Tribologia

Most of the failures in the sliding systems occur due to the high thermal stresses, which generated at the interface between the contacting surfaces due to sliding between parts, such as friction clutches and brakes. In this paper, the thermal behaviour of a single-disc clutch is investigated. The surface temperatures of the friction clutch disc will be increased during repeated engagements, in some cases, will lead to premature failure of the clutch disc. In order to avoid this kind of failure, it the surface temperature should be calculated with high accuracy to know the maximum working temperature of the friction system. In this work, the temperature distributions are computed during four repeated engagements at regular intervals (5 s) for the same energy dissipation. Three-dimensional finite element models are used to simulate the typical friction clutch disc.

4WD systems include various constructions aimed at optimal distribution of torque between drive axles. In these systems, it is necessary to apply mechanisms separating the power provided from the engine to drive wheels. Many systems operate on the basis of wet multi-disc clutch or/and dog clutch control with the use of mechatronic devices. However, in view of their reliability and construction simplicity, the most valuable 4WD systems under field conditions are mechanical solutions. Torsen is an inter-axle differential mechanism, where the emerging internal friction moment of this mechanism causes that all kinematic discrepancies between transmission shafts of the front and rear axle of a vehicle produce a change in the distribution of torque, helping to level the rotational speeds of transmission shafts of the front and rear axles. As a result of the phenomenon described, the drive wheels of both axles of the vehicle move with different peripheral speeds, which causes energy losses...

Wear of contact surfaces is one of the most common causes of gear failure. In addition to physical and chemical processes that occur in the contact zone, ki-nematic meshing parameters have a great effect on the wear process. This paper analyses the influence of geometric and kinematic parameters of the gear profile on the instantaneous friction coefficient of the trochoidal gearing in the gerоtor pump. The friction coefficient is not a constant value and it varies during the teeth meshing as a result of a constant change in the lubrication regime. There are many empirical expressions for calculation of the instantaneous friction coefficient, but due to numerous limitations, many of these expressions can be applied only to certain operating conditions and loads. The analysis of the friction coefficient was performed through two contact periods defined by the change in direction of the rolling velocity of the meshing profiles contact point. The obtained results enable identification of dominant factors that influence the instantaneous friction coefficient and show possibilities for further development of analytical models of mechanical losses in the gerоtor pump. There is a wide range of pumps used in modern industrial practice. One of the simplest is a gerоtor pump. Gerоtor (trochoidal) pumps are rotary pumps with in

RESUMEN El análisis de aceites usados proporciona información sobre el nivel de contaminación con partículas sólidas, la relación de la viscosidad con la temperatura, el contenido de aditivos, el nivel de deterioro del aceite usado, el nivel de desgaste mecánico de las superficies metálicas que se lubrican y las materias orgánicas. PALABRAS CLAVES: mantenimiento predictivo, análisis de aceites. ABSTRACT The used oils analysis provides information the level of solid particulate contamination within the oil, the relationship of the viscosity with the temperature, the content of additives, the degradation in the oil, the level of mechanical wear of the metallic surfaces that are lubricated and the organic matters.

1.-Considere el elemento metálico Fe, a partir de la información que presenta la Tabla Periódica obtenga lo siguiente: a) ¿Cuál es la masa en gramos de un átomo de Fe? b) ¿Cuántos átomos de dicho metal hay en 100 g? c) ¿Cuántas celdas unitarias hay en los 100 g de Fe? RESPUESTA: a. De la Tabla Periódica se ve que la Masa Atómica del Fe es igual a 55.85g/mol y el número de átomos que hay en una mol de material está dado por el Número de Avogadro y es igual a 6.02 x 10 23 átomos/mol. Entonces:

W pracy zbadano wpływ udziału procentowego zagęszczacza litowego na właściwości reologiczne kompozycji smarowej w zakresie liniowej i nieliniowej lepkosprężystości. Podczas badań zastosowano dwa testy oscylacyjne: test przemiatania amplitudy odkształcenia oraz test przemiatania częstotliwości odkształcenia. Test przemiatania amplitudy umożliwia ocenę stabilności mikrostruktury zagęszczacza w smarze plastycznym z podziałem na obszary liniowej i nieliniowej lepkosprężystości pod wpływem siły ścinającej, przy stałej częstotliwości i zmiennej amplitudzie odkształcenia. Testu przemiatania częstotliwości używa się głównie przy małych częstotliwościach oscylacji i stałym odkształceniu w celu zbadania mikrostruktury w obszarze liniowej lepkosprężystości. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem reometru rotacyjnego Physica Anton-Paar MCR 101 pracującego w układzie stożek–płytka.

This article presents the results of studies on the tribological properties of linear wear and kinetic friction of polylactide processed by 3D printing (FFF) and injection moulding. Research was conducted on a pin on disc apparatus, and the test specimens used were polylactide cylinders with the counter specimen of C45 steel disc. Research was planned and executed with the planned experiment method for two variables: velocity of the counter specimen and pressure. The range of specified values was in the following sections: p = 0.2;0.6 MPa and v m s = 0.2;1.0 . The conducted experiment had a target of defining the influence of a somewhat new method of 3D printing on the tribological properties of materials that might find application in prototyping plain bearings.

Sob determinadas condições, o deslizamento de cerâmicos lubrificados com água apresenta ultrabaixo coeficiente de atrito (μ<0,01), o que caracteriza um estado de superlubricidade. A elevada capacidade de carga e eficiência energética destes tribossistemas, além do reduzido impacto ambiental, são características superiores aos tradicionais pares tribológicos metálicos lubrificados a óleo. Pares similares de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) ou carbeto de silício (SiC) foram amplamente estudados e são apontados como os de melhor performance tribológica, enquanto que pares similares de cerâmicos óxidos, como alumina (Al2O3) e zircônia (ZrO2), geralmente apresentam baixo desempenho (baixa capacidade de carga e alto coeficiente de atrito) em condições de lubrificação com água. A literatura é escassa no que se refere aos pares cerâmicos dissimilares deslizando em água e, também, quanto à natureza do fenômeno de superlubricidade. Neste contexto, uma investigação do comportamento tribológico de sete diferentes combinações de cerâmicos dissimilares, óxidos (Al2O3, ZrO2 e alumina tenacificada por zircônia - ZTA) e não-óxidos (Si3N4 e SiC), na configuração esfera sobre disco foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar pares de materiais e condições operacionais onde superlubricidade ocorre, assim como determinar mecanismos de desgaste e regimes de lubrificação vigentes. No estudo de lubrificação, a verificação experimental de um modelo que considera efeitos da topografia superficial e de forças interfaciais de dupla camada elétrica foi realizado. Dos sete pares estudados, cinco apresentaram superlubricidade (Si3N4-SiC, Si3N4- Al2O3, Si3N4-ZTA, Al2O3-SiC e ZrO2-SiC), sendo que para os últimos três não havia relatos na literatura. Em uma ampla faixa de cargas e velocidades, os dois outros pares (ZrO2-Al2O3 e ZrO2-ZTA) apresentaram transições entre regimes de desgaste moderado e severo, com respectivas transições no comportamento do atrito. Quanto à pressão média de contato, parâmetro que pode ser interpretado como a capacidade de carga de um mancal, o par ZrO2-SiC foi superior, com a magnitude pelo menos duas vezes maior que os demais pares. Da verificação do modelo de lubrificação, concluiu-se que todos os pares que apresentaram superlubricidade operaram em regime de lubrificação mista. De modo geral, a sustentação hidrodinâmica, auxiliada por efeitos da topografia superficial, foi importante na capacidade de carga do filme lubrificante, enquanto que forças eletrocinéticas de dupla camada elétrica foram desprezíveis. Para estes pares, mecanismos de desgaste triboquímicos propiciaram a formação de tribofilmes nas superfícies em deslizamento. A manutenção de coeficientes de atrito tão baixos, mesmo em regime de lubrificação mista, suporta a ideia de que tribofilmes são imprescindíveis para a ocorrência do fenômeno.

Tooth fracture is the most dangerous form of gear wear that excludes the gear from further use. In order to counteract the occurrence of this type of damage, it is very important to properly design the toothed gear. To calculate the gear tooth bending strength, a strength parameter called the nominal stress number σFlim is necessary. ISO 6336-5:2003(E) and available material databases provide σFlim values for the most popular engineering materials used for gears, including those for case-hardened steels. There is, however, no data for a new generation of nanostructured engineering materials, which are the subject of research conducted at the Tribology Department of ITeE – PIB. The σFlim parameter is most often determined in cyclic fatigue tests on toothed gears with specially selected tooth geometry. In order to determine the above strength parameter, a pulsator (symbol T-32) was developed and manufactured at ITeE-PIB in Radom. The article presents a new device, research methodology...

Technically the system that is the subject of research in this paper is a reciprocating compressor. The goal of the research presented in this paper was to examine the reliability of operation reciprocating compressor with a single cylinder. This study is based on monitoring diagnostic parameters of axial clearance and temperature on tested ball bearings, which are located on the crankshaft of the compressor. The reliability in the work was analyzed observed through monitoring of axial clearance and the temperature of ball bearings and was performed in the laboratory conditions testing. Results of the research on the tested ball bearings show that the size of the axial clearance correspond to the sizes and the temperature before the period of notice that condition and are a good indicator of the reliability of the technical system. The most general type of technical system with rotating elements is certainly the compressor that is used in the field of launching of many mechanical installations. Piston compressors use the pistons, which are moving directly by means of the piston mechanism transforming rotary motion into oscillatory motion of the rotor 1. They sucked the gasses from a reservoir, of penstock or the environment and propulsion still (with a significant increase in of pressure) and the other were

W pracy przedstawiono badania właściwości adhezyjnych stali i polimerów w kontekście zastosowania ich na węzły tarcia. Najpowszechniejszą metodą oceny właściwości adhezyjnych ciał stałych jest pomiar kąta zwilżania. Pomiar kąta zwilżania został użyty do wyznaczenia swobodnej energii powierzchniowej stali i polimerów oraz pracy adhezji dla skojarzeń stal–polimer. Badaniom poddano polietylen o ultrawysokim ciężarze cząsteczkowym, polieteroeteroketon, polioksymetylen, politetrafluoroetylen oraz stal austenityczną 316L i stal C45 o różnej twardości. Analiza wyników badań ukazała silną zależność między pracą adhezji a współczynnikiem tarcia statycznego oraz brak wpływu twardości stali na jej swobodną energię powierzchniową.

The development of the interphase structure of polymer nanocomposites provides them with tribological properties difficult to obtain in traditional microfiller composites and microhybrid composites. In material solutions, it is preferable to modify the parameters of the material in order to obtain properties that are as close to the hard tissues of the teeth as possible. The aim of the study is to compare the wear resistance of new light-cured nanocomposites and to analyse the surface layer and structure before and after the wear process. Recently developed modern materials were selected for the study. In nanocomposites, G-aenial, G-aenial X FLO, and Essentia, an optimal structure was found in SEM images before and after wear, as well as low resistance to sliding friction and resistance to tribological wear. All tested composites were characterized by suitable properties for clinical applications.

One of the functions of engine fuels is the lubrication of engine injection equipment components. The elements of the injection system are lubricated only with the fuel used to power the engine; therefore, the lubricity and its impact on the elements of the engine injection system are an important issue. The share of biofuels to power internal combustion engines is constantly increasing, because EU Member States are required to use fuel with the addition of biocomponents to power vehicle engines. These fuels are more ecological compared to petroleum fuels. Therefore, it is also necessary to identify the lubricating properties of these fuels, which can significantly affect wear processes. In order to identify wear indicators, laboratory tests were carried out to determine the lubricating properties of biofuels based on vegetable oils in relation to diesel fuel. Tribological tests were carried out for the ball-disc friction node of 100Cr6 material, which is most often used in the cons...

The article presents results obtained in studies of surface fatigue life conducted using a specially developed unique method in a model system with a cone and three balls. The studies involved pairs in which the cones were made of 100Cr6 and SW7M steel (hardened) as well as 17HMN steel, which were subjected to low-pressure carburizing with pre-nitriding (PreNitLPC®) technology. The results obtained for the pairs were used as a point of reference for pairs in which the test elements were coated with a-C:H:W (WC/C) and additionally, in the case of 17HNM steel, with Si-DLC (DLC SiliComp). The temperature of the coating process did not exceed 200°C in all cases, and the coating thickness was in the range of 1.5 –20 μm. The studies were conducted in the presence of pure synthetic oil PAO8. Based on the studies, it was concluded that thin PVD coatings applied to heavily loaded steel elements of rolling friction joints variously affected the surface fatigue life of the steel coated with th...

W pracy przedstawiono badania właściwości adhezyjnych stali i polimerów w kontekście zastosowania ich na węzły tarcia. Najpowszechniejszą metodą oceny właściwości adhezyjnych ciał stałych jest pomiar kąta zwilżania. Pomiar kąta zwilżania został użyty do wyznaczenia swobodnej energii powierzchniowej stali i polimerów oraz pracy adhezji dla skojarzeń stal–polimer. Badaniom poddano polietylen o ultrawysokim ciężarze cząsteczkowym, polieteroeteroketon, polioksymetylen, politetrafluoroetylen oraz stal austenityczną 316L i stal C45 o różnej twardości. Analiza wyników badań ukazała silną zależność między pracą adhezji a współczynnikiem tarcia statycznego oraz brak wpływu twardości stali na jej swobodną energię powierzchniową.

Carbon with an amorphous structure was used as a component to modify the tribological properties of engineering plastics. Its construction allows the formation of carbon-based wear products during friction, adhesively bonded to the surface of cooperating machine parts, acting as a solid lubricant. The work compares the tribological properties of two groups of composites with an aluminium alloy matrix in which glassy carbon appeared in the form of particles and an open cell foam fulfilling the role of strengthening the matrix. The use of spatial structures of reinforcement provides, in comparison with the strengthening of particles, homogeneity of carbon distribution in the entire volume of the composite. The tests carried out on a pin-disc tester showed that the use of spatial carbon structures in the composite ensures a greater coefficient of friction stability than when reinforcing with particles, and the coefficient of friction with a small proportion of carbon foams (about 1 wt%...

This paper presents the results of studies on the influence of automotive vehicle parking time on levels of the friction coefficient and wear that influence the braking efficiency of brake systems with composite discs. Discs have been produced of hypereutectic aluminium-silicon alloy (AlSi18NiMgCu) in which the Si precipitates are a reinforcing phase. On the basis of the parking time of a vehicle for a repair, the minimal (τ = 0 h) and maximal (τ = 240 h) time for an exposition on atmospheric factors has been determined, Velocities, unit pressures of brake pad on the disc rotor, and the braking distance are the equivalent of a braking distance of an vehicle with mass of 1300kg running through an built-up area with a velocity of 30 or 50 kmh. On the basis of experiment’s results, it has been stated that a car parking time of 48h causes an oxidising of the matrix, which results in a friction coefficient decrease up to 0.18 on the sliding distance of 600–700 m, As a result of the wear ...

Injuries due to slips in swimming pools or toilets in hospitals are significant social problems. It primarily concerns children making use of swimming pools or hospitalised old people, and physically disabled. Thus, within the scope of a R&D project, coordinated by the company C.T. Service from Lesznowola, a formula and way of deposition for an anti-slip coating dedicated to the soles of shoes were developed in order to increase friction on wet surfaces. A special machine – T-31 Simulator – for tribological testing of the friction and wear of the soles of shoes was developed. A method for precise determination of the coefficient of friction between a sole of a shoe (with the coating or without, on dry or wet surface) and a floor material, and a method for determination of the life (resistance to abrasion) of the anti-slip coating under conditions simulating walking were developed. To verify the developed test methods, the anti-slip coating was deposited on three types of sole materi...

The following work presents the results of research about the assessment of tribological properties of plastics used as components in modes of transport. For this purpose, the wear resistance of materials used in 3D printing (PA6CF and ABS), and extrusion moulding (PA) were tested. The tribological research was carried out with the use of the T-05 tester in the roller-block system. The samples in the form of cuboids with a concave rounding of one wall were made on a 3D printer using the FDM method. The counter-sample was a ring made of aluminium alloy subjected to anodizing. The research was carried out under a variable loads, in reciprocating motion, under dry friction conditions. After that the tribological characteristics were assessed. The research and analysis of the results confirmed the possibility of using selected plastics in modes of transport.

The aim of the study was to determine the usable and quality features and tribological properties of four Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer laminates (CFRP) newly developed by the authors and to indicate the structures with the most advantageous functional properties. The developed material samples were based on two types of prepreg, Kord Carbon (Fiberpreg GmbH) with twill weave and carbon fibres (UD) by the manufacturer (G. Angeloni S.R.L) with a unidirectional system. In the structure of half of the total number of samples, a manufacturer&#39;s (NTPT) epoxy adhesive film (AF) layer was used. Tests of indentation hardness (universal) were carried out according to the Oliver-Pharr method. Tests of resistance to abrasive wear were carried out in dry sliding friction conditions, using the ball-disc method. In combination, a ball made of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was used as a cooperating element. The test results indicate a significant impact of the structure of the tested materials on th...

This article compares the test results concerning the wear of cutting tools after face turning under dry friction conditions and lubricated friction conditions with biodegradable cutting fluid or mineral-oil based emulsion. The turning was performed using a CTX 310 ECO machine tool. The wear of the cutting tools was measured by means of stereo zoom microscopy (SX80), while the elements were identified through scanning electron microscopy (JSM 7100F). The tribological tests were conducted for a ball-on-disc configuration in sliding contact using a T-01M tribometer. The surface textures of the face turned specimens were measured with a Talysurf CCI Lite optical profiler. The study also involved determining the foaming tendency and corrosive effects of both cutting fluids. The use of the biodegradable cutting fluid with low foaming tendency resulted in lower wear and higher corrosion resistance of the tool.

The paper presents the results of a study on the fretting corrosion effect on strength as per the diagrams of material fatigue of low-cycle and high-cycle loading. An experimental study of the effect of fretting corrosion on fatigue of a titanium alloy VT3-1 showed that, when choosing a particular technological method to increase fatigue resistance of gas turbine engine parts operating under fretting corrosion conditions, it is necessary to take into account the fact that fretting itself is intensive strengthening and at the same time a softening factor affecting the surface layers of the material. Technological methods of surface plastic deformation treatment result in a significant change in the parameters of metal surface layer state, which depends on both the type and duration of treatment. If the power and time parameters of processing are too high, the surface may be re-cold worked and the surface layer of the material almost completely exhausts the reserve of plasticity, as a...

The paper highlights the classification of the quality parameters of the surface layer and their influence on the performance characteristics of machine parts, such as wear resistance, long-term and endurance strength, as well as the influence of quality parameters of the surface layer on the performance characteristics subject to the operating conditions (various temperatures and loads). The paper expounds the impact of machining conditions on the formation of surface layer quality indices and provides calculated dependences for the determination of surface layer quality parameters.

The method, the equipment used, and the results of the study are described in relation to the regularity of changes in the modulus of elasticity of the part material surface layer during operation when the part is under conditions of fretting wear of the contacting surfaces. Recommendations for the practical use of the research results are given.

The use of preloaded tapered roller bearings in wind turbine drive systems allows a transfer of load in the case of high variations of axial forces. The examined bearing system, a modification of a current design, consists of a pair of different sized bearings. Previous study showed the high sensitivity of tapered roller bearings on the existing radial interference. Dimensional tolerances used in the original design do not allow obtaining precise values of preload required for slippage-free operation of bearings with varying wind turbine load conditions. With the aim of achieving expected preload values, the use of plate springs (Belleville springs) is proposed. The springs will allow creating an axial force, independently of real dimensions in a modernised unit. Furthermore, it is very important in the case of gearbox retrofits to be executed up in the wind turbine nacelle without dismantling the gearbox.

In many cases in rotating machinery, axial load is carried by tilting pad thrust bearings which have been developed since the beginning of 20th century. For high reliability and simplicity, most commonly the bearings are bath lubricated. In the times of sustainable development, however, minimization of friction losses becomes an important criterion for machinery assessment, and a strategic goal of their development. Performed calculations, based on elementary rules of fluid dynamics, showed that shearing losses in specially designed hydrostatic bearings can be considerably smaller than the losses in tilting pad hydrodynamic bearings. The aim of the research described in this paper was to check if the preliminary results presented earlier and conclusions of benefits of the further increase of the size of the hydrostatic pocket can be confirmed with the use of CFD calculations.

The shaping of the functional properties of the surface of an object in a technological process plays a key role in the later operation of this object. The paper presents the results of the tests performed on the surface topography of objects made of a selected hard-to-machine material, i.e., titanium alloy. Two measuring devices were used in the research, an interference microscope, and a scanning electron microscope, which enabled the comprehensive (nonparametric and parametric) description of surface topography obtained for three different finishing parameters. It was noted that, in addition to material properties, in the evaluation of the functional properties of a surface, it is important to carry out not only the qualitative, but also quantitative analysis of the machined surface topography. Słowa kluczowe: topografia powierzchni, opis nieparametryczny, opis parametryczny, właściwości funkcjonalne. Streszczenie Kształtowanie właściwości funkcjonalnych powierzchni przedmiotu w ...

The aim of the work was the experimental and theoretical evaluation of the influence of the most important parameters determining the holding torque of a thin-walled bearing shell inside a housing bore of a connecting rod. The main investigated parameters were defined by authors experience in this field. In the first stage of research, a special test stand was designed in order to allow measuring the real values of the friction torque for different variants of bearing shell geometries and assembly conditions, additionally analysing the influence of the locking lip. Subsequently, theoretical computer-assisted FEM simulations were performed.

Paper represents an analysis of the influence of oil groove width and bearing clearance on the characteristics of oil film in a hydrodynamic journal main crankshaft bearing. Analysis was performed to define the influence of bearing clearance and dimensions of oil grooves on static characteristics and manufacturability of half-shelf bearings in industrial high-volume production. Computer simulations were made using an ARTbear program, which was developed in Department of Machine Construction and Vehicle Design in Gdańsk Technical University. The analysis allowed defining the correlation between groove geometry and load capacity and working conditions of bearings. Potential opportunities of possible shortening of production time in high-volume production were also indicated.

This paper presents the results of Hardox Extreme steel wear rate testing using an abrasive mass of varying grain shapes. The tests were conducted by the ASTM G65 method using crushed and natural sand with a grain-size distribution of 0.05–2 mm, obtained from a gravel pit. The abrasive materials used in the tests differed in grain shape, while the particle-size distribution was similar. The test results show that the wear rate in crushed sand is four times higher than that in natural sand, which is attributable to the shape of grains and the geometry of their edges.

This paper presents the problems associated with changes in resistance to the tribological wear of light-cured polymer matrix ceramic composites (LC PMCCs) used in conservative dentistry and in dental prosthetics (fillings of carious cavities, dental bridges, structural reinforcements of the dental arch). Wear resistance of the surface layer of PMCCs depends on the time of exposure to the conditions of the oral environment, such as alternating temperatures and the exposure to liquids. The aim of the study was to assess changes in the mechanical properties of the surface layer under thermal cycling in liquid. Indentation hardness tests and scratch tests were performed before and after conditioning. Conditioning included 10,000 cycles of step temperature changes (10–70°C). The results of the scratch tests showed that universal composites that had relatively high filler contents were more resistant to scratching than flow type composites with lower filler contents. It was found that cy...

The paper covers the mechanism of lubrication layer formation by fuels containing synthetic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Development of alternative fuels containing FAME, alcohols, and synthetic hydrocarbons has increased the interest in the mechanism of lubrication of fuelling systems parts. Fuel lubricity tests have been conducted using the HFRR and BOCLE testing rigs. Fuels under testing, both for CI engines and for aviation turbine ones, contained synthetic components: saturated hydrocarbons both of even and odd number of carbon atoms, and butanol, isomers. These components have been added to conventional fuels, such as diesel fuel and Jet A-1 fuel at the concentration of 0–20% (V/V). All fuels under testing contained commercially available lubricity improvers (carboxylic acid). Test results were analysed using model αi described in [L. 6, 7]. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the liquid phase, which is a lubricating film, should contain agglomerates or molecular...

This paper presents results of tribological tests performed under lubricated friction conditions using a T-01M analyser. The lubricant was biodegradable cutting fluid containing a special-purpose additive – zinc aspartate. The discs for the ball-on-disc configuration were made of HS6-5-2C steel. The study involved testing coated and uncoated steel specimens. The a-C:H and TiAlN coatings were produced using physical vapour deposition (PVD). The structure of the coatings was analysed before and after the tribological tests with a JSM-7100F scanning electron microscope. The coating hardness was measured using a CSM Instruments nano-hardness tester (NHT). The coating surface texture of the coated and uncoated discs was determined by means of a Talysurf CCI Lite profilometer. The thin boundary films that formed in the friction area prevented the surfaces from coming into direct contact. The films improved the motion resistance and provided anticorrosive protection during the tests. The b...

The article presents the results of basic tribological research of polylactide enriched with MoS2 powder. The research was conducted on a pin-on-disc station. Samples dimensions: 8 mm height, 8 mm diameter, printed in FFF/FDM method. Two mass percentages of addition were created: 1% and 2.5%. As counter-specimen steel (C45) disc was used. Ra roughness of counter-specimen was in the range of 0.3–0.4. The main purpose is to determine optimal, in the light of tribological properties, mass percentage values of additions in polylactide in the 3D printing application. The research has shown that materials with more MoS2 addition would not be a good material for use in the production of prototype bearings, due to increased linear wear. It is also worth noting that the MoS2 addition improves material properties in terms of the 3D printing process. Thanks to the addition, even up to 1%, the required temperature of the printing nozzle has been significantly reduced, as well as flow resistance...

Tooth fracture is the most dangerous form of gear wear that excludes the gear from further use. In order to counteract the occurrence of this type of damage, it is very important to properly design the toothed gear. To calculate the gear tooth bending strength, a strength parameter called the nominal stress number σFlim is necessary. ISO 6336-5:2003(E) and available material databases provide σFlim values for the most popular engineering materials used for gears, including those for case-hardened steels. There is, however, no data for a new generation of nanostructured engineering materials, which are the subject of research conducted at the Tribology Department of ITeE – PIB. The σFlim parameter is most often determined in cyclic fatigue tests on toothed gears with specially selected tooth geometry. In order to determine the above strength parameter, a pulsator (symbol T-32) was developed and manufactured at ITeE-PIB in Radom. The article presents a new device, research methodology...

This article presents the results of tribological studies of metal-polymer pairs by taking into account a wide range of the externally applied parameters of friction pairs (pressure, rubbing speed), reaching the limits of polymer flow. Adhesion is the dominant mechanism of the wear of polymer-steel friction pairs; it triggers off the transfer of the polymer onto the metal as a result of local joining between the chains of hydrocarbons and the active centres located on the surface of the steel element. The main reason for this phenomenon is the high oxidation susceptibility of the metal element and, as a result, a tendency for oxide formation on its surface. This is a spontaneous phenomenon that is taking place in a short time, and the degree of over-reaction depends on the duration of exposure, humidity, temperature, the presence of impurities on the surface of the metal element, and many other factors. Therefore, limiting the formation of oxides on the surface of the metal element ...

The study examined the tribological characteristics of a ball-on-disc type sliding friction joint operating in air and in a vacuum under conditions of technically dry friction. The test elements included discs made of 100Cr6 steel without coating, with an anti-wear TiN coating, and a low-friction MoS2/Ti coating, and bearing balls made of 100Cr6 steel and Al2O3 as counter-samples. The tribological properties of the studied friction joint were evaluated based on changes in the coefficient of friction, the intensity of linear wear, the ball wear diameter, and the appearance of worn surfaces. The environment of the friction joint was found to have a significant effect on the tribological characteristics of the studied friction pairs.

The paper presents the results of investigations on the tribological properties of cutting tools after ion implantation. The research focused on the inserts made out of nitride ceramics IS9 (Si3N4 with additives) and combined ceramics IN22 (Al2O3 + TiCN) available on the market. The inserts rake surfaces were covered with yttrium and rhenium coatings by means of ion implantation with different dozes. Both unimplanted and coated surfaces underwent tribological tests of the block-on ring type. The experiments demonstrated that, in general, ion implantation with rhenium (Re+) and yttrium (Y+) provided a decrease in surface friction forces. In the case of IN22 ceramics, both rhenium and yttrium ions improved wear resistance of cutting inserts. On the other hand, Re+ implantation provided the best wear resistance of the IS9 ceramics.

The shaping of the functional properties of the surface of an object in a technological process plays a key role in the later operation of this object. The paper presents the results of the tests performed on the surface topography of objects made of a selected hard-to-machine material, i.e., titanium alloy. Two measuring devices were used in the research, an interference microscope, and a scanning electron microscope, which enabled the comprehensive (nonparametric and parametric) description of surface topography obtained for three different finishing parameters. It was noted that, in addition to material properties, in the evaluation of the functional properties of a surface, it is important to carry out not only the qualitative, but also quantitative analysis of the machined surface topography.

O atrito do par cerâmico Si3N4-Al2O3 lubrificado com água foi investigado visando atingir o regime de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA), µ < 0,01. Ensaios tribológicos foram realizados na configuração esfera de Si3N4 contra disco de Al2O3, sob carga de 25,6 N, velocidade 1 m/s, raio da circunferência da pista de desgaste de 17 mm e lubrificado com água deionizada. O valor de µ em estado estacionário atingiu 0,004. Análises de topografia superficial, imagens via MEV e análise química via EDS das superfícies desgastadas foram realizadas a fim de explicar os mecanismos que levam a um atrito tão baixo. Superfícies de desgaste extremamente lisas foram obtidas como resultado de um polimento triboquímico e um tribofilme rico em silício foi formado na superfície de desgaste dos discos de Al2O3. Acredita-se que ambos os fenômenos são condicionantes para o estabelecimento do regime de UBCA no deslizamento do par cerâmico Si3N4-Al2O3 lubrificado com água. Keywords (Palavras chaves): Al2O3, Si3N4, lubrificação com água, ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito.

Modern dental prosthetics uses CAD/CAM in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) of substructures and its Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) process. The substructure is subject to appropriate veneering, which determines the functional cooperation. The aim of this study is to investigate the friction coefficient and wear resistance of the veneering layers of the substructures of prosthetic structures. The test materials are dedicated veneering layers on substructures made of factory-made CoCr, TiCP, and Ti6Al4V metal fittings as well as the glass-ceramic material LiSi2 and the ceramic ZrO2. The study was conducted on a Roxana Machine Works tribological machine in the ball-and-3discs system in an artificial saliva environment using a Hitachi S3400 scanning microscope. As a reference biomaterial, enamel-dentin discs were used. The tribological processes that take place under chewing conditions in the presence of saliva depend on the properties and technological parameters of the surface laye...