Sensors and transducers

In this article we argue that smart items and cloud computing can be powerful enablers of servitization as business trend. This is exemplified by an application scenario in healthcare that was developed in the context of the OpSIT-Project in Germany. We present a three-level architecture for a smart healthcare infrastructure. The approach is based on a service-oriented architecture and extends established architectural approaches developed previously at our group. More specifically, it integrates a role model, a layered cloud computing architecture, as well as a fog-computing-informed paradigm in order to provide a viable architecture for healthcare and elderly-care applications. The integration of established paradigms is beneficial with respect to providing adequate quality of service and governance (e.g., data privacy and compliance). It has been verified by expert interviews with healthcare specialists and IT professionals. To further demonstrate the validity of this architectur...

Marine operations in cold climates are subjected to abundant ice accretion, which can lead to heavy ice loads over larger surface area. For safe and adequate operations on marine vessels over a larger area, remote ice detection and ice mitigation system can be useful. To study this remote ice detection option, lab experimentation was performed to detect the thermal gradient of ice with the infrared camera. Two different samples of ice blocks were prepared from tap water and saline water collected from the North Atlantic Ocean stream. The surfaces of ice samples were observed at room temperature. A complete thermal signature over the surface area was detected and recorded until the meltdown process was completed. Different temperature profiles for saline and pure ice samples were observed, which were kept under similar conditions. This article is focused to understand the experimentation methodology and thermal signatures of samples. However, challenges remains in terms of the valida...

В статье рассматриваются вопросы создания доплеровских датчиков скорости, использующих в качестве задающего элемента генератор хаоса. Обзор литературных источников, подготовленный авторами, позволил сформулировать преимущества использования случайных сигналов для измерения скорости в доплеровском датчике. Авторами предложена численная модель, демонстрирующая работоспособность радарного датчика скорости на основе генератора хаоса.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR SPEED SENSORS BASED ON CHAOTIC OSCILLATORS

The article discusses the creating Doppler ve-locity sensors using a chaotic oscillator as a reference unit. A review of literature sources prepared by the authors made it possible to formulate the advantages of using random sig-nals to measure velocity in a Doppler sensor. In addition, the authors have proposed a nu-merical model that demonstrates the perfor-mance of a radar speed sensor based on a chaotic oscillator

В статье рассматриваются вопросы создания радарных датчиков расстояния, применимых в условиях перекрёстных помех. В качестве узла, создающего сигналы излучаемые радаром, авторами предлагается использовать генератор хаотических колебаний. Обзор литературных источников, подготовленный авторами, позволил сформулировать преимущества такого подхода. Кроме этого, авторами предложена структурная схема датчика расстояния на основе генератора хаоса и принципиальные требования к её реализации.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR DISTANCE SENSORS BASED ON CHAOTIC OSCILLATORS

The article discusses the creation of radar distance sensors applicable in cross-talk conditions. The authors propose to use a chaotic oscillator as a unit that creates signals emitted by the radar. A literature review prepared by the authors made it possible to formulate the advantages of this approach. In addition, the authors proposed a block diagram of a distance sensor based on a chaotic oscillator and fundamental requirements for its implementation.

Application of rotary tillage has been increased due to less tillage passes required, reduced draft, and greater efficiency through reduction in wheel slippage. Early failure of the bearing of tractor power takeoff (PTO) shaft was observed in tractors of power range 30-35 horsepower during rotary tillage. An instrumentation setup involving an extended octagonal ring transducer (EORT) was developed and installed at the bottom of the bearing to measure the axial load and the vertical component of the radial load. The horizontal component of radial load was measured by strain gauges. Based on measured loads, the bearing life was assessed. Independent variables were: operating depth, number of blades, gear setting, engine speed, and tyre size. The average axial and radial loads varied from 786-3869 N, and 134-430 N, respectively. However, bearing experienced very high peak loads during each trial. The peak axial and radial loads was recorded between 1081-7534 N and 566-1794 N, respectively. The estimated bearing life based on peak loads was 171.98-28341.39 h. Based on the findings, it may be concluded that the average loads were not sufficient to cause quick failure of PTO bearing, rather sudden peak loads might be the root cause of early failure.

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BAB 1. Pendahuluan
A. Pengertian Piezoelektrik

BAB 2. Piezoelektrik
A. Efek Piezoelektrik
B. Bahan Piezoelektrik
C. Karakteristik Bahan Piezoelektrik
D. Prinsip Kerja Piezoelektrik
E. Kelebihan Piezoelektrik
F. Kekurangan Piezoelektrik

BAB 3. Aplikasi Piezoelektrik
1. Sensor
2. Tranduser
3. Sumber Energi
4. Penghasil Listrik Tegangan Tinggi

BAB 4. Penutup
Kesimpulan

REFERENSI
• https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor
• http://budikribo.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/piezoelectric.html
• http://www.insinyoer.com/prinsip-kerja-piezoelectric/
• http://abi-blog.com/cara-kerja-piezoelektrik/
• http://digdyo.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/piezoelektrik.html
• http://nurrulwahiddahh.blogspot.co.id/2014/06/makalah-piezoelektrisitas.html
• http://www.academia.edu/9706632/Laporan_Piezoelektrik

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) has a huge potential in water ecology monitoring applications. The integration of WSN to a portable sensing device offers the feasibility of sensing distribution capability, on-site data measurements, and remote sensing abilities. Due to the advancement of WSN technology, unexpected contamination events in water environments can be observed continuously. Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Internet web-based are commonly used as a gateway unit for data communication via local base computer using standard Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) or General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). However, WSN construction is costly and a growing static infrastructure increases the energy consumptions. Hence, a growing trend of smartphone-based application in the field of water monitoring is a surrogate approach to engage mobile base stations for in-field analysis that are driven by the expanding adaptation of Bluetooth, ZigBee and...

A new rhodamine-derived Schiff base RH was synthesized and its sensing behavior toward various metal ions was investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The sensor exhibited highly selective and sensitive colorimetric response to Cu 2+ and Al 3+ , and " off–on " fluorescence response toward Fe 3+ in semi-aqueous media. The spectral changes obtained are large enough in the visible region of the spectrum and thus enable naked-eye detection. Experimentally proved that the formation of RH–Al 3+ complex is fully reversible and can sense to AcO − /F − via break the complex. The results revealed that the sensor offers the sequential detection of Al 3+ and AcO − /F − .

The melting profile of solid fat content (SFC) is an important parameter for many fat-based food products, such as solid matrices, emulsions, and dispersions, since it can provide essential information on product stability, physical appearance, spreadability, mouthfeeling, particles adsorption and coalescence, and on the release of compounds in the encapsulation technology. The current standard techniques to measure SFC, namely, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), provide accurate results but require expensive instrumentation and trained personnel. On the other hand, techniques are needed for fast, in situ measurements by generic operators along production lines to control industrial processes. In this paper, a novel technique to measure SFC in vegetable fats and oils is presented that could be implemented in the form of a low-cost, portable electronic system. The method is based on single-wavelength (835 nm) optical measurements during a thermal cycle of the sample under test. The experimental results obtained with such a method are in good/excellent agreement with those provided by DSC (R 2 > 0.9), thus indicating that the proposed technique could represent the basis for practical analysis in production environment, in order to evaluate the quality and the properties of liquid and solid fat food materials.

Tiga dekade belakangan ini, telah dikembangkan sebuah teknologi baru yang menawarkan kecepatan data yang lebih besar sepanjang jarak yang lebih jauh dengan harga yang lebih rendah daripada sistem kawat tembaga. Teknologi baru ini adalah serat optik, serat optik menggunakan cahaya untuk mengirimkan informasi (data). Cahaya yang membawa informasi dapat dipandu melalui serat optik berdasarkan fenomena fisika yang disebut total internal reflection (pemantulan sempurna). Secara tinjauan cahaya sebagai gelombang elektromagnetik, informasi dibawa sebagai kumpulan gelombang-gelombang elektro-magnetik terpandu yang disebut mode. Serat optik terbagi menjadi 2 tipe yaitu single mode dan multi mode. Secara umum system komunikasi serat optik terdiri dari : transmitter, serat optik sebagai saluran informasi dan receiver. Pada transmitter terdapat modulator, carrier source dan channel coupler, pada saluran informasi serat optik terdapat repeater dan sambungan sedangkan pada receiver terdapat photo detector, amplifier dan data processing. Sebagai sumber cahaya untuk sistem komunikasi serat optik digunakan LED atau Laser Diode (LD). [1] 2. STUDI PUSTAKA Pengertian Transmisi Optical Sensor Jenis transmisi optical sensor seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar dibawah ini terdiri dari pengirim yang memancarkan cahaya dan penerima yang menerima cahaya di bagian bawah yang berbeda. Sensor ini menciptakan sinyal output melalui isolasi dan transmisi, dimana pengirim dan penerima saling berhadapan dengan sebuah sumbu axis untuk membiarkan objek melalui pembukaan. Jenis sensor ini sangat sulit digunakan untuk mendeteksi objek yang transparan dan jika dibutuhkan untuk mendeteksi objek yang transparan, sensor diletakkan secara vertical tapi mungkin ada sedikit error yang terjadi. [2]

SENSOR adalah sesuatu yang dapat mendeteksi perubahan lingkungan baik fisik, kimia dan biologi. Variabel keluaran dari sensor yang diubah menjadi besaran listrik disebut transducer.
TRANSDUCER yaitu alat yang dapat mengubah suatu bentuk energy menjadi bentuk energy yang lain. Bentuk energy yang digubah adalah listrik, mekanik, elektromekanik, cahaya, kimia, akustik dan panas. Dalam praktiknya selalu dikaitkan dengan sensor, dimana sensor berfungsi untuk mendeteksi perubahan lingkungan sedangkan transducer mengubah bentuk energy satu ke bentuk energy yang lain.

Modeling of level process in various tanks and vessels is one of the most common problems in the process industry.
In this paper, system identification process is attempted for Hybrid tank process. The hybrid tank process is a classic
example of a highly nonlinear system. For nonlinear systems, System identification provides a better alternative to
find their system transfer function. First principle modeling of level process is done with so much of assumption.
System identification procedure gives accurate model. Inflow rate is taken as the input data and process level is
taken as the output for hybrid tank. The input flow is measured using a turbine flow meter while the output level is
measured using a differential pressure transmitter (DPT). Collected data is fitted to transfer function model set. The
simulation is performed in the MATLAB environment using System Identification toolbox model reference adaptive
control toolbox. We have found practically the model of the hybrid tank using the MATLAB environment which
gives the results almost identical to the ideal model of the plant. The system identification process is used here to
identify the nature of the system using the inputs and the outputs available. After this identification process best
model can be chosen and then model reference adaptive controller is implemented.

These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science generally from 1980 onwards.

This paper presents a method to follow for the calculation and obtaining natural frequencies or resonance frequencies in a vehicle like is a bicycle, more specifically the mountain bike or mtb, for its acronym in English. This procedure can serve as the beginning of a form to improve design, to track a possible predictive maintenance, or simply as curiosity of how a vehicle with the naked eye so simple, it can give us much information as his form to act when it’s excited. The results shown here, is presented an economic system at the same time effective to do a vibration analysis, both sensors are used as the simplicity of the system.

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors are intensively used to control exothermic reactions in chemical industries. It is a very complex multi-variable system with non-linear characteristics. This paper deals with linearization of the mathematical model of a CSTR Process. Multi model adaptive fuzzy controller has been designed to control the reactor concentration and temperature of CSTR process. This method combines the output of multiple Fuzzy controllers, which are operated at various operating points. The proposed solution is a straightforward implementation of Fuzzy controller with gain scheduler to control the linearly inseparable parameters of a highly non-linear process. Copyright © 2015 IFSA Publishing, S. L.

In this paper open-loop MEMS tunneling accelerometer was modeled based on a clamped micro circular plate with a tip tunneling at its centre. Mechanical behavior of the micro plate was studied deriving governing equation based on classic Kirchhoff thin plate theory and it was discretized using Galerkin method. Dynamic response of the proposed accelerometer due to step and harmonic external excitation was studied and the magnitude of the applied acceleration was identified by measuring of the changing of tunneling current. Obtained results show that the proposed tunneling accelerometer very sensitive and it can be measure acceleration with very high resolution but very small gap of tip tunneling limit the range of measurable acceleration.

This paper presents a novel inkjet printed rounded corner bowtie antenna with T-matching stubs on paper substrate which is the cheapest and widest available substrate. The antenna exhibits compact size with outstanding read range and complete coverage of UHF RFID band (860-960 MHz). The results show extreme immunity of proposed antenna against paper dielectric constant variation.

Presentation for Transducer
Process Instrumentation & Control
Generally Transducer is the instrumentation that convert energy to another type of energy. As example, the conversion of mechanical energy to pressure occur in barometer or any pressure measurement instrumentation.

International Journal of Electrical and communication engineering (IJECE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles contributing new results in all areas of Applied Control Systems, Electrical Engineering and Electronics Engineering. The Journal of Electrical and communication engineering (IJECE) is an abstracted and indexed international journal of high quality devoted to the publication of original research papers from Control Systems, Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, Automation, Electronics Engineering, Networks and Communication Systems and their broad range of applications.

The patent summarizes results of investigation of high-sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor based on a circuit containing both active and passive stress-sensitive elements: a differential amplifier utilizing two n-p-n piezotransistors and for p-type piezoresistors. A comparative analysis of a sensor utilizing this circuit with a pressure sensor based on traditional piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge and built on the same mechanical part is provided. MEMS pressure sensor with the differential amplifier (PSDA) has sensitivity, which exceeded the sensitivity of the element with piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge (PSWB)

A set of test structures for in situ stress measurement is presented. The test structures were realized by means of surface micromachining, adopting photoresist as sacrificial layer and electroplated gold as structural layer. Initially array of buckling type test structures cantilevers, fixedfixed beams, guckel rings and diamond were used to find out critical buckling beam. Later on rotational type pointer, double indicator and long-short beam strain sensor were analyzed to find out stress. Stress measurement techniques using micromachined structures are compared with the wafer curvature technique. Analytical calculations of the fabricated structures were performed for plated gold, the values of residual stress is found between 100 and 150MPa.

Due to corrosive environment, pipes used for transportation of water and gas at the plants often get damaged. Defects caused by corrosion and cracking may cause serious accidents like leakage, fire and blasts. It also reduces the life of the transportation system substantially. In order to inspect such defects, a Polyvinyledene Fluoride (PVDF) based cantilever smart probe is developed to scan the surface quality of the pipes. The smart probe, during rotation, touches the inner surface of the pipe and experience a broad-band excitation in the absence of surface features. On the other hand, whenever the probe comes across any surface projection, there is a change in vibration pattern of the probe, which causes a high voltage peak/pulse. Such peaks/pulses could give useful information about the location and nature of a defect. Experiments are carried out on different patterns, sizes and shapes of surface projections artificially constructed inside the pipe. The sensor system has reliably predicted the presence and distribution of projections in every case. It is envisaged that the new sensing system could be used effectively for pipe health monitoring.

In the last decades the race cars have been a huge tool for aerodynamics acknowledge evolution, been a way for aerodynamic devices development, CFD numerical methodology enhancement or at experimental procedures for validation and correlation of parameters obtained under numerical methods with the empirical data of wind tunnel and track tests. The need to obtain data from these vehicles at the track powered the development of some data acquisition systems, where the vehicle is equipped with several sensors that send signals for a processor that stores the data for a later analysis or utilizes telemetry, where the data is trasmitted in real-time for a station for livetime analysis. Beyond the development of data acquisition systems also was need an evolution of sensors, for applications at harsh conditions and with the demand of fast response. More specifically for aerodynamic forces measurements and data correlation of track tests with numerical simulations, sensors are used to measure pressure, velocity, force and displacement. For evaluate the aerodynamics performance of a race car, the pressure distribution throughout the bodywork is one of the most important information, because it makes possible the measuremennt of aerodynamic forces until the identification of boundary layer stall. One of the techniques that makes possible the measurement of this distribution along the car surface caused by the air flow, is the pressure transduction, that has high frequency of response and can be applied for dynamic conditions, unlike the manometers that have its application restricted for static conditions. This study will present in detail the physics involved on pressure transducers operation, more specifically the piezorestives, as well its application for motorsports, both in the wind tunnel enviroment and race tracks.

Different wireless application platforms are available for remote monitoring and control of systems. In the present paper a system has been described for online remote recording and monitoring of sensor data using DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) technology where acoustic communication has been implemented. One DTMF transceiver in the sensing system has been used to generate and decode the DTMF tone corresponding to the sensor output which in turn is received from the mobile phone in the user side. A separate DTMF decoder has been used in the user side to decode the received DTMF tone corresponding to the sensor output from the sensor side. Microcontroller has been used to store the decoded data from the sensor and to control the whole operation sequentially. Thus online remote recording and monitoring of the sensor data have been possible at any where in the coverage area of the mobile network. Experimental result shows good linearity between data output taken directly from the sensor side and that remotely from user side.

In this paper, the architecture of a versatile networking and control platform for Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lighting applications is presented, based on embedded wireless and wired networking technologies. All the possible power and control signals distribution topologies of the lighting fixtures are examined with particular focus on dynamic lighting applications with design metrics as the cost, the required wiring installation expenses and maintenance complexity. The proposed platform is optimized for applications where the grouping of LED-based lighting fictures clusters is essential, as well as their synchronization. With such an approach, the distributed control and synchronization of LED lighting fixtures' clusters is performed through a versatile network that uses the single wire Local Interconnect Network (LIN) bus. The proposed networking platform is presented in terms of its physical layer architecture, its data protocol configuration, and its functionality for smart ...

The remotely powered underwater acoustic sensor networks (RPUASN) paradigm is introduced, whereby sensor nodes harvest and store the power supplied by an external acoustic source, indefinitely extending their lifetime. Necessary source characteristics are determined. Feasibility is illustrated with realistic examples, and open research issues are pointed out. Performance of RPUASN is directly related to the sensing coverage and communication connectivity over the field the sensor nodes are deployed. The required number of RPUASN nodes and the volume which is guaranteed to be covered by the nodes are analyzed in terms of electrical power, range, directivity, and transmission frequency of the external acoustic source, and node power requirements.

We studied the photo-elastic and photo-thermal response of two new nanocomposites base on a polyurea elastomer mixed with inorganic nanotubes (MoS2) or nanowires (Mo6S2I8). The investigation has been performed using time-resolved laser spectroscopy, transient grating technique (TG), based on short laser pulses. This spectroscopic tool enables the measurement of the thermoelastic response of the nanocomposites covering a very large time window, from nanoseconds to milliseconds, revealing the different dynamic phenomena present in these materials. On the fast timescale (from 1 to 100 ns) the TG signal shows the propagation of a high frequency acoustic wave enabling the measure of its sound velocity and damping time. In the slow time window (from 5 to 100 s) the TG signal presents a slow decay due to the thermal diffusion process. As expected, these features are common for both pure polymeric and nanocomposite samples. Surprisingly, the presence of nanotubes or nanowires in the polyme...

In recent years the understanding of the behaviour of currently available ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), in the form of gas-filled microbubbles encapsulated in elastic shells, has significantly improved thanks to "ad hoc" designed "in vitro" studies. However, in several studies there has been a tendency to use high UCA concentrations, potentially reducing the safety of microbubbles in clinical applications. In this study we investigated a possible strategy to improve microbubble safety by reducing the injection dose and employing low ultrasound intensities. We measured the achievable contrast enhancement insonifying microbubbles at different low concentrations (range 0.01-0.10 µL/mL) using a very low mechanical index (MI=0.08). Our results, based on the use of advanced techniques for signal processing and spectrum analysis, showed that UCA backscatter strongly depends on microbubble concentration also in the considered low range, providing useful indications ...

Abstract: The DC and AC electrical conduction of (ZnO) (X) (CdO) (1-X) thin films were investigated in this work. AC conductivity of (ZnO) (X) (CdO) (1-X) (X=0.2, 0.7) thin films was reported in the frequency range 5 Hz to 13 MHz and at the temperature of 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C using impedance spectroscopy. The main results were presented by frequency dependence of complex impedance real and imaginary parts of the samples and by Nycquist diagrams at different temperatures. Thin films electrical properties were determined, proposing an equivalent circuits constituted by resistances and capacities. The relaxation times values of (ZnO) (0.7) (CdO) (0.3) films computed suggested two relaxation process. The AC conductivity dependence on frequency and temperature revealed that a correlated barrier hopping model of the AC conduction was the most probable process in (ZnO) (0.7) (CdO) (0.3) films. Furthermore the calculated dielectric constants depended on frequency and temperature. The inte...

This paper reports resistive type humidity sensing properties of composite powder of WO3, ZnO and TiO2 taken in the ratio of 8:2:1. Tungsten oxide powder has been obtained by oxidizing Tungsten powder (Lobachemie, 99 % pure) at 600 0C. 250 mg of ZnO (qualigens, 99% pure) and 125 mg of TiO2 (qualigens, 98% pure) have been mixed with 1 gram

Due to corrosive environment, pipes used for transportation of water and gas at the plants often get damaged. Defects caused by corrosion and cracking may cause serious accidents like leakage, fire and blasts. It also reduces the life of the transportation system substantially. In order to inspect such defects, a Polyvinyledene Fluoride (PVDF) based cantilever smart probe is developed to scan the surface quality of the pipes. The smart probe, during rotation, touches the inner surface of the pipe and experience a broad-band excitation in the absence of surface features. On the other hand, whenever the probe comes across any surface projection, there is a change in vibration pattern of the probe, which causes a high voltage peak/pulse. Such peaks/pulses could give useful information about the location and nature of a defect. Experiments are carried out on different patterns, sizes and shapes of surface projections artificially constructed inside the pipe. The sensor system has reliably predicted the presence and distribution of projections in every case. It is envisaged that the new sensing system could be used effectively for pipe health monitoring.