Sciences Of Sport

Cognitive training has received a lot of attention recently, yielding findings that can be conflicting and controversial. In this paper, we present a novel approach to cognitive training based on complex motor activities. In a randomized controlled design, participants were assigned to one of three conditions: aerobic exercise, working memory training or designed sportan intervention specifically tailored to include both physical and cognitive demands. After training for eight weeks, the designed sport group showed the largest gains in all cognitive measures, illustrating the efficacy of complex motor activities to enhance cognition. Designed sport training also revealed impressive health benefits, namely decreased heart rate and blood pressure. In this period of skepticism over the efficacy of computerized cognitive training, we discuss the potential of ecological interventions targeting both cognition and physical fitness, and propose some possible applications.

The aim of this study was to reveal the factors that constraints and facilitators health and fitness club members in Ankara to attend the leisure activities. The population for the research consists of large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Research samples include 389 participants of 190 (Mage= 31.26; SD= 8.86) women and 199 (Mage= 31.31, SD= 9.06) men selected with convenience sampling method from four large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Leisure Constraint Questionnaire was used in the study to determine the participants’ constraints and Leisure Facilitators Scale to determine the facilitators they face while attending leisure activities. It was determined that though the health and fitness club users have constraints on leisure activity attendance, they use the facilitators to a considerable extent. While the most significant facilitators that enable the participants to attend the leisure activities were the intrapersonal facilitators, the least significant ones were interpersonal facilitators. When the constraints were analysed, the participants were seen to face these, the most on facility level and the least on lack of interest level. It was concluded that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the participants’ leisure constraints and facilitators, and also between the sub dimensions of the scales. This matter shows that the participants face constraints during leisure attendance but still attend or continue using the facilitators.

The aim of this study is to be able to discover methodological similarities between the emergence of new tactics in the context of tactical changes in football history and the theory of paradigm shifts related to scientific revolutions in the philosophy of science. In this context, it has been argued that whether the changes in football tactics can be regarded as paradigmatic changes or not, taking into consideration certain points, and the question of whether the changes in football tactics can be handled as paradigm shifts in the scientific framework, and it has been analysed whether changes in soccer tactics can be handled as paradigm shifts in the scientific framework. The work's philosophical framework is based on the views of Thomas Kuhn on the philosophy of science in his work titled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". The paradigm shift in this context is explained in detail through the concepts such as the anomalies in the paradigm, the period of scientific crisis and the scientific revolution. In the second part of the work, it is examined whether the methods (tactics) created to gain success in the football can be taken as paradigm in detail through examples in football history. As a result, it has been shown that football tactics can be regarded as paradigms and tactical changes can be regarded as paradigm shifts. With this study, it was expected to open a new discussion area about the evaluation of sport - especially football - through philosophy.

The aim of the research was to identify the relation of the driving force of the arms to the athletic
achievement of the swimmers 50 meters. The aim of the research was to identify the relation between the driving
forces of the two men with the sport achievement of 50 meters. The research sample was chosen in a deliberate
manner, and 6 young swimmers The first six centers in the Iraqi Clubs Championship. The descriptive approach
was used by the two researchers, and the arithmetic mean, standard deviations, mean, torsion coefficient,
Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression coefficient were used. The results showed that there
was a statistically significant relationship at (α 0.05 0.05) between the driving force of the arms and the athletic
achievement of the 50-meter swimmers. The results also showed that there was a statistically significant
relationship at (≤ 0.05) between the driving force of the two men and the athletic achievement My swimmers have
50 m breast. In light of the results of the research, the researchers recommend that obtaining the real values of
the driving force within the water of swimmers, allows the trainers to know the strengths and weaknesses, which
facilitates the development of training programs that work to address errors and progress and improve the level
of swimmers. Virtual reality techniques were used to conduct research outside the swimming pool to add effects
simulating actual swimming.

Este documento académico analiza las características propias del régimen específico que dicta la Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-008-SSA3-2010) para el tratamiento de la obesidad y el sobrepeso, y propone una regulación del fomento de la actividad físico-deportiva dentro de esta, la cual debe estar en manos de entrenadores deportivos especializados. 



La obesidad se considera una de las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas con mayor predisposición de mortalidad alrededor del mundo: según las organizaciones mundiales responsables de la salud de lxs individuxs como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) México ocupa el 1er lugar en obesidad infantil y el 2do lugar en obesidad en la etapa adulta. El estado mexicano ha implementado diversas estrategias con el fin de regular de manera responsable la obesidad y el sobrepeso en la población. Se han creado múltiples programas que coadyuvan al desarrollo de la salud pública alineados a la norma NOM-008-SSA3-2010, misma que, según su última actualización, incluye estratégicamente a los especialistas del área de la medicina, nutrición y la psicología, e —invisibilizando la profesionalización de lxs entrenadores deportivxs— menciona de forma secundaria a ‘posibles auxiliares técnicos’ para la oportuna detección de sobrepeso y obesidad para un propio control en las distintas áreas. 



En el presente trabajo señalamos que las personas egresadas de la licenciatura en Entrenamiento Deportivo no son consideradas por la NOM-008-SSA3-2010 como agentes fundamentales en la detección y control de la obesidad y sobrepeso en México, y proponemos que esta política debe ser modificada para que el entrenador tenga una participación fundamental, y no solo auxiliar, en el control de dichas enfermedades.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental toughness on the performance score of table tennis players. To work on this purpose a total of 24 table tennis players (male and female) were selected as the subjects purposively. The Mental Toughness Questionnaire developed by Goldberg (1995) was used to measure the level of mental toughness of the players. ANOVA and independent t-test was computed to find out the significant relationship. Level of significance was set at 0.05. The results indicate that- there is significant relationship exists for the handling pressure a sub-category of mental toughness among table tennis female and male players, further it was found that there is no significant difference exists between table tennis female and male players in the variables of concentration, mental rebounding, and winning attitude and/or other sub-categories of mental toughness. The comparison between female and male in this study has not shown any significant difference but as a means, the male players have greater mental toughness than their counterpart.

The purpose of the study was to " compare the aggression between basketball and volleyball players. Method: Sixty male interuniversity basketball (N1=30) and volleyball (N2=30) players from Punjabi university Patiala, Punjab, India were selected as the subjects for the study. The subjects were represented North zone Inter-varsity competition and all India inter-varsity championship in their respective sports and age ranging from 18 to 24 years. These subjects were selected in terms of purposive sample from respective games. The sport aggression inventory (SAI) standardized by Mr. Anand Kumar and Mr. Prem Shankar Shukla (1998) was used for this study. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference between basketball and volleyball players on the degree of aggression. The independent 't' test was used to compare the degree of aggression between basketball and volleyball players. The level of significance for testing the hypothesis was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of the score of basketball players was 14.5 and 1.19 respectively whereas the mean and standard deviation of the score of volleyball players was 11.06 and 1.33 respectively. The calculated t-value was 10.48 which showed significant difference between basketball and volleyball players on the degree of aggression. (tcal=10.48 >ttab=2.009). The aggression level of basketball players was found to be higher than the volleyball players. The t-value required to be significant for 58 degree of freedom was 2.009 at 0.05 level of confidence.

Evidence of the last few years demonstrated that the far external focus of attention would lead to better motor performance (e.g., Mc Nevin., et al, 2003; MacKay and Wulf, 2012). According to the Frequency of Movement Adjustment analysis evidence of “Constrained Action Hypothesis”, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of different attentional focuses on the performance of a manipulative-complex motor skill in highly skillful athletes. 12 professional volleyball players completed a 4 blocks of 8 trail (4 trail for accuracy, 4 trail for effectiveness) of jump serve in four experimental conditions (Non-Instruction, Internal focuses on hand movement, Near external focuses on ball, and Far external focuses on target zone or player). The data of accuracy, effectiveness, and self-perception of the performance was acquired by pointed target areas, analyzing volleyball serve effectiveness method, and self-rated manipulative check, respectively. Results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed that accuracy scores, effectiveness, and self-perceived performance of volleyball jump serve in far external condition was better than near external and internal conditions. In addition, the significant differences between non-instructional and far external conditions were observed only in self-perceived performance. In general, these results confirmed recent findings regarding the detrimental effects of internal focus of attention and the facilitative effects of external focus of attention, especially far external on skilled performance.

Perfectionism is a personality characteristic that has been found to predict sports performance in athletes. To date, however, research has exclusively examined this relationship at an individual level (i.e., athletes' perfectionism predicting their personal performance). The current study extends this research to team sports by examining whether, when manifested at the team level, perfectionism predicts team performance. A sample of 231 competitive rowers from 36 boats completed measures of self-oriented, team-oriented, and team-prescribed perfectionism before competing against one another in a 4-day rowing competition. Strong within-boat similarities in the levels of team members' team-oriented perfectionism supported the existence of collective team-oriented perfectionism at the boat level. Two-level latent growth curve modeling of day-by-day boat performance showed that team-oriented perfectionism positively predicted the position of the boat in midcompetition and the li...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles of coaches with the satisfaction and motivation of football players in Trabzon universities. In terms of the purpose of the research, it is an applied type, descriptive and correlation one. The statistical society of this research consists of all players of soccer teams of Trabzon universities, with number of 125. Using the Cochran formula, the number of players reached 95 but increased to 100. The method used for sampling was simple random method. In this research, 3 questionnaires were used to collect information. Questionnaire of Leadership Scale in Exercise of Chaldorii and Saleh (1980), Players Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), Remmer and Chaldurai (1998), and Players' Motivation Questionnaire (Bahram et al., 2002). SPSS.20 software was used for data analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the hypotheses. The results of the research showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the leadership style of education and practice, with satisfaction (r = 70%, p <0.01) and developmental motivation (r = 72%, p <0.01), amorous behavior style with satisfaction = 51%, p <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 60%, p <0.01). Democratic behavior with satisfaction (r = 36%, p <0.01) and developmental motivation (r = 38% P <0.01), social support behavior with satisfaction (r = 64%, p <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 67%, p <0.01) and positive feedback behavior with satisfaction (r = 73%, P <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 78%, p <0.01), there is. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between satisfaction with the motivation of football players in Trabzon universities (92.9%, p <0.01).

Introduction and aim: In sports, self-confidence can be characterized by high-grade achievement expectation. In this context, the aim is to determine whether is any difference between the self-confidence levels of middle school students who do individual sports and those who are engaged in team sports. Age groups and gender as well as differences in self-esteem levels are also analyzed.
Method: The study group consisted of 96 students who were engaged in individual and team sports in 5 secondary schools in Istanbul. "Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory", developed by Coopersmith (1967), was used in order to determine self-esteem levels and the personal information form was prepared to collect participants' age, gender and sport type data. First, the Shapiro Wilk test was performed to test the distribution of the data and it was found that the data provided a normal distribution. Independent sample t-test was conducted to determine whether self-esteem levels differed significantly in terms of gender and age variables.
Findings: At the end of the study, the findings obtained from the data analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the self-confidence levels of the secondary school students compared to the sports types (p> 0,05). In the data obtained from other variables, it was determined that the level of self-esteem did not show any significant difference according to age and sex (p> 0,05).
Discussion: There was no significant difference between the presented study and the mean scores of confidence, age, sport type and gender (p> 0,05). It can be said that no definite decision has been reached on whether this self-confidence is influential or not according to the results of this sample and the results of the researches made. It is advisable to add lessons such as communication skills, human relations in order to improve curriculum self- confidence building levels in schools.

The purpose of this case study was to investigate the coaching philosophy of a highly successful men's United States National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division II cross country coach and determine to what extent his stated philosophy and actual coaching methods were humanistic. For the past 13 seasons , the participant coach's men's cross country team has finished either first or second at the NCAA division II national championships. In-depth semistructured qualitative interviews of the participant coach and three of his athletes were conducted in addition to eight overt naturalistic training session observations. All data were triangulated to generate themes to determine if the stated coaching philosophy and actual methods were congruent with the humanistic philosophy. The findings indicated that the coach was for the most part humanistic in regards to individualization, but was not humanistic in relation to open communication and collaborative decision-making with athletes, or a process-orientated definition of success. Implications of these findings include what may be the most effective coaching philosophy for men's NCAA division II cross country running through examining a highly successful coach in the discipline.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of plyometric training method on developing the explosive power and some basic skills in handball, by performing an experimental study where researchers chose one group pattern. This study was fulfilled on a sample of 12 players of Wafaa club in Ainwasara that belongs to Handball association of wilaya of Blida. After applying the suggested exercises, both pre-test results and post-test results of the explosive power (for upper and lower limbs) and some basic skills (performing the skills of aiming from jumping, passing and receiving the ball, dribble) were collected. The researchers treated these results statistically using arithmetic average, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, T test, therefore, they came to the fact that there are significant statistical significance for dimensional tests in the physical tests (the explosive power of the arms, the explosive power of the legs), and there are also differences of statistical significance for dimensional test in skills tests (aiming from jumping, passing and receiving the ball, dribble). Basing on that, the researchers recommend the necessity of encouraging the coaches on using the plyometric training method due to its big importance in developing the physical and skills sides and avoiding the traditional followed methods. In addition, they also emphasize the necessity of linking between some kinetic and physical abilities and also the performance of the different skills in handball as well as adopting some plyometric training exercises in order to develop the explosives power which is very imperative for many skills.

The study aims to identify the values of Certain kinematics variables to field defends skill in volleyball with players of the clubs of section II 'nobles' and the discovery of mechanical errors that have an impact on the skill performance when volleyball players’ accuracy, identify the percentage contribution of some kinematics variables in result skill performance, indicate that the kinematics variables significant impact on the development of corrective exercises own skill, and finally to show the effectiveness of the exercise corrective built according kinematics variables extracted from videos analysis of performance of the players and proposed to correct skill performance of the players in clubs of section II ''nobles''.
In order to further study, we used the experimental method on a sample deliberate volleyball clubs activist in the second national department (regional center) volleyball, and was the 30 players, a control group of 15 Players and an experimental group of 15 club players (NAHD), (NRBH), (ASJK). Using the field observation, videography, Anthropometric measurements, field defends skill testing, kinematic analysis of videos. The researchers found that corrective exercises programmed her highly effective in developing and improving skill performance of the players of clubs in section II ''nobles'', kinematics analysis helps to detect and determine the kinetic errors in performance, kinematics analysis helps build corrective exercises necessary to amend the players mistakes. From all this, the researchers concluded that kinematics variables and because of its importance is an important factor that should be resorted to in order to develop and improve the performance of the players in the field defends skill in volleyball. Therefore, the researchers suggest the need to be a coach familiar with the principles of bio-mechanics and familiar techniques of analysis and variables kinematics skill, help of the principles of bio-mechanics and the results of the kinematic analysis to propose practical exercises and corrective exercises for skills errors.

The occurrence of so-called "sticking points" in a lift is pervasive in weight training practice. Biomechanically complex exercises often exhibit multimodal variation of effective force exerted against the load as a function of the elevation and velocity of the load. This results in a variety of possible loci for the occurrence of sticking points and makes the problem of designing the optimal training strategy to overcome them challenging. In this paper a case founded on theoretical grounds is made against a purely empirical method. It is argued that the nature of the problem considered and the wide range of variables involved limit the generality of conclusions which can be drawn from experimental studies alone. Instead an alternative is described, whereby a recently proposed mathematical model of neuromuscular adaptation is employed in a series of computer simulations. These are used to examine quantitatively the effects of differently targeted partial range of motion (ROM) training approaches. Counter-intuitively and in contrast to common training practices, the key novel insight inferred from the obtained results is that in some cases the most effective approach for improving performance in an exercise with a sticking point at a particular point in the ROM is to improve force production capability at a different and possibly remote position in the lift. In the context of the employed model, this result is explained by changes in the neuromuscular and biomechanical environment for force production.

This study aims to analyse the effects of SAQ training on anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players, selected subject from Ramanadan Krishnan Tennis Academy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Totally twenty participants were selected and randomly divided them into two groups (n=10) namely SAQ training group (age: 10.80 ± 0.78 years, height: 147.90 ± 2.60 cm and weight: 39.95 ± 1.51 kg) and control group (age: 11.10 ± 0.73 years, height: 147.30 ± 2.79 cm and weight: 40.12 ± 2.23 kg). After 12 weeks training, all subjects had tested their anaerobic endurance and flexibility according to Tennis Specific Agility Endurance Test and V-Sit and Reach Test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, Paired-‘t’ test was used to determine the difference between pre and post mean scores of experimental and control groups and experimental group had improved more significantly (p<0.05) than the control group. The study suggests that SAQ training is more beneficial for anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training on repeated sprint ability in amateur soccer players. Twenty amateur soccer players participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to plyometric training group (n=10, age: 19.7±2.26 years) and control group (n=10, age: 18.8±0.6 years). The training group is experienced a plyometric exercise 2 days a week for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-tests assessed 6x35 meters (Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test) repeated sprint test, body composition, rest heart rate, and peak heart rate in control and plyometric group. For the comparison of groups, paired samples t-test and independent (IBM SSPS 21.0) was used. The results revealed that significant difference in six piece repeated first sprint after the 12 weeks plyometric training were in the plyometric group. The plyometric group also showed a significant difference in rest heart beat rate, peak heart beat rate, right leg fat (%), fat mass, fat free mass, left leg fat mass, and fat free mass. However there was no a significant difference in left leg fat (%), BMI, BMR and total body water. The major finding in the study was the significant improvements in repeated sprint performance and body composition. According to these results, it can be said that practicing of plyometric training develops repeated sprint performance and also increases mass fat loses, in addition to regular soccer training.

Background: The most common problems in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders are eye contact, being able to follow objects for a long time and lack of attention. Sports activities are known to prevent the negative symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The Badminton sports branch has a positive effect on the individual's object control, ball focus, and attention, reaction, perception and coordination characteristics. For this reason, racket sports are considered to be an important tool in reducing the lack of attention in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder.
Aim: The aim of this study, Investigation of the effect of simplified Badminton exercises on attention focus development of individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and is the assessment of the level of retention of an acquisition.
Material and Method: The study group was randomly selected 3 out of 6 children who are not mentally retarded and responded to commands among 10 children aged 12-14 years in Isparta Gülşen Önal Autistic Children Education Centre. The mean age of children was 12.6 ± 1.15 years, height was 154,3±5,13 cm and weight was 52±3 kg. Benton Visual Memory Test, Bourdon Visual Attention Test and Stroop Effect Test were used as the measurement tool. Children were performed adaptation exercises for 2 weeks and from simple to difficult badminton exercise drills for 10 weeks. For each individual, 3 studies were performed at different times and 60 minutes per week. Tests were performed at 3 different periods, to be 10 weeks Badminton exercise process before and after and also retention test after 8 weeks interval. The obtained data were evaluated by Wilcoxon test.
Results: According to the results of all measurement instruments of the students participating in the research, there is a numerical rise between pre - test and post - test values. When the results of the retention test with the last test are evaluated, there was no decrease in the two participants according to the Benton visual memory test results, but the other participant had also decline, although not at the beginning level. Burdon attention test and Stroop effect test showed that there was no return to baseline in all participants despite a numerical decrease.
Conclusion: We can say that Badminton exercise program has a positive effect on attention level. Individuals with autistic spectrum disorder can be said to have a positive influence on the development of eye contact, long-time focus of objects and attention level development. Badminton exercises can be offered as a model to improve attentiveness to children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder if the duration of participatory study is increased.

Study was carried out to examine the effect of application of resistance band in the female boxers on the levels of the anaerobic power and Maximal Bench Press force (MBP). The study was carried out on 12 female subjects, in ages between 19 and 23yo, who are actively engaged in the boxing branch. The subjects were divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 people, as Constant Resistance (CR) and Wavy Resistance (WR). The average age of CR group was 21.33±0.81 years, the average height 169.67±2.06 cm, and the average body weight 65.28±8.95 kg. The average age of WR group was 21.16±0.75 years, the average height 173.50±3.27 cm, and the average body weight 65.56±3.19 kg. In the study, the exercise of resistance band was made by all subjects four days a week for 6 weeks between  the  hours 9.00-10.00,  boxing  training for competition period between the hours 18:00–20:00  in  evenings. In CR group, the bands in the same color and resistance were used by the method of the black band constant, resistance, in WR group, the bands in different color (red, blue, black) and resistance by the wavy method. Before training, the body weights, and the levels of anaerobic power and MBP levels of both groups were determined. The same measurements were repeated six weeks later. In the statistical analyses of the data obtained, in determining the differences between in-group test and the final test, Paired-sample t-test was used. In determining the difference between two groups, pre-test and final test, independent samples t-test was used. The significance between differences was determined at the level of P<0,05. As a result; as a matter of fact, it can be said that the constant resistance method of CR group is more effective than the wavy resistance method of WR group. Hence, conducting the studies of resistance band that will be conducted specific to branch, using the method of constant resistance, can be more effective.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 12-week exercise, applied to obese individuals, on body composition and life quality. Experimental group between the ages 23-66 n:21 (10 men, 11women) average of ages: 44,52 ±9.88 and control group n:25 (12 men, 13 women) average of ages: 43.68±10.93, totally 46 obese individuals joined in this study. Aerobic exercise program including 12-week of walking and running which is 4 days a week has been applied to the experimental group. Any exercise program hasn't been applied to the control group. In order to determine the body compositions, both groups have been measured with bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody230, InBody Co. Ltd., USA) a week before and a week later. In order to determine the life quality, test of SF-36 has been applied. For the analysis of data, the comparison of the binary groups, t-test has been applied after finding the differences between first test and the last test. For the comparison of the first test and the last test of each group, paired sample t-test has been applied. Our findings show that, when the first and the last test results of the experimental group are analyzed, statistically in a positive way a significant variation in the whole body composition and SF-36 life quality scale parameters has been detected (p<0.05). According to the first and the last test results of control group, while any significant difference hasn't been detected in the body composition parameters (p>0.05), decline in a negative way has been determined in the SF-36 life quality scale results (p<0.05). When the first and last test results of experimental and control groups are compared, a significant variation in the whole body composition parameters and sub-dimensions of SF-36 life quality scale on behalf of experimental group has been detected (p<0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that 12- week of walking and running exercises affect body composition parameters and life quality of obese individuals positively.

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the levels of sportspersonship and narcissism of athletes. The sample of the study was selected by 33 football players, 36 volleyball players, 40 handball players and 30 basketball players who already ranked among the top three athletes in Turkish Championships. Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale were used as a collection tool in the study. Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v20 software package was also used to analyze the data. The descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the data, a correlation analysis was used to determine the severity and direction of the relationship between variables and regression analysis was used to reveal cause-effect relationship between the variables. As a result of the correlation analysis carried out, it was determined that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between an athlete’s narcissism score, and respect for opponents and respect for social convention.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between velocity and power values during propulsive phase of bench throw exercise and upper-body strength characteristics in professional handball players and to determine whether upper-body strength characteristics have a significant effect on velocity and power parameters. In accordance with this purpose, a total of 13 professional handball players competing in Turkish Handball 1. League (age: 25.4 ± 3.86 years; height: 187.5 ± 8.33 cm; body weight: 90.9 ± 14.8 kg) voluntarily participated in the research. In this study, maximal dynamic strength test was applied in bench press (BP) exercises in addition to the right and left hand grip strength test with the purpose of determining the upper-body strength characteristics. In order to determine velocity and power parameters, bench throw (BT) exercises were applied by using an external load that corresponds to 30% of body weights of the participants via an isoinertial velocity converter (T-Force dynamic measurement system) and values of mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), mean propulsive power (MPP) and peak power (PP) were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were used in order to analyze data. According to analysis results, while mean one-repetition maximal (1RM) strength values of the participants in BP exercise were obtained as 97.8 (± 15.0 kg), their right and left hand grip strength values were respectively obtained according to the order specified as 55.4 (± 8.16 kg) and 53.7 (± 5.81 kg). It has been concluded that while there is a statistically positive and significant relation between the MPV (r = .674, p < 0.05; r = .698, p < 0.01, respectively) and PV values (r = .644; r = .670, p < 0.05, respectively) of the participants in BT exercises and both right and left hand grip strength values, there isn’t any statistical relation in terms of the MPP (r = .528; r = .456, p > 0.05, respectively) and PP values (r = .487; r = .401, p> 0.05, respectively). It has also been concluded that there is a statistically positive and highly significant relation between 1RM strength values in BP exercises of the participants and MPV (r = .728), PV (r = .775), MPP (r = .703) and PP (r = .759) values obtained during the propulsive phase of BT exercises (p < 0.01). As a result, it can be suggested that upper-body strength characteristic positively affects velocity and power parameters, velocity and power characteristics are dominant and provide a significant contribution to the performance and these results will contribute to trainers and conditioners while preparing training programs in sports branches.

In this study, it was aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, some biomotorical performances and basketball-specific skill levels of basketball players who were at different age levels, in adolescence period and were training with the same training methodology. The participants were 41 basketball players who were in the age range of 12-14 years, regularly trained and played basketball in the local youth setup leagues. The participants' body height, body weight, vertical jump, 1-mile run, aerobic power, anaerobic power, skinfold thickness (triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, calf), circumference (biceps flexion, calf), diameter measurements (humerus bicondylar, femur bicondylar) were made. Basketball-specific skills were determined using the Harrison Basketball Skill Test while the somatotype characteristics were determined according to the Heath-Carter method. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to determine whether the data were suitable for normal distribution. One-Way ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the variables and Tukey test was used to investigate the cause of differences. Normality tests and other statistical analyses were performed at the significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was noted in humerus bicondylar diameters according to the age levels of basketball players and a statistical difference was detected in the data of vertical jump and anaerobic power in terms of biomotorical performance (p <0,05). The cause of this difference was found to be due to the fact that the humerus diameter, vertical jump and anaerobic power values in the age group of 14 age years were higher than the values of the other two age groups. No difference was found when the Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science-Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 14 somatotype profiles and basketball-specific skill levels were compared according to age levels (p> 0,05). In conclusion, in our study group, we did not find any difference among other anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, and basketball specific skills except humerus diameter. We suggest that the difference in the vertical jump and anaerobic power values of biomotorical performance is due to the increase in the strength ratio along with the increase in age level.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and body composition with overall health of non-athlete high school boys of Miandoab in 2014-2015 school year. One hundred one students were selected by convenience sampling method. To check the physical fitness, subjects' indices such abdominal muscle endurance (sit up), flexibility (seated hand stretch to toe), cardiorespiratory endurance (548 meter race), agility (4 in 9 meters race) shoulder girdle muscles endurance (modified horizontal bar), sprint (45 meters), and body composition by measuring subcutaneous fat in triceps and calf using Slater et al formula were measured. To check the general health status, General Health Questionnaire was used. Analysis of the data showed that there was no significant relationship between body composition components (P=0.045). No significant relationship was observed between physical fitness and general health subscales (P=0.292), which may be due to sampling foolproof. There was a significant relationship between flexibility and cardio-respiratory endurance with some general health measures (P=0.038). The negative correlation between the level of physical fitness and general health indicators and its scores' getting lower indicate a lack of physical and mental health. Moreover, the significance of the relationship between flexibility and cardio-respiratory endurance with indices of general health factors may be due to the impact of fitness elements on individuals' health.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship isokinetic strength that the elite water polo players produced with lower and upper limbs (with leg movements) and only upper limbs (without leg movements) and the velocity of the shoot. Eighteen elite male players of Turkish professional water polo first league aged between fifteen and thirty-three took part in the study voluntarily. The physical characteristics of the players were taken and throwing velocities of overhead, back hand and sweep throw were measured from position 2, 3, 4 and 6. Isokinetic strength measurements were made within different joint moves (trunk, shoulder, knee, hip). In two separate shooting protocols (with and without leg movements) the shooting velocity were measured in different positions. A significant difference was found between with and without leg movement in different throwing velocity shoots were recorded in different shooting positions (p<0.01). It was seen that the average of the velocity of with leg movements shoot was higher than the without leg movements shoot. In terms of shooting positions, 2 nd position when the relationship between the velocity of with leg movement shoot and isokinetic muscle strength was considered, trunk flexion, shoulder extension, left hip abduction, left knee flexion as relevant p<0.05, a relationship with right knee extension was found (p<0.01). 3 rd position, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded between trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee flexion. In 4 th position, between the with leg movement shoot and trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, right hip extension, left hip extension, right hip flexion, left hip flexion, right knee extension, left knee extension, left knee flexion and left hip abduction. A positive relationship (p<0.01) between with leg movement (back) shoots thrown from 6 th and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion, left hip extension, right hip flexion, left hip abduction, right knee extension and left knee extension. Also a positive relationship (p<0.05) between the with leg movement backhand shoots thrown in 6 th position, and right hip extension and left hip flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen between the shoots thrown from part 6 th position with leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion and left hip extension. When the relationship between the velocity of without leg movement shoot and isokinetic strength is overviewed according to the positions, in 2 nd position there is a relationship between without leg movement shoot and trunk flexion and shoulder extension, with the shoulder flexion a positive relationship was seen (p<0.01). In 3 rd position, there is a positive relationship (p<0.01), was recorded in the trunk flexion, a positive relationship (p<0.05) was seen in shoulder extension and shoulder flexion. In 4 th position, a positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the trunk flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.01) was found with the without leg movement backhand shoots that were thrown from the 6 th position and trunk flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder flexion. A positive relationship (p<0.05) was recorded with the without leg movement sweep shoots and trunk flexion and shoulder extension. In conclusion, the isokinetic strength produced by the lower and upper limbs' relation with the velocity of with leg movement shoots thrown from different parts was found. The isokinetic strength produced by the upper limbs' relation with the velocity of without leg movement shoots thrown from different parts was found. The isokinetic strength's (produced by the upper limbs) contribution to the velocity of the shoot in without leg movement shoot is higher than with leg movement shoots. The results of the study upper limbs strengths' (trunk flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder extension) are more effective in the velocity of the shoot.

The aim of this assessment is to discover the significant differences of motor fitness components between batsmen and bowler. A group of thirty (N=30) male subjects aged between 18-28 years were chosen for this appraisal from Guru Nanak Dev university, Amritsar (Punjab), India. The purposive sampling technique was utilized to accomplish the objectives of the appraisal. Every one of the subjects, in the wake of having been educated about objective and protocol of the study, gave their agreement and volunteered to take an interest in this appraisal. They were further partitioned into two group of 15 each (i.e., N1=15; batsmen and N2=15; bowler). Student’s t-test for independent data was utilized to evaluate the between- group differences. The level of p≤0.05 was considered significant. Investigation of data uncovered that there were insignificant differences of speed (p = 0.20), strength (p = 0.096) agility (p = 0.06) and Cardiovascular Endurance (p = 0.21) amongst Batsmen and Bowler, the calculated value of t for all the variables i.e., speed (t=1.30), strength (1.72), agility (1.94) and Cardiovascular Endurance (1.41 is smaller than the tabulated value of t (=2.048) for 28 degree of freedom. In this way, it might be presumed that the group difference between Batsmen and Bowler with respect to speed, strength, agility and endurance observed to be statistically insignificant. Whereas significant differences of static Balance (p = 0.019) between Batsmen and Bowler, since the calculated value of t for static Balance (t=2.50) is higher than the tabulated value of t (=2.048) for 28 degree of freedom. In this manner it might be inferred that the group difference between Batsmen and Bowler in regards to speed, strength, agility and Cardiovascular Endurance observed to be statistically insignificant. Whereas significant differences of static Balance found.

This survey aims at revealing the relationship of sources of psychological stress to the level of self-esteem. It focused mainly on the following questions:
• Is there a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
The survey suggested a number of hypotheses based on the existence of a correlation between each of the dimensions of psychological stress mentioned above and the level of self-esteem. The study was based on the descriptive correlative approach as it dealt with the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables. The sample of the study consisted of elite referees of the professional football division, which was chosen in a deliberate manner, and reached 80 referees. The following tools have been used: the self-assessment scale prepared by Hussein Abdel Aziz Al-Derini and Mohamad Ahmad Oussama, Abdelwahab Mohamad Kamil which has been applied and adapted by Professor Bachir Mamria on the Algerian environment, psychological sources of stress measure and initial information form. These tools were applied after estimating the psychometric properties that confirmed their suitability for use with the basic study sample. The following statistical methods have been relied on, Pearson correlation coefficient using the statistical software version 20 SPSS for statistical significance.
The study comes out with the following results:
• There is a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
The study outcomes have been discussed in light of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies and concluded with a set of proposals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the attitude of urban and rural high school students towards physical education. One hundred high school male students were selected to serve as subjects from both urban and rural schools. Five schools from Lucknow city (urban) and five schools from rural areas around Lucknow were chosen for the study. Ten students were randomly reelected from each school. The average age of the subjects was 15 years. Edgington high school attitude scale was employed to assess the attitude of urban and rural high school students towards physical education. To compare the attitude of urban and rural students towards physical education 't' test was employed. The level of significance chosen was .05.When urban and rural high school students, were compared it was found that urban school boys studying in Lucknow city had favorable attitude towards physical education. The mean score of urban student was significantly higher than rural student at .05 level of confidence.

Leadership and rewards are two key management constructs that plays significant roles in organization’s effectiveness. Thus, this study investigated the impact of these two management variables on team performance in Nigerian Premier League (NPL). A total of 75 respondents comprising of 60 players and 15 coaches from 3 NPL teams were selected through a stratified random sampling technique and used in the study. The Club Structure-Performance Questionnaire (CSPQ) was the instrument used for data collection (r=0.88). A total of seventy five copies of the questionnaire were administered on selected respondents (Players=60; Coaches=15) and the data collected were analyzed using inferential statistics of t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at alpha < 0.05.The findings revealed that transformation leadership (mean=3.22) and direct financial reward (mean=3.44) recorded higher influences on team performance as compared with other variables in each group. In addition, a stronger correlation was recorded between rewards and performance as compared with leadership.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of physical education teachers, working in Istanbul Bahçelievler, district according to some variables. The sample of the research carried out as descriptive research; It constitutes a total of 98 physical education teachers in 65 middle schools and high schools in Bahçelievler district of Istanbul. In the study, a structured questionnaire consisting of two parts was used as data collection method. In the first part of the questionnaire; questions about the demographics of the participants, in the second part, in order to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of the physical education teachers Walker and ark(1996) developed by Bahar and ark (2008) used the Turkish version of healthy living behavior scale. The obtained data were recorded in the SPSS package program. Statistical analysis Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H difference analysis were applied. As a result, although significant differences were found in some of the subscales of healthy lifestyle behavior according to gender, age, marital status and professional experience variables, no significant difference was found in some subscales.

It is a very well-known fact that in the athletic events that are based on speed, the athletic high performance is often dependent on and conditioned by the reaction time (the processing speed of the nervous impulse's importance). The previous researches in the field of high performance sports have emphasized the importance the track and field specialists give to the education of the start reaction, an importance that is justified by the "limit" reached today in obtaining high performances, especially during sprint events. This paper aims to do an analysis of the start reaction times recorded by athletes who won medals for sprint events (ranked in the first three places), during the Romanian National Track and Field/Athletics Championships. The subjects of this research were professional athletes who, according to the Romanian Athletics Federation, belonged to 5 age categories (juniors III, II, I, youth, and seniors).

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the levels of life satisfaction and leisure time satisfaction of foreign students study at Erciyes University. The research group totally consists of 220 foreign students, 147 of them are male and 73 of them are female students study at Erciyes University. In order to obtain lesiure time satisfaction level data, ''Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale'' developed by Karlı et al. In 2008 and 'Life Satisfaction Scale' developed in 1985 by Diener et al. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gender variance, while there was a meaningful difference between the groups according to the place they live, the sporting situation, the type of activity they attended and the way they affect their classes. There was an important difference found between the groups according to their gender, sporting activities, activity types they attended and their influence on their courses, while there was no significant difference found between the groups according to their residence status in life satisfaction levels. There was a positive relationship found between the leisure time satisfaction levels and the life satisfaction levels of the foreign students who participated in the study. As a result, as the level of satisfaction of foreign students who study at Erciyes University increases then their level of satisfaction also increases.

Late talent identification of sport abilities endowed among the little boys and girls especially in under developed nations has delayed the proper attainment of sport prowess among most players. A huge desert of unnoticed talents is created and unknowingly let it grow between the tender ages to junior levels of the child. African education systems are devoid of the expertise or might be incapacitated to identify and tap the sport potentialities born in our children during their early ages of growth. The adoption of Early Child Education by numerous African states is silent about sport talent identification; talented players are picked at adult ages, unfortunately, nearing retirement from sport show-casing. This scenario has not benefited the players as well as the nations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify strategies Early Learning Centers can utilize in identifying sport talents in children enrolled in their centers for the benefit of sport coaches, player-agents, the child and the nation at large. The study has concluded that it is possible to introduce children at early age of growth to any sport skills provided proper approaches, modifications and training is done. Furthermore, the theory Capture them Green, is vital if all ECD teachers are properly oriented to it. The study also recommends the adoption of the concept Capture them Green, in order to start developing children into future elite sports persons. This study recommends for further researches into strategies to value-add and beneficiate our African players before they are whisked off by dodgy sport agents from developed sport nations.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the anthropometric measurements among the different groups of throwers. 40 (10 javelin throwers, 10 discus throwers, 10 hammer throwers, 10 shot putters) male university level throwers were assessed during the All India Inter University Athletic Meet. The age of athletes was between 18 to 25 years. All the athletes were measured for height, weight, lengths of body parts, diameters of body parts and circumferences of body parts. One-way ANOVA revealed that the significant differences were reported in height (p<0.05), weight (p<0.05), length measurements (p<0.05), diameters of body parts (p<0.05) and circumferences of the body parts (p<0.05) among the different groups of throwers. Post-hoc analysis revealed that discus throwers were the tallest among the throwers. In the same way, the discus throwers had highest diameters among different groups of throwers. The shot putters had highest weight and circumferences among the different groups of throwers.

The purpose of physical education and school sport this study is to investigate the self-esteem levels of students with different variables. Gazi University School of Physical Education and Sports School students who participated in a total of 306 students. Personal information form is used to determine the demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the study. Measured in the self-esteem of students Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were used. Statistical analysis of the data obtained in the Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test and frequency analysis was used in SPSS 22.0 for Windows. At the end of the study it was determined that students' self-esteem did not differ significantly according to gender (p> 0.05). Students were determined according to age groups did not differ significantly in their self-esteem (p> 0.05). Besides, according to the students' self-esteem licensed sport participation has been found to show a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05).
Keywords: University students, age, gender, sports, self-esteem

Cycling sport is one of the sports that require physical and psychological resilience. It is thought that athletes should show physical and psychological resilience to reach specific target, find solution for unexpected, sudden problems, be patient and be determined in this sport that requires physical and psychological resilience that is done under extreme conditions. It is important to examine goal commitment and psychological resilience of cycling athletes for performance improvement, success motivation and contribution to the studies in this field. Purpose: This study aimed to examine goal commitment and psychological resilience of elite cycling athletes. 94 elite bicycle athletes participating in national and international races between the ages of 18 and 27 participated voluntarily. Resilience Scale for Adults, developed by Friborg et al. (2003), was used to determine psychological resilience of athletes. Goal Commitment Scale, developed by Hollenbeck, Williams and Klein (1989) and adapted to Turkish by Şenel and Yıldız (2016), was used to determine goal commitment. Scale reliability coefficient was found to be 0.913. In conclusion, no significant differences were found between sex and psychological resilience and goal commitment. But, significant differences were found between sports ages and subscales of self-perception, perception of future, and structural type of Resilience Scale for Adults. Significant difference was found between sports ages and goal commitment. As sports age increase, so did goal commitment. There was no significant correlation between goal commitment and psychological resilience. Goal commitment and psychological resilience training is recommended for different sports branches requiring physical and psychological resilience.

While the purpose of this research is to investigate the relation between the job satisfaction and self-esteem of provincial directors of youth and sports, their self-esteem and job satisfaction has also been investigated with regard to some demographic variables. As data collection tools, “Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory”, “Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale” and “Demographic Information Form” developed by Stanley Coopersmith have been used. The statistics of Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U and Correlation Analysis have been used in the research. Following the statistics performed, a significant difference hasn’t been established between the variables of self-esteem of the participants, age, educational background, term of employment, term of employment as a manager, sex and marital status. No significant difference has been found between the job satisfaction of participants and sex; between the term of employment and term of employment as a manager. It has been determined that the scores of the individuals with a bachelor’s degree are significantly higher than those having master’s or PhD degree in the sub-dimensions of extrinsic satisfaction, intrinsic satisfaction and general satisfaction in job satisfaction, there is a significant difference between the extrinsic sub-dimension scores of the participants and the variable of age, extrinsic satisfaction scores of the individuals aged 40 and above are significantly higher than the individuals aged between 30-34. According to the results of Spearman correlation analysis, it has been ascertained that there is a negatively moderate relation between the self-esteem and extrinsic satisfaction and a positively moderate relation is in question between the self-esteem and general satisfaction.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of tennis technique training and games on reaction times of 10-12 years old boys. For this study, 40 subjects who did not perform any physical activity volunteered. Subjects randomly assigned two groups: Experimental group: 20, control group: 20. The experimental group was subjected to 8 week three days a week and 60 minute per session tennis and education with games training program modified according to relevant age group. The control group did not participate any physical activity. Visual, auditory and mix reaction times were measured by Newtest 1000 reaction timer. Subjects’ reaction times were measured twice before and after training program. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for analysis of the data obtained from the study. Independent Sample T test was used for comparison between groups, and paired samples t test was analyzed at p <0.05 significance level. As a result of the study, there was no difference in the control group, and after eight weeks of tenement-specific games and technical training, the research group revealed significant changes between auditory, visual and mixed reaction times in both hands.

Background: Core training is effective training for sports which require high level balance ability. Badminton needs good shaped balance ability for front side or back side on the court.
Aim: Purpose of this study was to examine effects of core training on dynamic balance ability of high level Badminton players.
Material and Methods: Experimental design, specifically randomized pretest- posttest control group, was used for this study. Matching participants was also applied for decreasing learning effect and pretest treatment interaction effect. Forty (22 male and 18 female) national Badminton players were recruited for this study. They were divided randomly two groups. Twenty of them were experimental group and other 20 of them were control group. Age of participants were 16-24 years (M= 18.98, SD= 1.92). Star excursion balance test was used in order to measure dynamic balance of participants. Mixed ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis.
Result: Results showed that eight weeks core training increased dynamic balance ability of experimental group, not for control group participants.
Conclusion: Core training has an effect on dynamic balance in high level badminton players and it should be used for improving balance ability of badminton players.

This research was conducted to examine the relationships between physical education and sports teachers and their colleagues, the support of the school administration to them and the level of job satisfaction they feel about their profession in terms of gender variation. The sample of the research, done by using the general survey model, constituted of a total of 108 teachers, 79 males and 29 females, working in the central district of Malatya province and selected randomly. The scales of colleague relations, school administration support and job satisfaction components were used as data collection tools in the research. Based on the answers given to the scale by the teachers in the sample, it was determined that the general arithmetic mean of the scales was moderate level in terms of the positive scores of the components from all the gender groups. According to the arithmetic scores, it was determined that female teachers felt more positive colleague-school administration support and job satisfaction perception compared to male teachers according to the variables of marital and education status and working time. In addition, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between male teachers' education and marital status and working time variables and arithmetic scores of the components. For female teachers, it was found that married female teachers had a significant difference in the school administration support, single teachers in job satisfaction, and there was no significant difference in other variables and components.

Self-myofascial releasing (SMR) exercises using foam roller equipment are thought to improve muscle performance. It is also known that local vibration (LV) exercises have been improving strength, power, and flexibility for a long time. However, there is a limited study that examines the effects of SMR exercises applied with LV on muscular performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of SMR applications using vibrating foam roller equipment on lower extremity explosive strength and flexibility in well-trained soccer players. Twenty-two well-trained male soccer players (mean age 22.13 ± 2.47 years, height 178 ± 4.92cm body weight 74.9 ± 3.93kg, training time 11.59 ± 1.14h / week) participated in two different exercise sessions (foam roller and foam roller+LV) with randomized crossover study design and 48-hour intervals. All athletes were tested for the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) and sit-and-reach (S & R) flexibility test before and after both training sessions. When the results of the study were examined, both foam roller exercise and after foam roller + LV exercise showed an increase in jump and flexibility performance (p <0.05). However, no difference was observed between the applications when the data obtained from both applications were compared among themselves. As a result, foam roller exercises made with local vibration seemed to have the similar effect on jumping and flexibility performance compared to foam roller exercises only. Moreover, both foam roller and foam roller + LV exercises can be applied by athletes prior to training or competitions due to their positive effects on muscle performance.

Background: The environmental factors lead to changes in the physical fitness level among children. The objective of the present study was to compare the physical fitness parameters of the rural and urban children from Punjab.
Methods: Total 60 children (30 rural and 30 urban) 12 years old were selected to participate in the study. All the subjects were measured for various physical fitness parameters. The speed ability was measured with the help of 30 meter sprint (Flying Start). The endurance of the rural and urban children was assessed with the help of 800 meter run. Sit and reach test was used to assess the flexibility of the children. The standing broad jump and standing vertical jump were applied to measure the explosive strength. The grip strength was measured with the help of hand dynamometer. The medicine ball put was used to measure the strength of arms.
Results: The independent samples t-test revealed that the rural children were found to have significantly greater speed (p<0.05), standing broad jump (p<0.05), grip strength of both left (p<0.05) and right (p<0.05) hand than the urban children.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that the rural children were better in some physical fitness parameters.