Standards & Specifications

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This volume provides the reader with a comprehensive introduction to system specification an d design methods, with particular emphasis on structured and formal methods, method integration, concurrency and safety-critical systems. It contains new material by Jonathan Bowen and Michael Hinchey, along with reprints of classic articles on high-integrity systems which have never bef ore appeared in a single volume. Among these classic articles are contributions from such leading names as Leslie Lamport, Nancy Leveson and C.A.R. Hoare.
High-Integrity System Specification and Design provides practitioners and researchers with convenient access to a range of essential essays — both classic and state-of-the-art — in a single volume. It will provide them with details of specification and design approaches for this type of system, an overview of the development process, and evidence of how various classes of high-integrity system may be approached and developed successfully.

The volume is also available from the IEEE Computer Society Press.

Jonathan P. Bowen and Mike Hinchey (University of Nebraska at Omaha). Springer-Verlag, London, FACIT series, April 1999. ISBN 3-540-76226-4. (xix+701 pages) Co-author of the following reprinted papers:Seven More Myths of Formal Methods, Jonathan P. Bowen and Mike Hinchey, pages 153-165.Ten Commandments of Formal Methods, Jonathan P. Bowen and Mike Hinchey, pages 217-230.Safety-Critical Systems, Formal Methods and Standards, Jonathan P. Bowen and Victoria Stavridou, pages 485-528.
Table of contents
Preface
Parts:
Specification and Design
Structured Methods
Formal Methods
Object-Orientation
Concurrent and Distributed Systems
Real-Time and Safety-Critical Systems
Integrating Methods
Implementation
CASE
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
List of reprints

The following papers are included:

Grady Booch. Object-Oriented Development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 12(2):211–221, February 1986.Jonathan P. Bowen and Michael G. Hinchey. Ten Commandments of Formal Methods. IEEE Computer, 28(4):56–63, April 1995.
Jonathan P. Bowen and Michael G. Hinchey. Seven More Myths of Formal Methods. IEEE Software, 12(7):34–41, July 1995.
Jonathan P. Bowen and Victoria Stavridou. Formal Methods, Safety-Critical Systems and Standards. Software Engineering Journal, 8(4):189–209, July 1993.
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering. IEEE Computer, 20(4):10–19, April 1987. First published in H.-J. Kugler (ed.), Information Processing '86, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland).John R. Cameron. An Overview of JSD. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 12(2):222–240, February 1986.
Eliott J. Chikofsky and B.L. Rubenstein. CASE: Reliability Engineering for Information Systems. IEEE Software, 5(2):11–16, March 1988.
Robert G. Fichman and Chris F. Kemerer. Object-Oriented and Conventional Analysis and Design Methodologies. IEEE Computer, 25(10):22–39, October 1992.
Norbert E. Fuchs. Specifications are (Preferably) Executable. Software Engineering Journal, 7(5):323–334, September 1992.
Susan Gerhart, Dan Craigen and Ted Ralston. Experience with Formal Methods in Critical Systems. IEEE Software, 11(1):21–28, January 1994.
Susan Gerhart, Dan Craigen and Ted Ralston. Regulatory Case Studies. IEEE Software, 11(1):30–39, January 1994.J. Anthony Hall. Seven Myths of Formal Methods. IEEE Software, 7(5):11–19, September 1990.
David Harel. On Visual Formalisms. Communications of the ACM, 31(5):514–530, May 1988.
David Harel. Biting the Silver Bullet: Toward a Brighter Future for System Development. IEEE Computer, 25(1):8–20, January 1992.Ian J. Hayes and Cliff B. Jones. Specifications are not (Necessarily) Executable. Software Engineering Journal, 4(6):330–338, 1989.
C.A.R. Hoare. Communicating Sequential Processes. Communications of the ACM, 21(8):666–677, August 1978.
C.A.R. Hoare. An Overview of some Formal Methods for Program Design. IEEE Computer, 20(9):85–91, September 1987.
Leslie Lamport. A Simple Approach to Specifying Concurrent Systems. Communications of the ACM, 32(1):32–45, January 1989.
Nancy G. Leveson. Medical Devices: The Therac-25 Story. In Safeware: System Safety and Computers, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Appendix A, pages 515–553, 1995. Based on Nancy G. Leveson and Clark S. Turner. An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accidents. IEEE Computer, 26(7):18–41, July 1993.
Ken Orr, Chris Gane, Edward Yourdon, Peter P. Chen and Larry L. Constantine. Methodology: The Experts Speak. BYTE, 14(4):221–233, April 1989.Jonathan S. Ostroff. Formal Methods for the Specification and Design of Real-Time Safety Critical Systems. Journal of Systems and Software, pp 33–60, April 1992.
Lesley T. Semmens, Robert B. France and Tom W.G. Docker. Integrated Structured Analysis and Formal Specification Techniques. The Computer Journal, 35(6):600–610, 1992.
Jeannette M. Wing. A Specifier's Introduction to Formal Methods. IEEE Computer, 23(9):8–24, September 1990.

Characterization of the Unwana beach silica sand deposit has been carried out with a view to find its industrial application. The physical properties of the sand shows that the sand has high percentage of medium to fine particle size i.e 15.55% is 30 BS mesh 63.21% is 36BS mesh and 5.55% is 60BS mesh. The sand has 0.5% moisture content and 2% clay content with traces of grey to light brown colouration. The chemical analysis indicates that the sand is composed of 98.14% -SiO2, 0.4% -Al2O3, 0.02% -Fe2O3, 0.37% -CaO, 0.06% -MgO, 0.20% -Na2O, 0.08% -K2O, 0.02% -ZnO, 0.01% -MnO and 0.51% -Loss on ignition (L.O.l). It was indicated that the sand can be use for manufacturing of flint glass, sheet glass, green glass, container glass (colourless and amber) and plate glass (general and windows) according to standard specification of BS2975s, US specifications and Ceramic Industry Magazine. It was also indicated that the Unwana beach silica sand can be used for refractory brick production.

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the existing QC/QA technologies used to evaluate properties and performance of geosynthetics in roadway systems for the following applications: (1) geosynthetic-reinforced construction platforms, (2) geosynthetic reinforcement in pavement systems, (3) fiber reinforcement in pavement systems, (4) partial encapsulation, (5) geosynthetics in pavement drainage, (6) geosynthetic separation in pavement systems, and (7) geocell confinement in pavements. Each QC/QA technology was assessed in terms of its accuracy and precision, adequacy of coverage, implementation requirements, applicability to method approach specifications, applicability to performance approach specifications, and usefulness for a specific geosynthetic application in pavement systems. The usefulness of QC/QA method for a specific application was also assessed. Based on the relevance and/or importance of each technology to the assessed items, it was rated as high, medium, or low. These assessments will provide guidance for proper selection of QC/QA technologies to evaluate properties and performance of geosynthetics in roadway systems.

The paper here shows the work performed by our team on a fabrication of Di-wheel, which we provide a name “METO” stands for a combination of Mechanical and Electrical device for our design. We have focused here to redefine and replace the basic mode of transportation made for the national parks and tourism sectors by using more comfortable, eco-friendly and a fun loving mode of transportation. The main challenge for designing the component is to provide actual stability with exact degree of freedom. The working condition of the product for moving it in forward direction, reverse direction and to provide better rotations was also a difficult task to be done. By studding these challenges and working factors the Diwheel provides a perfect platform for the implementation of control strategies to improve the ride of the vehicle. We put our full effort here to provide a new way of ride for the amusement parks that can help people to enjoy the better standard of living. Our design gives a successful and efficient outcome as noted, so here we provide knowledge of our whole project by using proper simulations and results.

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The paper here shows the work performed by our team on a fabrication of Di-wheel, which we provide a name "METO" stands for a combination of Mechanical and Electrical device for our design. We have focused here to redefine and replace the basic mode of transportation made for the national parks and tourism sectors by using more comfortable, eco-friendly and a fun loving mode of transportation. The main challenge for designing the component is to provide actual stability with exact degree of freedom. The working condition of the product for moving it in forward direction, reverse direction and to provide better rotations was also a difficult task to be done. By studding these challenges and working factors the Diwheel provides a perfect platform for the implementation of control strategies to improve the ride of the vehicle. We put our full effort here to provide a new way of ride for the amusement parks that can help people to enjoy the better standard of living. Our design gives a successful and efficient outcome as noted, so here we provide knowledge of our whole project by using proper simulations and results.

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The characterisation of raw vegetable oils of neem and jatropha curcas seeds was experimentally carried out in order to obtain requisite data for the design process of liquid bio fuels cooking stoves. Properties of nineteen vegetable oils/kerosene blends including the kerosene sample were also experimentally determined for the purpose of testing the designed and developed bio stoves that utilised these fuel/oils blends as fuels. Results of the characterisation revealed that the kinematic viscosity of jatropha oil (57.6 mm 2 /s) was 36 times more than the viscosity of the kerosene sample (1.6 mm 2 /s). On the other hand, the viscosity of neem oil (62.6 mm 2 /s) was 39 times greater than that of the kerosene sample. In addition, the density of jatropha curcas oil (860 kg/m 3 ) was more than that of the kerosene (760 kg/m 3 ) by 13.16%, while the density of neem oil (890 kg/m 3 ) exceeded that of kerosene sample by 17.11%; all the tests were conducted at 30 o C. Meanwhile, the acid num...

The paper here shows the work performed by our team on a fabrication of Di-wheel, which we provide a name " METO " stands for a combination of Mechanical and Electrical device for our design. We have focused here to redefine and replace the basic mode of transportation made for the national parks and tourism sectors by using more comfortable, eco-friendly and a fun loving mode of transportation. The main challenge for designing the component is to provide actual stability with exact degree of freedom. The working condition of the product for moving it in forward direction, reverse direction and to provide better rotations was also a difficult task to be done. By studding these challenges and working factors the Di-wheel provides a perfect platform for the implementation of control strategies to improve the ride of the vehicle. We put our full effort here to provide a new way of ride for the amusement parks that can help people to enjoy the better standard of living. Our design gives a successful and efficient outcome as noted, so here we provide knowledge of our whole project by using proper simulations and results. NOMENCLATURE

The paper here shows the work performed by our team on a fabrication of Di-wheel, which we provide a name "METO" stands for a combination of Mechanical and Electrical device for our design. We have focused here to redefine and replace the basic mode of transportation made for the national parks and tourism sectors by using more comfortable, eco-friendly and a fun loving mode of transportation. The main challenge for designing the component is to provide actual stability with exact degree of freedom. The working condition of the product for moving it in forward direction, reverse direction and to provide better rotations was also a difficult task to be done. By studding these challenges and working factors the Diwheel provides a perfect platform for the implementation of control strategies to improve the ride of the vehicle. We put our full effort here to provide a new way of ride for the amusement parks that can help people to enjoy the better standard of living. Our design gives a successful and efficient outcome as noted, so here we provide knowledge of our whole project by using proper simulations and results.

The paper here shows the work performed by our team on a fabrication of Di-wheel, which we provide a name "METO" stands for a combination of Mechanical and Electrical device for our design. We have focused here to redefine and replace the basic mode of transportation made for the national parks and tourism sectors by using more comfortable, eco-friendly and a fun loving mode of transportation. The main challenge for designing the component is to provide actual stability with exact degree of freedom. The working condition of the product for moving it in forward direction, reverse direction and to provide better rotations was also a difficult task to be done. By studding these challenges and working factors the Di-wheel provides a perfect platform for the implementation of control strategies to improve the ride of the vehicle. We put our full effort here to provide a new way of ride for the amusement parks that can help people to enjoy the better standard of living. Our design gives a successful and efficient outcome as noted, so here we provide knowledge of our whole project by using proper simulations and results.