Transylvania as a Tourist Destination

The development of computer reservation systems has been one of the most dramatic events in the US a1rline industry over the last ten years. Spurred by deregulation, which outlawed fare fixing and standard agency ticket distribution systems, the carriers have used CRS as a vital tool for spearheading sales control in the travel agencies. These dealerships have provided some mutual advantages to agency and earner but, increasingly, the agency is locked into restrictive agreements and excessive dependence on the CRS vendor, a type of "golden handcuff". New forms of direct selling, bypassing the agent, and including direct agency ownership by carriers, will pose increasing threats to agencies in the medium term.

Fényképezte MUDRÁK ATTILA KOLLÁR TIBOR, MOLNÁR ISTVÁN, SZARVAS PÉTER A Teleki László Alapítvány és a szerzõk archívuma A kötetet tervezte LENGYEL JÁNOS Tördelés ANTAL BÉLA Képfeldolgozás ÁMENT GELLÉRT Borító: A küküllõvári templom nyugati homlokzata (Mudrák Attila) Belsõ címlap elõtti fénykép: Figurális konzol a kiszsolnai templom szentélyében (Mudrák Attila) Hátsó borító: A küküllõvári templom déli kapuja (Rábel István)

Airline computerized reservation systems (CRS) are the primary form of travel agency computerization in the world. These systems manage the millions of reservation requests and cancellations, fare, and reservation pricing requests that are initiated by travel agencies using these systems—not to mention the thousands of database changes that occur daily. The CRS function as extremely powerful and valuable distribution and marketing tools for their airline owners. Today's travel agency competitive environment is largely defined and controlled by airline CRS.

This report describes:

Airline reservation and distribution systems
CRS processing and communication concepts
Relationships between CRS and other industry components
CRS and airline competitive strategies, as these pertain to reservation technology
Non-reservation systems that interconnect with airline CRS
Profiles of the major international airline CRS

The hotel industry is currently the most under-automated sector of the international travel industry. In comparison to the airlines, its reservation systems are often archaic and a high proportion of bookings are still received at individual properties direct by telephone or telex. This relative under-automation prevents the collection of consumer profile data essential to developing effective marketing strategies. and the development of adequate yield management. A number of chains--notably Hilton and Sheraton--are now investing in improving their reservation systems. The airline CRS vendors are also looking to establish joint programmes with hotels. So far the chains have been reluctant to partrc1pate. However, Covia's incorporation of Hilton International and likely expansion by Murdoch of Utell and a related Videotext system is likely to encourage them.

Quality service is very important in generating a unique offer, gaining good reputation and stable customers. Quality service means satisfying the customer needs and expectation.
The paper examines the importance of restaurant service in the process of improving quality standards into hospitality industry, as well as the elements making the trends regarding nowadays development of this service.

The cruise ship industry in Greece is currently undergoing a period of rapid expansion at a time when the Greek isles are included among the top most popular destinations worldwide. This paper presents an overview of the trends in the development of the cruise industry in Greece, by offering comparative statistics of ship calls and visitors in the most popular Greek destinations. In addition, the question of available cruise-related infrastructure in the Greek ports -in their function as ship and passenger interface points -is discussed and assessed. Subsequently, the paper proceeds to an evaluation of the incoming revenue streams stemming from cruise ship calls and highlights their significance for the development and sustainability of port-cities.

Ghimes (Gyimes in Hungarian, Ghimeş in Romanian) is one of the few micro regions of the Carpathian Basin that has a truly unique character. Here, traditional homestead farming, animal husbandry and a distinctively rural lifestyle have contributed to the development of an outstanding social-cultural landscape; unparalleled rich folklore has been passed down from generation to generation in its most intact form due to the isolation of this peripherally located and inherently secluded land. The heritage value of the Ghimes agro-pastoral system, its cultural expressions and the pristine natural landscape of the Valley not only should be included into the national heritage protection system, but also be considered as a rightful contender for UNESCO's much acclaimed World Heritage List (WHL). This paper compares and contrasts some of the context-specific tourism products that differentiate this destination with their mainstream tourism counterparts. Through the application of a SWOT analysis, the authors also argue that some key tourism products for the area (e.g. ethnic and heritage tourism) are a thorn in the side of political regimes in Romania; there have been deliberate efforts to keep the area in a state of social, economic and political marginalization and to curtail Szeklerland’s aspirations to territorial autonomy and self-governance.

Management de destinaţie turistică; cerere turistică; ofertă turistică; piaţă turistică; turism; turist; centru de informare turistică; profilul turistului; Transilvania; România; staţiune turistică; obiectiv turistic; atracţie turistică competitivitate; studiu empiric; unităţi de primire turistică; servicii de alimentaţie; servicii de agrement; strategii de piaţă; turism cultural; turism montan; turism balnear; ecoturism; SWOT; studiu de caz; branding; multiculturalism; proiecte cu finanţare europeană; buget de promovare; ministerul turismului; organizaţie de management de destinaţie turistică; studii de percepţie; comportament turistic; particularităţile managementului turistic.

If in the past Guşteriţa was a small village, today it is a neighborhood of Sibiu. It still retains its medieval charm with unpaved streets, welcoming people and a quiet specify such settlements.
In the early 13th the Saxons century built here a Romanesque basilica; today only the pillars from the body square are kept, cross vaults of collateral, south apse and traces of north and south portals. At the end of the 15th century, the church is transformed into Gothic building.

This essay deals with the use of signs and their significance in the carving on the portals of the wooden churches in Transylvania. The essay brings a challenging perspective into this subject by proposing a new understanding of old signs. To understand the images on the portals of the wooden churches in Transylvania, they have to be studied within the geographical, architectural, and ideological space in which the images were accustomed, namely, the churches and the post-Byzantine spirituality of the Carpathians. The rope, with the meaning of firmament, provides the key to read the composition of the portals of most of the wooden churches in Transylvania, and, for this reason, it gets special attention. Through the effort to recover and highlight the hidden meaning of the carvings on the portals, we are recovering a part of the subtle valencies of the architectural whole, which are affirmed right from the entrance. On another level, in the carving of the portals, we find a conscious act of making doctrine intelligible and of educating believers in the sacral function of the place of worship, beyond the modesty of its appearance.

The tourism sector is growing rapidly worldwide from the last two decades while globalization has brought a rapid increase in this area. Being an intensive work-market based on services, the continuous need for increasing the level of education with the formation of professional aptitudes and personnel quality, the present educational curriculums and courses hold a vital position in achieve the excellence in the tourism field. To provide the formal and modernized training to the tourism and hospitality professional is as important as build the infrastructure and superstructure for tourism well-being. If the present tourism and hospitality professional trained and educated in a specialized manner then the future of these professional would definitely excel. In the meantime, synchronization between academia and industry also hold a unique position because the pass-out professionals, in the majority of the cases, will enter there for facing the real time situations. This study undertakes a literature search and review to draw out the present scenario of tourism and hospitality education. Further, the satisfaction and expectation level of the students pursuing tourism and hospitality courses will be gathered and subsequently analyzed. Then, based on the literature review and tourism professional's feedback, the future implications of tourism and hospitality education will be summated. The conceptual framework will also be suggested so that the excellence in tourism and hospitality training and education would be achieved. The approach adopted in framing the academic curriculum should be realistic with a vision to achieve the excellence in trained and educated the present and potential tourism and hospitality professionals. Based on their present satisfaction level and expectation from the Tourism and Hospitality courses, the futuristic approach would be framed so that excellence in Human Resource would be achieved.

Quality service is very important in generating a unique offer, gaining good reputation and stable customers. Quality service means satisfying the customer needs and expectation. The paper examines the importance of restaurant service in the process of improving quality standards into hospitality industry, as well as the elements making the trends regarding nowadays development of this service.

The Rotonda is a small circular chapel in Geoagiu (central Romania) which appears to be the oldest of its kind in the country (11th-12th centuries AD). Some say it was built by the Templars, others that it was erected by a local nobleman named Akos. According to legend, on a particular day of the year, the Sun shines through two opposing windows and where the spot of light falls outside on the ground a treasure is said to be buried. The chapel is composed of a circular nave and a half-round apse measuring about 9 meters across. Upstairs there are 6 windows of which two are almost perfectly east-west aligned (with a declination of just 1-2°). The other four windows have no discernable astronomical significance. There is, however, a peculiarity: viewed from the center of the circular nave, the ends of the apse’s half-circle point to sunrise on both solstices. We signal some possible solar alignments in the case of following window combinations: north west and east; west and east, west and south east. North west and east windows produce a visible light spot outside and we hypothesize that this occurs in the evening for almost two months during summer (19 May – 23 July). This is because solar declination changes slowly around summer solstice. The second alignment, involving west and east windows, has been confirmed in 2020 to happen between 6 April – 20 April and 21 August – 4 September. We have thus established that this alignment occurs when the sun is at an average of 268.8° azimuth and 14.21° above the horizon, with a margin of about +/- 2° in both cases. The effect is visually similar to the first type. The last alignment, although not so spectacular, probably occurs between 23 May - 19 July near sunset, but we have not been able to visually verify it. Moon and bright star alignments (at least for Betelgeuse and Altair) should also be possible on some or all of these directions. We offer a computed table for the next two years when the Moon will be visible through the west circular window. Archaeological digs show that the chapel was built even before the Templars. No treasure has ever been found, so the legend of the buried gold should be taken with a grain of salt.

A komlódi Wesselényi-Teleki-kastély A komlódi Wesselényi-Teleki-kastély, a település központjától nyugatra, az Oroszfáját Komlóddal öszszekötő országúttal párhuzamosan, hosszan elnyúló lankás telek egyetlen fennmaradt régi épülete. A még néhány évvel korábban kielégítő állapotú kastély az el nem végzett karbantartások miatt nagyon veszélyeztetett állapotba jutott. Beomlott a tetőszerkezete, végnapjait éli... (A szerző fotóival.)

Women empowerment is one major issue of todays. Various International organisations, and governments, are engaged for empowering women, economically, socially, and politically. United
Nation World Travel Organisation implemented an action plan for empowering women through tourism. As far as Sikkim state is concern, tourism is one of the main sector in the state and contributing in income and employment to people. In this context, the present study examines the contributions of tourism in women’s empowerment in Sikkim. The study is based on secondary data. A statistical test shows there is difference in participation of male and female work-force in tourism in the state. Out of the total workforce in tourism, only 30 percent of the workforce is female, which it is less than that of the average female workforce of the state (34 percent). Further, there is wide scope for the women’ empowerment through tourism in Sikkim. The steps should be taken by the government, banks, NGO’s, Self-Help  groups, and so on to encourage and facilitate women in tourism related activities.

The metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca is the focal point of tourism in North Transylvania. This exploratory study examines the profile, motivation, visiting behaviours, and perceptions of tourists visiting the most important metropolitan area in the region, with its historical, core city, which holds the title of European Youth Capital in 2015 and aspires for European Capital of Culture in 2021. Based on surveys carried out in the spring and summer of 2014, the findings indicate that three types of tourism dominate the metropolitan Cluj-Napoca: cultural tourism, business tourism and VFR tourism. While the periphery is more attractive for mountain tourism and week-end recreation, the core emerges with a great diversity of events. Tourists were overall satisfied with their time spent on the destination. Furthermore, out of a number of tourist attractions only the ones located in Cluj-Napoca were familiar or even visited by most of the tourists, the rest were as if inexistent. Thus, findings indicate great distribution inequalities. The implications of the results on metropolitan development processes and strategies are also discussed.

The Roman Catholic Bishop of Transylvania, in late XVIII century, Ignatius Bátthyany, had great plans for the local cultural life, in Alba Iulia (Carlsburg, Alba Carolina). He transformed a former Trinitarian church into a multifunctional institution: library, astronomical observatory and typography, everything under a single roof. On 31 July 1798 he conceived and established his testament, which would also play the role of a foundational act. According to it, the Bishop designated as first Director of the Institute, Anton Mártonfi, his disciple, and the first astronomer of the Institutum Astronomiae Theoreticae et practicae. The Bishop’s preoccupations with the astronomical sciences are reflected in his personal correspondence with some of the most important contemporary scholars: Baron Franz von Zach, Jerome Laland etc. Under the Bishop’s pressure, Mártonfi published his first opus, one of 6 planned to be published in the later years (a plan never fulfilled), Initia Astronomica Speculae Batthyanianae. Being already known in his intentions in the privileged circle of the European scholars, Bátthyany created great expectations in the scientific community. Mártonfi’s work should have been the first fruit of these efforts. Despite this, the work of Mártonfi did not receive great reviews at all, on the contrary. The most important critic of this work was Baron Franz von Zach, Director of the Astronomical Observatory in Gotha. The present study analyzes the review Von Zach made and the fascinating intellectual background of his critical position on Initia.
KEY WORDS: Astronomical Observatory, Von Zach, Initia, Mártonfi, Batthyány, Correspondence, Review.

O incursiune in lumea comorilor dacice, a incredibilelor descendente nobiliare hategane si a magiei populare. O carte ce prezintă atat legendele, cat si secretele din spatele lor si care propune o viziune diferita asupra lucrurilor si locurilor din minunata Tara a Hategului. Documentul contine doar portiuni din carte, fiind o varianta de previzualizare.

Könyvszemle/Book Review Balassa M. Iván: "Az egy igaz Istennek és szent fiának Jézus Krisztusnak tiszteletére építtetett." Festett famennyezetek és berendezések az unitárius templomokban. (Kovács András). .. .. . .301 Gy. Dávid Gyula: Pákei Lajos hagyatéka. Egy századfordulós kolozsvári építész tervrajzai, rajztervei, gyűjteményei.

Context
În contextul prezent turismul, ca parte esenţială a multor economii naţionale şi regionale, poate fi un important factor de dezvoltare, atunci când este desfăşurat corespunzător. Turismul devine un element-cheie al economiei oricărei ţări sau regiuni care se bucură de existenţa unor resurse turistice ce pot fi valorificate. Este un fapt binecunoscut şi, totodată, foarte trist că în România turismul este insuficient exploatat, deşi potenţialul turistic este unul extrem de generos.

Despre lucrare
Cartea îşi propune o analiză a managementului cererii şi al ofertei în România şi, în mod particular, în Transilvania, şi este un demers deosebit de actual, de interesant şi de util atât pentru literatura de specialitate din ţara noastră, cât şi pentru decidenţii turismului românesc.
Lucrarea reprezintă rezultatul unor cercetări deosebit de ample, complexe şi originale, realizate la momente diferite de timp şi la niveluri diferite, reuşind astfel să surprindă fenomenele studiate în dinamica şi complexitatea lor, conferind cărţii o reală valoare ştiinţifică. Structura cărţii respectă nu numai cerinţele unui asemenea demers ştiinţific, ci şi exigenţele unei lucrări de cercetare care se dovedeşte utilă specialiştilor din mediul academic sau din practică.

Prof.univ.dr. Gabriela Ţigu: Scopul declarat cercetărilor întreprinse şi al cărţii este acela de a analiza profilul şi potenţialul turistic al Transilvaniei, în vederea elaborării şi conturării unor strategii de promovare a acestei destinaţii turistice pe plan naţional şi internaţional, respectiv pentru a furniza soluţii în vederea creşterii numărului de turişti români şi străini la nivelul destinaţiei.

Din cuprins
Managementul cererii turstice în România şi Transilvania
Strategii de piaţă şi managementul de destinaţie turistică
Managementul ofertei turistice în România şi Transilvania
Studiu privind Transilvania ca destinaţie turistică
Puncte forte
analiza managementului cererii şi al ofertei în România şi, în mod particular, în Transilvania
demers deosebit de actual, interesant şi util pentru decidenţii turismului românesc
realizarea unei analize critice a evoluţiei turismului românesc şi transilvan de la începutul secolului al XX-lea şi până în prezent
evaluarea stării actuale a turismului românesc şi transilvan, inclusiv a potenţialului turistic al regiunii
investigarea amănunţită a modului în care trei categorii de actori (turiştii străini, turiştii români şi prestatorii de servicii de ospitalitate ce au legătură directă cu piaţa turistică a regiunii) percep serviciile turistice oferite în Transilvania, respectiv şi a modului în care populaţia-gazdă percepe Transilvania ca destinaţie turistică
identificarea principalelor probleme şi a elementelor care pot fi valorificate în promovarea turismului regiunii atât la nivel naţional, cât şi pe plan internaţional
33 de anexe utile care fixează informaţia
peste 200 de grafice, figuri şi tabele

The problems of tourism sector development in different countries during the coronavirus pandemic are considered in this article. The purpose of this study is to examine government support measures in this sector in the context of COVID-19. In the pre-pandemic period the tourism industry was one of the main drivers of the development of the world economy and was most affected by the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore, effective government support of the tourism sector is currently a topical issue. The quality of tourism development directly depends on how the state assesses this industry, and, accordingly, how much it is stimulated by the state. In the course of the study it was concluded that the development of domestic tourism in foreign countries is currently a priority area of state support of the tourism sector. The necessity of supporting the tourism industry and promoting the demand for domestic tourism by Russian government has been substantiated.

This study presents the Reformed Church from Sfăraş, considered to be a typical example of the rural churches from the Călata area in terms of its painted furniture, which represents the creation of the Umlings, a family of painter-carpenters from Cluj.

Dergisi yılda altı defa yayın yapan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. Academic Social Science Studies Dergisi'nde yayınlanan tüm yazıların, dil, bilim ve hukûki açıdan bütün sorumluluğu yazarlarına, yayın hakları www.jasstudies.com'a aittir. Yayınlanan yazılar yayıncının yazılı izni olmaksızın kısmen veya tamamen herhangi bir şekilde basılamaz, çoğaltılamaz. Yayın Kurulu dergiye gönderilen yazıları yayınlayıp yayınlamamakta serbesttir. Gönderilen yazılar iade edilmez. The Journal Of Academic Social Science Studie, Uluslar arası hakemli ve indeksli bir dergidir. MLA, EBSCO, ASOS başta olmak üzere onlarca veritabanı ve indeks tarafından taranmaktadır. The Academic Social Science Studies is an international, six-reviewed in a year journal. Authors bear the sole legal responsibility for their published works in www.jasstudies.com.

Experts routinely describe new travel agent technology in the context of electronic travel commerce. There are few other technology topics with similar market potential or emotional appeal—to the extent that new business start-ups, product announcements, and seminar programs are dominated by predictions of the potential of e-commerce.

This is usually described as an exceedingly simple business proposition: either the demise of travel agents is imminent as vendors adopt new strategies to bypass them or else vast new frontiers are opening to anyone with the most modest travel credentials provided only that they are able to operate a World Wide Web site on The Internet. The idea that reality might be less certain and that traditional and non-traditional channels may both flourish in the future appears to have been lost.

The true effects of electronic commerce are complex and intertwined with emerging business strategies affecting more of society than just travel. The opportunities opened to all segments of the industry, vendors and agents alike are substantial. So is the task of sorting fact from fancy. The businesses able to prosper through electronic commerce in coming years will those able to find sustainable strategies and develop business models that deliver what their customers truly want to buy. Unfortunately, there is often little relationship between sound business practices and the “Internet Hysteria” that has swept the travel industry for several years.

This report discusses electronic selling as contrasted with traditional travel sales and describes what the travel industry may realistically expect from electronic commerce. It describes the overall state of the electronic travel sales scene in the U.S., predicts what characteristics successful competitors will likely possess over time, and attempts to put the current euphoria in proper context.