U.S.

EOC STAAR
PowerPoint Review Part 1

Christopher Columbus
Columbu
s
discovere
d
New World
in 1492

Columbian
Exchange: the
transfer of
plants,
animals, and
diseases
between the
New and Old
Worlds.

Jamestown, 1607
First successful British colony in
America.

French and Indian War

1754-1763
France and Britain went to war over territory in North
America.
Britain won and took French territory.

No Taxation Without
Representation!
King George III the English monarch believed
colonists should pay taxes to help pay for the
French and Indian War.
Some of these new taxes included:
Stamp Act: direct tax on paper items like wills,
playing
cards, newspapers, etc.
Tea Act: not actually a new tax. This was supposed
to
help British merchants sell more tea, but that made
it
harder for colonial merchants to sell their tea.

Sugar Act, and the ones the colonists called the

Intolerable Acts.

Protests that led to the American

Revolution
Colonists began to taunt
British Soldiers (Boston
Massacre)
Protested the Tea
Act by staging
boycotts (refusing to
purchase tea).
Formation of colonial
militia and groups like
the Sons of Liberty
Boston Tea Party: The
Sons of Liberty,
disguised as Indians,
dumped British tea into
Boston harbor.

The Declaration of
Independence
July 4, 1776

Written by Thomas
Jefferson
Said King George III was
unjust and had violated
the rights of the
colonists.
Listed unalienable rights:
Life, Liberty, and the
Pursuit of Happiness

Important Founding Fathers

Benjamin Franklin- inventor, printer, writer,

statesman. Signed the Declaration of
Independence and later the Constitution.
George Washington- appointed Commander-inChief of the Continental Army.
Johnathan Trumbull Sr. the only
colonial governor to side with the
colonist.
John Peter Muhlenberg - minister
who recruited soldiers and developed a
groups known as the "Black Regiment"
Other Founding Fathers were Samuel Adams,
Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, John Jay and John
Witherspoon.

Battles of The Revolution

Lexington and Concord April
19, 1775
First battles of the
Revolution.
Battle of Saratoga
A turning point: Since
America won, France and
Spain decided to become our
allies.
Battle of Yorktown
Virginia, 1781
General Cornwallis
surrendered to the colonists.

Adoption of the Constitution

September 17, 1787- the draft of the
constitution was accepted
Ratified in 1788

Federalism
Federal System
Power shared by the states and
national government
Separation of powers also between
the 3 branches of government
Legislative make laws
Executive enforce laws
Judicial interpret laws

Checks and Balances: No single

branch can become too powerful.

Republicanism
An idea taken from the Roman Republic.
Government by popularly elected
representatives, not a king
(representative government)
The people have the power! (Popular
Sovereignty)
This shows principles of limited
government- government only has the
power given to it.

Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments (changes) to the
constitution.
Some states wouldnt ratify the
Constitution unless it included a list of
their individual rights.
The Bill of Rights protects basic individual
rights and liberties including:

Freedom
Freedom
Freedom
Freedom
Freedom

of
of
of
of
of

speech
the press
religion
assembly
petition

Gilded Age

Lower prices from

increased crop
production

High interest
on
debts

High
shipping
costs

Revolt
of Farmers

Farmers Become Politically Active

Populists
(Peoples Party)
Want the government
to regulate big
business

Farmers
Alliances
(Cooperate and
take political
action)

Greenback
Party
(Wanted more
paper money in
circulation)

Grange -1867
(Wanted to
regulate
railroads)

m
s
i
l
u
p
Po

1891-1896

During the last half of the 19th century, farmers believed that
the new urban industrial society was dominating American life.

This agrarian malaise was

a result of economic
complaints, an outgrowth
of the isolation of farm life,
and a reaction to the
departure of increasing
numbers of young people
who left the farms for the
cities.
This discontent
contributed to the
creation of the
Populist Party in the

This political party pushed for

the rights of disadvantaged
groups such as the farmers

Social Darwinism: Survival of the fittest. If

you were wealthy it was because you were
above average physically and mentally.

Herbert Spencer

Gospel of Wealth: The wealthy were Gods

chosen. If you were wealthy, it meant that God
liked you better.

Andrew Carnegie

Laissez-faire: To let one do. Under this

principle, the government keeps out of the
affairs of big business. Mind your own
business, so to speak.

ss
e
in
s
u
B
ig
B
f
o
The Rise
ra
E
l
a
i
r
t
s
u
d
In
e
h
in t
Cheap labor, new inventions
and technology, and raw
materials promoted industry
Government policies
encouraged growth
Andrew Carnegie and John D.
Rockefeller were two famous
entrepreneurs

Large corporations became

important to the economy

Railroads, telephones, and telegraphs linked

different parts of the country, creating a new national
market
Lowered cost of products, raised standard of living,
and created jobs

Polluted environment, destroyed small companies, and abused workers

The Robber Barons

American industrial
or financial
magnates of the late
19th century who
became wealthy by
unethical means,
such as questionable
stock-market
operations and
exploitation of labor.

Andrew Carnegie
American Success
Story
Came to America in 1848
at age 12. Rags to riches

Carnegie Steel Company

Manufactured more steel
than Great Britain The
Bessemer Process

Vertical Integration
Bought suppliers to
control raw materials

Carnegie controlled
almost the entire
steel industry!

Monopolies
When only one
seller controls the
production,
supply, or pricing
of a product for
which there are
no close
substitutes

John D.
Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company

Joined competing companies
in trust agreements
Group of Trustees ran
companies as a corporation
Horizontal Integration

Bought out competing steel

producers

Rockefeller controlled
almost the entire oil
industry in America!

Interstate Commerce Commission

Regulates the Railroads

Outlawed Pools
Outlawed Special Rebates/
Rates to Large Shippers

Outlawed charging high rates for short hauls,

and low rates for long hauls

Was not enforced by the federal government

was therefore weak.

and

Sherman Anti-trust Act

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Regulates
Business
Outlawed:
Monopolies
Trusts

Was not enforced by the federal

government and was therefore
weak.

r
o
b
a
L
f
o
h
t
w
o
Gr
Economic growth caused long

working hours, unsafe conditions,

and low wages

Workers realized that they

needed to band together to protect
and better themselves
Late 1880s workers began to organize
into unions. Knights of Labor was the
first nationwide industrial union

Government and big business tried

to limit unions; however, by the early
20th century government was
supportive
This led to many positive changed for
the workers

Child Labor
Early 1900s
Full-time employment
of children under the
minimum legal age
because families needed
the income
More production,
less pay
Abuse, exploitation,
illiteracy, death
Impact: minimum working age was set
at 16

Workers faced poor wages, unsafe conditions,

lack of job security.

Labor Unions
Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor
United Mine Workers, American Railway Union
Women and
minorities
largely
excluded

Labor
disputes
marked by
violence

Government
favored
employers
(Owners)

Unions
had
little
success

ventions
Electricity
Who: Thomas
Alva Edison
When: 1876
Where:
Menlo Park
(research
lab) in NJ
What: Light
bulb

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to s ee this picture .

QuickTime and a
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are needed to see this picture .

Inventions

Telephone
Who:
Alexander
Graham
Bell
When:
1876

The Assembly Line benefited from the theories of

Scientific Management created by Frederick W.
Taylor. Originally, it took 12 hours to build a Model
T. In all, Ford produced 25 million of them by 1925. In
that final year, a new model T could be completed
every 90 minutes.

The Gilded Age cont...

Government

*Filled with graft,

scandal and
corruption.
*Encouraged
economic growth
*Enacted weak
regulations

The Gilded Age cont...

African Americans

Women

*Suffered a
wave of racism

*Sought equal
rights

*Became
disenfranchised

*Initiated growth
in suffrage
movement

*Segregated by
Plessy v.
Ferguson

*Founded
womens colleges

So, in a nutshell..
The OLD IMMIGRANTS are coming from Western
Europe. Looked like US, Read, same religion, here to
stay
The NEW IMMIGRANTS are coming from South and
Eastern Europe. Looked different, illerate, religion was
different and came to get money and go back.

Nativism:
Anti-immigrant attitudes

Xenophobia is the
hatred
or
fear of
foreigners.

Political Machines
A political machine was an
organization of government
officials, who ran the
government of a city through a
system of charity, bribes and
patronage.
They provided for the masses in
exchange for their political
support.

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall was the name of the

corrupt political machine run by
Boss William Marcy Tweed in
New York City. At a time when the
average workman made a dollar a
day, contractors had charged the city
$400,000 for safes, $175,000 for
carpets, and $7,500 for
thermometers. The courthouse cost
over $13 million -- or more than
twice what the United State had paid
for Alaska four years earlier!

New Technology:
Suspension Bridges &
Mass Transportation

New Construction
Techniques: Iron
Skeleton Frames,
Elevators, Dumbbell
Tenements

Growth
Of
Cities
Urban Political
Machines: Supplied
services to urban poor
for votes. Power led
to corruption

Settlement House
Movement: Hull House
Jane Addams Help urban
poor and newly arrived
immigrants.

s
e
i
t
i
C
f
o
Growth
During the Industrial Revolution,
immigrants came seeking jobs. AfricanAmericans tried to escape the prejudices
of the South, and farmers moved
because new technology displaced them.

Positivesbetter paying jobs, bright

lights, running water, modern plumbing
Negatives

overcrowding, corrupt
politics, riots, and poor
sanitation

The rapid growth of American

cities in the late 1800s led to
the rapid growth of tenements
and ghettos

The Tenement
At one time, building designers held a contest to
create a new design for low income housing in major
cities. The winning design was called the Dumbbell
Tenement. You have had a chance to look at the
design. They crammed massive numbers of people
into very small spaces, but were seriously
overcrowded, dark and hot remember, no AC and
since they were packed together so tightly, no air
either. The original design said two families per
floor the reality was more likely to be 10 to 14
families per floor one room each.

The Melting Pot

Americans liked to describe the
results of their educational system as
a melting pot because they wanted
people to give up their old culture for
a new American one.
What is the term for this giving up of
ones culture to become like the
dominant society?

Assimilation!

Chinese Exclusion Act:

Passed in 1882, it suspended
Chinese immigration for 10 years,
and restricted the rights of
Chinese already in the U.S.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896

Supreme Court allowed states to segregate the

races as long as the facilities were equal.
(Segregate = Separate)

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme Court case that held up
racial segregation
Separate but equal was OK
such as separate drinking
fountains, restrooms, schools,
etc.

Really hurt
equality, but
it was
eventually
overturned by
Brown vs.
Board of

Imperialism &
America's Rise
To World
Power

Imperialism

When aa stronger
stronger nation
nation takes
takes
When
control of
of aa weaker
weaker nation.
nation.
control

Expansionism
Reasons for US Expansion
Included that the USA wanted:
1. More
More Natural
Natural Resources
Resources
1.

2. More
More Markets
Markets in
in which
which to
to sell
sell goods
goods
2.
3. More
More Military
Military Bases
Bases and
and Power
Power
3.

4.To
To spread
spread Christianity
Christianity
4.

Colonialism
Control of a powerful nation over
dependent territories

Annexation
To take over a territory/ country with plans
of making it part of your own country

Protectorate
When a stronger nation agrees to protect a
weaker nation

Alaska:
Alaska:
USbought
boughtfrom
from
US
Russiafor
for
Russia
$7.2million
million
$7.2

Mexico:
Mexico:
USousted
oustedthe
the
US
French
French
(BenitoJuarez)
Juarez)
(Benito

LatinAmerica:
America:
Latin
MonroeDoctrine
Doctrine
Monroe
guidedUS
US
guided
policy
policy

US IMPERIALISM
OF THE LATE
1800s

Pacific:
Pacific:
Missionaries
Missionaries
wereaastrong
strong
were
influence
influence

Africa:
Africa:
USpushed
pushed
US
OPENDOOR
DOOR
OPEN
POLICY
POLICY

Alfred Thayer
Mahan:
Wrote The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History
His book basically said that
if you have a modern and
powerful navy, you will
become a world power.

The Spanish-American War of 1898

Underlying
Causes

Secondary Causes

Triggers

*Sugar Tariff

*De Lome Letter

*Cuban desire
for independence

*Yellow Press

*Sinking of the
USS Maine

*Jose Marti

*Reconcentracion
Camps

Events in the
Philippines

Events in Cuba

*Admiral Dewey

*T.R. and the

Rough Riders

*Manila Bay

*Santiago Bay

Yellow Journalism

Type of journalism that used large

headlines, unscrupulously sensational
stories, and comics. The reporters often
exaggerated their reports to get readers.

Joseph
Pulitzer

Created the New York

newspaper The World.

Competed for readers and fans of

Yellow Journalism.

William
Randolph
Hearst

Published the New York

newspaper The Journal.

De Lme Letter
This little
piece of
writing
insulted
President
McKinley and
caused many
Americans to
be quite
upset with
the Spanish

The USS Maine blew

up in the harbor
outside Havana,
Cuba. The Yellow
Press blamed Spain
for the explosion. 78
years later the US
Navy claimed that a
malfunction in the
ships boiler room
caused the explosion.

T
R

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders.

They were the heroes of the US Army in
Cuba. More US soldiers were killed by bad
American meat ( The Jungle) than by
Spanish bullets.

The US Navy destroys the Spanish Navy at Manila Bay in

the Philippines under Admiral George Dewey. We also
destroyed the Spanish Atlantic Fleet at Santiago Bay,
Cuba.

Treaty of Paris

December 1898
Spain surrendered all claim to Cuba
Ceded Puerto Rico and the island of Guam to the
United States
Sold the Philippines for $20 million dollars

Imperialism
We should keep the territories
we won from Spain for these
reasons:
Enhance US trade. (We can sell
left over goods to our new
territories.
Fulfill our special mission in
the world which is to spread
democracy, Christianity and
captialism.

VS

Anti-Imperialism
To take over and control the
territories we won is contrary to
the principles of the US
Constitution.
(It makes us look like a bunch of
hypocrites!)

To get more land

Economic gain by
increasing markets

A desire to aid
less fortunate
people.
White mans
burden.

Reasons for American

Involvement in the Pacific
In the Late 19th and
Early 20th
Centuries

To spread
Christianity

To spread
democracy

Open Door
VS.
Spheres of
Policy
Influence
The US wanted to
let every one trade
freely and equally in
China. Everyone
gets their fair share.

European powers and

Japan wanted to
carve China up like a
big pie. Each country
gets their own piece
and doesnt share
with anyone else.

Speak softly
and carry a
big stick

Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the
Monroe Doctrine. The Roosevelt Corollary is
saying we are the cops of the Western Hemisphere.

Panama Canal

The US helped Panama

gain its independence from
Columbia because Panama
would give us permission to
build a canal through the
isthmus.
The Panama Canal made ship
travel from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Pacific Ocean much quicker.

The United States took over

construction of the Canal from France
who could no longer afford it. The US
started in 1904 and finished in 1914.

Panama Canal

The biggest threat to workers on the Panama Canal

was the mosquito. The mosquito was a carrier of
malaria and yellow fever.
Dr. William Gorgas found this out so he had the
Canal Zone sprayed to kill off the little buggers.

DollarDiplomacy

The U.S. policy of using the nations

economic power to exert influence
over other countries.
Substituting dollars
for bullets.

World War I

1914-1918

Four Major Causes of

World War I

Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
The Alliance System

Nationalism

Nationalism

- the intense pride

in ones country and countrymen
to the point of believing that they
are superior to everyone else.

Imperialism
Imperialism - the act of building an empire
through the acquisition of colonies brought many
European countries into conflict with each other.

Imperialism

Imperialism

- the act of
building an empire through the
acquisition of colonies brought
many European countries into

Militarism
Militarism - the buildup of arms beyond
defensive purposes brought many
countries to believe that they could easily
win a war over a rival nation.

The Alliance System

Alliances - The most powerful countries of
Europe were locked into defensive alliance
systems that made any conflict likely to involve
many countries.

Triggering Event: The

Assassination

On July 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand

the Archduke of Austria-Hungary
and his wife Sophia were visiting
Sarajevo in the Bosnian region of
the empire.

The Combatants
The Central
Powers:
Austria-Hungary 1914
Germany
1914
Ottoman Empire 1914
Bulgaria
1915

Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germany

Emperor Franz
Josef I
Austria- Hungary

The Allied Powers

Serbia 1914
Russia 1914
France 1914
Belgium 1914
British Empire 1914
Italy 1915
U.S. 1917
And 20 other countries

David Lloyd George

Czar Nicholas II

Georges Clemenceau

Woodrow Wilson

Great Britain

Russia

France

United States

The
Lusitania
On May 7th, 1915,
the British
passenger ship the
Lusitania was
sunk by German
U-boats
(submarines)
Among those
killed were 128
U.S. passengers.

The Sussex Pledge

After the Germans sank the French
ship the Sussex in March 1916,
killing 2 Americans, Germany
pledged not to sink passenger or
merchant ships without warning
and without saving human lives.

On February 1, 1917 Germany went back

on their promise (Sussex pledge) and
resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.

Arthur Zimmerman, the foreign

minister of Germany reportedly sent
a coded message to the German
ambassador in Mexico City.
The message was to be relayed to
the Mexican government that they
should declare war on the U.S. in
the hopes of regaining lost
territories of Texas, New Mexico and
Arizona.
This message was supposedly
intercepted by the British who in
turn decoded it and sent it to the
U.S. in early March of 1917.

The world must be made safe for democracy

~ President Woodrow Wilson

With these words

President Wilson
asked for a
declaration of war
on April 2, 1917,
and Congress
obliged the
President.

U.S. soldiers during WWI

were referred to as
doughboys The U.S. did
not enter the war until
1917, three years after the
war began in Europe.
The U.S. soldiers (aka the
A.E.F.) were commanded by
Gen. John J. Pershing
nicknamed blackjack
Pershing because he had
commanded AfricanAmerican forces during the
Spanish-American War.

Sgt. Alvin York

Sgt. York became the
U.S. most decorated
WWI soldier.
Sgt. York had
wrestled with the
question of
answering the call to
arms. Yorks
religious convictions
made him opposed to
joining the army.

Big Artillery
Heavy artillery was used in WWI. Some so heavy they had to
move on railroad cars. Long range guns were used to fire on civilian
targets like libraries, cathedrals, and city districts. The biggest guns
could shell a city from 75 miles.

Chemical Weapons

A yellow-green
chlorine fog
sickened,
suffocated,
burned, and
blinded its
victims.
Gas masks were
created to protect
soldiers from the
poison. But they
were hot, stuffy,
and sometimes
did not work
effectively.

Nurses attending gas

victims were also subject
to effects from the gas.

The bandages over the

eyes would indicate
that it probably was
mustard gas

Results of the
poison gases
used in WW I

The Machine Gun

The machine gun
changed forever the
nature of warfare!
Firepower increased
to 600 rounds per
minute.

Soldiers affixing their bayonets to their rifles.

(Getting ready to charge across no mans land)

Submarines/ U-Boats (Unterseeboot)

Germanys undersea terror

WWI Tanks were used to mow down

barbed wire and soldiers.

Airplanes were
used later on in
the war,
originally for
aerial
surveillance.
As pilots began
to cross paths
they began to
engage in aerial
combat referred
to as dogfights.

Life in the
Trenches

Trenches stretched
through most of Western
Europe.

Trench Warfare:
Enemies fight
each other from
within the
protection of
opposing
trenches.

This was the standard fare

for WWI.

The area in between the opposing sides

trench works was called no-mans-land.

Soldiers in underground dug outs

Soldiers relaxing a
bit during a lull in
the fighting. See
the inserts dug on
the sides of the
trench walls?
Soldiers lived, ate,
slept, relaxed,
fought,

A Few Important Battle

for the Americans
Battle of Argonne
Forest [or MeuseArgonne] (Fall 1918)The AEF (under General
Pershing) were
attacking the Germans
into retreat when the
armistice was
announced.

The Bolshevik Revolution

(1917)
The Russian Czar, Nicholas
Romanov II, lived a wealthy
lifestyle and was out of touch with
his people. Eventually the people
rebelled and Nicholas abdicated
the throne. He and his family were
later assassinated.
Vladimir Lenin and his followers,
the Bolsheviks, took over control of
the Russian government and