Synchronous Generator

TITULO: Una solución a los problemas de experimentación, modelación y optimización de sistemas vinculados a la administración. (Parte 1). TITLE: A solution to the problems of experimentation, modelation and optimization of systems associated to the management. (Part 1).

This paper presents the modeling, control scheme and optimization of a small scale combined heat and power (SSCHP) in island operating mode. A thermo dynamic model is carried out for SSCHP engine using Carnot machine method, while an optimization technique is formulated to identify CHP engine parameters. In addition, a dynamic model is built based on a system identification toolbox for SSCHP engine to study the dynamic behavior of the SSCHP during operating mode. In island mode, the Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to regulate the inputs of SSCHP, and to match electric load demand. The complete system was represented and simulated in Matlab/Simulink.

In this paper, we have modelled a synchronous generator with internal one phase to ground fault and then the performance of this machine with internal one phase to ground fault have been analyzed. The results show that if the faults occur in vicinity of machine's terminal, then we would have serious damages. To protect the machine from this kind of faults we have suggested integrating a SFCL (superconducting fault current limiter) into the machine's model. The results show that the fault currents in this case will reduce considerably without influencing the normal operation of the machine.

Microgrids with DC distribution schemes are finding increasing application in various electrical schemes due to their advantages. This paper introduces a mathematical model of a DC microgrid, which is detailed and allows for solving many of the tasks related to the research, control, and protection of such systems.

In recent years, mainly due to the rapid development of power electronics, powerful electric drives have widely entered marine electrical networks. Underlying this are the wellknown advantages of electric drives such as: better dynamic performance of electric drive motors; high efficiency by switching the number of working generators; reduction of vibrations and generated noise; more rational distribution of generating units, etc. Along with the advantages of the system, there are also problems with ensuring the quality of the generated electricity. The paper proposes a model of a marine distribution network with a DC distribution network and a system disturbance suppression system.

The expanding use of non-linear loads in marine electrical systems leads to new challenges in maintaining and enhancing the power quality and overall system stability. One of the main problems caused is the deterioration of the waveform of the current and voltage. The primary aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the application of a shunt active power filter (SAPF) with a peak detection control system in a shipboard power system and the possibility of reducing the THD (total harmonic distortion) at PCC (point of common coupling) of the nonlinear loads. Using a proposed mathematical model and simulation software different case studies are presented with a comparative analysis of the power system performance with and without the presence of SAPF.

Today, the challenge of enhancing and maintaining the electrical power quality is growing along with the expansion of nonlinear loads employed in ship power systems. The resulting deterioration may cause problems with electrical equipment operation and overall system instability. Different strategies, such as the use of active filters, passive filters, or other methods, can be used to avoid these effects. The goal of the current study is to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) at the PCC (point of common coupling) of non-linear loads by implementing a shunt active power filter (SAPF) with a synchronous reference frame theory based control system used. The disruption in the system with and without the use of SAPF is analyzed and quantified through the proposal of a mathematical model of the ship's electrical power system and simulation of various case studies.

Nowadays with the increased proliferation of nonlinear loads, used in the ship's power systems, the issue of improving and maintaining the power quality, is rising as well. The caused deterioration can lead to disturbance in the operation of the electrical equipment and overall disruption of the system stability. To avoid these consequences, different approaches, such as the application of passive, active filters, or other devices, can be used. The present paper describes the implementation of a shunt active power filter (SAPF) with a p-q theory-based control system in a ship's electrical power system, aiming to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) at the point of common coupling (PCC) of nonlinear loads. By proposition of an accurate mathematical model of a ship's power system and simulation of different case studies, the disturbance in the system with and without SAPF connected is observed and analyzed.

The ship's power systems have limited power. It consists of separate consumers with power commensurable with generators' power. Thus, the powerful consumers worsen the quality of power and especially strong is this worsening in the presence of electric propulsion power system. In this article, it is presented mathematical model of four node ship's power system, including four generators, electric propulsion system based on induction propulsion motor, supplied by frequency's converter. With the use of the models are investigated different working regimes of propulsion system and ship's power system. Some of received results are presented in the article including the frequency's spectrum of regime's parameters.

Lung cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death due to cancer globally, and this underlines the enormous urgency for accurate and early diagnosis techniques. This article presents a newer, deeper analytic framework that uses learning algorithms to improve the detection of lung cancer. The recommended structure capitalizes on a rich dataset containing medical images in order to use convolutional neural network (CNNs) and other deep learning techniques for high precision identification of malignant patterns. Our approach incorporates several pre-processing steps such as image normalization as well as augmentations which enhance robustness and generalization ability of model. The performance metrics utilized during evaluation include accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC-ROC. It is evident from experimental results that there are major improvements over traditional diagnostic methods indicating potentiality with regard to deep learning's role in changing screening and diagnosing processes of lung related cancers. This study adds value in the field of medical imaging analysis by providing a tool that can be used in clinical applications aimed at reducing lung cancer mortality through early

With large wind energy integration into power systems, wind farms begin to influence power systems in a much more significant manner. As wind energy systems utilize different generator technologies from the one utilized in the conventional power plants, the steady-state, transient and small-signal dynamics, as well as, power system stability will thus be significantly affected. The impact of wind energy systems on the power system dynamics and stability is thus of practical importance. As there is a significant increase in installation of wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in recent years, a dynamic model of the DFIG wind turbine is firstly developed in this study. The model is validated against field measurement data, and the validation gives confidence about the accuracy and applicability of the developed model. DFIG wind farms consist of tens to hundreds of identical DFIG wind turbines increasing the complexity of the wind farm model and simulation ...

This work introduces the so-called linear hybrid state model of a synchronous machine based on the superposition principle of the two-port representation of the d-axis (two-port circuits) and the single-port structure of a q-axis equivalent circuit. The detailed formulation of the linear hybrid state model is developed in terms of the equivalent circuit parameters of the machine. As the terminal voltages and the field current recorded after full-and partial-load rejection tests are the generator's time-variant responses for a step change of armature currents with a constant field voltage, exact analytical expressions of the terminal voltages and the field current following the generator tripping (load rejection) tests are derived in terms of physical machine parameters using the state model solution of the linear system theory. Two load rejection tests (50% and 100%) of purely inductive and capacitive load are performed and comparisons are made between simulation results and actual data obtained from a four-pole, 1.5-kVA, 208-V, 60-Hz laboratory machine. List of symbols I s , V s , C s stator current, voltage and flux linkage vectors I r , V r , C r rotor current, voltage and flux linkage vectors i t , v t , c t terminal current, voltage and flux linkage A, B state matrices for the electrical hybrid model C C , D C output matrices for output vector Y c ¼ [i f c d c q ] t C v , D v output matrices for the complete model c f , d f partial output matrices for the field current output c w , d w partial output matrices for armature flux vector C s ¼ [c d c q ] t c v , d v partial output matrices for armature voltage vector V s ¼ [v d v q ] t

A method for identification of a synchronous generator is suggested in this paper. The method uses the theoretical relations of machine parameters and the Prony method to find the state space model of the system. Such models are useful for controller design and stability tests. The proposed identification method is applied to a third order model of a synchronous generator. In this study, the field voltage is considered as the input and the active output power and the rotor angle are considered as the outputs of the synchronous generator. Simulation results show good accuracy of the identified model.

This paper presents a combined analytical and finite-element (FE) method for computation of the no-load voltage waveform of laminated salient-pole synchronous generators. The described method takes into account saturation effects as well as the damper bar currents due to the slot pulsation field. The method calculates first the damper bar currents and then includes them in the calculation of the no-load voltage. The combination of magnetostatic two-dimensional (2-D) FE simulations for calculating the magnetic coupling between the machine windings and of an analytical resolution results in a very precise prediction of the no-load voltage. At the same time, simulation time is drastically reduced compared with transient magnetic 2-D FE simulations. The method was verified on several examples, comparing the obtained results (damper bar currents and no-load voltage) with results obtained from transient magnetic FE simulations and, in one case, with the measured no-load voltage.

ͶDifferent types of generators are used in wind farms including Synchronous and Asynchronous generators and Double Fed Induction Generators (DFIG). In Synchronous generator case, a power electronic circuit called a cyclo-converter is used as an interface to connect the generator to network. This circuit uses a DC-AC inverter with controllable switches that implies the proper and fixed amplitude and frequency in the output. This paper proposes a new method to minimize the harmonics amplitude that contains the firing angles control and a three-phase coupling transformer. In this method, 11 firing angles are defined for every bridge in a quarter of cycle. Then all the harmonic amplitudes is calculated as a function of. Then an objective function is defined as a complex of unwanted harmonics (except the even harmonics, and triplen harmonics that are eliminated with the coupling three-phase transformer). This objective function is minimized with numerical methods, to find the optimized values of. All of this calculation are redone for some admissible amounts of V dc in a bounded certain range, and some operating points are gained. A neural networked, trained by these operating points, will have the control of firing the switches after that.

Different types of generators are used in wind farms including Synchronous and Asynchronous generators and Double Fed Induction Generators (DFIG). In Synchronous generator case, a power electronic circuit called a cyclo-converter is used as an interface to connect the generator to network. This circuit uses a DC-AC inverter with controllable switches that implies the proper and fixed amplitude and frequency in the output. This paper proposes a new method to minimize the harmonics amplitude that contains the firing angles control and a three-phase coupling transformer. In this method, 11 firing angles are defined for every bridge in a quarter of cycle. Then all the harmonic amplitudes is calculated as a function of θ1 to θ11. Then an objective function is defined as a complex of unwanted harmonics (except the even harmonics, and triplen harmonics that are eliminated with the coupling three-phase transformer). This objective function is minimized with numerical methods, to find the op...

A magnetic field (MF) appears around each of the rotor winding poles of a synchronous machine (SM) when a direct current is applied. Therefore, monitoring the parameters of the MF flow in the air-gap is primarily used to detect short-circuited turns of the rotor poles, or shortcircuits between the poles of the rotor winding, which lead to a decrease in the values of the MF induction vector B  in the air-gap of the SM. The analysis of the MF rotor poles allows to detect the eccentricity of the rotor (i.e. deviation from the circular shape), as well as the "strong" and "weak" magnetic poles of the rotor according to the magnitude of the sinusoidal signal, which can lead to one-sided attraction of the rotor to the stator and vibration of the SM. In addition to measuring the radial component of the induction vector of the magnetic field in the air-gap of the SM, in this work proposed to perform additional measurements of the tangential ВT (tangential in the "electrical" sense to the radial component), and axial ВA (along the rotor shaft) components of the induction vector of the magnetic field (flow), and have been considered practical cases to perform additional measurements of the tangential component ВT. The remaining part of this paper is structured as follows : Section I in short explains the concept of measurement of the radial ВR, tangential ВT, and axial ВA components of the induction vector B  of the magnetic field (flow) in the air-gap of the SM, and aims of it. In Section II considered as installed the radial R-sensor and tangential T-sensors in the air-gap of the synchronous generator-motors. Registered signals of R-sensor and T-sensors in different operational modes of the synchronous generator-motors and their analysis are considered in Section III. General results of the work, and propositions for further directions of design and applications of the system by the radial ВR, tangential ВT, and axial ВA components of the induction vector B  of the MF (flow) in the air-gap of the SM are given in the conclusion.

This paper describes a new wind turbine simulator for dynamic conditions. The authors have developed an experimental platform to simulate the static and dynamic characteristics of real wind energy conversion system. This system consists of a 3 kW dc motor, which drives a synchronous generator. The converter is a 3 kW single-phase half-controlled converter. MATLAB/Simulink real time control software interfaced to I/O board and a converter controlled dc motor are used instead of a real wind turbine. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed that obtains wind profiles and, by applying real wind turbine characteristics in dynamics and rotational speed of dc motor, calculates the command shaft torque of a real wind turbine. Based on the comparison between calculated torques with command one, the shaft torque of dc motor is regulated accordingly by controlling armature current demand of a single-phase half-controlled ac-dc converter. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of proposed wind turbine simulator in emulating and therefore evaluating various turbines under a wide variety of wind conditions.

The paper analyses radial loads in bearings of the standard T80 asynchronous electromotor depending on the rotor assembling position and on the variation of temperature. The mathematic model of the motor is elaborated in detail, taking into consideration the influence of mechanical, electric, magnetic and thermal quantities. The adopted model is analysed for existing dimensions and for the dimensions after optimization of the rotor and stator. The results for the electromotor model are encouraging and present a good base for modification in the design of the electromotor and bearing design as well.

The electromagnetic performances for two current distribution methods (classical and non-classical) of a 3-phase, 24 stator slots and 16 rotor poles Switching Reluctance Machine (SRM) were compared. The three phases were excited in sinusoidal current mode. The Finite Element Model was used to predict the average torque, the total flux of each phase, the torque ripple, the self and the mutual-inductance of each phase. After the computation, it is shown that the machine with non-classical current distribution has more average torque than the machine with classical current distribution, especially at high current density. Experimental tests have been realized, and a good agreement between the experimental and numerical (FE) results was observed.

This project exhibits the control of distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) for reactive power, harmonics and asymmetrical load current reparation of a diesel generator set for a disengaged framework. The control of DSTATCOM is accomplished utilizing slightest mean square-based adaptive linear element (ADALINE). An Adaline is utilized to separate adjusted positive-grouping genuine principal recurrence part of the load current and a proportional-integral (PI) controller is utilized to keep up a consistent voltage at the dc-transport of a voltage-source converter (VSC) functioning as a DSTATCOM. Switching of VSC is accomplished by controlling source streams to take after reference currents and flows utilizing hysteresis-based PWM control. This scheme is mimicked under MATLAB condition utilizing Simulink and PSB square set tool compartments for nourishing straight and nonlinear burdens. The demonstrating is performed for a three-stage, three-wire star-associated synchronous generator coupled to a diesel motor, alongside the three-leg VSC functioning as a DSTATCOM. Results are displayed to check the adequacy of the control of DSTATCOM for the load compensation and an ideal operation of the DG.

The paper introduces a hybrid control strategy for optimised active power management in Algeria's Kabertene wind farm, crucial for the pole insalah-adrar-timimoune (PIAT) grid's stability. This strategy merges simultaneous interconnection and damping assignment (SIDA) passivity theory, passivity-based control (PBC), and multivariable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. This combined approach ensures frequency and voltage stability within the PIAT grid, which encompasses various elements like wind farms, solar plants, gas turbines, and dynamic impedance (Z), current (I), and active power (P) (D-ZIP), load model. By tailoring controllers for doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) using SIDA-PBC principles and optimising internal parameters, the strategy achieves precise control of active power output. Additionally, particle swarm optimisation (PSO) refines power scheduling, which is especially beneficial for intermittent renewable sources like DFIGs. This comprehensive strategy offers numerous advantages: improved network stability, minimized voltage deviations, reduced frequency fluctuations, and enhanced integration of renewable energy sources. The paper emphasises practical implementation considerations, providing valuable guidance for efficient Kabertene wind farm operation and integration. This research contributes significantly to fostering cleaner and more reliable energy systems, facilitating the PIAT grid's transition towards sustainable energy generation.

The paper discusses problems concerning the influence of permanent magnet material characteristics on the low-speed permanent magnet generator losses and output characteristics. The variability of the magnet material and its effect on the output parameters of the machine has been quantified. The characteristics of six different grades of neodymium permanent magnets have been measured and compared to the supplier specification data. The simulations of the generator have been carried out using transient finite element analysis. The results show that magnet materials from different suppliers have different characteristics, which have a significant influence on the generator output parameters, such as efficiency and power factor.

This paper represents a least mean square (LMS) built Adaline current estimator in conjunction with model predictive control (MPC) approach (Adaline-MPC) employed for distribution-static-compensator (DSTATCOM) to enrich power quality within power distribution network. The real fundamental frequency components of load currents are estimated via LMSbuilt Adaline adopting instantaneous weight computation and reference currents are further formed by means of multiplying these weights with unit vector templates. A proportional-integral (PI) controller is engaged in support of continual maintenance of DC-capacitor voltage. Moreover, the switching signals of voltage source converter (VSC) are created via applying MPC wherein source currents should track the reference currents, which is derived from Adaline current estimator. Both MATLAB based simulation and Opal-RT based real-time experimental outcomes are demonstrated and the effectiveness of the proposed Adaline-MPC based DSTATCOM towards power quality improvement has been verified.

Yasser Gaber A. Dessouky Series connected self-excited synchronous generator: steady state and transient behaviors Series Connected Synchronous Generator (SCSG) is an induction machine with stator and rotor windings connected in series via excitation capacitors. This generator operates synchronously to produce sinusoidal output voltage with half rated frequency. This paper presents theoretical and experimental investigation for transient and steady state performances based on the d-q model as derived for a synchronously rotating frame. The minimum capacitor needed to cause self-excitation for a particular speed is calculated.

Microgrids and smart grids are the future of the conventional grids. It will be an immense need to integrate the Distributed Generators (DGs) with smart grids and microgrids. DGs are mostly the solar energy, wind energy and small hydel power. These DGs has several advantages as high penetration of power will reduce the power loss, reduce the voltage drop and maintain the terminal voltage. These DGs are difficult to integrate with the microgrids in islanded mode as these causes severe fluctuation which disturbs the supply-demand balance. Renewable generators (RGs) working in MPPT mode cause high fluctuations when the RGs are working on islanded mode and generating more power than demand. Therefore, a control system is required to manage this issue and to maintain the balance of the system. Sub-gradient based distributed coordination technique is utilized for the control of renewable generators in which the supply-demand balance is maintained by coordinating the system with the utilization level. Simulation results will exhibit the operation of the controlled microgrid, its integrated DGs and will prove the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

This paper presents a novel control law for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) driven by a wind turbine (WT) and connected to a battery bank via an AC/DC converter. A nonlinear control strategy called the "Flatness-based control" (FBC) is proposed. The novel algorithm gives a simple method, based on trajectories planning, that minimizes the copper losses in the PMSG stator, and, in addition, achieves the maximum of power captured by the WT. The controller parameters are easy to tune as their choice relies on a simple the pole placement. The main contribution of the paper is to show that FBC is compatible with any MPPT strategy. The validation of new control strategy is performed by simulation.

This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis between synchronous and induction machines for distributed generation applications. The impacts of these generators on the distribution network performance are determined and compared by using computational simulations. The technical factors analyzed are steady-state voltage profile, electrical power losses, voltage stability, transient stability, voltage sags during unbalanced faults, and short-circuit currents. The results showed that the best technical choice depends on the network characteristics, i.e., the main factors that may limit the penetration level of distributed generation.

Ahtract-This letter describes a feasibdity study on the use of a digital computer as a variable-amplitude variable-frequency oscillator, which generates two-phase sinusoidal excitation control signals for a dual-excited synchronous generator. The oscillator uses two input signals. One input signal is used to control the frequency of the oscillator outputs. The other input signal is used to control their amplitudes. By a single variable, the software can be configured to vary the oscillator frequency range and to greatly reduce (almost eliminate) the harmonic distortion of the output signals. The harmonic distortion is constant and independent of the output frequency for each possible oscillator frequency range. The softwarebased oscillator design is flexible and can be used to generate difFerent types of multiphase signal waveforms. Key Words-Variable-amplitude variable-frequency oscillator, digital computer, waveform distortion, real time. NOMENCLATURE analog-to-digital digital-to-analog terminal voltage error signal frequency of the oscillator output signals sampling frequency of the digital-to-analog converter generator synchronous frequency amplitude gain factor number of samples per cycle of each oscillator output signal slip signal 1 T,, ud oscillator sine output signal uq oscillator cosine output signal VDF voltage distortion factor intersample time (=-) fxa I. INTRODUCTION Previous studies [1]-[3] have shown that a dual-excited synchronous generator (a machine that has two identical field windings on the rotor : one on the d axis and the other on the q axis) can run asynchronously at any speed and still generate voltage at constant frequency if the windings are both excited by slip frequency currents. This capability of the generator can be utilized for variablespeed constant-frequency applications such as in the generation of electricity from wind and in aircraft. The main problem in such Manuscript

This paper presents a new stochastic optimization technique for tuning conventional PI controller parameters of a static var compensator (SVC) which controls a synchronous machine. As a type of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device, SVC is designed and implemented to improve the damping of a synchronous generator. Computational intelligence technique based PI controller using SVC is implemented in this study. The study involves the development of PI controller for SVC placement, while computational intelligence technique is used to optimize the values of proportional gain, K P and interval gain, K I parameters of PI controller. Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination and synchronizing and damping torque coefficients (K S and K D) value confirmed that the proposed technique is effective to improve the angle stability problem.

Wind farm (WF) grid codes require wind generators to have low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability, which means that normal power production should be resumed quickly once the nominal grid voltage has been recovered. However, WFs with fixed-speed wind turbines with squirrel cage induction generators (FSWT-SCIGs) have failed to fulfill the LVRT requirement, which has a significant impact on power system stability. On the other hand, variable-speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators (VSWT-DFIGs) have sufficient LVRT augmentation capability and can control the active and reactive power delivered to the grid. However, the DFIG is more expensive than the SCIG due to its AC/DC/AC converter. Therefore, the combined use of SCIGs and DFIGs in a WF could be an effective solution. The design of the rotor-side converter (RSC) controller is crucial because the RSC controller contributes to the system stability. The cascaded control strategy based on four conventional PI controllers is widely used to control the RSC of the DFIG, which can inject only a small amount of reactive power during fault conditions. Therefore, the conventional strategy can stabilize the lower rating of the SCIG. In the present paper, a new control strategy based on fuzzy logic is proposed in the RSC controller of the DFIG in order to enhance the LVRT capability of the SCIG in a WF. The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to control the reactive power delivered to the grid during fault conditions. Moreover, reactive power injection can be increased in the proposed control strategy. Extensive simulations executed in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment for both the proposed and conventional PI controllers of the RSC of the DFIG reveal that the proposed control strategy can stabilize the higher rating of the SCIG.

The most important reference quantities for monitoring and controlling transient stability in real time are the rotor angle and speed of the synchronous generators. If these quantities can be estimated with sufficient accuracy, they can be used in global and local control methods. In the classic state estimation methods, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique, the linear approximations of the system at a given moment in time may introduce errors in the states. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the EKF, the authors of this paper have applied the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to estimating and predicting the states of a synchronous machine, including rotor angle and rotor speed, using phasor measurement unit (PMU) quantities. The UKF algorithm propagates the pdf of a random variable in a simple and effective way and is accurate up to the second order in estimating the mean and covariance. The overall impression is that the performance of the UKF is better than the EKF in terms of robustness, speed of convergence, and also different levels of noise. Simulation results including saturation effects and grid faults show the accuracy and efficiency of the UKF method in state estimation of the system, especially at higher noise ratios.

In this study, an automatic synchronization unit has been developed for the parallel connection of synchronous generators. Two synchronous generators are connected in parallel automatically with the developed control unit. Synchronous generators are also connected in parallel with the line. The voltages, frequencies, phase sequences and synchronism time data have been transferred to the microcontroller. These data are monitored and evaluated by the control algorithm coded into the microcontroller. Parallel operation of generators are realized automatically when all parallel connection conditions are occur. The system doesn't require additional measuring tools for monitoring and control processes. The developed automatic synchronization unit is fast, cost effective, reliable and precise to be used for monitoring, measurement and parallel operation of the synchronous generators.

In this study, a highly instructive and novel remote laboratory platform using up to date software and hardware units is designed to teach main concepts of Electrical Engineering with the help of webbased simulations and remote accessible experiments in real time. Interactive experimental applications for direct current (DC) motors and several electrical circuits are carried out in this study to test the efficiency of the system. First, mathematical model of each simulation is developed in MATLAB and then all models are transferred into .NET platform by means of MATLAB Builder for NE toolbox. A dynamic library for each model is also created using NE toolbox. Then, all libraries are embedded into an interactive web page designed in ASP.NET platform. Data transmission between the server and the real experimental set is established by a microprocessor via the USB port to achieve the experimental studies over the Internet in real time. While remote experiments are being performed, data obtained by the experimental set are simultaneously transferred to the MATLAB. Then, the system generates both graphical and numerical results about the current experiment and all results are sent to a user-friendly web interface to give users some feedback on the experiment.

This paper comprises exploration of hybrid renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar PV, wind Energy etc. with respect to solar radiation and velocity of wind. Hybrid energy system is a magnificent option for providing power supply to remote locations where grid supply is not reachable. The renewable energy sources (RES) are integrated through DSP with proper programming such that maximum power is fetched through RES. Variations in the output power of solar and wind is analyzed using data obtained through proper integration of RES. The foremost objective of proposed paper is to provide uninterrupted power supply to demand side with scrutiny of hybrid energy sources.

This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area located close to Lysekil on the Swedish West coast. The Lysekil project is run by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University. The project was started in 2004 and currently has permission to run until the end of 2013. During this time period 10 grid-connected wave energy converters, 30 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters will be installed and studied. To date the research area holds one complete wave energy converter connected to a measuring station on shore via a sea cable, a Wave Rider TM buoy for wave measurements, 25 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower. The wave energy converter is based on a linear synchronous generator which is placed on the sea bed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system, but also in a somewhat more complicated electrical system.