REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN

UNIVERSITARIA.
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA TERRITORIAL DEL NORTE DE MONAGAS
“LUDOVICO SILVA”
ESTADO MONAGAS

PNF EN ELECTRICIDAD

TRABAJO DE INGLES

T.S.U:
Gabriela Muñoz PROF: Marisabel Reyes
C.I.V-24.503.639
Vladimir Sifuentes
C.I.V-14.507.437

MATURIN 25/06/2022
Answer the following questions.

1. What does engineering mean?

Engineering is the discipline that uses a set of technical, scientific, practical and
empirical knowledge for the invention, design, development, construction, maintenance
and optimization of all types of technologies, machines, structures, systems, tools,
materials and processes.
2. What is empirical information?

Empirical research can be defined as "research based on experimentation or observation

(evidence)". This type of research is conducted to test a hypothesis.

The word empirical means information obtained by means of experience, observation or

experiments. The central theme in the scientific method is that all input must be
empirical, meaning that it is based on evidence. With this in mind, the word "empirical"
also refers to working with hypotheses that can be tested by observation and
experiments.

Empirical Research Objectives:

 To go beyond the simple reporting of observations.
  Promote an environment for better understanding.
 To combine extensive research with a detailed case study.
 To demonstrate the relevance of the theory, working in a real environment
(context).

3. What is a wedge? What is it used for?

The wedge is a simple machine consisting of a piece of wood or metal in the shape of a
triangular prism. Pulleys - A pulley is a simple machine, a mechanical traction device,
which serves to transmit a force.
A wedge is a triangular-shaped tool and is a portable inclined plane, and one of the six
classic simple machines. ... This energy is transferred to the sharp pointed end of the
wedge, allowing the cutting edge to penetrate the object by generating high pressure at
the point of contact.
4. What is an inclined plan? What can it do?

If we apply to a body a force parallel to its velocity vector, which is also constant in
modulus, direction and sense, we will get it to experience a uniformly varied rectilinear
motion (r.m.u.v.). If in addition, the body was at rest, the movement will occur in the
direction and sense of that force.

When a body slides down an inclined plane, with an angle of inclination α, by means of
an a.r.m. descending or ascending, the most useful reference system we can use is the
one in which we make the x-axis coincide with the straight line trajectory followed by
the body on the plane. By doing this, we get the body to move along the x-axis:

It moves along the x-axis, so given that it is an a.r.m., its acceleration along this axis
will be ax = a. It does not move along the y-axis, so its acceleration will be ay = 0.

5. What does quantification mean?

We can describe the term quantify as the act of converting certain information or data
into numbers or some kind of data in the form of quantity. The word quantify refers
precisely to the idea of quantity, something that can be counted, measured or measured
in numerical terms and therefore can be known in an exact and not approximate or
estimated way. Having explained this, we can say that the word quantify can be used in
different situations or circumstances that imply greater or lesser scientificity.
 6. What does an electrical and electronic engineer deal whit?

Electrical Engineering and Electronic Engineering is one of the cases in which you must
be attentive to differentiate the information and choose the one that best suits your
interests.

Both professions are based on the study of the electrical phenomenon and are
considered in the lists of the best paid, with the highest current demand and with great
future projection. This is due to the fact that they are necessary to solve problems and
improve the quality of life of the population. The following are some of the
characteristics of these careers:

Electronic Engineering

 It studies the use of electrical energy to transmit, process and receive

information, in order to improve the quality of life of the population, industrial
processes, automation of machines and equipment.
 It designs the physical components of any electronic device, so it is also
responsible for the installation, maintenance, powering, repair and control of
these.
 It drives the automation system, since the industry is oriented to have, more and
more, machines that are controlled by automatic electronic systems.
 Due to its breadth, it is considered the basis of telecommunication engineering
and computer engineering. As they complement each other, they are generating
constant technological advances.
 It covers low power systems, studying and developing circuits of lower voltages.
 It is associated with the scientific world since it is essential for laboratory
support.

Electrical Engineering

 It is dedicated to the study of systems of generation, conversion, transmission,

distribution and utilization of electrical energy, in proportions necessary to feed
and activate different equipment and systems.
 It designs, maintains and analyzes industrial electrical installations and electrical
machines such as motors, generators, transformers, among others.
  Promotes a better use of electrical energy for different industries.
 It covers large scale or power systems, specializing in high voltage electrical
circuits.
 It has a wide field of development in the field of renewable energies.
7. What is a profession? Give some examples?

When we speak of a profession, we normally refer to a job or dedication that we carry

out in exchange for economic remuneration and for which we have been trained or
prepared through the acquisition of specialized knowledge. In the latter, it differs from
an occupation, although colloquially both terms are used as synonyms.

The word profession comes from the Latin professio, translatable as "occupation",
which in turn is made up of the Latin words pro- ("ahead") and fateri ("to confess" or
"to admit"), since it is linked to the verb profess, which means "to follow a doctrine,
belief or religion".

So, in principle, having a profession implies following a specific doctrine to carry out a
job: a doctrine that is precisely controlled and transmitted by the institutions in charge
of training professionals.

The following are examples of today's professions:

 Architect
 Psychologist
 Teacher
 Computer technician
 Engineer
 Physician
 Literary
 Economist
 Political scientist
 Historian
 Librarian
  Chemist
 Administrator
 Geologist
 Accountant

8. Who was James Watt? Why did he devise the concept of horse-power?

James Watt was a Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor and chemist famous for
having improved Newcomen's engine, giving rise to what we know today as the steam
engine. Without the figure of Watt, the first Industrial Revolution would hardly have
happened, both in the United Kingdom and in the rest of the world.

James Watt's greatest achievement is undoubtedly inventing the steam engine, or rather,
perfecting it from Thomas Newcomen's first engine. What Watt did was to turn it into a
viable and economical power-producing contraption. Watt discovered that Newcomen's
engine was expending about three-quarters of the energy of steam in heating the piston
and cylinder.

To improve performance, Watt developed a separate condensing chamber that

significantly increased its power output. This was a real scientific and economic
breakthrough, something that Watt was able to take advantage of economically. In
1795, together with Matthew Boulton, he opened the Soho Foundry in Birmingham, a
foundry and factory specializing in the manufacture of steam engines. Thanks to this, he
struck gold.

the inventor of the steam engine, Thomas Savery, had observed that his engine could do
the work of two horses, but it was James Watt who established the horsepower as the
unit of measurement. He determined that a horse pulling one minute could lift about
32,400 pounds to the height of one foot. Later, and to facilitate the calculation of the
force of his machines, he set the unit at 33,000 pounds raised one foot per minute.

As the horsepower was not strictly the measure of the metric decimal system to measure
the power, it was decided that it was the watt.

1W=1J/1s 1J=1N/1m N=Kg.m/s 1CV=735.5W 1HP=1.0138CV

The watt as a measure of power was established at the eleventh internal conference on
weights and measures in 1960.

9. Why do many different kinds of enegineers often work on a simple proyect?

Give an example?

If we take as a basis the career of Engineering and what makes it stand out from other
disciplines, is the ability to create and design multiple tools and techniques that will
allow the application of scientific principles to the daily life that surrounds individuals,
and of course that indicates the society as such.

The most studied sciences on which this career is based are Physics and Mathematics.
Since they are the starting point of the phenomena in nature, which will later on be the
most important for any engineer of any branch or specialization.

Among the tasks in which Electrical Engineers stand out are the following:

 Design
 Evaluate
 Manage

Where very recent developments have been made in relation to Electrical Engineering.
Being thus able to respond to the requirements of the human part, as well as the
scientific and technological requirements of a society as the current one completely
globalized.

10. Why does an engineer need constant new learning?

The value of an employee who educates himself through his own means is
immeasurable, because it cuts costs, reflects proactivity and his interest in the business
and in constantly improving himself.
Broad criteria

Having an open mind is indispensable to be able to guide a work team.

Teamwork

A person in a managerial position needs to understand how teams work; that is, how to
integrate people into a productive dynamic, how to solve internal conflicts and how to
function within the same team.

Oral and written communication

Knowing how to express ideas, opinions, projects and obstacles correctly is

fundamental for a team's decision making. This includes the ability to negotiate and
resolve conflicts.

Creativity and innovation

Beyond the generation of new ideas, this skill involves being able to solve problems
efficiently.

Risk, change and crisis management

Being able to identify, analyze and quantify the possible losses and side effects that
come from decision making; dealing with threats to the organization and having a short
reaction time, being aware of the constant changes in the company.

11. Define: Pole, Ignitor, Joule, Ohmmeter, Node

Electrical polarity is the property of the terminals (poles) of a battery or a battery, which
can be positive or negative. The electric current flows from the cathode (negative pole)
to the anode (positive pole), generating a flow that allows the operation of various
devices through electrical energy.

An ignitor is a device that provides by itself or in combination with other circuit

components, the proper electrical conditions necessary for starting gas discharge lamps.

The Joule effect is a phenomenon whereby the moving electrons of an electric current
impact the material through which they are being conducted. The kinetic energy of the
electrons is then converted into thermal energy, heating the material through which they
circulate. The Joule effect occurs when the electrons of an electric current collide with
the surface of the material that conducts them, transforming their kinetic energy into
thermal energy. In other words, the movement of the electrons of the electric current is
converted into heat when they collide with the conducting material.

The multimeter is a meter for measuring electrical resistance in ohms. Usually only one
of several meters contained in a single unit, including a voltmeter that measures voltage
and an ammeter that measures current in amperes . These units are usually called
multimeter or VOM, which stands for Volt - Ohm- milliamperes by current
measurement is limited to the much lower and safer milliampere range.

Ohmmeters, let's multimeters, come in two basic types: analog and digital. Both
perform the same functions of measuring voltage, current and resistance. The choice of
which one to use depends to some extent on who the user happens to be. A hobbyist
who likes to tinker in the garage may only need a basic digital model, while a design
engineer or professional technician or electrician may require a much more expensive
unit.

In electrical and electronic engineering, a node is a point where two or more

components have a common connection. It corresponds to a junction of wires made of
conductive material that have an electrical resistance close to 0.

Without some prior knowledge, it is easy to find a node using Ohm's law or applying
Kirchhoff's law of currents by taking into account the currents entering a node, taking
into account variables such as the impedances shared by the node with respect to the
voltage falling on the node. When we look at a circuit diagram, ideal wires have a
resistance of zero (this does not happen in real life, but it is a good approximation). If it
is assumed that there is no potential change anywhere in the wire, the entire wire
between any component of a circuit is considered part of the same node. Thus for a
circuit whose conductors are considered to be ohmic materials, Ohm's law states