Washington State

Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable and unpredictable, resulting in emergency closures of harvest areas in 1991, 1998, and 1999. Information concerning toxin variability relative to sampling location is important in developing a reliable plan for managing domoic acid outbreaks. In November 1998, record levels of domoic in razor clams (up to 295 ppm) were reported at Kalaloch Beach, Washington. Due to the long toxin retention time in these clams, a resource survey at Kalaloch conducted during the summer of 1999 presented an opportunity for the study of domoic acid levels as a function of tidal elevation and north-south beach location. From July 28-31, 1999 (during the summer low tides) razor clams were collected from six "east-west" transects at Kalaloch Beach, approximately 1.6 km apart. Each clam was individually analyzed for domoic acid in order to determine the distribution of toxin between (interspecific variability) and within (intraspecific variability) transects. While average domoic acid levels were similar between transects, toxin levels varied substantially among individual clam samples. The coefficient of variation among all samples was 122%, indicating that harvest closures based upon composite analyses of 6 clam samples could be in error. Here we recommend a sample size of razor clams for regulatory purposes that will result in domoic acid measurements more representative of total population toxin values.

This paper proposes a viable solution to the port security swimmer detection/identification problem using a broadband active sonar system with TCP/IP interface. Broadband active sonar, characterized by compressed pulse and wide-ranging spectral features, offers the ability to locate an underwater target accurately and classify it as a swimmer (diver) apart from fish or marine mammals, thus considerably reducing the false alarm rate compared with existing energybased detection systems. Coupled with tracking algorithms, the fusion output detector can further reduce false alarms, allowing high-probability automatic alerts to security forces that can't continuously and consistently monitor this sector. Applications of conventional back-propagation algorithms or probabilistic neural networks in cooperation with track-based averaging technique show promising performance to this realworld classification problem. Several testing efforts conducted in both Alaska and Washington state waters have demonstrated the applicability of the technology and highlighted aspects of deployment around facilities such as ferry terminals and cruise ship docks for homeland security

This study examined differences in perinatal outcomes of Southeast Asian (SEA) women compared with non-Hispanic white women in Washington. Using linked birth certificate and hospitalization discharge records for the years 1993–2006, we compared singleton births of Cambodian (3,858), Laotian (2,223), and Vietnamese (12,949) women with a random sample of white women (35,581). Associations between maternal nativity and perinatal outcomes were

The amount of plutonium discarded as wastes from the U.S. nuclear weapons complex appears to be significantly greater than the U.S. Department of Energy's 1996 declaration of its plutonium holdings. This is due to in part to improved radioactive waste characterization and the disposal of plutonium residues originally intended for use in weapons. The Hanford site in Washington State has

Several new vaccines for children and young adults have been introduced recently and now appear on the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule (meningococcal, rotavirus, human papillomavirus). As new vaccines are introduced, states face complex decisions regarding which vaccines to fund and which vaccines to require for school or child care entry. This complexity is evidenced by the current debate surrounding the human papillomavirus vaccine. We present a critique to the approach and criteria for evaluating vaccines for inclusion in mandatory school immunization programs that have been adopted by the Washington State Board of Health by illustrating how these criteria might be applied to the human papillomavirus vaccine. We conclude that these 9 criteria can help ensure a deliberate and informed approach to important public policy decisions, but we argue that several clarifications of the review process are needed along with the addition of a 10th criterion that ensures that a new vaccine mandate relates in some manner to increasing safety in the school environment.

We examined the relationship between diabetes in pregnancy and the development of congenital malformations, in a populationbased retrospechve study using birth certificate data for all liveborn children delivered from 1984 until 1991 in Washington State. Births to mothers with established and gestational diabetes numbered 1511 and 8869 respectively. For comparison we selected 8934 births to mothers without diabetes. The prevalence of congenital malformations in neonates was 7.2%, 2.8% and 2.1% among mothers with established diabetes, gestational diabetes, and without diabetes, respectively. Newborns of mothers with established diabetes were more likely to have a congenital malformation than newborns of non-diabetic mothers (prevalence odds ratio=4.0; 95% confidence interval 3.1-5.1). In contrast, there was only a slightly higher prevalence of congenital malformations among newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes (prevalence odds ratio = 1.3; 95% CI 1 .0-1.6). The association with maternal established diabetes was greater for neonates with multiple malformations (7.8; 95% CI 3.3-18.1) than for single malformations (2.9-95% CI 2.1-3.9). Four to seven fold associations were observed with skeletal, cleft lip/palate, neural tube and heart abnormalities. The association of established diabetes with congenital malformations was nearly twice as strong among female neonates (prevalence odds ratio = 5.4; 95% CI 3.7-8.0) than among male neonates (prevalence odds ratio=3.1; 95% CI 2.2-4.5). No such variation was observed for associations with gestational diabetes. This study enlarges on previous work relating congenital anomalies to established diabetes and supports the possibility of a weak association with gestational diabetes.

This exploratory study examines the implementation of campus support programs designed to provide financial, academic, and other types of supports to students who had aged out of foster care. Data were collected from program administrators and student participants in California and Washington State. Telephone interviews were conducted with 10 campus support program administrators that covered a variety of domains. Student participants from 8 of the 10 programs completed a web-based survey that asked about their perceptions of and experiences with the program. Recommendations for moving forward with a methodologically sound impact evaluation of campus support programs are discussed.

a b s t r a c t This paper utilizes eighteen months of ethnographic and interview research undertaken in 2003 and 2004 as well as follow-up fieldwork from 2005 to 2007 to explore the sociocultural factors affecting the interactions and barriers between U.S. biomedical professionals and their unauthorized Mexican migrant patients. The participants include unauthorized indigenous Triqui migrants along a transnational circuit from the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, to central California, to northwest Washington State and the physicians and nurses staffing the clinics serving Triqui people in these locations. The data show that social and economic structures in health care and subtle cultural factors in biomedicine keep medical professionals from seeing the social determinants of suffering of their unauthorized migrant patients.

The impact that large trucks have on accident severity has long been a concern in the accident analysis literature. One important measure of accident severity is the most severely injured occupant in the vehicle. Such data are routinely collected in state accident data files in the U.S. Among the many risk factors that determine the most severe level of injury sustained by vehicle occupants, the number of occupants in the vehicle is an important factor. These effects can be significant because vehicles with higher occupancies have an increased likelihood of having someone seriously injured. This paper studies the occupancy/injury severity relationship using Washington State accident data. The effects of large trucks, which are shown to have a significant impact on the most severely injured vehicle occupant, are accounted for by separately estimating nested logit models for truck-involved accidents and for non-truck-involved accidents. The estimation results uncover important relationships between various risk factors and occupant injury. In addition, by comparing the accident characteristics between truck-involved accidents and non-truck-involved accidents, the risk factors unique to large trucks are identified along with the relative importance of such factors. The findings of this study demonstrate that nested logit modeling, which is able to take into account vehicle occupancy effects and identify a broad range of factors that influence occupant injury, is a promising methodological approach. : S 0 0 0 1 -4 5 7 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 1 4 -7

Two NIJsponsored evaluations of Washington State's work release program, conducted between 1991 and 1994. The first study analyzed a cohort of 2,452 males released from Washington prisons in 1990, nearly 40 percent of whom spent a part of their sentences on work release, to describe how work release operates and how successfully inmates perform in the program. The second compared the recidivism of 218 offenders; approximately half participated in work release and half completed their sentences in prison.

Anthropogenic disturbances such as shoreline development and sediment loading can reduce or eliminate Nereocystis luetkeana populations and commercially important species associated with N. luetkeana. Hence, kelp restoration will become increasingly important in urbanized nearshore areas. Techniques to establish N. luetkeana populations in the northwestern waters of Washington State, USA, were examined and compared: (1) out-planting recently settled zoospores and microscopic sporophytes (0.5 to 1.0 mm blade length) grown in laboratory culture, in the field onto natural substrate, and at elevated positions, and (2) transplanting juvenile sporophytes (<15 cm stipe length) from natural populations, bypassing the culturing phase. Juvenile transplants were found to be more successful than cultured out-plants. The restoration cost for juvenile transplants was 12 US dollars (USD) per installed plant with a maximum cost estimate of 200 USD m -2 . These had a 10 to 30% higher survival rate than previously reported kelp transplant efforts using larger individuals. The collection of smaller individuals for transplanting imposes smaller ecological costs to natural populations than does the collection of larger, established plants. Stipe breakage caused by the grazing gastropod Lacuna vincta posed the largest limiting factor on transplant survival. Lack of survival among the out-planted zoospores and microscopic sporophytes indicates that other methods will be more successful. Restoration efforts in the nearshore marine environment will benefit from an adaptive management approach in which techniques can be tailored to the specific physical and biological conditions at the restoration site.

On Washington’s Olympic Peninsula, the Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe (JST) is implementing cultural heritage approaches to reclaim tribal histories threatened by nineteenth century settler colonial narratives of ethnic erasure. Exiled from their capital village of Qatáy in Port Townsend during the 1870s as a result of government-mandated arson and displacement, JST homelands also include Olympic National Park, popularly lauded as a pristine wilderness area. Emanating from the Tribe’s previously unrecognized federal status, accusations of assimilation and extinction have simultaneously contributed to the non-Indigenous public’s denial of JST existence. By restoring archaeological sites with modern significance and erecting counter-monuments to commemorate tribal leaders and events, the JST have embarked upon a journey of challenging their veiled history. Perhaps surprisingly, this resistance against historical amnesia has produced reconciliatory outcomes between the Tribe and non-Natives. Through a lens of resiliency and regeneration, this article documents one tribal nation’s opposition to being consigned to the past, and their dedication to continued relevancy for future generations.

Use of lake habitats by ocean-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is rare under natural conditions. We studied aspects of the trophic ecology of naturally and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon rearing in the littoral zone of highly urbanized Lake Washington in Washington State. During February through May, naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon occupied littoral habitats and consumed mostly epibenthic prey, primarily chironomid pupae (Diptera). In June, they switched to a diet dominated by plankton, specifically Daphnia spp. This diet shift from littoral prey to limnetic prey coincided with increasing temperature, a shift by the fish from littoral to limnetic habitats, the spring bloom of Daphnia, and increasing fish size. Bioenergetics modeling for these populations estimated that naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon had high consumption rates and were generally feeding close to their maximum ration, even after large numbers of hatchery-produced Chinook salmon entered the lake. The feeding rates, growth rates, and proportions of maximum daily ration from the modeling suggested that under current conditions, both naturally produced and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon were finding ample food in littoral habitats of Lake Washington. These results further reveal that hatchery-produced Chinook salmon did not compete with naturally produced fish and that this was probably a result of hatchery juveniles entering the lake during the spring Daphnia bloom when this prey is abundant. Our results suggest that managers should focus Chinook salmon recovery efforts in the Lake Washington basin on other aspects of the species' lake use, such as predation or disease, or on other life stages (e.g., spawning adults).

Analyzing the Chicana/o student movement at the University of Washington (UW) from 1968 to 1975, this essay argues that affirmative action deserves greater recognition as a catalyst of the Chicana/o movement and that this theme can be productively explored in settings beyond the US Southwest. Beginning with an account of the origins of a student-driven affirmative action program at UW, I trace its effects in the recruitment of farmworker youth from eastern Washington to enroll at the university, their politicization as supporters of the United Farm Workers grape boycott, and their rapid emergence as leaders of the Movimiento in Washington State. In claiming their right to the campus, Chicana/o students sought affirmative action not merely in student and faculty recruitment, but in the transformation of the university to promote social justice in their communities. Through their activism, which linked campus issues to farmworker struggles and to the wider Movimiento, students developed a newly politicized understanding of their Chicana/o identity, which in turn served as the basis for continued organizing and social justice demands.

Researchers are beginning to take notice of amenity migration processes and their impacts in exurban areas of the U.S. Our research explores second-home owners as contributors to processes of amenity migration. Using a mixed-method approach combining spatial data and interview analyses, we investigate both the structural and behavioral aspects of amenity migration in San Juan and Okanogan counties of Washington State. Results indicate that second-home owners' desire for privacy and escape is reflected in patterns of spatial isolation among second homes in the study area. These patterns have potentially significant ecological effects. Second-home owners also seek to protect their investments by supporting regulations which support their version of a rural idyll. Therefore, policy-makers should be wary of strategies to promote regulations which promote aesthetic rather than social and ecological function.

The Wind River old-growth forest, in the southern Cascade Range of Washington State, is a cool (average annual temperature, 8.7°C), moist (average annual precipitation, 2223 mm), 500-year-old Douglas-fir–western hemlock forest of moderate to low productivity at 371-m elevation on a less than 10% slope. There is a seasonal snowpack (November–March), and rain-on-snow and freezing-rain events are common in winter. Local geology is characterized by volcanic rocks and deposits of Micocene/Oligocene Micocene-Oligocene (mixed) Micocene and Quaternary age, as well as intrusive rocks of Miocene age. Soils are medial, mesic, Entic Vitrands that are deep (2–3 m), well drained, loams and silt loams, generally stone free, and derived from volcanic tephra. The vegetation is transitional, between the Western Hemlock Zone and the Pacific Silver Fir Zone, and the understory is dominated by vine maple, salal, and Oregon grape. Stand structural parameters have been measured on a 4-ha plot. There are eight species of conifers, with a stand density of 427 trees ha−1 and basal area of 82.9 m2 ha−1. Dominant conifers include Douglas-fir (35 trees ha−1), western hemlock (224 trees ha−1), Pacific yew (86 trees ha−1), western red cedar (30 trees ha−1), and Pacific silver fir (47 trees ha−1). The average height of Douglas-fir is 52.0 m (tallest tree, 64.6 m), whereas western hemlock averages 19.0 m (tallest tree, 55.7 m). The regional disturbance regime is dominated by high-severity to moderate-severity fire, from which this forest is thought to have originated. There is no evidence that fire has occurred in the forest after establishment. Primary agents of stand disturbance, which act at the individual to small groups of trees scale, are wind, snow loads, and drought, in combination and interacting with root-rot and butt-rot fungi, heart-rot fungi, dwarf mistletoe, and bark beetles. The forest composition is slowly shifting from dominance by Douglas-fir, a shade-intolerant species, to western hemlock, western red cedar, Pacific yew, and Pacific silver fir, all shade-tolerant species. The Wind River old-growth forest fits the regional definition of Douglas-fir “old growth” on western hemlock sites.

Forest thinning and prescribed fires are practices used by managers to address concerns over ecosystem degradation and severe wildland fire potential in dry forests. There is some debate, however, about treatment effectiveness in meeting management objectives as well as their ecological consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess changes to forest stand structure following thinning and prescribed fire treatments, alone and combined, in the eastern Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Treatments were applied to 12 management units, with each treatment combination replicated three times (including untreated controls). Thinning modified forest structure by reducing overall tree density by >60% and canopy bulk density by 50%, and increased canopy base height by $4 m, thereby reducing susceptibility to crown fire. The prescribed fire treatment, conversely, did not appreciably reduce tree density or canopy fuel loading, but was effective at increasing the density of standing dead trees, particularly when combined with thinning (37 snags/ha increase). Prescribed fire effects were more pronounced when used in combination with thinning. Thinning was more reliable for altering stand structure, but spring burning was lower in intensity and coverage than desired and may have led to results that downplay the efficacy of fire to meet forest restoration goals.

1] The ozone monitoring instrument (OMI), launched on the EOS/Aura satellite in July 2004, makes daily global observations of natural and anthropogenic SO 2 emissions with unprecedented spatial resolution. Here we present the first robust comparison of OMI volcanic SO 2 retrievals with ground−based instrumentation, using direct Sun observations of the Okmok volcanic cloud from Washington State University (WSU) in Pullman, WA on 18-20 July 2008. These measurements were made by the multifunction differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MFDOAS) instrument developed at WSU, as the Okmok cloud drifted over Pullman in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Observation conditions were favorable with cloud-free skies and a relatively homogeneous volcanic cloud distribution on OMI ground pixel scales (∼20-50 km). Movement of the Okmok cloud north and south of Pullman over a period of several days permitted comparison with three OMI overpasses with SO 2 column amounts above the SO 2 background level. The total SO 2 columns measured by MFDOAS during OMI overpasses were 3.11 ± 0.23 Dobson units (DU), 1.75 ± 0.16 DU and 1.22 ± 0.18 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 10 16 molecules/cm 2 = 0.029 g/m 2 ). Comparison of ground-based direct Sun and operational and off-line OMI retrievals show an excellent agreement, providing the first validation of OMI measurements of volcanic SO 2 in the UTLS.

L entils (Lens culinaris Medik.) have been produced in the United States since 1937 (Youngman, 1967), with the area of production increasing from approximately 32,000 ha in the late 1960s to over 125,000 ha in 2007. Much of the increase over the past 10 yr has occurred in the Midwest region, including western North Dakota and eastern Montana. Large-seeded green lentils are marketed worldwide and are consumed primarily in soup preparations. Although they are referred to as green lentils, they have yellow cotyledons, and only the seed coat is green. Key quality criteria for large-green lentils include large (>5.5 mm diameter) seed size and a bright green seed coat color that does not fade or darken during storage. Tannins present in the seed coat oxidize and turn a dirty brown often resulting in a seed sample of mixed coloration that is not appealing to consumers. When the discolored seed are cooked, the soak water turns an unappetizing dirty brown. Recent breeding efforts have selected for durable green seed coats that do not fade or change color over time.

The Marmes Rockshelter archaeological site in southeastern Washington state contains a >11 kyr stratigraphic record that was excavated in the 1960s but only recently analyzed in detail. We present the results of physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses of archived Marmes sediments from rockshelter, hillslope, and floodplain locations. Multiple lines of evidence including éboulis production, soil chemistry, and δ 13 C and δ 18 O signatures in soil organic matter and calcium carbonate suggest that relatively cool, moist conditions 10,600 to 9700 14 C yr BP were followed by relatively warm and dry conditions as early as 9000 14 C yr BP. Warm and dry conditions extended to the late Holocene, followed by a return to cooler and moister climate. The limited range of δ 13 C and δ 18 O values in Marmes paleosols suggests that the magnitude of moisture and temperature shifts was locally buffered in the lower Snake River Canyon but adequate to generate significant changes in sedimentation and soil formation, possibly due to nonlinear geological and pedological processes. These buffered canyon environments were well suited for establishing residential bases associated with foraging and logistical collecting strategies and may have minimized the influence of climate changes in food resource abundance.

Vitamin and mineral supplements are among the most commonly used drugs in the United States, despite limited evidence on their benefits or risks. This paper describes the design, implementation, and participant characteristics of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study, a cohort study of the associations of supplement use with cancer risk. A total of 77,738 men and women in western Washington State, aged 50-76 years, entered the study in 2000-2002 by completing a detailed questionnaire on supplement use, diet, and other cancer risk factors, and 70% provided DNA through self-collected buccal cell specimens. Supplement users were targeted in recruitment: 66% used multivitamins, 46% used individual vitamin C, 47% used individual vitamin E, and 46% used calcium, typically for 5-8 of the past 10 years. Analyses to identify confounding factors, the main study limitation, showed that regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, intake of fruits and vegetables, and recreational physical activity were strongly associated with supplement use (p < 0.001). The authors describe a follow-up system in which cancers, deaths, and changes of residence are tracked efficiently, primarily through linkage to public databases. These methods may be useful to other researchers implementing a large cohort study or designing a passive follow-up system.

Seven treatments for the control of Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) were tested to determine the optimum timing of miticide application. Threshold mite levels indicating miticide application were determined for three possible treatment dates: April, August, and October. The treatments were as follows: (1) ßuvalinate in April, (2) ßuvalinate in August, (3) ßuvalinate in October, (4) ßuvalinate in April and October, (5) ßuvalinate applied continuously (except during honey ßow) with replacement every 42 d, (6) control (no treatment), and coumaphos in April. The number of miticide applications in a season had no effect on brood area or colony bee population a year after initiating the experiment. However, the absence of any treatment signiÞcantly reduced brood area and colony bee population and signiÞcantly increased colony mite population. Date of treatment had signiÞcant effects on colony mortality rates, mite levels, and brood area the following spring. When coupled with sampling and threshold recommendations, a single, late-season application of ßuvalinate is as effective for the control of V. destructor as semiannual or continuous miticide applications. Treatment thresholds were recommended for ether roll and 48-h sticky board sampling methods in April (three and 24 mites, respectively) and August (14 and 46 mites, respectively) and for ether rolls in October (three mites) in cold climates.

Context: Although unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are considerable problems in the United States, private health insurance plans are inconsistent in their coverage of reproductive and sexual health services needed to address these problems.

The present paper uses data from written self-reports from two points of time, 2004 and 2008-10, to gauge the strength of the Canada-US linguistic border in British Columbia's Lower Mainland. With parallel data sets from Metro Vancouver, Canada, and adjacent Washington State, Vancouver English is characterized as a vernacular that -for the 30 variables studied -is not undergoing Americanization. The data for young local residents who were at least raised, if not born, in the target regions provide solid evidence that present-day Vancouver English is best identified as a linguistically more conservative variety than the vernacular of Washington State. Speakers of second-language varieties of English in Vancouver are shown to amplify differences already present in the local population. While the linguistic boundary in Canada's westernmost province is rarely an isogloss in the qualitative sense of the term (applying only to two cases), it appears to be a stable linguistic boundary in quantitative and statistically significant terms for the variables investigated.

Due to increased fuel loading as a result of fire suppression, land managers in the American west are in need of precise information about the fuels they manage, including canopy fuels. Canopy fuel metrics such as canopy height (CH), canopy base height (CBH), canopy bulk density (CBD) and available canopy fuel (ACF) are specific inputs for wildfire behavior models such as FARSITE and emission models such as FOFEM. With finer spatial resolution data, accurate quantification of these metrics with detailed spatial heterogeneity can be accomplished. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and color near-infrared imagery are active and passive systems, respectively, that have been utilized for measuring a range of forest structure characteristics at high resolution. The objective of this research was to determine which remote sensing dataset can estimate canopy fuels more accurately and whether a fusion of these datasets produces more accurate estimates. Regression models were developed for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stand representative of eastern Washington State using field data collected in the Ahtanum State Forest and metrics derived from LiDAR and imagery. Strong relationships were found with LiDAR alone and LiDAR was found to increase canopy fuel accuracy compared to imagery. Fusing LiDAR with imagery and/or LiDAR intensity led to small increases in estimation accuracy over LiDAR alone. By improving the ability to estimate canopy fuels at higher spatial resolutions, spatially explicit fuel layers can be created and used in wildfire behavior and smoke emission models leading to more accurate estimations of crown fire risk and smoke related emissions.

Threaded nails are used in wood construction because of their superior performance, but relatively few tests have been conducted on nails larger than 12d (3.76 mm diameter). Experience has suggested that threaded nail withdrawal design values are too conservative. The Forest Products Laboratory and Washington State University have been cooperatively characterizing the strength of threaded nails over a range of wood species and nail types. This paper focuses on the immediate withdrawal strength of annularly threaded nails in Douglas Fir and Spruce-Pine-Fir, helically threaded nails in Southern Pine, and smooth nails in Southern Pine and Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber. Average withdrawal strength of threaded nails was greater than that of smooth shank nails of the same diameter. In comparison of experimental withdrawal strength to existing design procedures for assigning allowable withdrawal strength design values, annular shank nails showed the greatest difference. Withdrawal strengths of nails from five different manufacturers were not significantly different. Comparisons of the effect of galvanizing on withdrawal strength were inconclusive.

This study shows the economic impact of the Washington State Nursery, Plant Materials and Landscaping industries on the Washington State economy. The analysis in this paper is based on 2002 Census of Agriculture and Census of Industry data, up-dated to 2005 and integrated into an IMPLAN based input-output (IO) model. The economic impact measured in this study relates only to Green Industry production and distribution sourced in the State of Washington. That is, the source of the product or service is firms located in Washington. Measured in 2002 dollars, the economic (direct and indirect) impact of the Green Industry in Washington is estimated to be $2.48 billion in sales and over 43,000 jobs. This report is organized as follows: In section 1, we give a brief overview of the study. In section 2, we present a brief literature review of other state studies made on Green Industry and their estimated economic impact. In section 3, we summarize the overall structure of Green Industry. In...

Researchers at Washington State University have developed miniaturized hands-on learning stations or Desktop Learning Modules (DLM) to help demonstrate most basic fluid and heat transfer concepts in the classroom. Low-cost, 1 ft3 modules have been developed with interchangeable cartridges for dye injection into a flow stream; flow measurement with venturi, orifice and pitot tube meters; shell-and-tube, extended area and double pipe heat exchange; and packed bed and fluidized bed performance. The DLMs are effective learning tools, but are they useful in collecting laboratory data? An experimental study was performed to determine the duty of the DLM shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and then to compare the results to theoretical predictions. Although a few minor modifications of the apparatus were necessary in order to obtain accurate data, experimental heat transfer rates on the tube side (539-831 W) were within 15-20% of theoretical predictions. Similarly, experimental heat transfer ra...

Objective: Substance use, especially among young generation, is a public health concern. The aim of the current study was to explore the interrelation between certain variables including demographic characteristics and family history of drug abuse and history of depression among Iranian ...

Several real-time smoke prediction systems have been developed worldwide to help land managers, farmers, and air quality regulators balance land management needs against smoke impacts. Profiled here are four systems that are currently operational for regional domains for North America and Australia, providing forecasts to a well-developed user community. The systems link fire activity data, fuels information, and consumption and emissions models, with weather forecasts and dispersion models to produce a prediction of smoke concentrations from prescribed fires, wildfires, or agricultural fires across a region. The USDA Forest Service's BlueSky system is operational for regional domains across the United States and obtains prescribed burn information and wildfire information from databases compiled by various agencies along with satellite fire detections. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) smoke prediction system is initialized with satellite fire detections and is operational across North America. Washington State University's ClearSky agricultural smoke prediction system is operational in the states of Idaho and Washington, and burn location information is input via a secure Web site by regulators in those states. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology smoke prediction system is operational for regional domains across Australia for wildfires and prescribed burning. Operational uses of these systems are emphasized as well as the approaches to evaluate their performance given the uncertainties associated with each system's subcomponents. These real-time smoke prediction systems