Daylighting

Electric lighting is one of the major energy consuming items in many non-domestic buildings. Using appropriate energy-efficient light fittings with dimming controls and proper daylighting schemes can help reduce the electrical demand and contribute to visual comfort and green building development. This paper presents a study on the energy and lighting performances for energy-efficient fluorescent lamps associated with electronic ballasts and high frequency photoelectric dimming controls installed in a school building. Electricity expenditures and indoor illuminance levels for a workshop and a classroom employing high frequency dimming controls were analyzed. Simple prediction methods were used to illustrate the lighting savings. The findings provide the operational and performance information, which would be applicable to other spaces with similar building layouts and lighting schemes.

TORONTO, ON -Designing Ecological Tourism (DET) is a research platform led by assistant professor Aziza Chaouni out of the Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design. Since 2008, DET has brought together faculty members from the University of Toronto, Ryerson University, international experts, local stakeholders, government officials and graduate students to research collaboratively the challenges faced by ecotourism in the developing world. DET has recently launched a new website, http://www.designingecologicaltourism.com, to promote their research findings and have compiled research into two forthcoming publications: Visiting the Desert: Natural Reserve and Ecotourism in the Sahara, and Revenez au désert.

Contemporary cities experience poor urban environment conditions. High densities have resulted in the genesis of the Heat Island effect that under the undeniable climate change will only get intensified. Reducing the ambient temperatures and improving the microclimate inside the urban fabric appears to be urgent. This paper examines the parameters affecting the urban microclimate. Through the analysis of a typical urban block and the process of fieldwork in the city centre of Thessaloniki, urban geometrical characteristics and environmental conditions are identified. Possible design guidelines aiming to rehabilitate the urban block are also evaluated.

The provision of daylighting in buildings reduces energy consumption required by electric lighting systems and protects the environment. In addition, it improves the visual environment within buildings, which reflects on the productivity and well-being of its users.
In order to maximize the utilization of daylighting, many innovative daylighting systems (IDS) have been developed. All of them depend on optical materials to collect and deliver daylight. As a result, dirt accumulation on the surface of the IDS affects efficiency, especially, in desert regions.
The problem of dirt accumulation has been addressed in the field of solar panels since the 1940s, and many cleaning methods have been developed. However, the application of these methods on the IDS needs further investigation due to the large differences between the solar panels and optical components of the IDS in terms of materials, size, shape, location and many other aspects.
This study investigates dirt accumulation effects on the IDS and possible cleaning methods. It suggests six cleaning mechanisms and twelve cleaning systems that suit different types of IDS in various operating circumstances. The suggested systems can be developed using already available technologies in order to achieve the ultimate in IDS efficiency restoration. However, before this can be done, the economic, environmental, and operational aspects, in addition to potential levels of efficacy and applicability must be assessed.
The study generates parametric tools to predict the economic performances of cleaning systems prior to implementation, considering the most sensitive parameters affecting the cost of cleaning, whether the process is manual or automated. The tool parametrically presents the payback periods of automated cleaning systems in a wide range of configurations. A second tool parametrically presents the annual manual cleaning cost as a percentage of the monetary value of the energy savings gained due to utilization of the IDS.

Daylight and thermal comfort in cold climates have been proved crucial for the well-being of the building occupants. In this study, the reliability of the daylight requirements defined by the Estonian standard based on the mean daylight factor (DF) was evaluated with respect to the minimum DF requirements defined by the European standard method, EN 17037:2018 and IES LM-83-12, based on the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) for office and residential buildings. The effect of window airing on overheating and also on the combination of overheating and daylighting was studied. Indoor comfort-based rules of thumb for the design of offices and residential rooms were suggested. A simulation-based methodology was applied to assess the daylighting and overheating performance in a single-window room considering different parameters. The results show that 30 % of the combinations fulfill the mean DF requirement but not the sDA requirement. Moreover, there is an agreement between the Estonian standard EVS 894:2008/A2:2015 and European standard EN 17037:2018 for only 54% of room combinations. The addition of window airing increases the maximum window-to-wall ratio by 50% in residential rooms. The results suggest a synergistic formulation of daylighting and overheating requirements in new building regulations to make the combined fulfillment easier for the designers.

Nowadays, discomfort glare indices are frequently calculated by using evalglare. Due to the lack of knowledge on the implications of the methods and parameters of evalglare, the default settings are often used. But wrong parameter settings can lead to inappropriate glare source detection and therefore to invalid glare indices calculations and erroneous glare classifications. For that reason, this study aims to assess the influence of several glare source detection methods and parameters on the accuracy of discomfort glare prediction for daylight. This analysis uses two datasets, representative of the two types of discomfort glare: saturation and contrast glare. By computing three different statistical indicators to describe the accuracy of discomfort glare prediction, 63 different settings are compared. The results suggest that the choice of an evalglare method should be done when considering the type of glare that is most likely to occur in the visual scene: the task area method should be preferred for contrast glare scenes, and the threshold method for saturation glare scenes. The parameters that should be favored or avoided are also discussed, although a deeper understanding of the discomfort glare mechanism and a clear definition of a glare source would be necessary to reliably interpret these results.

In this study, the analysis is to measure lighting performance of single pendentive dome type and pyramid
roof type in mosque design built during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, Turkey and Mostar, Bosnia-
Herzegovina. The selected case studies are the Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi Mosques as single pendentive
dome styl and Neziraga Mosque as case study for the pyramid roof type. This analysis aims to have a
research finding to show that Turkish style’s pedentive dome mosque design provides efficient indoor
daylighting in the Orhan Gazi Mosque in comparison with the Firuzaga Mosque and Neziraga. This
assessment is simulated during winter solstice occurred when the sun is perimetering at its most southern
position along the Tropic of Capricorn. This study applies simulation analysis using Autodesk software
known as 3D Studio Max Design 2011 programme. The simulations were done by the program using
weather data file to provide the weather information and climate changes of the study area. The analysis
shows that both mosques have mostly an evenly distributed illuminance level with Scales 1 to 5. The Orhan
Gazi Mosque has slightly higher illuminance levels compared to those of the Firuzaga Mosque and bothe of
the pendentive dome mosques have butter illuminance level than the pyramid roof mosque. The study
concludes that the pedentive dome mosque design has an effect on the mosque indoor daylighting. Having
excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques
with pedentive dome roof cover are built by Ottoman master builders.

Window design plays an important role in achieving energy efficient buildings and in providing thermal comfort of building occupants. This paper investigates a newly developed aerogel window and the potential improvement on the comfort factors of an office in relation to daylighting. Improved comfort levels can impact on health and wellbeing of building occupants leading to knock on effects on absenteeism and productivity. A simulation tool was presently created that will easily enable comparison of different façade design and their impact on heat and light transmission and therefore enable optimisation. One of the most important aspects of the present work was comparing the performance of the newly developed aerogel window against the more traditional Argon-filled, coated double-glazing. Whereas the aerogel window provided an extremely low heat-loss index of 0.3W/m2K, the latter usually offered a centre-glazing U-value of 1.4W/m2K. On a like-with-like basis the daylight transmissio...

Our team was asked by the Chattanooga Downtown Planning and Design Studio to study how the downtown plan could be environmentally sound. We were charged with articulating the issues, framing the problems, looking for larger integrative patterns, and proposing innovative solutions for an ecologically healthy downtown. The objective was to find practical ways for natural systems and urban development to reinforce each other.

We make six main recommendations that are necessary to fully take advantage of our integrated approach.

1  An Integral Development Framework
2  A Green Infrastructure Network
3  An Integrated Water Network
4  A Green Neighborhoods Program
5  A Green Buildings Program
6  A Green Policy Framework

This paper refines and validates the predictions of a simplified analysis method for evaluating the potential of daylighting to save energy use associated with electrical lighting. Specifically, impacts on daylighting performance are investigated for several combinations of building geometry, window size, and glazing type for several US and international locations. The impact of both dimming and stepped daylighting controls and their settings are also investigated. Predictions from the simplified method are validated using measurements obtained from field-testing of a daylighting control system utilized to operate lighting fixture illuminating an office space.

‫ﯾوﻣﻲ‬ 28 ‫و‬ 29 ‫دﯾﺳﻣﺑر‬ 2015 ‫ﺑﺳﻛرة.‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑدار‬ ‫ﺣوﺣو‬ ‫رﺿﺎ‬ ‫اﺣﻣد‬ ‫اﻻدب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻛر‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻧظم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻛر‬ ‫وﻻﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾد‬ ‫رﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫اف‬ ‫وﺑﺈﺷر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻛر‬ ‫اﻟوﻻﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫اﻻﺟﯾﺎل‬ ‫اث‬ ‫ﺗر‬ ‫وﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻛر‬ ‫ﻟوﻻﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ -‫اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﯾن‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﻌﺔ‬ 2016 ‫م‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ.‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺷر‬ ‫ﺣﻘوق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ:‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻛر‬ ‫ﻟوﻻﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬ ‫اﻻﺟﯾﺎل‬ ‫اث‬ ‫ﺗر‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑر‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﯾﺎل‬ ‫اث‬ ‫ﺗر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﺔ‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻛر‬ ‫وﻻﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﯾر‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اث‬ ‫اﻟﺗر‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ . ‫اﺟﻌﺔ:‬ ‫اﻟﻣر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﺑﺢ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫د.‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻣﺔ:‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ.‬ ‫وﻣﻠزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اردة‬ ‫اﻟو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧطﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻛﺎر‬

Disability glare, visual impairment due to extreme brightness or contrast, can be caused by intense reflections from new constructions nearby existing transportation or building infrastructure. A case study analysis is performed of a disability glare hazard at an airport created by the installation of a large array of photovoltaic panels between an air traffic control tower and the aircraft taxiway. The panels reflect blinding quantities of daylight into the control tower, produce temporary after images and dangerously obscure taxiing aircraft. The existing FAA guidelines for installation of solar technologies are discussed relative to their shortcomings in identifying the glare hazard.
High dynamic range photography is used to analyze the glaring situation at the airport, and the authors propose a maximum brightness threshold of 30,000 cd/m2 based on the physiology of human vision and the brightness of tasks necessary for air traffic controllers at the case-study airport. Detailed reflectivity and three-dimensional models of the photovoltaic panels and the airport are created and validated against measured data. Using these models, an annual analysis is performed of the glare hazard. This analysis is displayed temporally using graphs and spatially using images that indicate where the glaring reflections originate. Such information is useful in identifying potential for disability glare before new constructions are built. Finally, the authors use the new method to analyze designs for remediation of the glare hazard.

In the present work, the diurnal variation of illuminance levels in Athens, Greece, is studied during winter and summer. The database consists of 5-minute values of global horizontal illuminance for the period 1992–1996 recorded at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA). For each season, two sets of data are determined (sunrise to noon and noon to sunset) consisting of the semi-diurnal courses of illuminance anomalies from the mean semi-diurnal course of each day of the year. By using the multivariate statistical methods Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis, the identification of the most characteristic modes of diurnal variation of global illuminance is attempted. It is found that six types of semi-diurnal courses (sunrise to noon and noon to sunset) of global illuminance are the most characteristic for winter, while for summer, six types of courses are found for sunrise to noon and five for noon to sunset. Some of these courses present the almost smooth ascending/descending intra-daily variation of illuminance, while others show significant disturbances during various daytime periods due to development of clouds.

The Humber Bridge officially opened in 1981 and carries 4 lanes of traffic across the Humber Estuary between Barton and Hessle to the west of Kingston-upon-Hull in East Yorkshire, England. When opened, it was the longest span suspension bridge in the world with a main span of 1410m but it currently ranks as the fifth longest span in the world. Humber Bridge Board (HBB) commissioned an internal inspection of the main cables following the discovery of extensive corrosion and broken wires in the main cables of two ...

As well-being is becoming a major challenge in construction nowadays alongside energy efficiency, there is an increasing need to be able to quantify discomfort in buildings. In the case of discomfort glare, the kind of glare provoking an irritating or distracting effect, no current indices can properly explain the high variability existing between individuals' discomfort glare perceptions. This is due to the fact that some of the factors influencing discomfort glare perception are still unknown and the mechanism behind the discomfort glare process is not well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to review the factors potentially influencing discomfort glare perception from daylight. Every factor having been studied at least once for its potential influence on discomfort glare perception has been listed, described and analyzed. Furthermore, this study categorizes the influence of these factors on discomfort glare by introducing an influence indicator based on the number of studies having investigated the factor, the sample size of these studies, and the agreement between them. The suggested categories rate a factor influence as " almost certain " , " more likely " , " somewhat likely " , " inconclusive " , " somewhat unlikely " , " less likely " , or " almost certainly null ". Tables summarize the main information about the studies and the influencing factors. As expected, factors almost certainly influencing discomfort glare perception are the luminance of the glare source, the adaptation level, the contrast effect, the size and position of the glare source. On the opposite, factors which almost certainly do not influence discomfort glare perception are the gender and the optical correction of the observer. All other factors from the list of thirty, such as the attractiveness of the view through the window or the culture of the observer, require additional studies to determine whether or not they are influencing discomfort glare perception.

Light scattering plays a prominent role in a wide range of energy-efficient materials and solar applications. Some examples are materials for daylighting, diffusely reflecting sunscreens, foils for radiative cooling and nanocrystalline solar cells. Measurements of the angular profile of light scattering are very useful for obtaining a detailed characterization of the light scattering mechanisms. We review recent theoretical results on the forward and backward light scattering profiles. Forward scattering is of major importance for novel pigmented polymeric daylighting materials. Measurements of scattering profiles are in good agreement with Mie theory. Backscattering profiles from highly diffusely reflecting paints containing titanium oxide-based pigments have also been measured. It seems that scattering from the paint surface dominates at low pigment volume fractions. Results for paints with high pigment volume fractions are interpreted in terms of coherent backscattering effects from the pigment particles.

Distinctions of natural daylighting versus artificial electric lighting make for fundamentally strategic decisions in lighting design. Designers have always sought to mix these two radically different sources by strategically blending their respective characteristics without compromising visual needs. Successful integration depends heavily on incorporating the positive strengths of each to the careful exclusion of negative weaknesses… and both electric and daylight source designs come with plenty of both aspects. This article compares characteristics of the two choices, examines some current design practices, and speculates on future integrations of natural and artificial lighting design.

A high luminance contrast between windows and surrounding surfaces can increase the risk of discomfort glare, which can diminish office workers' satisfaction and productivity. Accordingly, it can lead to occupant interventions, such as drawing window blinds or increasing electric light levels, which are intended to enhance indoor visual comfort but counterproductively act to increase energy consumption. Increasing the luminance of the areas surrounding the windows using a supplementary lighting system, such as wall-washing with light emitting diode (LED) linear luminaires, could reduce discomfort glare arising from windowed walls. This paper reports on the results of a study in a typical office room in Brisbane, Australia. The outcomes of this study indicate that creating a luminance contrast of between 11:1 and 12:1 on the window wall in an office room with a 45% window-to-exterior-wall ratio using a supplementary LED system leads to improved subjective assessments of window appearance. The results suggest that such an enhancement could significantly reduce discomfort glare from windows, as well as diminishing the likelihood of the users intending to turn on the ceiling lights or to move the blinds.

Daylighting as a research topic situates itself at the interface between psycho-physiological and environmental factors, bringing together questions relevant to architectural design and building engineering, but also to human physiology and behaviour. While daylighting has a strong impact on human health and well-being, and an undeniable association with (subjective) emotional delight and perceived quality of a space, it is also highly dynamic and variable in nature, based on a combination of predictable (sun course) and stochastic (weather) patterns. This makes it both a challenging and essential aspect of how "performative" a space can be considered. This paper aims to discuss selected research developments regarding how architectural engineering and other domains of science could be more strongly bridged to address the need for meaningful decision support in daylighting design: how can we better integrate the complexity of human needs in buildings into effective design strategies for daylit spaces? As a basis for discussion and to illustrate this overview, it describes a unified goal-based approach in an attempt to address the multiplicity of perspectives from which daylighting performance can-and should-be evaluated in building design. Through five very different perspectives ranging from task-driven illumination or comfort to human-driven health and perception, it proposes a simulation and visualization framework in which one can start approaching these from an integrated approach.

Daylight and the spatial qualities of library study areas have profound effects on user behavior and productivity. This study investigated user satisfaction and the effect of daylight on users' psychological behavior in the study areas of the Ozay Oral Library at Eastern Mediterranean University in Famagusta, North Cyprus, during the months of October, November, and December. The study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings indicated that daylight glare and intensity, as well as window location, can have both positive and negative influences on users' moods and physical and mental behavior. An analysis of the questionnaires showed that the moods of 46% of students were affected by daylight in the study areas. Just over half of students said the daylight had a negative effect on their moods to varying degrees (28% of them said the daylight always influenced them negatively, while the others felt the daylight often or rarely had a negative effect on their moods). The data illustrated that users' preferences when selecting a table in the study areas were strongly related to the average daylight in those areas but not necessarily the solar gain. Study areas with high levels of indirect daylight and no direct reflection on the tables had better functionality and higher user productivity than areas that lacked these traits. The study findings show that maximizing daylight quality and building function are valuable tools for designers looking to exploit the influence of daylight on users' psychological behavior.

The growing population and the increasing in demand for building services and comfort level, accompanied by the rising in time
spend inside the buildings,  have  inevitably  increased  our built  environment energy demand.  It is significant for us to examine the optimum
lighting system that is energy efficient as well as ensuring visual comfort to the office occupants in tropics. The field of daylighting as well as
task based lighting have been studied extensively decades ago and it is found to save lighting energy and becoming the occupants’ preference
over the  conventional office  ceiling artificial  lights. However,  many  of these research outcomes  come from the northern temperate  climate,
where  sky  condition  and  sun  radiation  are  significantly  different  from  the  tropics.  The  paper  investigates  the  office  occupants’  mood,
preference and  energy saving value for the lighting design of 2 different office spaces, one  which is sufficiently day lit and equip with task
lights,  and  another  space  which  has  conventional  electrical  lighting  design.  A  triangulation  mixed  mode  research  is  carried  out  where
questionnaires were given to total of 11 people in the 2 office space, physical observation and field measurements verify the preferred lighting
environment for the office space over 8 days duration. The result shows that occupants in a day lit design office with majority recorded lux
level falling below the 300-400lux level as suggested by MS1525 has a higher satisfaction level as well as positive mood and preference. Also,
across  the  8  days  of  measurement,  100%  of  lighting  energy  savings  was  achieved  in  the  office  space  that  utilizes  daylight  design  and
supplemented by task light in comparison to conventional office electrical down light design.

Climate change and rising energy costs necessitate a shift in how buildings that efficiently provide comfort are envisioned. With initiatives now aiming at bringing energy simulation into the mainstream of environmental design, the applicability of state-ofthe- art simulations in formally non-constrained creative production needs to be re-evaluated. To this end, a teaching experiment that includes multidomain simulations as drivers into the early architectural design process has been conducted; Master of Architecture students create a community centre with low energy use and high daylight utilization, presented in case studies. Performance increases are achieved by making appropriate morphological choices only; form and energy are thus linked in a tectonic fashion. A novel designsimulation process model that acknowledges both creative and analytic thinking is derived and discussed in the context of on-going integration attempts.

In this paper, we propose a Daylight Calculation Model and Process (DICMP) for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) systems. In the field of solar energy application, BIPV system is being incorporated increasingly into the construction of new buildings in recent years. The trade-off when using BIPV technology is that it has the risk of diminishing the daylight availability that is useful for natural lighting, which is yet another valuable resource for minimizing a building's energy use and adding to its sustainability. Our research presents a calculation and process study for assessing the daylighting illuminance (DI) contributes to interior space when BIPV systems are used. Though, there are already common tools and software programs for calculating daylight illumination inside buildings, they either lack of accuracy or are very complicated to compute. And they are either not adaptive for manual calculation or BIPV system. This paper focuses in discussion of development and application of DICMP for BIPV system. This calculation model and process is important because the BIPV systems are semi-transparent, which allows them to admit natural light while also absorbing much of the solar energy to generate electricity through the PV panels. Our DICMP combines the addresses various sky conditions and takes into account light reflections of ground and opposite buildings. For verification, we have done computational simulations theoretically. According to our initial comparative studies, though there are some flaws in the clear sky condition, the simulation result has proved the effectiveness of DICMP. Especially for the overcast situation, the calculation results can match the simulation closely. For further study, a variety of equipment can be installed for measurement on an experimental prototype house. The calculation will be improved by adjusting its parameters. In sum, the paper summarizes our findings offering a valuable method taking practical factors from many aspects for designers of how to calculate DI for BIPV systems accurately and quickly.

برنامه‌ریزی برای طراحی نور روز در کلاس‌های درس به سبب تاثیر مستقیم بر راندمان و سطح تحصیلی کودکان امری ضروریست. یک استراتژی موفق بهره‌وری از نور روز این است که، علاوه بر بالا بردن سطح روشنایی برای ساکنین کیفیت نور را هم تامین کند. در هر برنامه‌ریزی معماری اعم از یک دفتر، مدرسه یا حتی مسجد نیازهای خاص خود را به نورپردازی دارند. اما نیاز نور‌پردازی مناسب در مدرسه از این جهت است که دانش‌آموزان در کلاس درس در موقعیت ثابتی نشسته‌اند و امکان تغییر موقعیت ندارند. از طرفی لزوم استفاده از نور روز برای سلامت کودکان و نوجوانان و توانایی یادگیری آنها بسیار تاثیر‌گذار است، زیرا آن ها بین 25 تا 40 ساعت در هفته را در مدرسه سپری می‌کنند، بنابراین اهمیت برنامه‌ریزی برای استفاده بهینه از نور روز در کلاس‌های درس بسیار لازم و ضروری می‌باشد. با توجه به این نکته، در این پژوهش عوامل مختلف تاثیرگذار بر استفاده بهینه از نور روز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و  مولفه‌های راهبردی کلاس‌های درس مدرسه ابتدایی هدایت قم با مشاهده میدانی و روش دلفی بدست آمد. سپس با روش SWOT عوامل داخلی و خارجی دسته‌بندی شده و به شکل نظام‌یافته هر یک از عوامل قوت، ضعف، فرصت و تهدید‌ها را که در مرحله قبل شناسایی شده‌اند مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نمرات حاصل از ارزیابی مولفه‌های داخلی و خارجی، استراتژی محافظه‌کارانه را نشان داد. در نهایت نتیجه حاکی از، استفاده المان‌های هدایت کننده نور و سایبان‌های مناسب اقلیم گرم و خشک، از بین بردن موانع خارجی جهت تابش مستقیم نور می‌باشد.

The fact that colour and natural lighting have an impact on individuals in their environments cannot be disputed. This report examines the effects of these variables on gamblers, and in particular how lighting variation can alter their gambling habits.A combination of research methodologies contribute to the study.These include the analysis and evaluation of established theory and literature; the thoughts and opinions of gambling industry professionals; a case study investigating the lighting design process of the UK’s largest casino; and empirical primary research. It can be concluded that although research investigating humans’‘general’ response to colour and natural lighting is vast, research into the effect on gambling habits in particular is limited; evident through the lack of its use in the industry.The empirical research found that gamblers did not increase bet risk under red light as opposed to natural light, as hypothesised.The investigations did, however, support the hypothesis that player will regain a better perception of time in natural lighting conditions than red lighting conditions.The report concludes by offering design recommendations for industry professionals and suggested further research; in particular the encouragement of introduction of natural lighting into gaming properties.

At the heart of this proof of evidence is an evaluation of the regeneration benefits and disbenefits of the First Development Site (FDS) proposals for the Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) Land. In my evidence I will describe, explain and analyse how the FDS proposals are likely to impact on the Aylesbury Estate and contribute to the well-being of Estate residents in Sites 1b and 1c, in the interests of the residents and in the wider public interest. In order to do this I will provide an explanation and discussion of four complex concepts: ‘gentrification’, ‘community’, ‘regeneration' and ‘mixed communities’.  Gentrification, due to its conceptual weaknesses, struggles to encompass the complexities of the FDS proposals.

Mixed communities-led regeneration is supported by independent academic research for the benefits it can bring. Despite this, it is regarded by some objectors and academics as de facto gentrification. That position is not tenable and objectors have to explain how the disbenefits of the FDS scheme outweigh the obvious and substantial benefits in the short, medium and long term. The policy and practice of mixed communities are not perfect and do not offer utopian solutions in the case of the Estate. It is evident though, that this approach in the present socio-economic climate, has the capacity to deliver genuine improvements to troubled estates, the Aylesbury included.

I conclude that the FDS proposals will bring genuine aspirational regeneration to the Estate. The FDS proposals are likely to bring significant sustainable improvements in the conditions of Aylesbury residents suffering from aspects of deprivation, often multiple in nature. Others to benefit will be incoming residents who find a home in the FDS, especially an affordable one, and those who find employment during the long construction phase and after completion. Nevertheless, a long term view must be taken regarding: safeguarding, delivery and resourcing of this estate regeneration programme.

Finally, I conclude that under section 226, the Council must show that the FDS proposal for the CPO Land promotes or improves one or more of the: social, economic or environmental well-being of the area. This is right and proper because the FDS scheme impinges on tenants’ and leaseholders’ property rights. There are undoubtedly and unfortunately some disbenefits associated with the CPO proposals. However, drawing on the evidence presented in this proof, I am convinced that the regeneration benefits of the FDS scheme for the CPO Land are substantial, guaranteed to be delivered and far outweigh the disbenefits. I look forward to the CPO being confirmed so that the benefits can be achieved, to improve the lives, livelihoods and life chances of Aylesbury Estate residents.

This study analyses the key principles in energy efficient lighting design for a commercial office building in India. Detailed assessment of the passive and active design features is carried out and is complimented by in-situ measurements and simulations. The results show that the building geometry, orientation & envelope is well planned to permit natural daylight to most of the interior spaces. Field measurements show that the office space along south perimeter is sufficiently day-lit than the north, detailed investigation into these are also presented. Simulations indicate that the use of light shelves is highly effective resulting in 78.54% of interior space receiving a Daylight factor (DF) of more than 1.9, as against 52% without the light shelves. It is also noted that the use of T5 luminaries is very efficient in achieving an operational Lighting Power Density (LPD) of 4.95 Watts per square meter.

DOE-2 building energy simulations were conducted to determine if there were practical architectural and control strategy solutions that would enable electrochromic (EC) windows to significantly improve visual comfort without eroding energy-efficiency benefits. EC windows were combined with overhangs since opaque overhangs provide protection from direct sun which EC windows are unable to do alone. The window wall was divided into an upper and lower aperture so that various combinations of overhang position and control strategies could be considered. The overhang was positioned either at the top of the upper window aperture or between the upper and lower apertures. Overhang depth was varied. EC control strategies were fully bleached at all times, modulated based on incident vertical solar radiation limits, or modulated to meet the design work plane illuminance with daylight. The EC performance was compared to a state-of-the-art spectrally selective low-e window with the same divided window wall, window size, and overhang as the EC configuration. The reference window was also combined with an interior shade which was manually deployed to control glare and direct sun. Both systems had the same daylighting control system to dim the electric lighting. Results were given for south-facing private offices in a typical commercial building.

The contribution of daylight to energy efficient building design and to the creation of a pleasant environment that provides visual comfort to its users has been a subject of study for years. This paper addresses the way in which daylight can be efficiently used in a typical classroom in Athens, Greece, by improving its distribution in the space and providing shade. Based on the conclusions drawn from the literature review, the system that is chosen for study consists of a light shelf (for shading and light redirection) and semi-transparent movable external blinds (for more shading, adjusted to the occupants' needs), which are mounted on the glazing of a south-facing classroom. The experimental study consists of six stages, all performed in Radiance software. The individual results and conclusions lead to the definition of the optimum characteristics of the system, including the light shelf's width, mounting height, inclination and reflection index, which upgrade the daylight performance in the space under study.

Unless there are over riding reasons for not doing so in certain rooms, the school designer should assume daylight will be the prime means of lighting when it is available" UK: Building Bulletin 90: Lighting Design for Schools, 1999 K-12 school buildings represent the largest construction sector in the US: $80 billion in 2006-2008 and they are increasingly "going green." For schools, "green" is most often interpreted as a high performance building that conserves energy while providing a quality interior environment. Potential benefits include reduced operating costs, reduced absenteeism, teacher retention, and improved student performance. Daylighting is recognized as a key architectural strategy in achieving high performance: a well daylit school will save electricity for lighting and cooling as well as provide the psychological and biological benefits of natural light. Thus, designers are learning to consider daylight as generative to a project, optimizing building form and orientation to best utilize the daylight source. Yet the daylight source is not a constant: it varies in quality, quantity, color, and directionality across the skydome. Classrooms arranged symmetrically along the east-west axis are distinguished by this asymmetrical, dynamic light source. This poster presents a comparative study of daylit classrooms with the intent of furthering the knowledge in regards to the impact of orientation as manifest in occupancy.

Recently, the move by the Malaysian government to reduce the energy consumption in public buildings including hospitals is seen as the call for sustainability in the built environment. On the other hand, designing a hospital building is generally accepted as a complex task both: functional and psychological. At this juncture, creating a healing environment with appropriate physical aspects (i.e. daylighting) to achieve sustainable hospital design seems relevant and in tandem with sustainability. Much literature suggest that adequate and appropriate exposure to natural light provides a positive impact on human health and well being of patients and medical staff in a hospital environment.