Youth Employment and Labour Markets

For the last 70 years, the social order in Europe has been based on the concept and practice of inter-generational solidarity. The welfare state granted every citizen, in addition to education and universal health services (and dependency care when needed in the most advanced welfare states), an old-age pension, which ensures that older generations do not suffer a huge income loss when retiring from work and are protected against insecurity. Population aging means that now, according to official statistics, over one quarter of EU residents—26.5% or almost 120 million people—receive some type of pension, old-age pensions in three-quarters of cases.

The experience of the Great Recession and the 2020 COVID-19 employment crisis has exposed the pressing need to rewrite the European social contract to incorporate another kind of inter-generational solidarity. For the first time since the Industrial Revolution, in the mid-nineteenth century, the generation entering adult life in the last decade no longer has the prospect of living better than their parents, even if they are probably the best-trained generation ever in terms of investment in education. The Welfare State needs to add a fifth pillar besides education, healthcare, pensions and dependency care: youth (labor) insertion through employment. There is hardly any other reform more important for social cohesion and economic model transition in the old Europe and beyond.

Actual: 28/03/2015 2 [González Menéndez and Cueto] STYLE Working Papers are peer-reviewed outputs from the www.style-research.eu project. The series is edited by the project coordinator Professor Jacqueline O'Reilly. These working papers are intended to meet the European Commission's expected impact from the project:

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo determinar los factores que explican el desempleo en los jóvenes de 18 a 29 años de edad en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador a través de la caracterización de la misma y de la identificación de los determinantes del desempleo.
La situación laboral en El Salvador y en los países latinoamericanos en general va en detrimento del nivel de ocupación de las personas jóvenes, por ello en esta investigación se pretende distinguir cuáles son los factores que determinan esta condición desde el lado de la oferta del mercado laboral. Ante la cantidad y calidad de la información este documento representa un reto metodológico.
Para la consecución de los objetivos realizó un esbozo general de las variables clave para toda la población joven en estudio, posteriormente se identificaron las diferencias de comportamiento entre los grupos ocupacionales y finalmente se hizo uso de un modelo de regresión logística binaria que permitiera distinguir entre personas empleadas y personas desempleadas, dando como resultado que los determinantes están vinculados a los ingresos del hogar, las características educativas de la persona, su estado familiar y su papel dentro del hogar.

Delo, nagrajeno kot najboljše magistrsko delo 2015 MSS, je bilo napisano z namenom spoznati poglede različnih družbenih skupin na položaj mladih na trgu dela, da bi lahko bolje in globlje razumeli stanje, s katerim se mladi na trgu dela srečujejo. Tako obravnava problematiko položaja mladih na trgu dela s štirih vidikov: vidika sociološke znanosti, vidika mladih, vidika države in vidika kapitala. Z uporabo Althusserjevega koncepta ideologije ter z analizo in primerjavo različnih perspektiv in nadalje z razumevanjem ideoloških perspektiv mladih, države in kapitala skozi oči sociološke znanosti raziskovalno delo preučuje, v kolikšni meri je slovenski trg dela podvržen diskurzu in ideologiji neoliberalizma. Predpostavila sem namreč, da so tako kapital kot tudi država in mladi sami na področju trga delovne sile v Sloveniji v veliki meri prevzeli in  ponotranjili neoliberalni pogled na svet.
K raziskavi sem pristopila s petimi različnimi metodološkimi pristopi: teoretski sociološki vidik sem utemeljila na delih Davida Harveyja, Jeremyja Rifkina, Ulricha Becka in Jean-Léona Beauvoisa; vidik mladih sem raziskovala z anketiranjem dijakov in študentov tik pred vstopom na trg dela, vidik kapitala sem skušali zajeti z analizo prostih delovnih mest in intervjujema s predstavniki Gospodarske in Obrtno-podjetniške zbornice Slovenije, vidik države pa sem raziskovala z analizo delovnopravne zakonodaje in ukrepov namenjenih mladim.
Raziskovalno delo je potrdilo moja pričakovanja in ugotovila sem, da so tako mladi, kot tudi predstavniki države in seveda kapitala interpelirani v neoliberalno ideologijo. Tako se delo zaključi s trditvijo, da je prav razumevanje ideologije in neoliberalizma ključno, da bi bili zmožni zapospasti in izboljšati položaj mladih na trgu dela.

There has been a continuous attack on education, particularly alternative, progressive, democratic and liberatory forms of education that seek social justice and an equality of opportunity for all to develop.  In the UK this has led to an attack on educators as 'the enemies of promise' by the Secretary of State for Education.  However, what is being proposed by policy makers are the old 'know your station in life' strategies of managing inequality.  These have always resulted in a violation of the intelligence of people.

This paper examines Japanese ‘youth’ in their mid-twenties to mid-thirties who participated in temporary migration to Dalian, a northeastern Chinese city, at a turning point in their life course. They left economically stagnant Japan to work in the digital service outsourcing sector targeting the Japanese market, by providing remote customer service in their native language. While the workers enjoy some perks of corporate employment and skilled migrant status, migration reduces their salaries to levels comparable to Japanese minimum wages, and the constantly shifting nature of immigration control and offshore outsourcing renders their presence fundamentally precarious. Based on semi-structured interviews, I argue that geographical mobility affords a temporary refuge from the normative expectations of a settled adult life, but in this liminal time–space, classed and gendered life course norms continue to frame the migrants’ interpretation of their presents and futures. My findings show that the remote service workers simultaneously engage in multiple temporalities of suspended life back home, increasing stasis in the present and anticipated futures through imagined migration. The analysis illustrates that cross-border mobility produces freedom from the constraints of expected life transitions, but also potential entrapment through new modes of exploitation.

This article discusses the transformation of the Moroccan state under contemporary neoliberal globalization, and considers what this transition means for the ways in which scholars view state-society interplay in Morocco and the Arab world more generally. Specifically, it examines the protest of unemployed graduates in Morocco, suggesting that public demonstrations are not only a means to communicate and mobilize demands, but also a technology to reclaim and reproduce a particular “truth” in public. This truth does not necessarily equate with the reality of the neoliberal state as a dispersed material force. As such, by looking at the case of Morocco, we hope to instigate further debate on the nature of the state and its specific relation to phenomena as globalization, society and social protest.

Unemployment and poverty have become widely spread with significant impacts among Nigerianyouth. Government and stakeholders have been making huge efforts to alleviate the condition, but their efforts so far are yet to completely eradicate unemployment and poverty. Thus, there is dire need to educate the youth in the area of vocational and entrepreneurial skills, which will influence their participation in small and medium enterprises. This paper investigates the link between youth entrepreneurship skills acquisition and employment generation. Financial constraints and lack of entrepreneurship skills hamper the efficient performance of Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ikeja, Lagos. In view of this, we recommend that government should make entrepreneurship a compulsory subject from upper basic through secondary school;students in tertiary institutions should be exposed to practical entrepreneurship; government and financial institutions to enhance youth participation in SMEs should also provide financial aid with little or no collateral. Governmentand non-governmental organizationsshould sensitize the youth on the significance of combining entrepreneurship skills with formal education early in their career in life in order to equip the future leaders with the requisite skills for them to be job creators and not job seekers.

Unemployment among youth in Uganda is on the rise. This Conference paper examines ways through which youth can be rendered economically viable through practical skilling, changing their mindset, and vocationalisation. The paper was delivered at an international Youth conference organized by Buganda Kingdom in 2011.

La présente étude, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme UCW au Sénégal, a pour but de fournir, d’une part, une vue d’ensemble du phénomène (son ampleur, ses caractéristiques, ses répercussions sur la santé et sur l’éducation des enfants) et, d’autre part, un panorama des efforts entrepris au niveau national pour le maîtriser. Notre travail répond à quatre grands objectifs du projet UCW dans le pays : (i) approfondir la compréhension du phénomène du travail des enfants et par là, appuyer la mise en oeuvre de politiques et de programmes adéquats ; (ii) promouvoir le débat politique sur le travail des enfants en tant que facteur de vulnérabilité sociale; (iii) analyser l’interdépendance des relations entre abandon scolaire précoce, travail des enfants et performances futures sur le marché du travail et (iv) participer à l’établissement d’une capacité nationale de recherche, de collecte et d’analyse des données relatives au travail des enfants et à l’emploi des jeunes.

Half a million higher education graduates enter the labour market every year in Mexico. While their labour market outcomes are considerably better on average than those of upper secondary education graduates, some higher education graduates face periods of inactivity and unemployment. Many graduates who find work end up being over-qualified or working in the informal sector. This report finds that the Mexican higher education system needs to be better aligned with the labour market to help students develop the skills employers seek. Students need better support to succeed in their higher education studies and develop labour market relevant skills, which will help facilitate their achievement of good outcomes in the workforce. This calls for a comprehensive whole-of-government approach and the involvement of all higher education stakeholders. The report proposes a set of policy recommendations to address these issues and help Mexican higher education graduates achieve better outcomes in the labour market.

The report was developed as part of the OECD Enhancing Higher Education System Performance project and is a companion to the OECD report, The Future of Mexican Higher Education: Promoting Quality and Equity, which focuses on broader issues in higher education, including governance, funding, quality and equity, as well as two key sectors of higher education: teacher education colleges and professional and technical institutions.

he increase of ixed-term work has led to diminished job security. It appears that the diferent types of employees do not evenly work on this basis. Young employees, women and poorly educated employees relatively often have a temporary labor contract. he role of the unions has proved to be important in this respect, consolidating the interests of their members. hey have little to gain from increased lexibility in the dismissal legislation; ixed-term workers, by contrast, beneit from such changes as their chances to be employed on a permanent basis increase. he various interests can only properly be balanced by changing the law in such a way that employees' contracts depend on their capabilities rather than on irrelevant factors.

En Estados Unidos, el desempleo y la precariedad laboral han erosionado el andamiaje de valores que sirvieron de fundamentos sociales e ideológicos en la conformación de la nación, colocados en la base de la construcción de la identidad social y laboral de las personas definidas y orientadas por la ética del trabajo y la utopía de una movilidad social garantizada. Las condiciones del mercado laboral actual, dado el desempleo estructural y la precariedad, así como la creciente desigualdad en los ingresos parecen deteriorar hondamente dichas concepciones. En el país, como sostiene Stiglitz (2012), las desigualdades reducen el crecimiento y la falta de empleo afecta el activo más importante de la economía, a las personas; pero dentro de todo ello, lo que resulta más preocupante es que la desigualdad en Estados Unidos “está corroyendo sus valores y su identidad”.

This article puts forward two main arguments. First, it highlights the relation between different phases of neoliberalism in Morocco together with the specific methods and techniques of urban government that were deployed in efforts to govern the slums and their populations. A period of roll back neoliberalism during the 1980s generated reforms that tried to increase government control over the urban territory to compensate for the negative social outcomes of structural adjustment. The subsequent period of roll out neoliberalism coincided with the attempt to manage and regulate the slum population as such, through new modalities of state intervention. Secondly, while evolutions in neoliberal government reflected a gradual process, this transition in Morocco was accelerated by security concerns following two severe moments of urban violence: the 1981 riots and the 2003 suicide bombings in Casablanca. Therefore, Morocco’s recent political transformations cannot be understood in terms provided by the mainstream narrative linking economic liberalization to democratization. Rather, it reflects a profound shift towards intrinsically authoritarian modalities of neoliberal government which are clearly revealed at the urban scale.

El campo de estudios sobre educación y trabajo tiene una amplia trayectoria en la producción académica y la formación, en las políticas públicas y el diálogo social. Como parte de esta tradición, en el año 2017 se fundó la Red Latinoamericana de Transición Educación-Trabajo (RELATET). El libro, que integra los aportes de colegas con amplia experiencia en el análisis del vínculo entre juventud, educación y trabajo, aborda el debate teórico y metodológico, el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de las inserciones ocupacionales y la multiplicidad de sentidos subjetivos que las personas jóvenes construyen en torno al trabajo en América Latina.

This paper critically examines the materialism that Gilles Deleuze espouses in his oeuvre to the benefit of educational theory. In Difference and Repetition, he presented transcendental empiricism by underwriting Kant with realism (Deleuze, 1994). Later, in Capitalism & Schizophrenia I & II that were co-written with Félix Guattari (1984, 1988) and that they named Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, Deleuze's philosophical approach is realigned into what I term here as transcendental materialism, and latterly as immanent materialism; that I claim effectively eliminate phenomenology as perceptual input. This essay takes this transformation seriously as a way of understanding educational data, research and practices. The proposition that is central to this paper is that transcendental and immanent materialism give us a means of dealing with educational phenomena without the interference of perception or a stable category of experience, by connecting data with theory and circumventing subjectification. It is argued that this proposition has important consequences for educational research, and the construction of educational arguments that will be illustrated in this essay. Deleuze's debt to French Marxism and in particular to the work of Louis Althusser are also recognised through this writing.

Современное развитие экономики труда сопряжено с изменениями обще-ства в целом, с постепенным переходом общества к информационному ти-пу. Сущность информационной революции сводится к необходимости трансформации образовательных технологий, являющихся прямой произ-водительной силой способности индивида генерировать и обрабатывать новое знание. Современные социально-экономические изменения общества рассматриваются как переход от «материальной» к «интеллектуальной» экономике, «экономике, базирующейся на знаниях» (knowledge–based economy). «Knowledge–based economy» определяет в качестве ключевых факторов развития материального и нематериального производства науч-ные знания и специализированные навыки их носителей, выявляет пробле-мы качества рабочей силы, подготовки, формирования профессиональных компетенций, переподготовки и повышения квалификации кадров; форми-рования конкурентоспособности работников; профессиональной ориента-ции населения; мобильности кадров; социального положения трудящихся и их социальной защиты. Приоритетными направлениями инвестиций в экономике, основанной на знаниях, экономике постиндустриального, ин-формационного общества, преимущественно, выступают: информацион-ные системы, технологии профессионального образования. Новая оценка обществом высшего профессионального образования, возможностей по-лучения и использования данного блага в условиях формирования рабо-чей силы, позволяет во многом предопределить с одной стороны государ-ственную стратегию развития системы высшего профессионального обра-зования, призванную способствовать достижению необходимого уровня профессиональных компетенций трудовых ресурсов, с другой – стратегию государственного регулирования рынка труда: в том числе, через меха-низмы снижения структурной диспропорции на рынке труда; повышения качества рабочей силы; достижения равновесия на рынке труда путем формирования профессиональных компетенций кадров, отвечающих по-требностям работодателей.
В начале периода трансформаций рынка труда России меняется от-ношение населения к высшему профессиональному образованию, а имен-но: теряется его социально-экономическая значимость в силу высокой ставки дисконтирования населения, то есть ожиданий быстрого дохода с меньшими затратами. Период реформирования рынка труда также харак-теризуется высокой долей структурной безработицы, то есть несоответ-ствием уровня профессиональных компетенций работников занимаемым должностям, потребностям рынка. По мере развития рынка труда появля-ется интерес населения к профессиональному образованию и стремление сформировать профессиональные компетенции согласно существующим представлениям о востребованности специальностей с целью получения будущих больших доходов, как платы за приобретенный уровень компе-тенций и его реализацию по месту занятости. В силу несовпадения во вре-мени процессов формирования спроса на программы профессиональной подготовки со стороны потенциальных работников и спроса на подготов-ленных специалистов со стороны потенциальных работодателей проблема структурной безработицы ставится еще острее, возникает перепроизвод-ство специалистов, невостребованных на рынке труда, растет безработица и в первую очередь безработица среди молодежи с высшем профессио-нальным образованием. Все это определяет необходимость системного изучения мотивации молодежи в процессе формирования ею профессио-нальных компетенций, особенностей профессиональной ориентации моло-дых людей в современных социально-экономических условиях, ожиданий молодежи от полученных профессиональных компетенций с целью выяв-ления сложившихся тенденций социально-экономического поведения мо-лодежи в процессе профессионального становления, выявления существу-ющих диспропорций, их социально-экономической оценки. На основании подобного системного изучения вышеперечисленных процессов возможна разработка перекрестных, комплексных программ государственного и рыночного регулирования сфер труда и занятости, и в частности моло-дежного сегмента рынка труда с одной стороны, и сферы профессиональ-ного образования как системы, обладающей социально-экономическим по-тенциалом для формирования рабочей силы и развития общества в целом — с другой, что позволит минимизировать структурные диспропорции на рынке труда, а также оптимизировать расходы на профессиональное об-разование, в том числе затрачиваемые из федерального бюджета, повысить уровень профессиональной подготовки кадров, обеспечить рост трудового потенциала нации.

Youth employment in developing countries, particularly in connection with agricultural transformation policies in Africa south of the Sahara, has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The debate on
youth unemployment globally—and specifically in Africa—hinges also on the differential pattern of structural change of economies, which works against the creation of “good” jobs. Although the proportion of unemployed youth in Nigeria has decreased in recent years, the percentage remains high. One recent government effort, the rather ambitious Agricultural Transformation Agenda, was geared (among other things) to promoting employment opportunities for youth in the agricultural sector. The youth employment issue is an important part of the current agricultural policy agenda of the new Federal Government of Nigeria. Against this background, the paper presents a comprehensive national and sectoral growth analysis of youth labor and employment trends in Nigeria, with a particular focus on agriculture and the rural nonfarm economy. It provides insights into the drivers of youth unemployment and underemployment, and discusses the prospects for job creation for youth in the agricultural and the rural non-farm sectors. The paper concludes with a discussion of prospects and policies for enhancing youth employment in the Nigerian agricultural sector, of particular interest to policymakers in Nigeria but also to those interested in youth unemployment in the developing world.

It is generally accepted that parents’ educational background and their involvement is effective input for children’s achievements and performance in education. Despite the high standards and the quality of school education, the role of parents is yet being considered as a vital factor. In Sri Lankan education system, the involvement of parents is highly seen as early as in kindergarten. With the busy life style of modern parents and extra tuition the children receive, identifying the contribution of parental involvement towards child’s performance based on their educational support and employment has been a complicated issue. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between parent’s education, mother’s employment and child’s education performance at school level. The population of the sample consisted of 50 students representing grade 7, 8 and 9 who made good performance at term tests continuously during two years of time and they were selected purposely as per the objective of the study. The study was basically a quantitative research in descriptive format that uses relatively less complex statistical tools in descriptive statistics. Data were collected through questionnaires at the parents meetings and questionnaires were handed over to the respondents personally and they were also briefed about the nature of the research. Questionnaires were based on Lickert Scale and the academic results were collected from the school administration. Statistical treatment of the data included the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). As per the value of Cronbach’s Alpha, the reliability of the study ranked at 0.780 which exposes the high acceptability of the internal reliability of the study. The concise conclusion of the study proved that 76 per cent of the well performance students’ parents (both mother and father) possessed a good level of education (passed A/L) and out of this population 14 per cent were graduates (either mother or father). When considering the behavior of a mother’s employment towards child performance, 71 per cent of well performed students’ mothers are employed. Nevertheless the study further found that mothers who are employed in a formal public sector have more
time to spend with children than those who are employed in the private sector. However the concise conclusion of the study revealed that for the well performance of a child, parents’ education level and mother’s employment has made a significant influence.

Key Words: Parental Education, Mother’s Employment, Child Well Performance in Education
Introduction

For around fifteen years now, anthropology has been engaged in the study of neoliberalism. What contribution does the discipline have to make to a debate largely monopolized by economics and political science? To answer this question, the present article returns to the major texts and highlights the three perspectives from which anthropology has approached neoliberal expansion: culturalist, systemic and the approach based on governmentality. Each has its own epistemological presuppositions and a specific conception of anthropology, globalization and neoliberalism. The article highlights the relevance and limitations of these approaches.

This report is intended as a baseline for youth employment research, impact measurement and knowledge management in line with the YNW objectives and its comparative advantage.

This report attempts to advance a common understanding on targeted labour market issues and the areas that YNW is best placed to impact, while also recognising that youth employment will also be shaped by the broader demand and growth dynamics that public and private actors can contribute to.

The aim of study for this midterm evaluation of the “Youth Economic Empowerment in Yemen” project, understood to be the set of components, outcomes, outputs, activities and inputs that are detailed in the project documents and progress reports. The evaluation assessed the planned, on-going, or completed activities to determine its relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability of results the level of satisfaction of project’s stakeholders and beneficiaries with the results achieved thus far. The project is co-financed by the Embassy of Japan and Embassy of South Korea, providing funds of US$ 2 million.

The Baseline Study endeavours to provide a snapshot of the youth unemployment situation in the 15+3 beneficiary countries of the Youth Employment Fund of the EEA and Norway Grants by the end of 2018, as the 26 funded projects started to be implemented.
The general objectives of the Baseline Study are:
- To produce a baseline of the status of youth employment challenges and
policies in beneficiary countries at the time of the Fund’s launch to allow for
follow-up during its implementation.
- To contextualize these youth employment promotion projects on the ground and provide for an overall picture at the country and EU levels.
- To allow for a comparative analysis of youth employment challenges, initiatives, and policies to facilitate mutual learning among project partners.
The report is structured as follows:
- Introduction setting out the context of youth unemployment in the 18 EEA and Norway Youth Fund beneficiary countries, and providing a compilation of key youth employment statistics in those countries.
- Individual “Country Youth Employment Profiles” with key statistics on each of the countries, a selection of bibliographical resources and a brief analytical snapshot. It is meant to be useful as baseline for the programme, but also as a quick reference for practitioners.
- In the final section, some conclusions are drawn from a comparative analysis of the country briefs, highlighting common and diverging challenges across those countries and common and diverging patterns of policy responses.

Covered countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.

Luego de esta breve introducción,  el documento se organiza de la siguiente manera.  En el segundo apartado se analizan los estadios de tránsito hacia el trabajo decente de los jóvenes. En el tercero se estudian las principales barreras que se les presentan en dicha transición, y se examinan por separado la situación de los adolescentes (16 y 17 años), más ligada con la finalización de la educación obligatoria y la participación en empleos precarios, y la de los jóvenes de entre 18 y 24 años, para quienes los déficits en formación, participación laboral y acceso a un trabajo decente adquieren relevancia. En la cuarta sección se analizan las acciones que deberían incluirse una estrategia integral para abordar la problemática de los jóvenes a partir de la Resolución adoptada en la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo (CIT) de 2005 y el debate de la CIT 2012. En la quinta sección se examina el rol de las garantías de ingresos y otras prestaciones de la protección social, a partir de la estrategia implementada en los últimos años en la Argentina a partir de tres políticas públicas de alta cobertura para adolescentes y jóvenes. Estas políticas públicas son la Asignación Universal por Hijo (AUH), el Programa de Respaldo de Estudiantes de Argentina (PROGRESAR) y las acciones para la mejora de la empleabilidad (servicios para el empleo) implementadas desde el Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social (MTEySS). En el sexto apartado, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre el rol de las instituciones laborales en la inserción laboral de los jóvenes. Finalmente, a modo de conclusiones, la séptima sección contiene una síntesis y un conjunto de reflexiones finales.

In this chapter, I trace the trajectory of Japanese IT service labour migration to the northeast Chinese city of Dalian from its emergence in the mid-2000s up to the present. Drawing on literature research and interview data obtained between 2013 and 2015, I examine the experience of Japanese migrants and the role they play in the expansion of Dalian's service outsourcing sector. Multinational firms increasingly use offshore outsourcing to reduce labour costs associated with low-end IT service jobs, such as assisting individual users of computer products and testing mobile phone apps. Young Japanese are hired in Dalian as skilled migrants, and work alongside bilingual Chinese workers to serve customers based in Japan. Their starting salaries are comparable to Japanese minimum wages, and their socioeconomic gains are not straightforward. Through the research findings, this chapter highlights the interlinkages between China's ambition to build a post-industrial economy, and changing youth labour in Japan.

The main objective of the study is to identify, describe, and analyse youth attitudes and patterns of behaviour in contemporary Croatian society. The study also aims to establish tendencies and dynamics of youth attitudes in comparison with the 2012 study carried out by Friedrich Ebert Stiftung and Institute for Social Research. The youth sample was stratified in terms of the size of counties and places of residence, as well as age and gender, comprising a final 1,500 respondents between the ages of 14 and 29 from the entire country. The survey was carried out during January, February, and March 2018 using the CAPI method, with the average interview being 56 minutes long. The field research was conducted by research agency Hendal from Zagreb. The data was entered into an SPSS database, and weighting to the population values was conducted according to the age and gender structure within each strata (region and type of community). The statistical processing involved a univariate (response distribution), bivariate (correlation; chi-squared test; t-test; variance analysis), and multivariate analysis (factor analysis), depending on the type of variable and the needs of the analysis. The analyses also assessed intra-generational differentiations with regard to gender, age, and respondents’ levels of education as well as those of their fathers; depending on the topic and related theoretical expectations, other sociodemographic characteristics were used, such as socioeconomic status, the number of books within a household, religious self-identification, and the like. Interpretation only took into account differences of statistical significance at the level of probability equal to or less than 0.01.

A greater percentage of Nigerian youths are either unemployed, unemployable or underemployed. This is in most cases because they lack requisite skills needed to effectively function in the jobs they desire which is in turn, based on the fact that they have received insufficient, wrong or no training at all. Often, over-dependence on white-collar jobs and government employment add to the growing number of the unemployed youths in the country. This essay presents a ready explanation of the current state of unemployment among Nigerian youths; its causes and effects, provides mechanisms that can aid in reducing youth unemployment to the barest minimum while singling out self-employment as an imperative that is capable of exploding and expanding the employment opportunities for the youths.
KEYWORDS: Unemployment, Self-Employment, Youths, Nigeria, Job Creation.

My primary interest in this article is to reveal the complexity of neoliberal temporalities on the lives of disabled people forced to participate in workfare regimes to maintain access to social security measures and programming. Through drawing upon some of the contemporary debates arising within the social study of time, this article explicates what Jessop refers to as the sovereignty of time that has emerged with the global adoption of neoliberal workfare regimes. It is argued that the central role of temporality within the globalizing project of neoliberal workfare and the positioning of disability within these global macro-structural processes requires the sociological imagination to return to both time as a theme and time as a methodology.

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las que pueden y deben considerarse experiencias exitosas de integración laboral, seleccionadas por el papel de la formación en las mismas, a partir del análisis del contexto de empleo en que nos encontramos actualmente. Contexto que nos obliga a reconceptualizar el concepto mismo de integración laboral, de su reverso que es la exclusión, y nos interpela y desafía a realizar intervenciones que no pueden, si desean ser exitosas, implementarse desde la reproducción de los mecanismos de desigualdad.
Si una experiencia es exitosa o no, depende de cuestiones a veces ajenas a la formación tal como veremos a lo largo del texto; sin embargo, ante las diversas y variadas experiencias de interés, y en muchos casos ejemplo de buenas prácticas, se ha decidido seleccionar aquellas en cuyo proceso de intervención la formación ha tenido un papel relevante y planificado desde el principio, constituyendo una actividad importante dentro del proceso de integración. La formación por sí sola no es nada, pero sin la formación algunos de estos procesos tampoco hubieran sido gran cosa.
Invito al lector a repensar y dialogar sobre estos asuntos, ya que todo lo que a continuación se escribe es discutible. Pero lo importante no es dirimir si algo es discutible o no (todo lo que se dice o escribe puede serlo), sino suscitar cuestiones vitales. Pensando en esta invitación se ha escrito el texto que sigue a continuación.

The goal of this thesis project was to study the relevance of social networks for getting a matching jobs in occupational and post socialist labor markets. The key argument is that due to differences in institutional regimes represented in the nation-context specific labor structures, job matching patterns are correspondingly different. Theoretical argumentations are described on how the economic behavior of individuals is embedded within structural level variables, such as educational and employment systems, as well as behavior and value orientations due to ideological exposure, as in the cases of communist collectivism and capitalist individualism. Due to the impact of institutional variables on individual decisions, job matching mechanisms, as well as the relevance of individual resources in job matching have been assumed to be different. The data was derived from ISSP 2001 and covered 8 countries, clustered as Capitalist OLM, Post-socialist OLM and Post-socialist ILM. The hypotheses tested are that stronger institutional links and mechanisms fostering school to work transitions enable recent labor market entrants to obtain jobs that meet their educational attainments, and decrease the relevance of social networks in getting a matching job.