STYLISTICS ()

1. Stylistics as a science. Branches of stylistics. Stylistics is a branch of eneral lin !istics. It has "ainly #ith t#o tas$s% Stylistics & is re ar'e' as a lan ( e science #hich 'eals #ith the res!lts of the act of co""!nication. There are ) basic ob*ects of stylistics% ( stylistic 'e+ices an' fi !res of s,eech ( f!nctional styles Branches of stylistics% ( Le-ical stylistics & st!'ies f!nctions of 'irect an' fi !rati+e "eanin s. also the #ay conte-t!al "eanin of a #or' is reali/e' in the te-t. L.S. 'eals #ith +ario!s ty,es of connotations & e-,ressi+e. e+al!ati+e. e"oti+e0 neolo is"s. 'ialectal #or's an' their beha+ior in the te-t. ( 1ra""atical stylistics & is s!b'i+i'e' into "or,holo ical an' syntactical 2or,holo ical s. +ie#s stylistic ,otential of ra""atical cate ories of 'ifferent ,arts of s,eech. 3otential of the n!"ber. ,rono!ns4 Syntactical s. st!'ies syntactic. e-,ressi+e "eans. #or' or'er an' #or' co"binations. 'ifferent ty,es of sentences an' ty,es of syntactic connections. 5lso 'eals #ith ori in of the te-t. its 'i+ision on the ,ara ra,hs. 'ialo s. 'irect an' in'irect s,eech. the connection of the sentences. ty,es of sentences. ( 3honostylistics & ,honetical or ani/ation of ,rose an' ,oetic te-ts. 6ere are incl!'e' rhyth". rhyth"ical str!ct!re. rhy"e. alliteration. assonance an' correlation of the so!n' for" an' "eanin . 5lso st!'ies 'e+iation in nor"ati+e ,ron!nciation. ( 7!nctional S (s. of 'eco'in ) & 'eals #ith all s!b'i+isions of the lan !a e an' its ,ossible !se (ne#s,a,er. collo8!ial style). Its ob*ect ( correlation of the "essa e an' co""!nicati+e sit!ation. ( In'i+i'!al style st!'y &st!'ies the style of the a!thor. It loo$s for correlations bet#een the creati+e conce,ts of the a!thor an' the lan !a e of his #or$. ( stylistics of enco'in ( The sha,e of the infor"ation ("essa e) is co'e' an' the a''ressee ,lays the ,art of 'eco'er of the infor"ation #hich is containe' in "essa e. The ,roble"s #hich are connecte' #ith a'e8!ate rece,tion of the "essa e #itho!t any loses ('efor"ation) are the ,roble"s of stylistics of enco'in . Stylistics is not e8!al to lin !istics science. s!ch as ,honetics. lin !istics 'isci,lines & le-icolo y. "or,holo y. synta- beca!se they are le+el 'isci,lines as they treat only one lin !istic le+el an' stylistics in+esti ates the 8!estions on all the le+els an' 'ifferent as,ects of the te-ts in eneral. The s"allest !nit of lan ( e is the ,hone"e. Se+eral ,hone"es co"bine' "a$e a !nit of a hi her le+el & "or,he"e ("or,he"ic le+el). 9ne or "ore "or,he"es "a$es a #or'. a le-e"e (le-ical le+el). 9ne or "ore than one #or's "a$e an !tterance. a sentence (sentence le+el). :or's co"binations are treate' either on the le-ical or syntactical le+el% :inter4 ;<=; >?> @AB. Ce+erD Each le+el consists of !nits of lo#er le+el. Fea' & er GHI <>AJ<K Stylistics "!st be s!b'i+i'e' into se,arate. in'e,en'ent branches & stylistic ,honetics. Stylistic "or,holo y. Stylistic le-icolo y. Stylistic synta:hate+er le+el #e ta$e. stylistics is 'escribes not #hat is in co""on !se. b!t #hat is s,ecific in this or that res,ect. #hat 'ifferentiates one s!blan !a e fro" others. 1eneral (non(stylistic) ,honetics in+esti ates the #hole artic!latory ( a!'ial syste" of lan !a e. Stylistic ,h(cs 'escribes +ariants of ,ron!nciation occ!rin in 'ifferent ty,es of s,eech. S,ecial attention is also ,ai' to ,roso'ic feat!res of ,rose an' ,oetry.

1eneral (non(stylistic) "or,holo y treats "or,he"es an' ra""atical "eanin s e-,resse' by the" in lan !a e in eneral. #itho!t re ar' to their stylistic +al!e. Stylistic "or( y is intereste' in ra""atical for"s an' ra""atical "eanin s that are ,ec!liar to ,artic!lar s!blan !a es. e-,licity or i",licity co",arin the" #ith the ne!tral ones co""on to all the s!blan !a es. Le-icolo y 'eals #ith stylistic classification ('ifferentiation) of the +ocab!lary that for" a ,art of stylistics (stylistics le-icolo y). In stylistic le-icolo y each !nits are st!'ie' se,arately. instea' of as a #hole te-t ( ro!, of #or's. #or' classification). 1eneral synta- treats #or' co"binations an' sentences. analy/in their str!ct!res an' statin #hat is ,er"issible an' #hat is ina'"issible in constr!ctin correct !tterances in the i+en lan !a e. Stylistic synta- sho#s #hat ,artic!lar constr!ctions are "et #ith in +ario!s ty,es of s,eech. #hat syntactical str!ct!res are style for"in (s,ecific) in the s!blan !a es in 8!estion. Se"antic le+el & connecte' #ith "eanin ). Classifications of f!nctional styles Style is 'e,th. 'e+iations. choice. conte-t style restricte' lin !istic +ariation. style is the "an hi"self (B!ffon). 5ccor'in to 1al,erin the ter" LstyleM refers to the follo#in s,heres% 1) the aesthetic f!nction of lan !a e It "ay be seen in #or$s of art( ,oetry. i"a inati+e ,rose. fiction. b!t #or$s of science. technical instr!ction or b!siness corres,on'ence ha+e no aesthetic +al!e. )) synony"o!s #ays of ren'erin one an' the sa"e i'ea The ,ossibility of choice of !sin 'ifferent #or's in si"ilar sit!ations is connecte' #ith the 8!estion of style as if the for" chan es. the contents chan es too an' the style "ay be 'ifferent. N) e-,ressi+e "eans in lan !a e ( are e",loye' "ainly in the follo#in s,heres & ,oetry. fiction. collo8!ial s,eech. s,eeches b!t not in scientific articles. b!siness letters an' others. O) e"otional colorin in lan !a e Pery "any ty,es of te-ts are hi hly e"otional & 'eclaration of lo+e. f!neral oration. ,oe"s(+erses). b!t a reat n!"ber of te-ts is !ne"otional or non(e",hatic (r!les in te-tboo$s). Q) a syste" of s,ecial 'e+ices calle' stylistic 'e+ices The style is for"e' #ith the hel, of characteristic feat!res ,ec!liar to it. 2any te-ts 'e"onstrate +ario!s stylistic feat!res% She #ears LfashionM R #hat she #ears is fashionable or is *!st the fashion "ethoni"y. S) the in'i+i'!al "anner of an a!thor in "a$in !se the in'i+i'!al style of s,ea$in . #ritin "!st be in+esti ate' #ith the hel, of co""on r!les an' enerali/ation. 1al,erin 'istin !ishes fi+e styles in ,resent('ay En lish% I. Belles Lettres ( TUA;UK) 1. 3oetry ). E"oti+e ,rose N. The Vra"a III. 3!blicistic Style 1. 9ratory an' S,eeches ). The Essay N. 5rticles IP. Ce#s,a,ers 1. brief Ce#s Ite"s (>A>U W>X>;U) ). 6ea'lines N. 5'+ertise"ents an' 5nno!nce"ents (>TYZXWZ) O. The E'itorial ( ABKU>A;KZ ;UKU[Z) P. Scientific 3rose PI. 9fficial Voc!"ents

6e 'i'nMt sin le o!t a collo8!ial style. Its create' by the #or$ of the a!thor &the res!lt of creati+e acti+ity. 5rnol' classification consists of fo!r styles% 1. 3oetic style ). Scientific style N. Ce#s,a,er style O. Collo8!ial style Sin lin o!t a ,oetic an' a scientific style see"s +ali'. B!t 5rnol' insists on the +ali'ity of the Lne#s,a,er styleM theory. She says that the s,ecificity of "ass "e'ia "a$e ac$no#le' e"ent of ne#s,a,er style. as one of f!nctional style. In the han'boo$ by 2oro$ho+s$y. Porobyo+a. Li$hosherst i+e follo#in classification of style% 1. official b!siness style ). scientific & ,rofessional style N. ,!blicistic style O. literary collo8!ial style Q. fa"iliar collo8!ial style \o/hina lists ty,e ( for"in an' socially si nificant s,heres of co""!nication as follo#s% 1) official ))scientific N) artistic O) ,!blicistic Q) of 'aily interco!rse (Rcollo8!ial). ]!st as in so"e of the abo+e classification #e can 'o!bt the +ali'ity of treatin se,arately (an' th!s o,,osin ) the artistic (belles(lettres) an' the ,!blicistic s,heres. Cot only #riters of ,oetry or fiction. b!t ,!blicists an' orators as #ell "a$e ab!n'ant !se of orna"ent an' e-,ressi+e "eans of lan !a e ( tro,es an' fi !res first an' fore"ost 3roble"atic as,ects% Ce#s,a,er style as a ,art of ,!blicist style. That #hy it canMt be in'i+i'!al. It has no sit!ation of co""!nication. Ce#s,a,er style to i+e infor"ation. to infl!ence. to re,resent social. ,olitical i'ea. "eans of ,!rs!a e. Its i",ortant to concentrate. That is #hy the te-t of ne#s,a,er style sho!l' be or ani/e' in the certain style. It "!st contain ele"ents of stylistic colore' #or's an' ha+e certain ra,hic or ani/ation. The articles contain 8!estions. the sentence interro ati+e. elli,tical constr!ction an' 'irect s,eech is incl!'e'. The !se of ,olitical #or's an' e-,ressions. cliches. collo8!ial #or's. slan . ,rofessionalis"s. lar e a"o!nt of stylistic 'e+ises. +ario!s ra,hical "eans. The te-t of C3 style is rea' by ,eo,le o' 'ifferent social stat!s. Belles & Lettres style is so "any colore'. It incl!'es feat!res of all the styles if it necessary. The a!thor !ses ,roffessional #or's of all le+els. The basic f!nction & infor"ati+e an' aesthetic. 3oetic style in the ,ast "any scholars 'istin !ishe' this style. Co#a'ays it incl!'e' in Belles & Lettres style. S. of official Voc!"ents here are incl!'e' the lan !a e of b!siness 'oc!"ents. the lan !a e of le al 'oc!"ents. 'i,lo"acy. "ilitary. the f!nction & to achie+e the a ree"ent bet#een contrasti+e ,arts0 has +ery strict or ani/ation. 5ll the #or's are !se' in the 'ictionary "eanin s. a lar e n!"ber of abbre+iation. ter"s. cliches. 3!blicistic style in the ,ast it na"e' oratoric style. The ai" of the style also infl!ence of ,!blic o,inion. Bra+ity of e-,ression. stron lo ic. strict or ani/ation of syntactical str!ct!re an' a #i'e syste" of syntactical connection0 the !se of collo8!ial #or's. ne!tral. 'irect a''ress to the a!'ience. Scientific style is the style of re,ortin an' con+eyin serio!s scientific i'ea. It is connecte' #ith oral an' #ritten for"s. 6ere are incl!'e' se"inars. sc. 5rticles. 'isc!ssions. #ritten for" & "ono ra,h. broch!res. all $in's of aca'e"ic ,!blications. The ai" is to ,ro+e a hy,othesis. The !se of lar e n!"ber of ter"s. Clarity of e-,ression. The !se of references. lo ical connection #ith the ,re+io!s one. inter'e,en'ance the s,eeches is !s!ally ,ro'!ce' in the secon' ,erson & #e. N. Classification of en lish #or's. 1ro!,s of en lish #or's. Basic s!b'i+ision0 for"al. infor"al. nea!tral.

7or"al #or's% 3oetic #or's(constit!te the hi hest le+el of the scale0 e+ery ,oetic #or' ,ertains to the !,,er"ost ,art of the sche"e0 it 'e"onstrates the "a-i"!" of aesthetic +al!e. 5rhaic #or's. are also stylistically hetero eneo!s. They are !s!ally tho! ht to ,ertain to the !,,er strata of +ocab!lary. This #or's ,ractically !n$no#n to the ,!blic at lar e. e. . Tho!. thee. $ni ht. Boo$ish#or's &the #or's th!s calle' are !se' as their na"e sho#s. in c!lti+ate' s,heres of s,eech% in boo$s or in s!ch ty,es of oral co""!nication as ,!blic s,eeches. official ne otiations. an' so on. Boo$ish #or's are either for"al synony"s of or'inary ne!tral #or's. e. . Co""ence an' be in. res,on' an' ans#er. in'i+i'!al an' "an. Barbaris". or forei n #or's. :or's ori inally borro#e' fro" a forei n lan !a e are !s!ally assi"ilate' into the nati+e +ocab!lary. so as not to 'iffer fro" its !nits in a,,earance or in so!n'. e. . 7ro" french (bo!8!et. ara e). Italian ('olce(far(niente) or latin (alter e o). Ceolo is"s. or ne# creations. 5 neolo is"s see"s. to the "a*ority of lan !a e !sers. a stran er. a ne# co"er an' hence a #or' of lo# stylistic +al!e. altho! h the intention of the s,ea$er "ay be 8!ite o,,osite. S,ecial ter"s. This #or'(class constit!te the act!al "a*ority of the le-ical !nits of e+ery "o'ern lan !a e ser+in the nee's of a hi hly 'e+elo,e' science an' technolo y. In s,ecial (,rofessional) s,heres the ter" ,erfor"s no e-,ressi+e or aesthetic f!nction #hate+er. In non ,rofessional s,heres (i"a inati+e ,rose. ne#s,a,er te-ts. e+ery'ay s,eech) ,o,!lar ter"s are of the first ("ini"al) or the secon' ("e'ial) 'e ree of ele+ation. The !se of s,ecial non(,o,!lar ter"s. !n$no#n to a+era e s,ea$er. sho#s a ,retentio!s "anner of s,eech. l!c$ of taste or tact. Infor"al #or's% Collo8!ial #or's 'e"onstrate the "ini"al 'e ree of stylistic 'e ra'ation. They are #or's #ith a tin e of infor"ality or fa"iliarity abo!t the". There is nothin ethically i",ro,er in their stylistic colo!rin . e-ce,t that they cannot be !se' in for"al s,eech. i. . 'rifter (a ,erson #itho!t stea'y *ob). affer ( ran' father) an' so on. ]ar on #or's. These a,,ear in ,rofessional or social ro!,s as infor"al. ]ar on can be s!b'i+i'e' into t#o ro!,s. 9ne of the" consists of na"es of ob*ects. ,heno"ena. an' ,rocesses characteristic of the i+en ,rofession & not the real 'eno"inations . bat rather nic$na"es as o,,ose' to the official ter"s !se' in this ,rofessional s,here. i. . in sol'iers *ar on. the e-,ression ,ict!re sho# is c!rrent. #hich has nothi to 'o #ith the cine"a. b!t 'enotes a ,!rely "ilitary conce,t for #hich there is an official #or' & the #or' battle. The other ro!, is "a'e !, of ter"s of the ,rofession !se' to 'enote non(,rofessional ob*ects. ,heno"ena. an' ,rocesses. i. . bi !n & i",ortant ,erson. E+ery ,rofessional ro!, has its o#n *ar on. :e 'istin !ish st!'entsM . "!siciansM. lo#ersM. sol'iers *ar on an' so on. Slan . Slan is ,art of the +ocab!lary consistin of co""only !n'erstoo' an' #i'ely !se' #or's an' e-,ression of h!"oro!s or 'ero atory character & intentional s!bstit!tes for ne!tral or ele+ate' #or's an' e-,ressions. i. . foo'% ch!c$. cho#. hash0 "oney% *ac$. tin. brass. oof. an' so on. P!l ar #or's. This stylistically lo#est ro!, consists of #or's #hich are consi'ere' too offensi+e for ,olite !sa e. 9b*ectionable #or's "ay be 'i+i'e' into t#o ro!,s% le-ical stylistic +!l aris"s. To the first ro!, belon #or's e-,ressin i'eas conci'ere' !n"entionable in ci+ili/e' society. ^!ite !n"entionable are so( calle' _fo!r( letters #or's`. The secon' ro!, & stylistic +!l aris"s( are #or's an' ,hrases the le-ical "eanin s of #hich ha+e nothin in'ecent or on the #hole . i",ro,er abo!t the". Their i",ro,riety in ci+ili/e' life is '!e solely to their stylistic +al!e & to stylistic connotation e-,ressin a 'ero atory attit!'e of the s,ea$er to#ar's the ob*ects of s,eech.

i. . ol' bean (ol' "an ). s"eller (nose). ,ay 'irt ("oney) an' the li$e. O.Stylistics 'e+ises. Tro,e an' fi !res of s,eech. In the E!ro,ean ,hilolo ical tra'ition there ha+e al#ays e-iste' ,heno"ena re ar'e' as lin !ostylistic conce,ts ,ro,er. They are% Tro,es #hich are base' on the _transfer` of "eanin . #hen a #or' (or co"bination of #or's) is !se' to 'enote (aKb=XKU[) an ob*ect #hich is not nor"ally correlate' #ith this #or'. 5n' 7i !res of s,eech #hose stylistic effect is achie+e' '!e to the !n!s!al arran e"ent (K;;JKZ) of lin !istic !nits. !n!s!al constr!ction or e-tension (B>TKXW) of !tterance (@A>bW>cW). Tro,es an' fi !res are or ani/e' into le+els% 1. 3honetic 'e+ices ( alliteration. assonance & f. re,etition of the sa"e so!n' ( a !ni+ersity sho!l' be a ,lace of li ht. of liberty. an' of learnin & they ,ro'!ce effect of e!,hony ). 1ra,hical & ra,hon N. Le-ical & interrelation of 'ifferent "eanin of one #or' of connotati+e "eanin s of 'ifferent #or's. 2etathor & t. !se of #or's (#or' co"binations) in transferre' "eanin s by #ay of si"ilarity or analo y ( art is a *ealo!s "istress t ( 2etony"y. antono"asia. hy,erbole. f ( /e! "a. ,an. o-y"oron O. Syntactical & is base' on the arran e"ent of the "e"bers of the sentence. on the co",letence( inco",letence of sentence str!ct!re. In+ersion. 'etach"ent. elli,sis. f. ,olysin'eton. syn'eton. rhetorical 8!estion Q. Le-ico(syntactic & f. si"ile. litotes 5lliteration & a fi !re of s,eech #hich consists in the re,etition of the sa"e so!n' in #or's in close s!ccession (!s!ally in the stresse' syllables)% d(the . the . the) 5na,hora ( a fi !re of be innin s!ccessi+e sentences. synta "s. lines. etc. #ith the sa"e so!n's. "or,he"es. #or's. or #or'(co"binations% d(yo!. sir. are an !nnat!ral. !n ratef!l. !nlo+eable boy) 5ntono"asia & (a +ariant of 2ET5369F) a tro,e #hich consists in the !se of a ,ro,er na"e to 'enote a 'ifferent ,erson #ho ,ossesses so"e 8!alities of the ,ri"ary o#ner of the na"e% d(E+ery Caesar has his Br!t!s (9M6enry)) II. (a +ariant of 3EF936F5SIS) & a fi !re of s,eech #hich na"es a fa"iliar ,erson in a in'irect #ay% d(the 2ai' of 9rleans (for ]ean of 5rc). the 'ay that co"es bet#een a Sat!r'ay an' "on'ay) 5,ostro,he ( a fi !re of s,eech #hich consists in a''ressin an absent. 'ea' or in+ente' ,erson. as #ell as ani"als an' thin s. 3ersonification & (a +ariant of 2ET5369F) & a tro,e in #hich an _ani"ate` or h!"an feat!re is ascribe' to an inani"ate ob*ect or to an abstract conce,t% d(a col'. !nseen stran er) 3olysyn'eton ( a fi !re of s,eech #hich consists in the co"bination of 6o"o eneo!s (>BW>A>BW=e) ,arts of sentence by "ean of the sa"e con*!nction% d (an' of the ol'en lyre. 5n' of the ol'en hair4) 3arallel constr!ction & a fi !re base' on the !se of the si"ilar syntactic ,attern (;UAaUaAK) in t#o or "ore sentences or synta "s% d(:hen the la", is shattere'4. :hen the clo!' is scattere' ) Litotes & (a +ariant of 3EFI36F5SIS) a fi !re of s,eech #hich consists in the affir"ation of the contrary by ne ation % d(the #e''in #as no 'istant e+ent) 2eta,hor & a tro,e #hich consists in the !se of #or's in transferre' "eanin s by #ay of si"ilarity or analo y% d("erry lar$s are ,lo! h"enMs cloo$s (Sha$e s,eare))

6y,erbole & a tro,e #hich consists in a 'eliberate e-a eration (a<=cWW> @AaXfW) of a feat!re essential to an ob*ect or ,heno"enon. d (6er fa"ily is one a!nt abo!t a tho!san' years ol' Q. Vifferent le+els of lan !a e !nits. 1enerally s,ea$in . the #or' le+el beca"e +ery ,o,!lar in t#entieth cent!ry science an' e+en in ,olitical ,hraseolo y% 3ri"e 2inister le+el on the hi hest le+el in lin !istic. the #or' le+el is !se' in collocations li$e lan !a e le+el. s,eech le+el. obser+ation le+el (aA>XW[ WKTgBWZ). constr!ct le+e l(aA>XW[ >W;UAaU>X). ,roso'ic le+el (@A>;>Bf;h). ,hraseolo ical le+el. the le+el of the ,rinci,al ,arts of the sentence. an' e+en stylistic le+el (,ro,ose' by 1al,erin). The ter" le+el as a,,lie' to lan !a e is "ore a,,ro,riate #hen !se' in the sense i",lie' by the 7rench lin !ists Ben+eniste. #ho !se' it to characteri/e the hierarchical str!ct!re of lan !a e itself. not the arbitrary as,ects of research. 9!r co",atriot 2aslo+ e",loys the ter" tier & ZAa;( instea'. The s"allest or shortest !nit of lan !a e is the ,hone"e. The se8!ence of ,hone"es "a$in !nits of hi her ran$s re,resents the ,hone"ic le+el. 9ne or se+eral ,hone"es co"bine' constit!te a !nit of a hi her le+el. the secon' le+el & that of "or,he"es. or the "or,he"ic le+el. 9ne or !s!ally "ore than one "or,he"e "a$e a #or'. a Lle-e"eM & hence. the le-ical le+el. 9ne or !s!ally "ore than one #or' "a$e an !tterance. or. in tra'itional ter"inolo y. a sentence. 6ence. the sentence le+el. :or' co"binations are best treate' as not for"in an in'e,en'ent le+el for t#o reasons & 1)f!nctionally. they 'o not 'iffer fro" #or's. beca!se they na"e #itho!t co""!nicatin )) one #or' 'oes not "a$e a #or' co"bination. #hereas one #or' can "a$e an !tterance% 9iTD :6Yj :ICTEF. :e co!l' o on sin lin o!t ,ara ra,h le+el an' e+en te-t le+el ,ayin ha"a e to the no# fashionable te-t lin !istics b!t for the fact that not e+ery te-t is 'i+i'e' into ,ara ra,hs. altho! h e+ery ,ara ra,h or e+ery te-t is 'i+isible into sentences. Each le+el consists of !nits of the nei hbo!rin lo#er le+el #ith nothin besi'es & a sentence consists only of #or's0 a #or' is 'i+i'e' into "or,he"es or so"eti"es coinci'es #ith one0 a "or,he"e containes nothin b!t ,hone"es or is re,resente' by one of the". as in "a$e(s. rea' &er. ,en &s. S!""in !,. #e "!st say that the first "eanin of the #or' le+el s! ests the i'ea of hori/ontal layers (s!b'i+isions) of so"e str!ct!re. 5n'. in'ee'. #hen #e co"e to ins,ect lan !a e. #e 'isco+er that lan !a e ,resents a hierarchy of le+el. fro" the lo#est !, to the hi hest. 5n' each le+el is 'escribe' by #hat #e na"e' abo+e a Lle+el 'isci,lineM & ,honetics. "or,holo y. le-icolo y. synta-. To these the "o'ern te-t lin !istics "ay be a''e'. 9f co!rse. stylistics 'oes not fit in here. S. The conce,t of s!blan !a es. L( e is hetero eneo!s. S!blan !a e is a lan !a e s!bsiste" #hich satisfy the nee's an' ,!r,ose of co""!nication in certain s,here. 7!nctional styles can re,resent by s!blan !a e style. There are ) s,heres o'f co""!nication% official an' inofficial & they re,resent 'ifferent s!blan !a es. The classification of style by Ilya 1ol,erin. 1. bellesletters & ,oetry. e"oti+e #or's. 'ra"a ). ,ablicistic style( s,eeches. essay. articles N. ne#s,a,er( briefne#s. hea'lines. a'+ertise"ents. e'itorial O. .scientific ,rose. Q. official 'oc(s. Pery i",ortant feat!res of this clas(n0 he 'i'nMt sin le o!t collo8!al style. as he consi'ere' it s,ontaneo!s !n,re,are' an' ,erf!nctory (@>XAeW>;UW=h).

Irina 5rnol' sin les o!t O styles% 3oetic style. scientific style. ne#s,a,er style. collo8!al style. S!blan !a es in 'ifferent s,heres% 1. s,here of b!sines. ( B!siness corres,on'ence. Vi,lo"atic corr.. International treaties. 3ri+ate corr. ). s,here of la# (le al 'oc!"ents) ( ci+il la#. cri"inal la#. settle"ents N. ,ersonal 'oc(s. (sertificates. 'i,lo"es). ( Vi,lo"atic s,here. ( 5s !s!al this lan !a e is international. 5s !s!al this s,here concerns #ith the #ritten te-ts.i. . ,!blic s,eeches in the o+ern"ent etc. The for" an' contense are e8!ally si nificant here. E+ery ,erson "!st i+e his i'eas in a concrete an' tho! htf!ll #ay. b!t at the sa"e ti"e these s,eeches sho!l' be artistic k e"oti+e. i. . "r. 3resi'entD It is nat!ral to "ean to en'!l' e in the ill!sion of ho,e. ( Le al s,here (lan . 9f la#). Le al ter"inolo y is !se'. i. . the ,rosec!tor re,resents the ,eo,le of the state (@A>aA>A @AB;UKXZU WKA>B cUKUK). There are so"e s,ecific ,hrases% i. . his hono!r to co!rtD E+erybo'y. ,lease rises. laB BUD mA>ca X;e X;UKU[. ( The collo8!al s,here. By coll. :e "ean #hat is sli htly lo#er than ne!tral. 3eo,le !se the" #hen they 'onMt to be r!'e. sarcastic or #itty. 5n' the s,eech beco"es callo8!al k #ith a tin e of fa"iliarity. Tal$in #ith o!r frien's #e 'onMt notice the for"s of the s!blan !a e #e e",loy. B!t not in the co",any of stran ers it "ay not be 'one. Coll. S,here "ay contain #or's belon in to *ar onis"s. ,rofessionalis"s. k slan . This s,eech "ay be careless. !ncon+entional. i. . if I #as yo!. I #o!l'4 (#ere). The n!"ber of s!blan !a es is not clear at all. Each s!blan !a e characteri/e% 1. Con(s,ecific !nits & ne!tral ). relati+ely s,ecific & "ay be !n$no#n to ,eo,le #itho!t e'!cation. chil'ren. Can be !se' for 'ifferent s!blan !a es. 2eanin is narro#er. N. absol!tely s,ecific