Student Migration

Migrações internacionais motivadas pelo estudo: o caso dos estudantes de medicina brasileiros na Universidade Nacional de Rosário (UNR).

Resumo: A migração é um fenômeno social complexo e motivado por diferentes fatores, apresenta substanciais impactos territoriais, tanto da sociedade deixada pelo imigrante quanto na que o recebe. Esse processo influenciou a formação socioterritorial de diferentes lugares dentre os quais podemos citar a cidade de Rosário, onde ainda hoje se observa as marcas na paisagem de fluxos migratórios passados. Ainda hoje, tanto a nação Argentina quanto Rosário recebem imigrantes, mas com novas tendências e características que precisam de atenção, esse é o caso da migração de brasileiros que vislumbram na Argentina oportunidades para a continuidade de seus estudos que foram interrompidos no Brasil por conta de políticas educacionais excludentes. Assim, o objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender as migrações internacionais, no contexto latino-americano, empreendida por brasileiros com o intuito de estudar medicina na Argentina. Buscamos compreender esse processo em três períodos: a) o que antecede a emigração a fim de apreender os fatores que fomentaram a partida; b) a imigração em si e as estratégias de territorialização em solo argentino, observando desde a formação das redes sociais, adaptação ao novo sistema de ensino, estratégias de permanência, impacto na economia local em especial no setor imobiliário e c) as perspectivas de futuro. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em dois momentos, em laboratório e em campo, no laboratório empreendeu-se atividades como levantamento bibliográfico que tratam de temas como: migração internacional, território, reterritorialização, entre outros, nesse ambiente também se construiu os formulários para entrevistas e se desenvolveu a construção de mapas, tabelas e escrita da dissertação. Em campo, realizou-se em contato direto com os imigrantes brasileiros, sendo que o estudo de caso foi com estudantes brasileiros da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nacional de Rosário e residentes na cidade de Rosário (província de Santa Fé/Argentina). A pesquisa pautou-se em uma abordagem qualitativa e envolveu a participação de 12 imigrantes entrevistados entre os dias 19 e 21 de fevereiro de 2020. Como resultados observou-se que é comum a migração de pessoas graduadas, oriundas de diferentes partes do Brasil, que muitas vezes se aventuram sem nem mesmo dominar o idioma. Além disso, os gastos iniciais com passagem e aluguel são, demasiadamente, caros, mesmo assim ficam mais baratos do que arcar com os custos do curso de medicina na rede particular no Brasil. Em conclusão fica claro que as políticas educacionais de acesso ao ensino superior brasileiro prejudicam o ingresso de jovens oriundos de escolas públicas e camadas mais pobres da sociedade, reforçando o caráter histórico da universidade nacional como um espaço elitizado e excludente que não reflete a realidade da nação brasileira e levando uma parcela daqueles que almejam carreiras concorridas, a migrar.

Migraciones internacionales motivadas por el estudio: el caso de los estudiantes de medicina brasileños en la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR).

La migración es un fenómeno social complejo motivado por distintos factores y con impacto en el territorio tanto en la sociedad dejada por el inmigrante cuanto por la que lo recibe. Ese proceso influenció sustancialmente la formación socioterritorial de diferentes lugares en los cuales podemos nombrar la ciudad de Rosario donde aún hoy se observa las marcas en el paisaje de flujos migratorios pasados, aunque hoy tanto la nación Argentina cuanto el municipio de Rosario recibe inmigrantes, además existen nuevas tendencias y características que necesitan atención, como es el caso de migración de brasileños que vislumbran en Argentina su única opción para la continuidad de sus estudios, interrumpidos en Brasil por cuenta de políticas educacionales excluyentes. Así, el objetivo central de la pesquisa fue comprender las migraciones internacionales, en el contexto latinoamericano, emprendida por brasileños con el intuito de estudiar medicina en Argentina. Buscamos comprender ese proceso en tres períodos: a) lo que antecede la emigración a fin de aprender los factores que fomentan la partida; b) la inmigración en sí y las estratagemas de territorialización en suelo argentino, observando desde la formación de las redes sociales, adaptación al nuevo sistema de enseñanza, estratagemas de permanencia, impacto en la economía local de modo especial en el sector inmobiliario; c) las perspectivas del futuro. La pesquisa fue desarrollada en dos momentos, en laboratorio y en campo, en el laboratorio se hizo actividades como levantamiento bibliográfico sobre los temas como inmigración internacional, territorio, reterritorialización entre otros, en ese ambiente también se construyó formularios para entrevistas y se desarrolló la construcción de mapas, tablas y la escrita de la disertación. En campo, se realizó en contacto directo con inmigrantes brasileños, siendo que el estudio de caso fue con estudiantes brasileños de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario y ubicados en la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina). La pesquisa fue basada en un abordaje cualitativo y envolvió la participación de 12 inmigrantes entrevistados entre los días 19 y 21 de febrero de 2020. Como resultados se observó que la inmigración de personas que ya son graduadas en algún curso era común, son inmigrantes oriundos de distintas partes de Brasil que muchas veces se aventuran sin ni siquiera dominar el idioma. Además, los costos iniciales con pasaje y alquiler son demasiado caros, así mismo es más barato que arcar con los costos del curso de medicina en la red particular en Brasil. En conclusión, se queda claro que las políticas educacionales de acceso a la enseñanza superior brasileña perjudican el ingreso de jóvenes venidos de escuelas públicas y de las zonas más pobres de la sociedad, reforzando el carácter histórico de la universidad nacional como un espacio elitizado y que no refleje la realidad de la nación brasileña. Esa realidad hace que la opción para una parte de los buscan carreras concurridas sea migrar.

International migrations motivated by the study: the case of Brazilian medical students at National University of Rosario (UNR).
Abstract: Migration is a complex social phenomenon motivated by different factors and impacts the territory of both the society left by the immigrant and the one that receives it. This process substantially influenced the socio-territorial formation of different places, among which we can mention the city of Rosario, where the marks on the landscape of past migratory flows can still be seen, and even today, both Argentina and the municipality of Rosario still receive immigrants. However, there are new trends and characteristics that need attention, such as the migration of Brazilians who see in Argentina the only option for the continuation of their studies, interrupted in Brazil due to exclusive educational policies. Thus, the main objective of the research was to understand international migrations, in the Latin American context, undertaken by Brazilians in order to study medicine in Argentina. We seek to understand this process in three periods: a) what precedes emigration in order to apprehend the factors that fostered the departure; b) immigration itself and territorial strategies on Argentine grounds, observing the formation of social networks, adaptation to the new educational system, permanence strategies, impact on the local economy, especially in the housing area; c) the prospects for the future. The research was developed in two moments: in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, activities were carried out, such as bibliographic surveys that dealt with themes like international migration, re-territorialization of territory, among others. In this environment, it was created forms for interviews and were also built and the construction of maps, tables and writing of the dissertation. The field research was carried out in direct contact with Brazilian immigrants, and the case study was with Brazilian students from Medical Sciences of Universidade Nacional de Rosario (National University of Rosario) and residents of the city of Rosario in the province of Santa Fe, in Argentina. The research was based on a qualitative approach and embraced the participation of 12 immigrants interviewed between February 19th and 21st, 2020. As a result, it was observed that the migration of people who have graduated in another course is common; they are immigrants from different parts of Brazil that often venture out without even mastering the language. In addition, the initial expenses with ticket and rent are too expensive; even so, it is cheaper than paying for the costs of medical school in the private network in Brazil. In conclusion, it is clear that educational policies for access to Brazilian higher education hinder the entry of young people from public schools and the poorest sections of society, reinforcing the historical character of the national university as an elite space that does not reflect the reality of the Brazilian nation. This reality makes it an option for a portion of those who aspire to competitive careers to migrate.

The report brings together recent literature and data on student mobility. It looks at the trends in UK international students' mobility and compares these internationally. It also considers the causal factors for students' choice to spend time abroad, the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of mobile students, and the impact that time abroad has on their employability; and it highlights policy and practice in HEIs in respect of student mobility.

En l’espace de quelques décennies, la migration étudiante entre le Maghreb et la France s’est modifiée du fait des tournants pris par la France dans sa politique d’accueil et de l’affaiblissement des politiques de soutien de la part des pays du Sud, à travers l’attribution des bourses. Toutefois, pour une minorité d’étudiants, les admissibles aux concours des grandes écoles d’ingénieurs françaises, les parcours sont facilités sur le plan administratif et financier. En nous intéressant spécifiquement aux élèves des grandes écoles, nous nous interrogeons sur une facette de l’immigration, celle d’une élite, qui, avec un diplôme passepartout, a devant elle, ouvert, le champ des possibles et qui est la cible des discours passionnés sur la « fuite des cerveaux ». Cet article se veut une exploration de l’impact des contingences politiques sur les parcours des ingénieurs algériens, marocains et tunisiens formés en France. En quoi, au-delà des impacts concrets sur l’exercice de l’activité professionnelle, liés et au dynamisme économique et aux opportunités rencontrées en France, le climat social et politique joue un rôle sur la construction des trajectoires, en influant l’état d’esprit de ces migrants diplômés ? Après avoir interrogé les effets d’un événement ponctuel, la « Circulaire Guéant », sur les projets de parcours, nous proposons une analyse de l’impact des évolutions sociopolitiques sur la construction des trajectoires. Enfin, nous voyons en quoi ces étudiants hautement qualifiés, qui bénéficient d’une grande liberté dans leur choix de parcours, appréhendent la mobilité et la question des frontières d’une manière particulière. Se montrant très sensibles aux signaux politiques et très réceptifs aux discours dont ils peuvent faire l’objet, ils s’y adaptent, de manière forte, immédiate et dynamique, notamment par des stratégies de mobilité. La présente contribution repose sur une enquête quantitative (180 questionnaires) et qualitative (100 entretiens) réalisées entre 2011 et 20141 auprès d’élèves-ingénieurs en cours de formation dans les écoles d’ingénieurs françaises et de jeunes diplômés de ces écoles, tous originaires du Maghreb.

This paper presents results of a questionnaire survey of 1400 Year 13 (final-year) school and sixth-form pupils in two contrasting areas of England, which asked them about their thoughts and plans to study at university abroad. Key questions that the survey sought to answer were the following. How many and what proportion of all higher education (HE) applicants, apply, or consider applying, to university outside the UK? What are their reasons for doing so? What are their distinguishing characteristics as regards type of school (state vs. private), academic record, parental socio-occupational background and prior contacts abroad? The questionnaire data were supported, but occasionally contradicted, by interviews with school staff members responsible for coordinating and advising on the HE application process. Approximately 3% of pupils apply to study abroad (most also apply to UK universities) and another 10% consider applying but do not do so. North America, Australia and Ireland are favoured destinations; not mainland, non-English-speaking Europe. Quality of university and desire for adventure are the most important motivations. Decisions to apply abroad are strongly correlated to the academic results of pupils (the best apply), to prior connections abroad (travel, holidays, residence abroad, etc.) and to a range of overlapping indicators of parental wealth and social class. The theoretical and policy implications of the research are also considered. Study abroad creates an 'elite within an elite' and works against government agendas of widening participation. On the other hand, English students' foreign experience potentially enhances their interculturalism and graduate labour market competitiveness, yet raises spectres of 'brain drain' of the 'brightest and best'.

Since Luxembourg became independent in 1839, practically the entire political, economic and intellectual elite of the country has been socialised abroad. It was only in 2003 that the Grand Duchy set up its own university; before then, young Luxembourgers had to study in foreign countries. Over the past 150 years, Luxembourg has thus experienced exceptionally lively student migration. This migration is almost unique in Europe; however, academic research has paid little attention to the consequences of the migration experience of whole student generations on Luxembourgish society. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that migration has opened up chances for participation and access to positions of social power, while at the same time the networks of students became an instrument of social exclusion. Thus, the migration experience over the past 150 years not only led to a strong degree of social–cultural cohesion within the national elite; paradoxically, international student mobility has also had deep effects on the preservation of national identity.

Faced with a situation in which countries compete for international students, it becomes especially important to understand students’ preferences regarding migration behaviour. This paper looks at the determinants of interna- tional mobility intentions in the specific situation of Indian students in sciences and engineering. It uses the collected data from the survey held among students at five Indian universities and complements it with qualitative data from interviews. We looked at the role of students’ personal and family background, university- related factors, their social network and preferences for living location in their motivations for moving abroad. The type of university and field of studies work as strong predictors for students’ desired move abroad. Whether a student plans a career in academia or wants to work in a company has a decisive influence on where they see themselves in the near future. Professional aspects are confirmed to be the most prominent in the decision-making regarding international mobility. People who place high importance on work-related factors are more mobile, while people who place higher importance on family-friendly environment and public safety prefer staying in India. International student mobility is obviously a family decision. Parents’ support is crucial for moving abroad, in moral as well as in financial terms. Normally, obligations towards family are put in the first place ahead of potential individual initiatives.

Brzozowski, J., Pędziwiatr, K. (2015) Student Immigration and Internationalization of Polish Universitites: The Case of Ukrainians at the Cracow University of Economics, In: Surdej, A., Kędzierski, M., (ed.) Economic Challenges for Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń, 214-240

Executive Summary:

International student mobility, especially diploma mobility (students taking their entire degree outside the UK), has received little attention from researchers. This report summarises the findings of research funded by the UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills aimed at improving understanding of the motivations behind the international diploma mobility of UK students. It also seeks to evaluate the scale and significance of UK international diploma mobility. 

The research was undertaken by a collaborative team from the Universities of Dundee and Sussex during 2008 and 2009 led by Professors Findlay and King. It involved three key elements 

• a metadata analysis of sources providing statistics on international student mobility, 

• a survey of the application intentions of 1400 final-year pupils from schools in two regions of England, and 

• a survey of 560 UK students currently enrolled for study at universities in the USA, Ireland, Australia, the Czech Republic, France and Germany. 

In addition to the two questionnaire surveys, interviews were conducted with UK international students, international recruitment officers in 16 higher education institutions from around the world, as well as with school careers guidance teachers. 

According to the OECD the number of UK students studying abroad has risen from 16,866 in 1975 to 22,405 in 2005. This growth is less than that for most OECD countries. Metadata analysis reveals many problems with using international agency datasets to evaluate trends in diploma mobility. Careful examination of national datasets suggests that OECD statistics may over-estimate the true figure for UK international diploma-mobile students by more than 10 per cent. Best estimates produced by the researchers nevertheless point to UK diploma-mobile students accounting for the equivalent of about 1.7% of all UK domiciled students enrolled in higher education and over the last two decades the number has been growing 

Responses to the researchers’ English school questionnaire survey indicate that, amongst UK-nationals, some 2.8 per cent of state sector pupils and 5.5 per cent of independent sector pupils apply to universities outside the UK. Only a proportion of these are offered places to study abroad and choose finally to enrol. The survey revealed that many more pupils consider applying abroad, but in the end do not do so. The USA is by far the most popular destination for pupils considering studying abroad. It is particularly significant that it is the academically most gifted pupils who are the most likely to apply to foreign universities.

The international student survey identified a diverse range of motivations driving international student mobility. 

• The dominant influence was the desire to attend a world-class institution (55% said this was important and 89% said it was important or very important). The significance of this driver of UK student mobility may be interpreted in several different ways as discussed in the main report. For some, failure to gain a place at their desired UK university was a trigger to mobility.

• Other motivations that were seen as very important included the opportunity for adventure (50%) and the desire to take the first step towards an international career (34%)

The report provides an analysis of which students were most likely to be driven by the desire to attend what they perceived to be the best universities in the world. It also considers whether this group of students was significantly different from those going abroad in search of adventure, or as a first step towards permanent emigration, or because of a desire to gain a place to study a particular discipline (where the opportunity to do so did not exist in the UK Higher Education system).

Amongst students in our survey, UK international diploma mobility is shown to be a selective process influenced by class and parental educational background. For example:

• Students who had attended independent schools were much more likely than those from the state sector to claim that their mobility was triggered by the search for a world class university

• Students from families where one or both parents had higher education were much more likely to go abroad in search of a world class university than those from other backgrounds.
 
The student survey suggested that it was not only students from fee-paying schools that succeeded in gaining a place to study abroad. Almost 30 per cent of respondents had attended a UK state comprehensive and 54 per cent of respondents had received state schooling. Nevertheless, the independent sector was much more strongly represented in the sample of UK international students than one would expect relative to the size of this sector in the UK education system. 

Another key finding is that international diploma-mobility is highly differentiated by destination. 

• UK students enrolled at US universities are often from more privileged backgrounds. They often claimed that their move was in search of an elite university and many were seeking to enter an international career. 

• UK students in Australia were likely to be interested in permanent emigration.

• UK students in Ireland were much more likely to report that they would consider returning to the UK after graduation. 

Another important issue addressed by the report is the relationship between international student mobility and intentions to return to the UK. Some 24 per cent of students in the survey claimed that they had no intention of ever returning to the UK once their studies were complete. The vast majority did, however, plan to return, although many wanted to work abroad before coming back to the UK. Significantly, the survey results point to the students with the strongest A level results being more likely to want to return to the UK at some point after their studies. International student mobility should not therefore be interpreted as a brain drain of the UK’s best and brightest young people.

Student migration represents the major form of international human capital training and has significant implications for knowledge transfer and economic development, but its highly uneven geography remains relatively underresearched. This paper addresses two gaps in the research literature. First, it provides a temporal perspective by analysing intra‐European tertiary student exchange in three subperiods, within the time frame of 1998–2012, capturing both continuities and major changes in the strong polarisation of intra‐European student exchanges against a backdrop of significant institutional changes in Europe. Alongside the dominant polarisation, there is also regionalisation of exchange within some parts of Europe. Second, the determinants of the changing spatial concentration of international human capital training are analysed in terms of not only traditional migration push–pull factors but also connectivity. The findings indicate that connectivity factors, such as language and/or spatial proximity, and established flows of labour, trade, and knowledge are the most significant determinants and underpin the persistent stability in the polarisation of exchange. In contrast, traditional push–pull factors, such as income and employment differentials or differences in tertiary education quality and investment, are less important.