Shading devices

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the residential buildings in the tropics to reduce the amount of solar radiation occurring in the buildings. It is now widely accepted that architects should encompass the environmental task of reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in response to climate change. The study focuses on the minimum depth required for the fixed horizontal shading device for optimum shading performance at south façade for commonly used opening sizes in the residential buildings in Dhaka city. Particular emphasis has been given on the opening size, depth of the shading device, vertical shadow angle during the warmest part of the day of warmest seasons and the thermal performance for using different depth of shading devices in various opening sizes. Two residential buildings are fundamentally chosen as topic for this study. The units having two different sizes of opening and shading systems are taken as the study element. Difference between maximum outdoor temperature and indoor temperature and the shadow patterns are taken into account during the warmest part of the day to identify the parameters for existing thermal performance due to shading devices. The field survey was conducted in a sunny day to measure the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor and the direct solar radiation in both study models. The shadow simulation of the case studies were conducted by the Sketch up v7.0 having location data and based on the dates and times of the warmest months. The simulation is more visual than analytic. This paper is an outcome of the study which encompasses the efficient shading device design strategy to reduce direct solar exposure on the openings at south façade along with the case studies in the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh and its effect on building performance in terms of thermal performance.

This paper evaluates using shading devices with naturally ventilated walls in hotel buildings in Greater Cairo as a passive technique to lower cooling loads in cooling seasons. CFD simulations were done using DesignBuilder to compare between three cases. In case one a single skin façade was used. In case two a naturally ventilated double skin facade is used. And in case three highly reflective shading devices are added inside the cavity near the outer skin.

Durch die Novellierung der Energieeinsparverordnung 2006 wird der elektrische Energieverbrauch von Verwaltungsgebäuden erstmals berücksichtigt und fließt in die Gesamtbilanz ein. Der
genauen Betrachtung der Außenhülle kommt nun eine wachsende Bedeutung zu, um Energie für Kühlung, Heizung und Kunstlicht zu minimieren. Der Sonnenschutz hat in dem Zusammenspiel
letzterer Faktoren eine bestimmende Rolle.
Automatisierten vertikalbeweglichen Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen fehlt es oft an der notwendigen Nutzerakzeptanz. Nutzergesteuerte Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen wie Sonnenschutzjalousien, führen auf Grund von Fehlbedienungen oft zu erhöhtem Kunstlicht- oder Heizbedarf und beeinträchtigen
den visuellen Bezug zur Außenwelt. Ein weiterer Nachteil außenliegender beweglicher Systeme ist ihre Wartungsnotwendigkeit und ihre Windanfälligkeit.
Der statische Sonnenschutz ist ein energetisch robusteres System. Er bedarf jedoch einer genauen Planung, da seine Auswirkungen auf das Gebäudeklima nicht nachführbar sind. Es gilt daher den statischen Sonnenschutz so zu planen, dass er dauerhaft zu einem höheren Nutzerkomfort und zur Senkung des Gebäudeenergieverbrauchs beiträgt.
Diese Untersuchung sucht eine Basistypologie statischer Sonnenschutzssysteme zu erstellen und einfache Bewertungsmethoden aufzuzeigen. Es werden im Abschluss planungsunterstützende Werkzeuge und Methoden zur Generierung und Dimensionierung von statischem Sonneschutz
verglichen und bewertet.

ÖZET Sürdürülebilir ve karbon nötr kampüse sahip olmak amacıyla, Stuttgart Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi'nde (Hochschule für Technik-HfT Stuttgart) Mayıs 2015 itibariyle enerji ve doğal kaynak yönetiminin iyileştirilmesi, emisyon ve atık oluşumunun azaltılması ve mevcut binaların enerji etkin yenilenmesine yönelik çalışmalar başlanmıştır[1]. Binalarda enerji etkinlik ve sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasına katkıda bulunan yapı elemanlarından biri de iç mekandaki ısıl ve görsel konforun sağlanmasında önemli rol oynayan gölgeleme elemanlarıdır. Bu seçim, ısıtma ve aydınlatma enerjisi ihtiyacını da etkilemektedir. Bu bildiride, mevcut binaların enerji etkinliklerinin arttırılması için önerilecek cephe iyileştirme çalışmalarının bir parçası olan dış gölgeleme elemanları incelenmiştir. HfT Stuttgart kampüsünde yer alan ofis binasında uygulanabilecek gölgeleme elemanı tasarımı için öneriler geliştirilmiş, enerji analizi ve termal yük hesaplamaları yapılmış, mevcut durumun bilinen değerleri ile kıyaslanmış ve sonuçları açıklanmıştır. Analizler; pencere boyutları, güneş geometrisi ve iklim verileri gibi birçok değişkenin bir arada değerlendirilebildiği, tablo ve sayısal eşitlikleri de içinde barındıran Ecotect ve EnergyPlus simülasyon programları ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. ABSTRACT The name of the paper is " Evaluation of Shading Devices Influences on Energy Consumption of Buildings and Inhabitants Comfort: An Example Of One Office Room At University Campus ". Due to having sustainable and carbon zero campus, University of Applied Science of Stuttgart (Hochschule für Technik-HfT Stuttgart) started in May 2015 some researches about improvement of energy and natural sources management, reduction of emissions and renovation of existing buildings[1]. One of the most important elements for energy efficiency and sustainability is shading devices which control solar radiation at the buildings. The choice of shading devices plays a significant role in providing thermal and visual comfort of the living spaces which affect amount of heating and lighting energy. In this paper, external facade shading devices has been used to provide energy savings in existing buildings. For predefined office room which is located in HfT Stuttgart campus, solution proposals of applicable shading elements have been carried out, energy analysis and thermal load have been calculated, and the results have been compared with existing state of the office room. The analysis have been performed with simulation programs Ecotect and EnergyPlus, in which different parameters can be changed such as dimensions of windows, the geometry of Sun and the climate values.

A well-integrated shading device has a greater positive impact on school building than any other sustainable building strategies. The present research aims to propose and evaluate several architectural shading devices that can be integrated into educational building designs in daylight-illuminated classrooms lit from a single side in semi-arid climates. These elements have a potential in allowing the penetration of natural daylight with improve indoor thermal environment and eventually reduce the energy consumption through cooling and artificial lighting. The final goal of the research is to obtain the optimal parameters (geometry and materials) of shading devices for the simulated orientation of classrooms in the case study.
A computerized simulation tool (IES<VE>) is used to carry out the
investigation; taking a typical public school building in Erbil City as the
empirical background of the semi-arid climate. A series of simulations are performed to determine the average illuminance value and the uniformity of the illuminance distribution in the classroom under various lighting conditions and orientations without shadings fitted to the window. Then the numerical results are found to be compared with the illumination properties of different shading devices that have been considered. The results indicate a different optimal shading device in terms of enhancing daylight properties in the classroom. By giving appropriate physical dimensions, various shading devices can achieve the average illuminance requirement of (300-500 lux) and improve the lighting uniformity ratio (0.40– 0.42) for east orientation within appropriate material. Correspondingly, by using optimal shading device, the required illuminance ratio of 0.5 can be obtained simply in the classroom, accordingly, reduce the lighting power cost compared with the base-case.

More than twenty years later from its birth it seems interesting to see how the design lines of the greatest exponents of high-tech style have evolved of through the relationships between buildings and the contemporary city. The key-words of the analysis are: the facility, the use of materials, the use of shading systems, the surface treatment, color and the relationships with the context. For an easier browsing we have chosen to suggest five case studies related to plans and buildings in the Italian territory.

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the residential buildings in the tropics to reduce the amount of solar radiation occurring in the buildings. The study focuses on the minimum depth required for the fixed horizontal shading device for optimum shading performance at south facade for commonly used opening sizes in the residential buildings of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Particular emphasis has been given on the opening size, depth of the shading device, vertical shadow angle during the warmest part of the day of warmest seasons and the thermal performance for using different depth of shading devices in various opening sizes. Two residential buildings were fundamentally chosen as topic for this study. The units having two different sizes of opening and shading systems are taken as the study element. The field survey was
conducted in a sunny day to measure the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor and the direct solar in both study models. The shadow simulation of the case studies were conducted by the Sketch up v7.0 having location data and based on the dates and times of the warmest months. The simulation is more visual than
analytic. This paper is an outcome of the study which encompasses the efficient shading device design strategy to reduce direct solar exposure on the openings at south facade along with the case studies in the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh and its effect on building performance in terms of thermal performance.

This paper analyses a hybrid design approach; how physical and digital processes can inform each other in a multivalent design cycle. It describes the design of origami-inspired window shades, part of the Shaping Light project that explores how adjustable surface structures can modulate light levels and heat gain in response to the changing seasons. The screen uses sloped surfaces to diffuse light and create apertures that close when the screen is stretched and open when the screen is folded. The project complements digital methods for pattern proportioning and kinetic simulation with manual manipulation to generate 3D folding motifs and refine assemblies. Physical prototypes can shape digital refinement by revealing visual and structural characteristics of materials, along with joint and production considerations. Physical models for simulating sunny and cloudy daylighting conditions provide a direct connection between spatial configuration and visual effects. The paper concludes with guidelines for material-based digital-analog creation.

— Commercial buildings of Dhaka city are characterized by excessive use of glazing. The glass surfaces create indoor thermal discomfort by increasing solar gain and the consequence is extensive use of air conditioning systems. It requires high energy demand and use of natural resources to satisfy comfort requirements. Shading device as a major element of building fenestration plays a significant role to reduce the solar heat gain. Among the variables of shading design, e.g. height, width, depth, material, material is less considered or considered for aesthetic rather than a key variable to control indoor air temperature. To reduce the cooling and lighting energy demand, effective shading design is necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of external shading device types and materials on controlling indoor air temperature. The three dimensional model of the two case spaces were created in Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 to perform simulation. Indoor air temperature and the surface temperature of the shading devices for south and west oriented facades were observed for different shading typology and materials by simulation. Results show the relationship between orientation, typology and material. Most efficient shading devices are-horizontal louvers on horizontal plane and egg crate for south and west façade respectively. It was also found that the material with high thermal mass performs better than the low thermal mass materials.

(1) Background: considering multiple, and somehow conflicting, design objectives can potentially make achieving a high-performance design a complex task to perform. For instance, shading devices can dramatically affect the building performance in various ways, such as energy consumption and daylight. This paper introduces a novel procedure for designing shading devices as an integral part of daylightophil architecture for office buildings by considering daylight and energy performance as objectives to be optimal. (2) Methods: to address the topic, a three-step research method was used. Firstly, three different window shades (fixed and dynamic) were modeled, one of which was inspired by traditional Iranian structures, as the main options for evaluation. Secondly, each option was evaluated for energy performance and daylight-related variables in critical days throughout the year in terms of climatic conditions and daylight situations (equinoxes and solstices including 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December). Finally, to achieve a reliable result, apart from the results of the comparison of three options, all possible options for fixed and dynamic shades were analyzed through a multi-objective optimization to compare fixed and dynamic options and to find the optimal condition for dynamic options at different times of the day. (3) Results: through different stages of analysis, the findings suggest that, firstly, dynamic shading devices are more efficient than fixed shading devices in terms of energy efficiency, occupants’ visual comfort, and efficient use of daylight (roughly 10%). Moreover, through analyzing dynamic shading devices in different seasons and different times of the year, the optimal form of this shading device was determined. The results indicate that considering proper shading devices can have a significant improvement on achieving high-performance architecture in office buildings. This implies good potential for daylightophil architecture, but would require further studies to be confirmed as a principle for designing office buildings

This paper confronts two design strategies that can be conflicting between each other: the need to shade windows and, through its glazed surface, allow acceptable daylight incidence. The responsible design of shading devices can produce many benefits in building performance. By blocking direct solar heat gains, cooling loads are reduced and thermal comfort is easier to achieve. Since direct light is obstructed, the occurrences of glare and high contrasts are also diminished. Also, properly sized shading devices should not block daylight, which can lower the use of artificial lighting. The research focuses on the performance evaluation of typical shading devices (found on the UFCG Campus) and hypothetical (geometrically modified to improve performance). We believe that the primary goal of Architectural Education is to transform architectural practice, much more than the other way around. Therefore, we believe that universities should have the responsibility to apply in practice the recommendations and concepts that are taught in theory. However, we observe that the majority of buildings on our campus have critical performance issues. In order to provide support to future projects on the campus, this work evaluates the performance of shading devices on the UFCG Campus. We adopted simulation tools to assess shading efficiency and daylight levels. In the first simulation stage, shading devices and windows were grouped in types. Shading performance was calculated in Autodesk Ecotect using sun path diagrams and gradient shadow masks.  The analysis of results led to the proposition of hypothetical solutions, which development process was based on the needs and requirements to improve the performance of typical shading devices. Only the cases that met predefined performance criteria were investigated further in the second stage, which focuses on daylight performance. We selected Dialux tool to evaluate daylight performance and to test hypothetical cases with reflective surfaces.

Shapes of screening elements have evolved very quickly in
the last decade. The introduction of new materials and technology has allowed designers to break free of classifications and propose solutions that could be described as “unconventional”. Much of this success is due to the introduction of innovative materials such as technical fabrics, composite materials, but especially to the use of smart materials and technologies.

There are several physical parameters that are taken into consideration when determining the level of agreeability of an enclosed space. For instance, when choosing the louvers for a room there are a multitude of criteria that might be considered such as colour, material or the degree of opacity. However, these apparently small fixtures may have a significant impact also on other apparently unimportant factors like the sound pressure level and the reverberation time. This paper aims to present different types of devices used to control the way daylight enters a room, from both the illuminance level and the acoustical point of view. During the experimental campaign, five of the most common types of louvers were examined regarding their main role of blocking the light and moreover their influence on the reverberation time and sound pressure level in the analysed chamber.

This study tries to verify how the integration of solar panels as a shading device can reduce indoor air temperature. Two stages of the experiment have been conducted, the first experiment compared the shadowing performance of the solar panels placed parallel in front of the window, while the second experiment compared the shadowing performance of the solar panels placed 45 degrees on the top edge of the window with the panels aligned in front of the window. Two models of similar buildings have been built; to see how much influence the location of solar panels as a shading device, the surface temperature of the glass and indoor air temperature were measured using temperature and humidity data loggers. The measurement results of the first experiment showed that compared to a model without solar panels, especially from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., significantly decreased by an average of 2.5°C and 0.6°C consecutively to the glass surface temperatures and the indoor air temperatures. In the second experiment, the comparison of shadowing performance between solar panels placed parallel in front of the window with panels placed tilted 45 degrees indicates that especially for windows on the East side the use of solar panels placed parallel in front of the window is more potential. This result also has the potential to become a renewable energy source, but further research is still needed, especially regarding solar panel electricity production capacity.

Retro-reflective coatings applied to blinds of reduced geometric complexity promise to provide view to the outside while effectively controlling solar gains and glare. To characterize the reflection characteristics of such coatings over the entire solar spectrum, a novel extension to a scanning gonio-photometer is developed. The extended instrument is tested and applied to measure a coating's Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function including the region of the retro-reflected peak. The measured data-sets are compiled into a data-driven reflection model for the daylight simulation software Radiance. This model is applied to illustrate the coating's effect in a comparison to purely diffuse and specular surface finishes on geometrically identical, flat blinds. Daylight supply, the probability of glare, and solar gains are assessed for an exemplary, South-oriented office under sunny sky conditions. The results indicate the potential of the coating to effectively shade direct sun-light even if applied on blinds with minimalistic geometries. The modeling technique is shown to be a general means to replicate the irregular optical properties of the coating, which cannot be represented by the standard models in daylight simulation software.

ste artigo descreve os estudos realizados sobre os dispositivos de proteção solar (brise soleil) utilizados na arquitetura moderna de Londrina (PR), avaliando-se estes elementos como apropriação da linguagem moderna e a sua eficiência real. Analisaram-se os primeiros edifícios modernos da cidade, tanto por sua representatividade como por terem sido projetados por Vilanova Artigas e Carlos Cascaldi, pioneiros nesta linguagem arquitetônica, que influenciaram o fazer arquitetônico da região. A partir da integração de ferramentas conhecidas -as tabelas de Mahoney, o projeto de norma brasileira de conforto térmico e o Software Arquitrop 3.0, foram obtidos resultados quanto a uma proteção solar apropriada para a cidade de Londrina, podendo-se comparar a eficiência dos dispositivos projetados. Ao final, são feitas considerações e comparações com a atualidade, pois é importante estudar o passado, aprendendo suas lições, porém com os olhos no presente, com os problemas atuais.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role of shading devices in the improvement of energy efficiency of buildings in hot dusty and dry tropical regions. The effect of shading in reducing the energy consumption of buildings is investigated by considering a case study of a guest house chosen because of its logical design approach to reduce thermal loads. The building plan, measurements, and details on schedules of building usage activities have been used as input data to a simulation program of the building. Based on the inputs, a thermal building model is developed in TRNSYS 17 simulation program and the effect of external shading on the building has been explored. It is seen that building design and orientation determine the effectiveness of shading. Movable shading over windows has a significant impact reducing temperatures by about 1.5 C in each thermal zone. The difference in thermal energy loads of the building calculated from modeling simulations of the base case and the control case utilizing movable shading devices is approximately 8%. A programmable logic controllers (PLC)-based movable shading device has been designed to facilitate optimal shading control. The results enable us to draw inferences regarding the additional contribution of the shading factor in energy saving techniques for buildings.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to constitute an efficient way to improve energy efficiency and
occupants comfort in buildings through reduction of direct solar heat gains by exterior shading
devices. The shadings orientation and layout depends on the building location and façade orientation,
and influence consequently the windows layout. It is still debated which type of window layout is
preferable for a specific building location and façade orientation.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a method to determine the most efficient
windows’ layout, horizontal or vertical, for shading devices optimization by mean of integrating energy
simulations and computational design. A parametric model has been built by visual programming
language to simulate, iterate and compare the results.
Findings – The research shows the most efficient layouts of windows to be shaded for three latitudes
and locations, and the 16 cardinal directions, to be used by architects and designers. The results show a
significant prevalence of the horizontal window type on the south façades but also on the east and west
orientations for all the three locations, while the rules of thumb would suggest the vertical layout for
the sunrise and sunset façades.
Originality/value – The task of designing exterior shading devices presents two main issues: the
shading period selection and the method of calculating its size and shape. The present research uses
the innovative method Shaderade that existing literature demonstrates superior comparing other more
dated like the section method and the solar vectors one.

A brief review of  light responsive bulding envelopes technologies, aimed at the reduction of energy consumption and the emprovement of the inside environment, is presented.  Then a prototye is described that uses shape memory alloys to actuate variable light filters in a facade.

High-rise residential buildings are increasing worldwide, including cities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Therefore, creating sustainable environments in and around these residential buildings are becoming an important problem. Improving energy efficiency in buildings has received critical attention worldwide. Countries have developed national sustainability strategies that lead to the lower energy consumption while maintaining comfort, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing harmful emissions. In this paper, an analysis of the impact of external shading devices in high-rise residential buildings on energy consumption of a 13-storey building in Sulaimani city is studied. The study is focused on fixed shading elements, explaining the influence of the design of vertical and horizontal shading devices on the total energy consumption of this type of building. The results show that both a single fixed horizontal blind with a depth of 20 cm and a triple vertical shading with the sam...

This paper analyses the influence of different perforated solar screens (PSS) in annual daylight conditions expressed using climate-based daylight metrics. The PSS design require parametric studies that are often complex and time consuming due to a large number of simulations. Hence, a new methodology is proposed to optimize PSS design by applying Design of Experiments using Orthogonal Arrays (DOA). A case study from the DOA perspective has been conducted, which involves an office space in Seville, Spain. The goal is to assess the effect of the following PSS design variables in daylighting performance: perforation percentage, matrix, shape and orientation. DOA results reveal that optimized PSS can increase daylit area by 33% and reduce over lit area by 35%, compared with reference models with no PSS. DOA method reduces the number of simulations from the 256 required to 16, so it could save time during the initial stages of building design.

Office buildings consume large amounts of energy and are responsible for a large part of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Among building energy efficiency measures, solar shading plays a significant role in reducing building cooling energy consumption. This study analysed the influence of solar protection on daylighting of an open-plan office. Climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM) was used to predict such as Daylight Factor (DF), Daylight Autonomy (DA) and Useful Daylight Illuminances (UDI). The results obtained showed that overhangs, and horizontal and vertical louvers have a similar behaviour and sidefins have no relevance to indoor daylight conditions. In all cases it has been proven that excessive obstruction may yield an excessive reduction in a range of illuminances between 500 and 2000 lux, increasing lighting energy consumption.

This paper presents the results of three methods that measure energy produced by photovoltaic(PV) modules integrated in various external opaque shadings of typical office buildings in Greece.
These methods are related to the comparison of energy production results by three different models: a simple energy computer simulation model that uses the theoretical average PV efficiency of 12%, a more complete computer simulation model using detailed equations (using
either theoretical or real PV Market products), and real PV installations.
The paper addresses the problem of designing efficient shading devices for buildings. Each examined method refers to a different design stage according to the level of information that is available to the designer. The results showed that the simple simulation and the more elaborated models have similar performance for most of the shading devices, apart from those with a complicated geometry. Moreover, the complete model that uses parameters of PV modules already available on the market can provide results of energy production even for complicated geometries. It is also concluded that the real PV installations produce results very close to the theoretical average PV efficiency of 12%.

There is presently no consensus about the factor(s) driving photosynthetic acclimation and the intra-canopy distribution of leaf characteristics under natural conditions. The impact was tested of local (i) light quality (red/far red ratio), (ii) leaf irradiance (PPFD i), and (iii) transpiration rate (E) on total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area (TNCa), TNC-free leaf mass-to-area ratio (LMA), total leaf nitrogen per leaf area (Na), photosynthetic capacity (maximum carboxylation rate and light-saturated electron transport rate), and leaf N partitioning between carboxylation and bioenergetics within the foliage of young walnut trees grown outdoors. Light environment (quantity and quality) was controlled by placing individual branches under neutral or green screens during spring growth, and air vapour pressure de®cit (VPD) was prescribed and leaf transpiration and photosynthesis measured at branch level by a branch bag technique. Under similar levels of leaf irradiance, low air vapour pressure de®cit decreased transpiration rate but did not influence leaf characteristics. Close linear relationships were detected between leaf irradiance and leaf Na , LMA or photosynthetic capacity, and low R/FR ratio decreased leaf Na , LMA and photosynthetic capacity. Irradiance and R/FR also influenced the partitioning of leaf nitrogen into carboxylation and electron light transport. Thus, local light level and quality are the major factors driving photosynthetic acclimation and intra-canopy distribution of leaf characteristics, whereas local transpiration rate is of less importance.

همگام با الگوبرداری از شیوه‌های مدرن و رویکردهای جدید ساخت‌وساز در حوزه‌های معماری و معماری منظر، تجارب سنتی موجود بر پایۀ بهره‌گرفتن از انرژی‌های طبیعت، تقریباً به فراموشی سپرده ‌شده است. در این باره، هنر باغ‌سازی ایران، ارزش‌ها و دستاوردهای ارزشمندی دارد که نیازمند مطالعه و بازشناسی است. شهر شیراز به‌واسطۀ جغرافیای خاص خود، به‌تنهایی دارای تعداد زیادی از باغ‌هایی با شهرت جهانی نظیر باغ ارم، باغ تخت، باغ جهان‌نما و باغ دلگشاست. هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی ویژگی‌های ساختاری و به‌ویژه نقش سایه در بهبود شرایط آسایش اقلیمی باغ‌ها به‌عنوان بخش مهمی از فضاهای باز و سبز شهرها و منظر شهری است. در این باره، از دیدگاه معماریِ منظر با تکیه بر دو نمونۀ بارز باغ‌ ایرانی همچون جهان‌نما و دلگشا، برای اولین بار پژوهشی کمّی ‌ـ کیفی برای سنجش وضعیت گرمایی خرداقلیم باغ در مقایسه با اقلیم محلی و فضای شهری پیرامون، در اوج گرمای تابستان و اوج سرمای زمستان صورت گرفت. در چارچوب روش کار نیز از جدیدترین شاخص ارزیابی وضعیت گرمایی فضای باز با عنوان شاخص جهانی اقلیم گرمایی (UTCI) برای ارزیابی داده‌های برداشت‌شده در روزهای چهار و پنج بهمن ماه 1391 و نه و سیزده مرداد ۱۳۹۲ استفاده شده است. داده‌های میدانی نیز بر روی شبکه‌ای ازپیش‌تعیین‌شده در سطح باغ، توسط دستگاه‌های هواشناسی سیار که قادر به برداشت آمار دما، رطوبت، باد، فشار هوا و دمای تابشی است، گردآوری شده است. نتایج نهایی حاصل از مقایسۀ آمار استخراج‌شده از ایستگاه‌های هواشناسی و داده‌های برداشت‌شده، نشان داد که ویژگی‌های ساختاری و کالبدی نمونه‌های مطالعاتی تا چه میزان، وضعیت اقلیم خرد را نسبت به اقلیم محلی، اقلیم کوتاه‌مدت و اقلیم بلندمدت شهر تعدیل کرده است. بنابراین، تعیین نقش و توان باغ ایرانی در بهبود کیفیت اقلیم خرد و اقلیم محلی در کنار بررسی نقش مجموعه عناصر شکل‌دهندۀ این باغ‌ها در بهبود شرایط آسایش اقلیمی درون، مهم‌ترین محصول پژوهش تلقی شده است.

This paper addresses the compromises that can be struck, using the passive architectural feature of sunshades, when balancing daylight and the accompanying thermal gains. Daylight inclusion subdivides the interior luminous environment into varying illumination level of light zones. Under and over-lit zone may affect visual and thermal comfort, and consequent energy consumption. However, if daylight can reduce the building&amp;#39;s use of electric light, while keeping HVAC load under control, it can reduce peak energy use, as well as total energy consumption. This paper presents a simulation study of evaluating luminous and thermal performance of most commonly used shading devices, for recent tall office buildings of Dhaka, in the context of the most preferred, south orientation, for this location. Six selected fixed external shading devices, from a field survey, have been evaluated, during the overheated period of summer, based on the light zone distribution vs HVAC load. The simulation results revealed that, both the geometrical, as well as the material characteristics of shading devices, can have significant influence on the desired performance. The results clearly indicate that, modification of the dimensional relations of light zone, by proper selection of shading devices, can enhance energy efficiency in offices of similar tropical areas.

A Building is affected by many things (weather, function, human needs, etc.), and also it is affected by the static and dynamic forces so that the building can adjust the complex system of the building. A multifunctional façade module system can adapt to various climates and monitor the real-time energy combustion and different kinds of things (weather, function, human needs, etc.) and control it through multiple sensors. The façade components not to save energy consumption but also improve the building façade aesthetics. The system monitors the sunlight orientation and the winds, rain penetration, and photovoltaic units. So the architect can change the techniques of design of building and design multifunctional façade.

This study presents a retrofit strategy: integrating optimized photovoltaics (PV) in the form of responsive shading devices using a dual-axis solar tracking system. A prototype-based model was fabricated to compare the efficiency of PV in this implementation with the conventional fixed installation. The office building, T1 Empire World in Erbil, was selected as a retrofit case study and for the application of the proposed integration system. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit method, the energy performance of the base case is simulated to be compared later with the energy performance simulations after the integration technique. The amount of generated electricity from the PV surfaces of the integrated shading elements is calculated. The energy simulations were performed using OpenStudio ® (NREL, Washington, DC, USA), EnergyPlus TM (NREL, Washington, DC, USA), and Grasshopper/ Ladybug tools in which the essential results were recorded for the baseline reference, as well as the energy performance of the retrofitted building. The results emphasize that the PV-integrated responsive shading devices can maximize the efficiency of PV cells by 36.8% in comparison to the fixed installation. The integrated system can provide approximately 15.39% of the electricity demand for operating the building. This retrofit method has reduced the total site energy consumption by 33.2% compared to the existing building performance. Total electricity end-use of the various utilities was lowered by 33.5%, and the total natural gas end-use of heating demand was reduced by 30.9%. Therefore, the percentage reduction in electricity cooling demand in July and August is 42.7% due to minimizing the heat gain in summer through blocking the sun's harsh rays from penetrating into interior spaces of the building. In general, this system has multiple benefits, starting with being extremely efficient and viable in generating sustainable alternative energy-which is the global growing concern of today's sustainable development-providing thermal comfort for occupants, and granting a dynamic appearance to the building when the PV-integrated elements rotate according to the sun's position in the sky.

High-rise residential buildings are increasing worldwide, including cities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Therefore, creating sustainable environments in and around these residential buildings are becoming an important problem. Improving energy efficiency in buildings has received critical attention worldwide. Countries have developed national sustainability strategies that lead to the lower energy consumption while maintaining comfort, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing harmful emissions. In this paper, an analysis of the impact of external shading devices in high-rise residential buildings on energy consumption of a 13-storey building in Sulaimani city is studied. The study is focused on fixed shading elements, explaining the influence of the design of vertical and horizontal shading devices on the total energy consumption of this type of building. The results show that both a single fixed horizontal blind with a depth of 20 cm and a triple vertical shading with the sam...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to constitute an efficient way to improve energy efficiency and occupants comfort in buildings through reduction of direct solar heat gains by exterior shading devices. The shadings orientation and layout depends on the building location and façade orientation, and influence consequently the windows layout. It is still debated which type of window layout is preferable for a specific building location and façade orientation. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a method to determine the most efficient windows’ layout, horizontal or vertical, for shading devices optimization by mean of integrating energy simulations and computational design. A parametric model has been built by visual programming language to simulate, iterate and compare the results. Findings The research shows the most efficient layouts of windows to be shaded for three latitudes and locations, and the 16 cardinal directions, to be used by architects and designers. The r...

A well-integrated shading device has a greater positive impact on school building than any other sustainable building strategies. The present research aims to propose and evaluate several architectural shading devices that can be integrated into educational building designs in daylight-illuminated classrooms lit from a single side in semi-arid climates. These elements have a potential in allowing the penetration of natural daylight with improve indoor thermal environment and eventually reduce the energy consumption through cooling and artificial lighting. The final goal of the research is to obtain the optimal parameters (geometry and materials) of shading devices for the simulated orientation of classrooms in the case study. A computerized simulation tool (IES ) is used to carry out the investigation; taking a typical public school building in Erbil City as the empirical background of the semi-arid climate. A series of simulations are performed to determine the average illuminance ...

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the residential buildings in the tropics to reduce the amount of solar radiation occurring in the buildings. It is now widely accepted that architects should encompass the environmental task of reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in response to climate change. The study focuses on the minimum depth required for the fixed horizontal shading device for optimum shading performance at south facade for commonly used opening sizes in the residential buildings in Dhaka city. Particular emphasis has been given on the opening size, depth of the shading device, vertical shadow angle during the warmest part of the day of warmest seasons and the thermal performance for using different depth of shading devices in various opening sizes. Two residential buildings are fundamentally chosen as topic for this study. The units having two different sizes of opening and shading systems are taken as the study element. Difference between m...

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the residential buildings in the tropics to reduce the amount of solar radiation occurring in the buildings. It is now widely accepted that architects should encompass the environmental task of reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in response to climate change. The study focuses on the minimum depth required for the fixed horizontal shading device for optimum shading performance at south façade for commonly used opening sizes in the residential buildings in Dhaka city. Particular emphasis has been given on the opening size, depth of the shading device, vertical shadow angle during the warmest part of the day of warmest seasons and the thermal performance for using different depth of shading devices in various opening sizes. Two residential buildings are fundamentally chosen as topic for this study. The units having two different sizes of opening and shading systems are taken as the study element. Difference between m...

There is presently no consensus about the factor(s) driving photosynthetic acclimation and the intra-canopy distribution of leaf characteristics under natural conditions. The impact was tested of local (i) light quality (red/far red ratio), (ii) leaf irradiance (PPFD i), and (iii) transpiration rate (E) on total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area (TNC a), TNC-free leaf mass-to-area ratio (LMA), total leaf nitrogen per leaf area (N a), photosynthetic capacity (maximum carboxylation rate and light-saturated electron transport rate), and leaf N partitioning between carboxylation and bioenergetics within the foliage of young walnut trees grown outdoors. Light environment (quantity and quality) was controlled by placing individual branches under neutral or green screens during spring growth, and air vapour pressure de®cit (VPD) was prescribed and leaf transpiration and photosynthesis measured at branch level by a branch bag technique. Under similar levels of leaf irradiance, low air vapour pressure de®cit decreased transpiration rate but did not in¯uence leaf characteristics. Close linear relationships were detected between leaf irradiance and leaf N a , LMA or photosynthetic capacity, and low R/FR ratio decreased leaf N a , LMA and photosynthetic capacity. Irradiance and R/FR also in¯uenced the partitioning of leaf nitrogen into carboxylation and electron light transport. Thus, local light level and quality are the major factors driving photosynthetic acclimation and intra-canopy distribution of leaf characteristics, whereas local transpiration rate is of less importance.

The use of screening as an architectural element and not just as a technical device has become a consolidated trend in contemporary architecture. Without their screening, some buildings would be totally unrecognizable. This paper deals with the use of mobile shading panels in the architectural design of building facades.