Value System

Abstract  This study examines the link between social structural variables (gender, race, education, age, rural childhood), individual social psychology (altruism, self-interest, traditionality, and openness to change), and beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism (for health, the environment, animals, and world hunger) and self-reported vegetarianism. Data from a random sample of 420 adult U.S. residents showed that 5.2 percent considered themselves vegetarian. The strongest predictor of vegetarianism as a dietary choice was the belief that vegetarianism is beneficial to the environment. None of the social structural variables had a direct influence on vegetarianism as a dietary choice. Of the four values studied, only altruism and traditional values influenced beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism. Altruistic values increased, and traditional values decreased, beliefs that vegetarianism is beneficial to health, the environment, farm animals, and world hunger. Blacks were more likely than Whites to adhere to the beliefs that vegetarianism helps prevent cruelty to farm animals, is beneficial to personal health, and is beneficial to the environment. The race differences in beliefs persisted even with controls for values.

... Retrieved September 5, 2008, 501 from http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/maple-leaf-identifies-likely-502 source ... Listeriosis probe identifies multiple deficiencies. ... Retrieved April 21, 2009, from 508 http://blog.mapleleaf.com/2009/04/follow-up-statement-on-subcommittee ...

This manuscript examines the evolution of internet value systems in the motion control industry. We believe the primary reason behind the inconsistent performance of that industry's adoption of the internet in the supply channel was largely due to poor strategy. Using a the concepts of bias exchanges and game theory it is suggested that internet strategies such as disintermediation and first-mover advantage were elusive because firms focused too much on technology and not enough on customer value. Lessons for managers and future decisions are offered.

ABSTRACT." Over the past three decades, Arab society in Israel has been undergoing processes of transition. These processes are mani-fested by changes in the economy, education, the status of women, family structure, and by socio-culturat changes and transformations in patterns ...

This paper seeks to examine how the Shona traditional society conceptualised beauty; drawing from the meaning and content of the Shona proverb, suggesting that traditional society emphasised beauty as holistic to include such elements as moral uprightness and humility as the ...

Psychology rarely examines the effects of economic systems on people's lives. In this target article, we set out to explore some of the costs of American corporate capitalism and its focus on self-interest, competition, hierarchical wage labor, and strong desires for financial profit and economic growth. Specifically, we apply recent cross-cultural research on goal and value systems Grouzet et al. 2006), as well as a variety of other types of evidence, to demonstrate how the aims and practices that typify American corporate capitalism often conflict with pursuits such as caring about the broader world, having close relationships with others, and, for many people, feeling worthy and free. We hope that by bringing to light the value and goal conflicts inherent in this economic system, psychologists might begin to systematically investigate this pervasive yet paradoxically ignored feature of contemporary culture. as TINA, which stands for "There Is No Alternative"

The subject of study of my MSc thesis was a revival of vinyl replay (LP records) within the dynamics of music replay in 2007, including declining CD sales, the disappearance of compact cassettes, RIAA actions against file-sharers and the increasing popularity of legal downloading, to understand how such events could co-occur.

In this thesis I have described and analyzed a historical overview of major developments that have shaped audio (and video) replay. I compared the values these developments hold for the parties involved between mainstream audio (and video) replay and vinyl replay. To this end I developed a methodology called the Value System. The result is an organized insight into a complex situation of agency and structure, over time, across formats.

It’s main conclusion then was that, when a necessity has moved to the digital domain and becomes a commodity there, this will provide room for the previous analogue process to be enjoyed in limited form as a classical experience, or, premium experience.

Concerns about professionalism in medicine have made necessary the explicit teaching and learning of ethics, professionalism and personal development. The noble profession of medicine, taken up as a "calling" by those who are expected to put the needs of the patient above their own, appears to have become a fees-for-service business model and trade. Parental expectations, the diminishing sense of

This paper discusses the contribution and use of the value chain component within a prototype decision support system (DSS). Here we focus on the inclusion of Porter's value chain within the general design of the DSS for a purchasing manager in the Norwegian wood processing industry. We will discuss the value chain and cost driver parameters as well as those design principles that we found significant for the creation, inclusion, visualization, and use of the value system. We will summarize related research that we conducted concerning the analysis and diagnosis of decision processes for this particular decision maker and his organization and the formulation of a prescriptive model. We then will discuss some of the general design and implementation features of our prototype DSS. The goal of this DSS is to present a tool for the decision maker that addresses qualitative decision making and improve the user's mental model and modeling capacity.

The unit-decade compatibility effect is interpreted to reflect processes of place value integration in two-digit number magnitude comparisons. The current study aimed at elucidating the influence of language properties on the compatibility effect of Arabic two-digit numbers in Austrian, Italian, and Czech first graders. The number word systems of the three countries differ with respect to their correspondence between name and place value systems; the German language is characterized by its inversion of the order of tens and units in number words as compared with digital notations, whereas Italian number words are generally not inverted and there are both forms for Czech number words. Interestingly, the German-speaking children showed the most pronounced compatibility effect with respect to both accuracy and speed. We interpret our results as evidence for a detrimental influence of an intransparent number word system place value processing. The data corroborate a weak Whorfian hypothesis in children, with even nonverbal Arabic number processing seeming to be influenced by linguistic properties in children.

Families are social systems that both develop and carry on the value system and socialization process for its young members within the society in which they live. It is, therefore, not a coincidence that when the Nazis planned the total annihilation of the Jewish people, they focused their attack on the discontinuity of the Jewish family support system. In light of their extreme (and often -successful) efforts, it is remarkable to discover how Jewish families, or the remaining parts of families, in ghettos, in the camps, in hiding and in the Partisans, withstood these pressures. Parenthood during the Holocaust is the story of what people transmitted to their children under the most extreme circumstances, and how the children who survived the war developed their own concepts of parenthood out of the void or the bits and pieces with which they were left. Clearly, the variance is as huge as in any diverse population, and not all that was transmitted had only positive value. This paper focuses on different aspects of parenthood and their long-term consequences and is based on the analyses of interviews with and testimonies of survivors of the Holocaust and with their children and grandchildren.

This article describes a social psychological framework for understanding sexual stigma, and it reports data on sexual minority individuals' stigma-related experiences. The framework distinguishes between stigma's manifestations in society's institutions (heterosexism) and among individuals. The latter include enacted sexual stigma (overt negative actions against sexual minorities, such as hate crimes), felt sexual stigma (expectations about the circumstances in which sexual stigma will be enacted), and internalized sexual stigma (personal acceptance of sexual stigma as part of one's value system and self-concept). Drawing from previous research on internalized sexual stigma among heterosexuals (i.e., sexual prejudice), the article considers possible parallels in how sexual minorities experience internalized sexual stigma (i.e., self-stigma, or negative attitudes toward the self). Data are presented from a community sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults (N ϭ 2,259) to illustrate the model's utility for generating and testing hypotheses concerning self-stigma.

Health organizations have started to become more market-driven. Therefore, it is important for health organizations to analyse the competitive dynamics of their industrial structure. However, relevant theories and models have mainly been developed for organizations acting in the profit sector. In this paper, we adapt Porter's 'five forces model' to the home care industry. In particular, we modify the (determinants of the) bargaining power of labour suppliers. We then apply the modified Porter-model to the home care industry in the Netherlands for the period of 1987-1997 with special attention for labour supply.The new instrument clarifies the complexity of the supply chains and value systems of the home care industry. As can be illustrated by developments in the home care industry in the province of North Brabant during the 1990s, competition between home care providers has influenced labour market relations, but so do other factors as well. Between 1987 and 1997, the bargaining power of labour suppliers was relatively limited. After 1997, however, the demand for home care personnel has increased strongly. In spite of the present economic recession, scarcity on this labour market seems to prevail in the longer term due to a growing demand for home care services. (E.J. Breedveld), [email protected] (B.R. Meijboom), [email protected] (A.A. de Roo).

The purpose of this paper is to review past and present housing policies in Ghana, particularly the 1993 National Shelter Strategy (Ghana, 1993, Policy Planning and Evaluation ºnit, Ministry of ¼orks and Housing, Accra), in the context of housing supply for the low income majority. The current international policies embodied in the Global Strategy for Shelter (GSS) (UNCHS, 1990) and the Global Plan of Action of Habitat II (GPA) (UNCHS, 1996) have provided a framework within which current housing policies are to be formulated with the intention of cranking up housing supply. We suggest some characteristics of Ghanaian housing and urban society which demand different approaches. In that context, we recommend means by which current policies can be made more supply-efficient by building on strongly held beliefs and attitudes rather than through the imposition of alien market-oriented value systems.

In today's rapid global economic integration researchers have come to realize that cultural or national identity is often asserted by various groups, and this assertion is manifested in dif-ferent forms. Distinctive qualities of groups and nations are increasing rather than disappearing. ...

Risk management has been established as a well defined procedure for handling risks due to natural, environmental or man made hazards, of which floods are representative. Risk management has been discussed in many previous papers giving different meanings to the term-a result of the fact that risk management actually takes place on three different levels of actions: the operational level, which is associated with operating an existing system, a project planning level, which is used when a new, or a revision of an existing project is planned, and a project design level, which is embedded into the second level and describes the process of reaching an optimal solution for the project. The first two levels will be briefly described in the paper. It will be emphasized that the transition from the first to the second level is a dynamic process. As the value system of a nation changes, and as the natural boundary conditions are modified by human actions or global changes, an existing system will be found not meeting the demands of the present society, and actions on the second level are initiated. The decisions for change depend on the changes in options available for handling a flood situation, as well as on the changes in risk perception and attitudes towards risk. On the third level, the actual cost of a design are evaluated and compared with the benefits obtained from the planned project. In particular, on this level the residual risk is considered, i.e. the risk which remains even after a project is completed and fully operational.

Drawing on recent literature on the environmental impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet, this paper identifies three main types of effects: direct impacts of the production and use of ICTs on the environment (resource use and pollution related to the production of infrastructure and devices, electricity consumption of hardware, electronic waste disposal); indirect impacts related to the effect of ICTs on production processes, products and distribution systems (de-materialisation, substitution of information goods for material goods, and substitution of communication at a distance for travel); and structural/behavioural impacts, mainly through the stimulation of structural change and growth in the economy by ICTs, and through impacts on life styles and value systems. This paper argues that the diffusion and use of ICTs are leading to both positive and negative environmental impacts. However, because the effects of ICTs on economic activity are pervasive, their impacts on the environment are difficult to trace and measure. The paper argues for a need to move beyond the dichotomy between pessimism and optimism demonstrated in much of the emerging literature. Instead the relationship must be recognised as complex, interdependent, deeply uncertain and scale-dependent.

Autobiographical occasions are perceived as an apportunity to constitute an identity, to lay claim to one's own life, to the right to tell one's own story. Using high school class reunions as a case study, I argue that those social moments that require accounts of one's life also generate a major threat to the identities constructed, by constituting an informal process of social control. The requirement to narrate one's life story and cope with its limits is a force through which the social order is confirmed and one's identity within that order defined and assigned. While reunions create a community and an opportunity to speak up, they generate at the same time classification, hierarchy, and evaluation processes that might not otherwise appear in modern society.

This paper seeks to examine how the Shona traditional society conceptualised beauty; drawing from the meaning and content of the Shona proverb, suggesting that traditional society emphasised beauty as holistic to include such elements as moral uprightness and humility as the markers of inner beauty. While physical or outer beauty was appreciated, looking for it as the sole desirable quality as done in the modern beauty pageants misses the core of the way the traditional Shona society conceptualised it. Relying on philosophical debate between the universalist and particularistic schools on the nature and content of African philosophy, and the analyses of the influence of Platonism and Cartesianism on discourses on beauty, we seek to argue for an ethnoaesthetic philosophy through which value systems can be evaluated to enhance cross-cultural understanding.

This conceptual paper examines the cultural influences that impact on international hotel groups based upon the premise that effective harnessing of cultural diversity should lead to success in the global marketplace. Pizam's "hierarchy of cultures' is applied to demonstrate how and where the national, personal, professional and industry backgrounds of founders, key decision-makers, management and employees influence practices in hotel groups. A framework is presented to demonstrate the various levels in organizations where culture has an influence and where a higher degree of cultural awareness is essential. Recognizing that hotel groups are part of an extended value system (including suppliers, buyers or customers, and relationships with other business partners), the paper assesses the cultural impact of these networks on hotel groups.

Risk management has been established as a well defined procedure for handling risks due to natural, environmental or man made hazards, of which floods are representative. Risk management has been discussed in many previous papers giving different meanings to the term-a result of the fact that risk management actually takes place on three different levels of actions: the operational level, which is associated with operating an existing system, a project planning level, which is used when a new, or a revision of an existing project is planned, and a project design level, which is embedded into the second level and describes the process of reaching an optimal solution for the project. The first two levels will be briefly described in the paper. It will be emphasized that the transition from the first to the second level is a dynamic process. As the value system of a nation changes, and as the natural boundary conditions are modified by human actions or global changes, an existing system will be found not meeting the demands of the present society, and actions on the second level are initiated. The decisions for change depend on the changes in options available for handling a flood situation, as well as on the changes in risk perception and attitudes towards risk. On the third level, the actual cost of a design are evaluated and compared with the benefits obtained from the planned project. In particular, on this level the residual risk is considered, i.e. the risk which remains even after a project is completed and fully operational. q

This study explores the impacts of Chinese motorcycle emergence on local environment in Vietnam and existing motorcycle makers, particularly Honda. Grounded upon the framework of diamond of competitive advantage, the study finds that Chinese penetration in Vietnam has d more opportunities Honda can utilize in the long run than threats Honda had to overpass in the short run. Selective environment disadvantages played an important role in making pressures on Honda to engage in more sophisticated activities performed in the local country. The attempt to integrate the changes emerged from external environment with internal resources through consolidating relationship with local consumers and local suppliers can enable the firms to sustain competitive advantage over the value system.

There are various medium of communication like electronic media, print media, internet and mobile communications. Present study focuses on electronic media and its impact on society-changing value system in Pakistan. It also tries to explore different roles and objective of electronic media in changing the society. The study measures diverse aspect of media which influence the society. Pakistan is an Islamic democratic country where media has faced numeral restriction in past eras. From last decade electronic media has got freedom in Pakistan and a large number of electronic channels are established in Pakistan. At the present time media has a powerful affect on individual's lives. Especially electronic media reshape the masses lifestyle and promote a global culture.

فى ظل الانتشار المستمر والمتزايد لاستخدام وسائل الإعلام الجديدة فى المجتمعات العربية وارتباط هذا الاستخدام بفئة الشباب تحديداً يثار تساؤل حول هل أثر هذا الاستخدام الكثيف لوسائل الإعلام الجديد من قبل الشباب على منظومة القيم الخاصة بهم؟ وهل هذا التأثير يعد إيجابياً أم سلبياً؟ وفى هذا السياق أكدت إحدى الدراسات الأمريكية الحديثة على أن الشباب يشكل النسبة الأكبر من إجمالي مستخدمي الإنترنت في العالم العربي، حيث بلغت نسبة المستخدمين لها في الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا 7% من الاستخدام العالمي للإنترنت، وأن 70% من هؤلاء المستخدمين من السعودية والإمارات ومصر والمغرب. .
Abstract With the continued and increasing spread of the use of new media in Arab societies and the Association of this use with the youth category specifically, is there a question about whether this massive use of new media by young people will affect their system of values? Is this effect positive or negative? In this context, a recent American study confirmed that young people constitute the largest proportion of the total Internet users in the Arab world, where the proportion of users in the Middle East and North Africa reached 7% of the global use of the Internet, and that 70% of these users from Saudi Arabia , UAE, Egypt and Morocco.

This article reports on an institutional study of academic integrity based on two different sources: reporting of incidents over a six-year period (2001-2006) and a campus-wide survey administered in 2008. Findings are that academic dishonesty is widespread and increasing, yet 40% of the academic staff responding admitted they had taken no steps regarding a suspected incident of cheating due to

This article outlines a general theory of meaning, The Semiotic Hierarchy, which distinguishes between four major levels in the organization of meaning: life, consciousness, sign function and language, where each of these, in this order, both rests on the previous level, and makes possible the attainment of the next. This is shown to be one possible instantiation of the Cognitive Semiotics program, with influences from phenomenology, Popper's tripartite ontology, semiotics, linguistics, enactive cognitive science and evolutionary biology. Key concepts such as "language" and "sign" are defined, as well as the four levels of The Semiotic Hierarchy, on the basis of the type of (a) subject, (b) value-system and (c) world in which the subject is embedded. Finally, it is suggested how the levels can be united in an evolutionary framework, assuming a strong form of emergence giving rise to "ontologically" new properties: consciousness, signs and languages, on the basis of a semiotic, though not standardly biosemiotic, understanding of life.

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Most research into feedback has focused on communication from managers to nonmanagerial staff. To a lesser extent, it has more recently addressed upward and 360 degree appraisal systems. In contrast, the role of informal upward communication continues to be largely neglected, especially when it concerns the transmission of opinions critical of managerial orthodoxy. There has been little examination of the sensemaking heuristics employed by both managers and non-managerial staff that stimulates the former to disregard much of the already muted critical upward communication they receive, and the latter to suppress its transmission in the first place. We therefore suggest that managers often over commit to particular courses of action, irrespective of whether they bode ill or well for the organization concerned. In so doing, they frequently demonise those who belong to stigmatised outgroups or who hold contrary value systems. We argue that the consequent elimination of critical upward communication (henceforth, CUC) leads to iatrogenic phenomena -i.e. organizational problems that are derived from the treatment regime that has been prescribed, rather than from a pre-existing condition. Implications for practice and further research are considered.

When, after a schism in 1666 within the Russian Orthodox Church, a part of the congregation did not acknowledge the church’s innovation and, sticking to the “old faith”, also refused to recognise the new church hierarchy, the celebration of the sacraments, including the sacrament of marriage, turned out to be impossible without ordained priests. The followers of the “old faith” were presented with a dilemma: to continue to live in chastity in keeping with the rules of monastic life, or to live “in sin.” The disputes concerning the essence of the relationship between a man and a woman lasted for about two hundred years, leading to successive divisions inside the Old Believer movement, before finally fading at the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis of arguments which Father Paweł Pruski, a Russian missionary, polemicist and abbot of the Old Believer monastery in Wojnowo (1856-1867), used to convince the Old Believers residing in Masuria to accept the institution of marriage, yield a lot of useful results.

... Macon, GA: Mercer University. View all references; Shupe & Bromley, 198546. Shupe, A. and Bromley, D. 1985. ... “Fallen angel. An introduction”. In Therapeutic communities for the treatment of drug users , Edited by: Rawlings, B. and Yates, R. 9–28. London: Jessica Kingsley. ...

The aging of the workforce and the concurrent advent of the Millennials represent a major demographic and sociological phenomenon that can have dominant implications for organizations, as a whole. This presents a situation, where the Boomers and Millennials will be working together for the next decade or so. In the wake of mass scale retrenchments and economic upheaval, this is creating a greater urgency for HRD professionals to focus more attention on not only retaining this amalgamated workforce but also on keeping them actively engaged. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to propose reverse mentoring as a social exchange tool, which will leverage the expertise of both generations, that is, Boomers and Millennials, respectively, by being perceptive of their different needs, value systems, and work demands. We conclude by emphasizing different outcomes of reverse mentoring program for Boomers and Millennials and identify areas for future research.

Families are social systems that both develop and carry on the value system and socialization process for its young members within the society in which they live. It is, therefore, not a coincidence that when the Nazis planned the total annihilation of the Jewish people, they focused their attack on the discontinuity of the Jewish family support system. In light

The architecture of a software system is a high-level description of the major system components, their interconnections and their interactions. The main hypothesis underlying this paper is that architectural design plays the strategic role in identifying, articulating, and then reconciling the desirable features with the unavoidable constraints under which a system must be developed and will operate. The hypothesis results in a two-phase design philosophy and methodology. During the first phase, the desirable features as well as the constraints are identified. The second phase is a decision process with features and constraints as the driving factors, and tradeoffs contingent on a value system that will always include subjective elements. It is of course impossible to validate the hypothesis in full generality. Instead, we restrict ourselves to an analysis-much of it retrospective-of architectures of database management systems in networks. The analysis demonstrates that the most challenging part of architectural design is to identify-very much in the abstract-those features that promise to have the major impact on the architecture. Further, by separating the features into two classes, a primary class with all those features that dominate the design, and a second class with those features that can then be treated orthogonally, the complexity of the design task is reduced.

Purpose -Service-dominant (S-D) logic and service science provide a conceptual framework to describe evolutionary pathways that companies could follow by innovating in order to overcome and rethink traditional and non-productive ways of managing their businesses. The purpose of this paper is to explore service innovation. Design/methodology/approach -Through a critical review of literature about service innovation, highlighting a dynamic perspective and building on the latest contributions from S-D logic and service science, a research framework is designed. An in-depth analysis of empirical data from almost 100 companies is conducted. Findings -Four evolutionary paths based on innovation pursued by companies to face the growing complexity of their competitive environment are identified. The paths are dematerialization of the offering system, virtualisation of the value systems, replication of the organizational models and multiplication of market niches. Research limitations/implications -This is a starting point for better understanding, in a dynamic perspective, the role of innovation in supporting the redefinition of corporate business models and the conditions that enable their path development. Originality/value -Four cases that show the characteristics of each path are presented. The cases allow the specificity of each path to be emphasized, especially in terms of antecedents and the role of the service science key resources people, technology, organizations and shared information.

In parallel with the increasing complexity and uncertainty of social, technological, economic, environmental, political and value systems (STEEPV), there is a need for a systemic approach in Foresight. Recognizing this need, the paper begins with the introduction of the Systemic Foresight Methodology (SFM) is introduced briefly as a conceptual framework to understand and appreciate the complexity of systems and interdependencies and interrelationships between their elements. Conducting Foresight systemically involves a set of 'systemic' thought experiments, which is about how systems (e.g. human and social systems, industrial/sectoral systems, and innovation systems) are understood, modelled and intervened for a successful change programme. A methodological approach is proposed with the use of network analysis to show an application of systemic thinking in Foresight through the visualisation of interrelationships and interdependencies between trends, issues and actors, and their interpretation to explain the evolution of systems. Network analysis is a powerful approach as it is able to analyse both the whole system of relations and parts of the system at the same time and hence it reveals the otherwise hidden structural properties of the systems. Our earlier work has attempted to incorporate network analysis in Foresight, which helped to reveal structural linkages of trends and identify emerging important trends in the future. Following from this work, in this paper we combine systemic Foresight, network analysis and scenario methods to propose an 'Evolutionary Scenario Approach,' which explains the ways in which the future may unfold based on the mapping of the gradual change and the dynamics of aspects or variables that characterise a series of circumstances in a period of time. Thus, not only are evolutionary scenarios capable of giving a snapshot of a particular future, but also explaining the emerging transformation pathways of events and situations from the present into the future as systemic narratives.

The U.S. civilian space program is focused on planning for a new round of human missions to the Moon and, later, perhaps, to Mars. These plans are intended to realize a "vision" for exploration articulated by President George W. Bush. It is important to examine this "vision" in the broader context of 21 st century space exploration, which is a truly global enterprise. Questions to be addressed include: How will extending human presence into the solar system affect society and culture on Earth? What legal, ethical and other value systems should govern human settlements and other activities in space? Do humans have rights to exploit extraterrestrial resources and alter extraterrestrial environments? Does space exploration need reinvention to meet social needs? This paper will describe the current environment for space policy making and a framework of space law, ethics and culture within which these questions can be considered.