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Abstract Abstract

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (2008) 53-57 Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1Review (2008) 1 53-57 Engineering Science Engineering Science and and

JOURNAL OF JOURNAL OF

Lecture Lecture Note Note

Technology Review Technology Review

Perpetual Motion Machine Perpetual Motion Machine

www.jestr.org www.jestr.org

School Adviser of Natural Teachers of Ioannina8 SeferiEleoussa, street, Eleoussa, 455 00,Ioannina School Adviser of Natural ScienceScience Teachers of Ioannina8 Seferi street, 455 00,Ioannina Hellas .Hellas . Received 30 April 2008; Accepted 17 September 2008 Received 30 April 2008; Accepted 17 September 2008

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Everthe since the first century A.D.have therebeen haverelative been relative descriptions of known devices as manufactures Ever since first century A.D. there descriptions of known devices as wellas aswell manufactures for thefor the creation of perpetual machines. Although physics has led, with two thermodynamic laws, the opinion creation of perpetual motionmotion machines. Although physics has led, with two thermodynamic laws, to the to opinion that a that a perpetual machine is impossible to be manufactured, inventors of age every age and educational level appear to claim perpetual motionmotion machine is impossible to be manufactured, inventors of every and educational level appear to claim thathave they invented have invented something entirely new orhave they improved have improved somebody invention, that they something entirely new or they somebody elses elses invention, which which will will function henceforth perpetually! However the of the failure in manufacturing a perpetual machine till now, function henceforth perpetually! However the fact of fact the failure in manufacturing a perpetual motionmotion machine till now, does not that mean that countless historical elements for fictional these fictional machines become indifferent. The discussion on it doesitnot mean countless historical elements for these machines become indifferent. The discussion on every version of a perpetual machine the onegives hand the gives the chance to comprehend the inventors of each every version of a perpetual motionmotion machine on the on one hand chance to comprehend the inventors of each level of knowledge and his way of thinking, the hand, other to hand, to locate the points this perpetual period period level of knowledge and his way of thinking, and onand the on other locate the points where where this perpetual machine clashes with theof laws of nature and why thatsitwhy it is impossible tobeen havemanufactured been manufactured or have motionmotion machine clashes with the laws nature and thats is impossible to have or have functioned. The presentation of a new perpetual machine has excited our interest to locate its points. weak points. functioned. The presentation of a new perpetual motionmotion machine has excited our interest to locate its weak According to the designer ofmachine it the machine functions with theproduced work produced the buoyant According to the designer of it the functions with the work by the by buoyant force force
Keywords: Perpetual machine, heat engine, efficiency. Keywords: Perpetual motion motion machine, heat engine, efficiency.

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1. Introduction 1. Introduction

website of Hans-Peter Gramatke a detailed website of Hans-Peter Gramatke there there is a is detailed presentation the known most known devices the designing of presentation of the of most devices for thefor designing of Perpetual motion machine: A machine since a perpetual motion machine with pictures, assimilated Perpetual motion machine: A machine which,which, since set in set in a perpetual motion machine with pictures, assimilated function, continues to function perpetually without movements function, continues to function perpetually without movements e.t.c. e.t.c. supplying any energy. e,is here is a plumbing mechanic system an exampl supplying any energy. e, here a plumbing mechanic system As an As exampl The question the perpetual motion machine with communicating of different as Fig.1, The question about about the perpetual motion machine is one is one with communicating tubes tubes of different lengthlength as Fig.1, the issues, attracts who to tend to believe contains two liquids with an important difference in of theof issues, which which attracts peoplepeople who tend believe which which contains two liquids with an important difference in strange and occultism. why ideas such ideas density e.g. water and mercury. The globules thatbe will be strange things things and occultism. ThatsThats why such are are density e.g. water and mercury. The globules that will adopted from various non-recognized religious moving perpetually thetubes, two tubes, float in liquids. both liquids. adopted from various non-recognized religious circlescircles which which moving perpetually in the in two float in both often describe in books their books or in speeches their speeches perpetual Each globule thatupwards goes upwards because the buoyant often describe in their or in their perpetual Each globule that goes because of the of buoyant force force motion machines, however neither the left tube falls onto the wheel, because of motion machines, which which however have have neither been been in the in left tube falls onto the wheel, which which rotatesrotates because of manufactured nor have functioned. Usually the members of each globules momentum, while afterwards drops into the manufactured nor have functioned. Usually the members of each globules momentum, while afterwards drops into the these organizations the fundamental laws of physics right There tube. There the increased total weight the globules these organizations ignoreignore the fundamental laws of physics right tube. the increased total weight of the of globules and surely they arethe not the researchers who possess pushes the formed column thisanother way another globule and surely they are not researchers who possess the the pushes the formed column and inand thisin way globule knowledge to improve or generalize the laws. On the other reaches the bottom and then it rises to the surface knowledge to improve or generalize the laws. On the other reaches the bottom and then it rises to the surface of theof the it be must be stated it is not always easy to be proved the left and tube, on. if Even this device side it side must stated that it that is not always easy to be proved liquid liquid in the in left tube, soand on.so Even this if device is not is not theoretically it is impossible a manufacture to possible to function as a perpetual motion machine, theoretically that itthat is impossible for a for manufacture to possible to function as a perpetual motion machine, the the function because in each more complicated system a great factual cause seems not easy to be located. function because in each more complicated system a great factual cause seems not easy to be located. number of secondary or inconspicuous activities number of secondary or inconspicuous activities are are involved, in energy be taken involved, which which in energy issues issues shouldshould be taken into into consideration. consideration. isaalso a number great number of about ideas about perpetual There There is also great of ideas perpetual motion machines, (dont) function with magnets, motion machines, which which (dont) function with magnets, chemical substances or flame. The eternal without chemical substances or flame. The eternal light light without the addition ofseems fuel seems to been have cultivated been cultivated through the addition of fuel to have through the centuries mainly in religious circles. the first the centuries mainly in religious circles. Since Since the first century A.D. there have been relative descriptions century A.D. there have been relative descriptions of theof the Roman military officer, politician, natural philosopher Roman military officer, politician, natural philosopher and and historian Plinius Secundus 79 A.D.). historian Gaius Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 (23 79 A.D.). In theIn the
______________ ______________ * [email protected] address: [email protected] * E-mail address: ISSN: 1791-2377 2008 Kavalaof Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1791-2377 2008 Kavala Institute Technology. All rights reserved. Fig..1. Perpetual machine consisting of a plumbing mechanic Fig..1. Perpetual motion motion machine consisting of a plumbing mechanic system system

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2. Historical elements 2 Historical elements T.he idea of the perpetual motion machine appears for the first time in the East and to be exact in the 12th century A.D. T idea In ofancient the perpetual motion machine for the the inhe India. Greece and in Rome, but appears also during A.D. first in the East and to be exact in the 12th century later time Antiquity it hasnt been reported a perpetual motion in India. not In ancient and inversion. Rome, but also during the machine even asGreece a theoretical later Antiquity it hasnt been reported a motion d Astronomer The Indian Mathematician anperpetual machine not even as a theoretical version. a perpetual motion Bha skaracharya (1114 1185) describes Astronomer The Indian and works mechanism as Fig.2, Mathematician in one of his literary with the Bha skaracharya 1185) describes perpetual motion following words:(1114 The machine rotates atafull speed because mechanism one ofof his literary the the mercury as is Fig.2, at the in one side the wheel works nearer with the axis following words: The machine rotates at full speed because and farther from the other side. The apparatus which the mercury is atdescribes the one side the wheel nearer axis Bhaskaracharya wasof manufactured by athe lot of and farther researchers from the other . The which subsequent in theside same formapparatus or in different Bhaskaracharya describes wasconstitute manufactured by a motion lot of versions and of course it didnt a perpetual subsequent researchers in the same form or in different machine. The simplest of these manufactures consists of a versions course itof didnt constitute perpetual motion wheel in and the of perimeter which less or a more complicated machine. The simplest of these manufactures consists of a arms are attached and which change the center of mass, wheel in the perimeter of which less or more complicated during the rotation. While an impression of a perpetual arms are attached and the ofsystem mass, motion machine may bewhich given change visually, in center fact the during the rotation. While an impression of a perpetual balances at some moment. On the other hand nowadays, we motion machine may be given visually, in fact system know that the rotating wheel heats the axis due the to friction balances at also some moment. the Ondrag the other hand nowadays, we and it must overcome with the result after some know that the rotating wheel the axis due propulsion to friction rotations the energy caused by heats the initial external and must also overcome the drag with the result after some will it be consumed and so the rotation stops. rotations the energy caused by the initial external propulsion will be consumed and so the rotation stops.

astonished audience a perpetual motion machine, which was functioning for a several period of time, but information astonished a perpetual which was states that audience it proved to be amotion great machine, deceit and Bessler functioning for a several period of time,known but information disappeared. There arent any other details about this states that it proved to be a great deceit and Bessler subject. disappeared. There arent other details about this of any Middle Ages andknown Renaissance the In the bibliography subject. perpetual motion machines are referred as: perpetuum bibliography of Middlemobile Ages and Renaissance the In the mobile naturae and perpetuum physicae. The first per petual motion machines are referred as: perpetuum category concerned systems of the nature (sun, stars, seasons mobile naturae and perpetuum mobile physicae. The first of the year and so on), which were considered as perpetually category concerned systems of the nature with (sun,Gods stars, seasons moving mainly because they functioned will. In of year category and so on), which were considered as man perpetually thethe second belonged the systems which would moving mainly because they functioned with Gods will. In make following as example the divine creations. These the second category the systems man would aspirations of the belonged researchers were which considered then, make following example the creations. These sometimes, to be as a recognition of divine the divine deed and an aspirations the researchers were they considered then, effort of its of imitation and sometimes are insulting. sometimes, to be with a recognition of thewould divine be deed and an Those occupied such subjects presented effort of its imitation and sometimes they are insulting. before the Inquisition and be sentenced to death. Those occupied with such subjects would be Sciences Anyway, in 1775 the French Academy of presented before the Inquisition and be sentenced death. motion dec ided not to accept suggestions aboutto perpetual Anyway, in 1775 the French Academy of Sciences machines any more. decided not to accept suggestions about perpetual motion machines any more. 3. Definitions 3. Definitions kind of perpetual motion machine: Every machine First which functions perpetually and produces work, without an irst kind of perpetual machine F input of external energy motion in any machine: form and Every without being which functions perpetually and produces work, subjected to any decay as time passes as without far as an its input of external energy are in concerned. any form and without being components and materials subjected any of decay as time passes as far as its machine: Every Secondtokind perpetual motion components and materials are concerned. ma chine in periodical function, which converts totally heat machine: Every Second kindtype of (mechanic, perpetual electric motione.t.c.). energy into other machine in periodical function, which converts totally heat he same as Third kind of perpetual motion machine: T energy other type producing (mechanic, electric e.t.c.). the firstinto kind, without work. same as Third kindmotion of perpetual motion machine: Thebe kind would a pair Perpetual machine of first the first kind, without producing work. of motor generator where the generator supplies electric kind would be a pair Perpetual motion of firstany energy in return for its machine motion without loss. of motor generator where the generator supplies electric every Perpetual motion machine of second kind could be energy in return for its motion without any loss. system, which would use for its function the heat of the ld be every Perpetual e.g. motion machine of second kind cou environment a vehicle which would move exploiting the sys tem, which heat of the air. would use for its function the heat of the environment e.g. a vehicle which wouldof move exploiting petual motion machine third kind can the be Finally, per heat of the air. con sidered a system sun planets or every nucleus of an motion machine kind without can be Finally, perpetual atom with its electrons, which seem of to third function con sidered a system sun planets or every nucleus of an exchange of energy with their environment, thing which is atom with its electrons, which seem to function without not right. exchange of energy with their environment, thing which is not right. 4. Thermodynamic Laws 4. Thermodynamic Laws the statement of the thermodynamic laws in the middle With th of the 19 century the creation of a perpetual motion statement of the thermodynamic laws in the middle With the was machine theoretically excluded. th century the creation of a perpetual motion of the 19 The equation machine was theoretically excluded. The equation (1) Q= U + W

Fig. 2. Bhaskaracharyas perpetual motion mechanism

A notebook of Villard de Honecourt aged back to the 13th century has been rescued. In this notebook he presents A notebook of Villard de Honecourt aged to the several magnificent buildings and a series ofback machines, rescued. In this notebook he presents 13th century among themhas a been perpetual motion machine with masses several magnificent buildings a series of during machines, (hammers), which change the and center of mass its among them a perpetual motion machine with masses rotation. It is not known whether these designs of Honecourt (hammers), which change ofsure mass its were ever accomplished or the not, center but for theduring perpetual rotation. It is not known these designs of version Honecourt motion machine didnt whether work because it is a of were ever accomplished or not, but for sure the perpetual Bhaskaracharyas conception. During the Renaissance De motion machine didnt work because is a designed version or of Georgio, Leonardo da Vinci and Vittorio it Zonca Bhaskaracharyas conception. During the machine. Renaissance De tried to manufacture a perpetual motion Of the Georgio, Leonardo da Vinci and Vittorio Zonca designed or three above-mentioned Leonardo is of the opinion that the tried to manufacture a motion perpetual motion machine. Offield the function of a perpetual machine belongs to the three above-mentioned is of the that the of the impossible andLeonardo he identifies the opinion researchers of function of a perpetual motion machine belongs to the field perpetual motion machine with the Alchemists: You of the impossible and he identifies themany researchers of researchers of the perpetual motion, how conceited, perpetual motion machine the carrying Alchemists: You fictional works havent you with created out your researchers of You the perpetual motion, many conceited, researches. had better makehow company with the fictional of works creators gold.havent you created carrying out your researches. You that had followed better make company with the more and more names of In the centuries creators of gold . researchers for the perpetual motion machine were added till that followed more and more names of In theBessler, centurieswho Johann around 1715 presented to his researchers for the perpetual motion machine were added till Johann Bessler, who around 1715 presented to his 54
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Fig. 2. Bhaskaracharyas perpetual motion mechanism

Q= U + W Consists the first law of thermodynamics

(1)

onsists the law supplied of thermodynamics TheC quantity offirst energy to any isolated system in the form of heat Q is equal to the work W done by the The quantity of energy supplied to anyenergy isolated in system plus the change in internal system U of the the form of heat Q is equal to the work W done by the system. system plus the change in internal energy U of the system.

D. Tsaousis/Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53- 57 D. Tsaousis/Journal Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) D. Tsaousis/Journal of of Engineering Science and Technology Review 1 (2008) 53-5357 57

The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the principle of the conservation of energy, which is valid for principle of the conservation of energy, which is valid for every isolated system. every isolated system. The thermal efficiency, e, of the heat engine is defined as The thermal efficiency, e, of the heat engine is defined as

work done during one cycle W e = work done during one cycle = W e = heat added during one cycle = Qh heat added during one cycle Qh h

(2) (2)

The net amount of heat Q, which is absorbed by the The netisamount of heat Q, which is absorbed byhigh the substance, the amount of heat it receives from the substance, is the amount of heat it receives from the high temperature heat source Qh minus that one which it exhausts temperature heat sourceheat Qh that one which it exhausts h minus to the low temperature sink Q c c. The work produced by produced to temperature heat sink Q c. The thethe gaslow equals with the net amount of heat work it absorbs that isby the gas equals with the net amount of heat it absorbs that is - |Qc W = Qh c| W = Qh h - |Qc| Replacing Eq 3 in the Eq 2 we have: Replacing Eq 3 in the Eq 2 we have: (3) (3)

Q h Qc e = Q h Qc e= Q Qh h

or or

Qc e = 1 Qc e = 1 Qh Qh

(4) (4)

energy flow. According to the second law though, nature energy flow. According to the second though, nature sets restrictions in the transformation of law one kind of energy sets restrictions in Heat the transformation of one kind of energy to another one. cannot be transformed 100% to to another energy. one. Heat be transformed 100%law to mechanic Also cannot the second thermodynamic mechanic energy. Also the second thermodynamic law defining that the heat is always transmitted from the warmer defining that the heat is always from the warmer to the colder body, defines the transmitted direction towards which the to the colder body, defines the direction towards which the phenomena happen spontaneously in nature. phenomena happen spontaneously in nature. In 1824 the French engineer Sadi Carnot described a In 1824 the French Sadi Carnot described a reversible cyclic process engineer which, was called Carnot Cycle. reversible cyclic process which, was called Carnot Cycle. The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat The Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws. The Carnot engine cycle allowed by physical The Carnot efficiency sets the limiting value on the laws. fraction of the heat, efficiency the limiting on the idealized fraction of the heat, which can sets be so used. Suchvalue a supposed machine is which can be so used. Such a supposed idealized machine is called Carnot engine and its output constitutes the superior called Carnot engine and itsother output constitutes the superior limit for the output of all the machines. This deduction limit for the output of all the other machines. This deduction is known as Carnot theorem: is known as Carnot theorem: The efficiency of a Carnot engine or Carnot efficiency Themaximum efficiency of a Carnotpossible engine or Carnot efficiency is the efficiency for a heat engine is the maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine working between two given temperatures. working between two given temperatures. It is proved that the Carnot efficiency is: It is proved that the Carnot efficiency is:

It is interesting to note that the efficiency of steam It ishas interesting note that for thethe efficiency ofengines steam engines increasedto from 0.17% first steam engines has increased from 0.17% for the first steam engines of the seventeenth century to over 40% for the turbines used of the seventeenth century to over 40% for the turbines used in modern power plants. in modern power plants. From the Eq 4 we see that the thermal efficiency of an From the Eq 4 we see that the thermal of an operating heat engine must always be lessefficiency than 100%. It operating heat engine must always be less 100%. It would be 100% if the engine transformed the than whole amount would be 100% if the engine transformed the whole amount of heat to work. So far nobody managed to manufacture such of to work. So far nobody to manufacture an heat engine. All engines exploitmanaged only a part of the heat such and an engine. All exploit only a part of environment. the heat and they exhaust a engines notable amount of heat to the they exhaust afailures notableof amount of heat to to the environment. The repeated the researchers manufacture a The repeated failures of the researchers to manufacture a perfect heat engine which would transform completely the perfect heat engine which would transform the heat to available work convinced us that this completely incapability is heat torestriction available work thatThis this finding incapability is due to set byconvinced the nature us itself. out led due to restriction set by the nature itself. This finding out led to the formulation of the second thermodynamic law by to the and formulation Kelvin Plank: of the second thermodynamic law by Kelvin and Plank: to extract an amount of heat from a It is impossible It is impossible to it extract of heat fromof a hot reservoir and use all to an do amount work. Some amount hot reservoir and use itto all doreservoir. work. Some amount of heat must be exhausted a to cold heat must be about exhausted a coldspontaneously reservoir. from a high Speaking heat, to it flows Speaking about heat, it flows spontaneously from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. The temperature object to a consumption lower temperature object. The reverse course demands of energy. A heat reverse demands consumption energy. A heat pump is course a device which applies externalof work to extract an pump is of a device which applies external to extract amount heat from a cold reservoir andwork delivers heat toan a amount of heat a cold reservoir and delivers heatwork to a hot reservoir. A from refrigerator is a heat engine in which hot reservoir. A refrigerator is a heat engine which work is done on a refrigerant substance in order to in collect energy is done on a refrigerant substance in order to collect energy from a cold region and exhaust it to a higher temperature from a cold region and exhaust it to temperature region, thereby further cooling thea higher cold region. The region, thereby further cooling cold region. The statements about refrigerators applythe to air conditioners and statements about refrigerators apply to principles. air conditioners and heat pumps, which embody the same However heat pumps, which embody the same principles. However for the function of these machines we spend energy. It is for the function of these machines we spend It is impossible to manufacture a refrigerator, which energy. can function impossible to manufacture a refrigerator, which can function without consuming energy. This finding out led to the without consuming energy. This finding out led to the "second form" or Clausius statement of the second law. "second or Clausius statement of the second law. body It is form" not possible for heat to flow from a colder is not possible for heat to flow having from abeen colder body to aIt warmer body without any work done to to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow. accomplish flow. The two this forms of the second thermodynamic law, which The two forms of the second are thermodynamic law, which apparently are entirely unlinked, equal in value. If one of apparently are entirely unlinked, are equal in value. If one of them is true the other one will be true, too. them is true other one will be true, too. The first the law is the application of conservation of energy Thesystem, first law is the of conservation energy to the and theapplication second sets limits on theof possible to the system, and the second sets limits on the possible efficiency of the machine and determines the direction of efficiency of the machine and determines the direction of
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Tc T Tc Th = e h Tc = 1 Tc Carnot eCarnot = T = 1 T Th Th h h

(5) (5)

The ratio between the work done and the amount of heat The ratio between the work done and the amount of heat introduced into a system going through a Carnot cycle, the introduced into a system going through a Carnot cycle, the Carnot efficiency, is equal to the difference between the two Carnot efficiency, isisothermal equal to the difference between the two temperatures of the steps of the cycle divided by temperatures of the steps of the cycle divided by the higher of the twoisothermal temperatures. the higher of the two that temperatures. The result states the Carnot efficiency depends only The result states of that the Carnot efficiency only on the temperatures the two heat tanks. It is depends big when the on the temperatures of the two heat tanks. It is big when temperature difference is great and it is very small when the the temperature greatSince and it most is very small the temperaturesdifference differ a is little. of the when practical temperatures differ little. Since most of thethat practical applications have as a cold tank the environment, is the applications have as 300 cold K, tank environment, that is the temperature of about thethe higher is the temperature of temperature of about 300 K, the higher is the temperature of the body which emits heat, the more profitable may be its the body whichAlso emits heat, the more profitable may be its exploitation. the result confirms the second exploitation. result confirms theefficiency second thermodynamicAlso law. the In order to have Carnot thermodynamic law. In order to have Carnot efficiency = 0, which is impossible. 100% we must have Tc 100% we must have Tc c = 0, which is impossible. 5. Criterion of success for a perpetual motion machine 5. Criterion of success for a perpetual motion machine Although physics has led with the two thermodynamic laws Although physicsthat has led with the two thermodynamic laws to the opinion it is impossible to manufacture a to the opinion that it is impossible to manufacture a perpetual motion machine, researchers of every age and perpetual motion researchers every age and educational level machine, appear, claiming that of they have found educational level appear, thathave theyimproved have found something entirely new claiming or that they the something entirely new or that they have improved the invention of somebody elses, which will function for ever invention of Executives somebody elses, whichcenters will function for ever henceforth in research and educational henceforth Executives in research centers and educational institutions very often face persistent visitors with ideas of institutions very often face persistent visitors with ideas of perpetual motion machines. perpetual machines. Firstlymotion the rules of physics, which we call axioms, are Firstly the rules ofare physics, which which we call axioms, are simply principles that deductions, are confirmed simply principles that are deductions, which are confirmed in every measurement and every calculation. Because, in every the measurement and the every calculation. therefore universality and general acceptanceBecause, of these therefore the universality and the general acceptance of these principles, we consider that they hold a place of axiom that principles, we consider that they hold a place of axiom that is they constitute fundamental affairs, which dont need to is constitute fundamental affairs, problems which dont need to be they proved. Contrary to the unsolved of Euclids be proved. (trisection Contrary to problems ofthe Euclids Geometry ofthe theunsolved acute angle, squaring cycle Geometry (trisection of the acute angle, squaring the cycle e.t.c.) which evidently are not solved with the predetermined e.t.c.) evidently are notare solved with the predetermined rules, which the axioms of physics empirical principles, which rules, the axioms of physics are empirical principles, which

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perhaps some time will be proved to be of limited validity in space or in time. On the one side, therefore, we have with absolute certainty the repetition of the same results in an enormous number of measurements and calculations. And on the other side in science there is the possibility of subversion or as it is usually happens the extensions and generalization of some deductions, which are considered obvious today. Of course, criterion of success for a machine is not whether it obeys the 1st or the 2nd law of physics or not, but whether it functions. That is if it does what its manufacturer claims. With this criterion we are in position to declare in advance that till today a perpetual motion machine hasnt been materialized despite the countless efforts, theoretical and constructional ones. Thus, every claim that a new scientific theory proves the possibility of function of perpetual motion machines e.g. with the introduction of new concepts, which are unknown in physics, such as the discussed free energy and so on, is false-scientific. From the other side, the fact that up to now (and with all certainty in the predictable future) failure in manufacturing a perpetual motion machine doesnt mean that the countless historical elements for these fictional machines are vain. The discussion on any version of perpetual motion machine gives the opportunity on the one hand to comprehend the level of knowledge and the way of thinking of the researchers of each period and on the other hand, to locate the points in which this perpetually moving machine clashes with the natural laws and thats why it has been impossible to be manufactured or be in function. 6. A perpetual motion machine which functions with buoyant force There have been a lot of efforts to manufacture a perpetual motion machine concerning the production of work with the use of the buoyant force. Motive for the following analysis was a new effort of manufacturing a perpetual motion machine, which we prove theoretically, that cant function. 6.1. Theoretical introduction Supposing we have a container filled with a liquid of density d, the free surface of which is at a height h from the bottom. On the bottom of the container there is a parallelepiped of negligible length as in fig. 3. We are going to calculate the work produced during the shift to length L, of a side with area S of the elementary parallelepiped of null initial volume, which is in the container at a depth h, until the parallelepiped acquires volume V.

The force F that we will apply should be so much that would be able to overcome the force caused by the pressure at the depth h, that is F = PS And the consumed work will be: W1 = FL or W1 = PSL at last W1 = dghV (7) (6)

If we let the parallelepiped to rise to the surface of the liquid a work will be produced due to the buoyant force: or W2 = dgVh W2 = Ah From the Eq 7 and 8 the result is that W 1 = W2 6.2 Description of the machine The perpetual motion machine that we are examining is composed of a circular disc to which we have adapted weightless n parallelepipeds, as fig. 4. During the rotation of the disc the parallelepipeds can pass from the lower part of a container which is filled with a liquid via a suitable mechanism so that the liquid cannot slop away. According to the designer the buoyant force is exerted on the parallelepipeds when they are in the liquid and so the buoyant force will be the moving force for the production of energy. (8) (9)

Fig. 4. A circular disc, to which we have adapted n weightless parallelepipeds, is rotating while a part of it is submerged in a container filled with a liquid.

In fact for each rotation of the disk the buoyant force A produces a work equal with nW1. For each rotation, however, is consumed also work for the submersion of the parallelepipeds in the container equal with nW2 in order to overcome force the F because hydrostatic pressure. But because of Eq 9 we have nW1 = nW2 (10)

L S

h F

Fig. 3. Work produced by F, overcoming the force caused by pressure

Therefore the kinetic energy of the disc is not altered, since as much work is produced so much is consumed. That is to say that the machine does not produce any energy. The error of the designer of the particular machine is that he did not take into consideration the force F because of the hydrostatic pressure and the work that will be consumed for the submersion of the parallelepipeds in the container.
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In In the the whole whole analysis analysis we we made made we we did did not not include, include, by by no no means, means, frictions. frictions. However However frictions frictions exist exist and and they they will will consume consume any any initial initial kinetic kinetic energy energy we we give give to to the the disc disc with with result after a little time it stops. result after a little time it stops. 7. 7. Our Our perpetual perpetual motion motion machine machine The The study study we we have have done done for for the the perpetual perpetual motion motion machines machines gave gave us us the the opportunity opportunity to to see see some some designs designs and and conceptions conceptions of of them. them. Some Some of of these these machines, machines, although although dont dont function, function, impressed us for the imagination of their designers. impressed us for the imagination of their designers. We We were were also also occupied occupied with with the the educational educational use use of of such such a a machine. machine. We We thought thought then then to to materialize materialize some some design design of of such such a a machine, not with purpose to research whether this machine machine, not with purpose to research whether this machine works works or or not, not, but but to to help help the the students, students, who who based based on on its its not not functioning, consolidate the conservation of energy functioning, consolidate the conservation of energy and and validity validity of of the the two two thermodynamic thermodynamic laws. laws. So So we we manufactured manufactured a a perpetual perpetual motion motion machine machine based based on the design of fig.5, which describes the Arabian on the design of fig.5, which describes the Arabian perpetual perpetual motion motion machine machine (Arabian (Arabian Perpetuum Perpetuum Mobile) Mobile) which which is is a a version of Bhaskaracharyas machine. Our manufacture version of Bhaskaracharyas machine. Our manufacture is is shown shown in in the the fig. fig. 6. 6.

The The stems stems of of the the Arabian Arabian Perpetuum Perpetuum Mobile Mobile which which fold fold only only towards towards the the one one direction direction were were replaced replaced by by parts parts of of a a bicycle bicycle chain, chain, which which were were adapted adapted on on a a disc disc made made of of Plexiglas. Plexiglas. At At the the nodes nodes we we have have tied tied up up nylon nylon joints joints so so that that the the chain chain can can fold fold only only towards towards one one side side as as it it shown shown in in fig fig 7. 7.

Fig. 7. Details concerning fig. 6. Fig. 7. Details concerning fig. 6.

The The result result was was astonishing. astonishing. The The students students are are influenced influenced and express the view that the machine will rotate, and express the view that the machine will rotate, although although they they have have been been taught taught the the conservation conservation of of energy. energy. After After discussion discussion they they understand understand their their error, error, and and so so they they consolidate consolidate their their knowledge knowledge on on the the law law of of conservation conservation of of energy. energy. Note: Note: The The present present version version is is an an inept inept translation translation of of the the original Greek manuscript. original Greek manuscript. Acknowledgments: Acknowledgments: We We wish wish to to thank thank our our collaborator collaborator in in this this work, School Adviser work, Georgiou Georgiou Athanasios, Athanasios, School Adviser of of English English Teachers, Teachers, for for his his help help in in translating translating the the initial initial Greek Greek essay essay into English. into English.

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Fig. 5. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile. Fig. 5. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile.

Fig. 6. Picture of our perpetual motion machine, which is a version of Fig. 6. Picture of our perpetual motion machine, which is a version of Arabian Perpetuum Mobile. Arabian Perpetuum Mobile.

______________________________ ______________________________ References References

1. Marketou Pilarinou Maria, Lessons of General Physics, Issue I, 1. Marketou Pilarinou Maria, Lessons of General Physics, Issue I, Thermodynamics, Thessaloniki (1967). Thermodynamics, Thessaloniki (1967). 2. Ikomomou N., Introduction in Physics, Issue II, ., 2. Ikomomou N., Introduction in Physics, Issue II, ., Thessaloniki (1968). Thessaloniki (1968). 3. Aleksopoulou K. D. & Marinou D. I. Physics, Issue I, Athens 3. Aleksopoulou K. D. & Marinou D. I. Physics, Issue I, Athens (1980). (1980).

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