverses: HEN ING
Mathematics
October 1977
384
CHEN F. KING
0 = T\R(T)
then N(Q) = (0) and Q is bounded with closed range.
bounded inverse on R(T). We define
Hence, Q has a
S = Q- P.
It is easy to see that S is a commuting generalized inverse of .
Conversely, if T has a commuting generalized inverse 5 then TS is a
projection from X onto R(T). Let
then
Thus,
385
TS\ = TS.
- \( - iy1 is -jx = .
This implies (5 - (1/)/) has a bounded inverse on R(T) for all ^ 0 in
P(T).
On the other hand, for each x E N(T)
or
THEOREM
and index k.
with Tk.
= D2kTk
= (D2T)k
Then
= Dk
386
CHEN F. KING
and
_ rk + l krk-1
Tk+D
COROLLARY.
X =
D(T D)D
= T D =TD = D
and
(T2D)D(T2D) = TD3 = TD2 = T2D,
this shows that T2D is a commuting generalized inverse of D.
Lemma 1,
Then, by
The rest of the proof is analogous to the first part of Theorem 1 since
TD is identity and zero on R(D) and N(D) respectively.
Recall the definition of ascent a(T) and descent d(T) for operator T
2
in B(S): an operator has finite ascent if the chain
N(T)CN(T )C
N(Ty)C''becomes constant after a finite number of steps. The
k
k+1
smallest integer k such that N(T ) = N(T ) is then defined to be
2
a(T). The descent is defined similary for the chain R(T)D R(T )D
3
R(T )D - - . If T has finite ascent and descent, then they are equal ([6],
Theorem 5.41-E).
387
R(Tk)N(Tk).
Then
PTk = TkP.
(1)
(2)
PT = TP.
+ 2) = PTy = Py = TPx.
Therefore PT = TP on X.
(3) Define Q = TR(Tk).
Q is a closed operator follows from the
fact that O is bounded with closed domain. To show Q has a bounded
inverse on R(Tk) we need only to prove that Q maps R(Tk) in a
k
one one manner onto itself. Because T maps R(T ) onto itself, so does
k
O. If Ox = 0 with x E jR(T ) then
k
k+]
0 = Ox = OT y = T y
for some
yE
388
CHEN F. KING
k+1
thus x = T y = 0. We define
D = Q-'P.
= y,
so that D = D.
D 2 x = Q'PTQP(y
+ z) = Q- ! P 2 JC = DJC.
Thus, D = TD 2 .
Finally, (TD) 2 = TDTD = TD = P. Hence / - TD is a projection
from X onto N( fc ) along i?( k ). For any x in X
(I-TD)x
N(Tk).
then
Tm(I-TD)x =0
m
VxEX,
k
k+
k+
y = T x = T Dx = DT x
389
ER(D).
D3JC
= TkDfc+1JC G
X
This implies Tk(I- TD)x = 0 and then we have
then
Tm(I-TD)x=0
JCGX,
390
CHEN F. KING
THEOREM
of the form
T = A + B,
where A has index 0 or 1, B is nilpotent of order k and AB = BA = 0.
The author takes pleasure in thanking Dr. S.
R. Caradus for his valuable comments on this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
REFERENCES
1. S. R. Caradus, Generalized Fredholm Operators, to be published.
2. M. P. Drazin, Pseudo-inverse in associative rings and semigroups, Amer. Math. Monthly, 65
(1958), 506-514.
3. S. Goldberg, Unbounded Linear Operators, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1966.
4. T. N. E. Greville, Spectral Generalized Inverse of Square Matrices, MRC Technical Summary
Report No. 823, Math. Research Center, U.S. Army, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
5. C. R. Rao, and S. K. Mitra, The Generalized Inverse of Matrices and its Applications, Wiley,
N.Y., 1971.
6. A. E. Taylor, Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y., 1967.
Received December 4, 1973.
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Editor)
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Department of Mathematics
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