Underclass

Abstract: Despite an increasing interest in minority entrepreneurship in recent years, the issue of'underclass entrepreneurship'and its linkages to'enterprise culture'remain underresearched. In this article, the authors examine'chavs' as an indigenous British underclass. Using data gathered from an Internet search and newspaper cuttings, they examine how this silent'stereotyped'and socially constructed minority is presented as dangerous and unemployable.

Small bone fragments have often been interpreted as the residues of stews or grease extraction. In international historical archaeological research, stew interpretations have often focused on enslaved or underclass groups or on those who had limited access to sufficient amounts of food or faced nutritional deficiencies. These analyses have widely been uncritical, and the small fragment sizes can be better explained as the products of taphonomic processes such as weathering, trampling, and carnivore scavenging. This work presents results from experimentally chopped long bones from cows, sheep, goats, and pigs that identify butchery and fracture patterns that can be used to evaluate past stew interpretations and provide comparative models for future analyses.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss underclass conception and related theories and to identify the factors that explain the role of underclass, which has became one of the important problems in capitalist societies in last three decades. Thus, this paper attempts to discuss the development of underclass conception in a historical perspective. Additionally this study includes a discussion of underclass definitions and tries to (re)-connect it to poverty conception. Moreover, a discussion of underclass and related theories (exchange theory, social control theory, structural theories, and conflict theory) is employed. The next part of the paper includes a short discussion of recent debates on the subject. Lastly, a discussion on the subject of the role of underclass in a " capitalist " society is taken place on the paper. ÖZET Bu yazının amacı son 30 yıldır özellikle kapitalist toplumlarda önemli bir sorun haline gelen sınıf altı (underclass) kavramını ve ilgili kuramları kısaca tartışmak ve sınıf altı'nın kapitalist sistem içerisindeki rolünü belirleyen faktörleri tanımlamaktır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma sınıf-altı kavramını tarihsel gelişimi içinde tartışma girişiminde bulunulacaktır. Ek olarak bu çalışma sınıf-altı tanımlarını tartışarak bu kavramın yoksulluklar ilgisini (yeniden) kurmaya çalışacaktır. Bunların dışında sınıf-altı ve ilgili kuramlar (alış-veriş kuramı, toplumsal kontrol kuramı, yapısal kuramlar ve çatışma kuramı) bu çalışmada yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın son bölümlerinde sınıf-altı'nın " kapitalist " bir toplumda oynadığı rolleri araştırmaya yönelen bir tartışma yer almaktadır.

In this paper, I consider whether a theoretically defined concept of underclass can be helpful in social scientific discourse. I analyze, review and categorize the concept of a underclass and I made some suggestions for a use of the concept application in the study of social, psychological and moral consequences of poverty. It begins with a discussion of the continuing and pervasive appeal of structural explanations as the root cause of poverty. Then are also examined cultural theories, which by contrast find explanation for poverty in various elements of culture (ex. cultural traits of poor are thought to be different from those of the rest society). A third, a synthetic review of the urban underclass concept is explored. The article also describes the concept of a „culture of poverty” (taking into account the context of the subculture) and „lower class value stretch” as influential concepts in analyses of contemporary poverty and in explanations of the behavior of the poor.

Mit dem »Lumpenproletariat« haben Marx und Engels einen seltsamen, schillernden Begriff in die Diskussion kritischer Gesellschaftstheorie geworfen. Während das Proletariat Träger von Herrschaftskritik und sozialer Umwälzung ist, ist der Lump damals wie heute eine betrügerische und gewissenlose Person. Unter Lumpenproletariat verstehen Marx und Engels eine besondere Klassenfraktion oder eine (quer zur Klasseneinteilung liegende) soziale Gruppe, die in scharfem Kontrast zu ihrer eigenen Vorstellung revolutionärer Subjektivität steht. Eine kritische Reflexion aus heutiger Perspektive muss von den Fragen ausgehen, auf die das Konzept Lumpenproletariat antwortet. Der vorliegende Text stellt sich dieser Aufgabe. Er geht der These nach, dass es sich beim Lumpenproletariat um einen Begriff handelt, der sich an den Grenzen des Denkens von Marx und Engels (zwischen Analyse und Moral, Ökonomie und Politik, Klasse und Masse etc.) bewegt.

Despite the fruitful of researches have been undertaken on resilience, there is less understanding of how adult internal migrants may overcome the risks and adversities they face in urban life. This study was to investigate the level of resilience among Bataknese and Minangkabaunese young adulthood men as internal migrants who live in poor neighborhood in Jakarta as well as examined their religiosity and resilience differences. For this purpose, ex post facto quantitative method was used. Demographic characteristics of education level, age, and residence status were controlled. Purposive sampling was adopted to select participants. Data collection instruments used in the quantitative study included a demographic data form, Resilience scale and Religiosity scale. The analysis of data included assessments of correlations, t-tests, and MANOVA. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in religiosity and resilience between two ethnics. Contrary to expected results, religiosity negatively correlated with resilience both among all respondents and each ethnic group. These findings and limitations of this study are discussed with reference to methodological issues and theoretical considerations toward a comprehensive interpretation of results and possibilities for further research on resilience among internal migrants in Indonesia.