biomass to Energy

In this study, we evaluated the productivity and cost of each component in a unique centralized biomass recovery operation to determine cost-effective system logistics. The system was divided into three segments: collection, comminution, and transportation. Cost analysis determined a stump-to-truck and transportation cost of $30.39 and $13.91 per bone dry ton (BDT), respectively. These costs did not include support equipment, overhead, profit, or risk allowance. Transportation cost was evaluated for a total one-way haul distance of 15 miles. To control overall cost it is imperative to maintain maximum productivity of processing, our most expensive component. Therefore, upstream and downstream practices were examined to determine how they influenced the system. Analysis of the loader operation showed a 33 percent increase in cycle time when handling hardwood whole trees piled at a landing, compared with conifer slash piled within the unit. Regression analysis of the modified dump truck used in the prehaul confirmed that distance had a significant impact on overall centralized biomass grinding operations. Sensitivity analysis showed that a 20 percent reduction in productivity owing to increased travel time resulted in a 25 percent increase in grinding cost. A decoupled transport system used all-wheel drive tractors to haul comminuted biomass from the grinder to a trailer landing, where regular highway tractors completed the trip to the power plant. This system reduced delays in loading and improved access to the grinding location. Through an understanding of the complete system, a manager could identify cost saving elements, adjust upstream productivity to meet demand, and reduce the overall cost of a centralized biomass recovery operation.

In the present study we investigated the fuel properties of bio-briquettes made from a combination of water hyacinth and empty fruit bunch fiber (palm oil mill residue). Water hyacinth (WH) was mixed with empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers in a ratio of 25, 50, 75, 90, and 100% by weight and cassava starch added as binder. The experimental results showed that the addition of WH had a little effect (p < 0.05) on the physical and combustion properties of the briquettes. The proximate analysis showed that the moisture content, ash content and fixed carbon content were increased with the increase in WH amount from 25 to 100%, while the volatile matter content and calorific value decreased. Combustion test showed that the increase in the WH percentage in bio-briquette resulted in the decreased of O 2 and CO level, whereas, that of CO 2 and NO, NO 2 and SO 2 were increased. Therefore, the results conclude that the WH: EFB biomass bio-briquette could be a great potential as an alternative source to conventional coal to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases.

Production of 'Green gas (Biogas)' generated from 'Hostel Food wastes' (total solids 65.5 %, moisture content 45.5%, volatile solids 18.4 %, pH, 6.2 to 6.7) was undertaken by employing sustainable technologies. Food wastes such as, discarded vegetables, other bio-wastes and cooked food items of total solid concentrations of 40 % and 50% which were added to anaerobic digester at laboratory conditions. The cow dung slurry and sewage treatment sludge were inoculated to pre-designed bio reactor containing food wastes collected from the hostel located in Tumkur. An average amount of food wastes of 245 kg/day was added to the digester, production of Green gas starts after four weeks. Two groups of bacteria were isolated from the digester. These were the acid formers (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococus aureus and Escherichia coli) and the methane formers (Methanobacterium sp and Methanococcus sp). The process of methanogenesis includes hydrolysis, acidogenesis / acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Methane is the main component of Green gas (50-70%). Other components include C02 (30-40%) and traces of H2S and H20 vapour. Temperature of 32.4 0 C was optimum for the production of Green gas i.e, 220 cm3/kg/day. Food wastes were fermented for 45days and the recovery level of Green gas was found to be 45% with the calorific value of 4700 kcal/M 3 and compost-25% was recorded. The out-come of this study suggest that, the hostel food wastes can be used for Green/Bio gas production and as bio-manure/fertilizer towards sustainable agriculture production.

The increased dependence on Hydrocarbon products as main source of energy in Nigeria has created a scenario of both human, technological and socioeconomic lapses and setback in the country. Rampant use of diesel generators as means of alternative energy yields unrelenting greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere thereby endangering human lives. However, efficient and renewable energy sources have been explored and have been adjudged to be viable, reliable and sustainable alternative. Unfortunately, some of the harnessed and most popular renewable energy sources like solar energy, geothermal, hydroelectricity, tidal power, wave and wind power are very expensive and consequently out of the reach of an average individual. Biomass energy is a cheap renewable energy that is locally sourced. Biogas is a type of biomass energy that can be produced from waste materials. This paper explored the use of animal dung as one of the sources of biogas as well as identifies its economic potential. Noting that small scale biogas production is fully capable of replacing rural energy requirement for lighting and cooking, harnessing it will alleviate the present energy problem. The large scale production is capable of generating and feeding electricity into the mainstream power grid. Since animal dung constitutes environmental pollution and yields pathogens and parasites that are harmful to health, it therefore becomes necessary to harness it for better use.

The focus of research work is to minimize the solid waste and increase the resources of energy generation. It means solid waste management is very necessary for human beings at the modern time. We are done this process in our collage and we are used the garden waste of our collage parks. In our university, we have a large area for gardening purpose. Which a huge amount of gardening waste is generated. Typically, the garden refuse stream consists of a wide range of putrescible material including leaves, grass-clippings, perennial and annual plant material, tree and shrub branches and other woody waste, etc. We can use this waste for the production of bio gas. . There was a digester tank of 20 liter for decomposition of mixture of cow dung slurry and garden waste. Sugarcane thresh was also added for increase the production of bio gas like as additives. The garden waste was grinding by the grinder machine properly. Then, this mixture is putting for the 30 days. And then, we are seeing that tube is fully filled by the gas. The result is observed that production of biogas is mainly depended on the parameters like-pH value, temperature etc. if the pH value is approximately 7 or 7.5 , then the productivity of bio gas is also increased. So, we can maintain the pH value by the use of additives and also increase the bio gas production. And, we shall use the high temperature for this process. Because, the high temperature is increased the rate of decomposition of mixture of slurry. We are measured this parameters at the time of influent and effluent of slurry like as -temperature, pH value, total solids , volatile solids and non-volatile solids etc. The pH value of influent is 7.5 and of effluent is 5.85. And the temperature of influent is 29 0 C and of effluent is 32 0 C . These values are measured throughout the time of experimentation. This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Bio gas production requires anaerobic digestion. My research work was to create biogas which will be more cost effective, eco-friendly, cut down on landfill waste, generate a high-quality renewable fuel, and reduce carbon dioxide & methane emissions. It is a technology for green environment and zero wastage and produces the huge amount of energy sources.

The aim of this project is to demonstrate the applicability of the facilities/facilities that will enable the utilization of forest and agricultural wastes in the Akhisar Region of MANISA Province as Energy Products and to make a facility installation proposal. According to the results of the feasibility studies detailed in the main report, the reimbursement of the energy production facilities from forest and agricultural wastes, which can be expanded in and around MANISA, will provide an advantage to the region in terms of the development of the region, maintaining its competitiveness, and reducing environmental problems, and the facilities to be established to obtain electricity and heat from forest and agricultural waste. It has been found that its duration is at most 5 years before interest and depreciation under current conditions. It has been determined by sensitivity analyzes that gasifier applications will be more feasible with the increase in installed power capacity and electricity prices in the facilities to be established, and the payback times may decrease up to 4 years.

Wood and other agricultural residues are used as cogeneration plants (CHP; combine heat power) fuel (or equivalent fuel) in the industry to produce steam and electricity and also can be used in residential and commercial heating. Sustainable development is an important part of life and sustainable environmental waste from agricultural activities, unfortunately, appears to be an important environmental issue. While solving environmental problems, we need to use their energy potential. Thus, we can solve the problems created by agricultural wastes and these problems can be turned into a useful energy source. The purpose of this study is to determine the conversion possibility of agriculture and forestry wastes into clean energy as an alternative and renewable fuel in Turkey. For this reason, we will investigate the feasibility of plants/facilities that will enable the utilization of agricultural waste and forestry wastes, which are available intensely in Turkey, as Energy products, and propose the construction of a plant. In this study, to determine the potential of renewable energy in agriculture and forestry waste for energy-producing sample will consist of a gasification plant syngas amount, calculating the cost of renewable energy potential and the system, focuses on the importance of renewable energy. Incentives provided by law to be installed plants and other renewable energy applications with gasification will return be much shorter periods determined by the analysis. After the first observation of biomass characteristics with the optimum characteristics of a plant feasibility studies are discussed for the waste to energy process using biomass. Additionally, the economic analysis of different power capacity from up to 20 MWel using gasification and combustion systems with combined heat and power station will be set up for energy conversion of the residues Turkey was calculated and designed. The investment will become profitable at the economic analysis results was determined included feasibility studies, sensitivity analysis, net present value, internal rate of profitability, pay-back ratio, benefit/cost ratio, internal ratio etc. The cost of electricity produced from the power station by biomass energy systems were calculated as quite reasonable for investment at this moment in Turkey.

Perkembangan inovasi teknologi konversi biomassa menjadi energi, ternyata harus melalui beberapa tahap. Mulai dari tahap penelitian sampai pada tahappenerapannya pada skala industri atau komersial. Tahapan ini perlu dimengerti dengan baik karena untuk mengubah bahan baku (istilah teknis dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Feedstock) menjadi bioenergi dalam bentuk Panas (heat) atau Daya (power), cairan (liquid fuels) atau bahan bakar gas (Gaseous fuels) harus melalui beberapa alternatif pilihan konversi (Conversion routes) seperti yang disajikan pada Gambar 1.