SWAT

Bosherston Lakes in west Wales are an internationally important set of linked freshwater lowland lakes which were created by damming tidal creeks in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lakes have an average water depth of 1–3 m, and receive surface water inflows but have an uncertain interaction with the underlying karstic Carboniferous Limestone. This paper describes the application of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to improve the understanding of the hydrological functioning of the lake system. The temporally variable and limited observational data were used within a two-step calibration process. The simulated surface water inflows and groundwater levels were calibrated, followed by the lake volumes (Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient ranging from 0.67 to 0.74). Finally the simulated lake volumes were validated (NS ranging from 0.56 to 0.74) and the simulated lake outflows demonstrated to be plausible. Simulations reveal that three of the four linked water bodies lose significant water to the underlying aquifer. The simulated water balance demonstrates that the catchment outputs are dominated by evapotranspiration, surface outflow from the lake system to the sea and coastal groundwater discharge, with abstraction and lake evaporation being of lesser importance. The coastal groundwater discharge originates from both leakage from the lakes and previously unrecognised larger scale groundwater flow paths in the limestone aquifer. The study has provided an improved basis for the future hydrological management of the catchment and lakes and has demonstrated the wider utility of SWAT in simulating karstic systems.

LU/LC is an essential factor in understanding the association of the human intervention with the environment is essential to simulate changes. A rapid growth of population in India is a cause of concern among the planners for effective Urban & Water Management Planning. In recent years, the use of spatial data technologies, especially Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) has been extensively used in combination with Software's like ERDAS Imagine, ArcGIS, and ArcGlS Model. Aim of the study is to perceive LULC change for years 1990, 2000, 2009 and 2018 using satellite images of resolution 30m. The four satellite images of year 1990, 2000, 2009 and 2018 were acquired of Path & Row as 146/39 from the USGS site with an aim to produce a LULC map of Dehradun valley in order to detect the changes. The analysis of result shows the rise in built-up area from 19.70 % to 26.72 % an increase in agriculture area from 9.53 % to 12.23 % an increase in barren land from 18.20 % to 25.38 % a reduced in green cover (vegetation) from 47.02 % to 40.94% and a decrease in water bodies from 5.52 % to 4.7 %. Surface runoff increased from 187.23 mm/year in 1990 to 5l0.78 mm/year in 20l8. The average discharge from the basin area of the study for particular year has increased at large extend i.e. from 0.350 cumecs in 1990 to 2.368 cumecs in 2018

Abstract: A physically-based model namely the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used on the Roodan watershed in southern part of Iran; the watershed has an area of 10570 km 2 . The main objectives were to simulate monthly discharge and evaluate the base and peak flows separately. Required parameters to run the model were meteorological data, soil type, land use, management practices and topography maps at watershed scale. To find the sensitive parameters, an initial sensitivity analysis was performed using the Latin Hypercube sampling One-at-ATime (LH-OAT) method embedded in the SWAT model. Then, the model was calibrated and validated for stream flow using the SWAT-CUP program. Generally, the model was assessed using the modified coefficient of determination (bR 2 ), Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and PBIAS. Values of bR 2 and NS were 0.93 and 0.92 for calibration respectively and 0.69 and 0.83, respectively, for validation. For calibration and validation, PBIAS were obtained at 23 and 5%,...

The SWAT2005 model was applied to the Lake Tana Basin for modeling of the hydrological water balance. The main objective of this study was to test the performance and feasibility of the SWAT model for prediction of streamflow in the Lake Tana Basin. The model was calibrated and validated on four tributaries of Lake Tana; Gumera, GilgelAbay, Megech and Ribb rivers using SUFI-2, GLUE and ParaSol algorithms. The sensitivity analysis of the model to subbasin delineation and HRU definition thresholds showed that the flow is more sensitive to the HRU definition thresholds than subbasin discretization effect. SUFI-2 and GLUE gave good result. All sources of uncertainties were captured by bracketing more than 60% of the observed river discharge. Baseflow (40% -60%) is an important component of the total discharge within the study area that contributes more than the surface runoff. The calibrated model can be used for further analysis of the effect of climate and land use change as well as other different management scenarios on streamflow and soil erosion.

In recent years, changes in catchments water balance due to land use management have become the main concern of water resources authorities in Iran. Due to rapid population growth and land use changes, especially construction of Taleghan dam, Taleghan catchment has undergone rapid changes such as urban development, declining of rangelands, and deterioration of environment and erosion of soil resources by cultivating the hilly lands along the slopes for wheat or barely production. The extent of rangeland area shrinkage is substantial: from 83% during the early stages of dam construction down to 35% by the end of the study period. The ‘good’ rangeland area decreased to 5.90% from 34.49% while the poor rangeland increased from 19.04 to 23.35% during the period of 1987 to 2007. These changes could potentially have devastating impacts on water balance of the catchment. The main objective of this research was to examine the effects of land use changes on water balance of the Taleghan catc...

A physically-based model namely the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used on the Roodan watershed in southern part of Iran; the watershed has an area of 10570 km 2 . The main objectives were to simulate monthly discharge and evaluate the base and peak flows separately. Required parameters to run the model were meteorological data, soil type, land use, management practices and topography maps at watershed scale. To find the sensitive parameters, an initial sensitivity analysis was performed using the Latin Hypercube sampling One-at-A-Time (LH-OAT) method embedded in the SWAT model. Then, the model was calibrated and validated for stream flow using the SWAT-CUP program. Generally, the model was assessed using the modified coefficient of determination (bR 2 ), Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and PBIAS. Values of bR 2 and NS were 0.93 and 0.92 for calibration respectively and 0.69 and 0.83, respectively, for validation. For calibration and validation, PBIAS were obtained at 23 and 5%, respectively. Reviewing the results, it seems that simulation of the monthly peak flows has better harmony (fluctuation) than monthly base flows for Roodan watershed. To summarize, the simulated SWAT stream flow was within the acceptable range for Roodan watershed as an arid catchment.

This paper presents ArcGIS-SWAT, a geodata model and geographic information system (GIS) interface for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The ArcGIS-SWAT data model is a system of geodatabases that store SWAT geographic, numeric, and text input data and results in an organized fashion. Thus, it is proposed that a single and comprehensive geodatabase be used as the repository of a SWAT simulation. The ArcGIS-SWAT interface uses programming objects that conform to the Component Object Model (COM) design standard, which facilitate the use of functionality of other Windows-based applications within ArcGIS-SWAT. In particular, the use of MS Excel and MATLAB functionality for data analysis and visualization of results is demonstrated. Likewise, it is proposed to conduct hydrologic model integration through the sharing of information with a not-model-specific hub data model where information common to different models can be stored and from which it can be retrieved. As an example, it is demonstrated how the Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) - a computer application for flood analysis - can use information originally developed by ArcGIS-SWAT for SWAT. The application of ArcGIS-SWAT to the Seco Creek watershed in Texas is presented.

This research aims to evaluate the impacts of land use change and climate change on both hydrologic regimes and water resources of the Blue Nile River Basin found mainly in Ethiopia and Sudan where observed hydrologic data are limited. The downstream countries of the Nile River Basin are sensitive to the variability of runoff from the Ethiopian part of the basin. This research presents three steps for analyzing land use and climate change impacts of the Blue Nile basin on hydrology and water resources of the river. The first step is to improve the available SWAT model of the Blue Nile basin and evaluate its applicability for Land Use change and Climate Change assessment taking into consideration the limited data availability and the scale of the basin. The hydrologic model uses the constructed climate scenarios as input to predict runoff. The second is the construction of the climate change scenarios whereby the simulation outcomes of the multiple general circulation models (GCMs) scenarios will be used in the available SWAT model to compare them with the baseline climate simulation using the current precipitation and temperature patterns. In the final step, land use and cover change impacts on hydrology and water resources of the basin are examined using hypothetical Land Use and Cover (LUC) scenarios.

An approximation algorithm for the maximum independent set problem is given, improving the best performance guarantee known to O(n=(log n) 2 ). We also obtain the same performance guarantee for graph coloring. The results can be combined into a surprisingly strong simultaneous performance guarantee for the clique and coloring problems.

A comprehension of all the components of water balance is essential for rational and durable management of the water resource. However, the direct assessment of several components of the water balance is very difficult and the use of modeling is often necessary. SWAT 2012 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was thus implemented on a monthly and daily time steps to assess his ability to reproduce the hydrological functioning for the Nakhla watershed, which is located at 20 kilometers in the south of the city of Tetouan. Treatment of environmental data (MNT, pedology, satellite imagery and climatic data) allowed to describing the natural characteristic of the field at a resolution adapted to the objectives of the study. Adopted methodology consisted in the combined use of the SWAT agro hydrological model implemented in the QGIS geographical information system open source for operations of analysis and modeling of hydrological processes at the level of the watershed area and of SWAT-CUP tool to optimize the operations of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The calibration process was performed on two temporal scales; monthly and daily; and on the stations Timezouk; and over three periods: warm-up period from 1980 to 1983, calibration period from 1984 to 1987, and the validation period from 1988 to 1990. The results acquired after calibration and validation at monthly time step were satisfactory and presented good level of realism in the simulation of the discharge. The comparison of the monthly observed and simulated discharges for the period of calibration gave a NSE of 0.83 and R2 of 0.88 at the Timezouk station. Nevertheless, daily results are not satisfactory (NSE< 0.5), thus further improvements are required to better simulate the processes at a finer time step.

History has progressed very swiftly in some part of Pakistan. Swat is the best example of such transformation; which was one of the 560 princely states of subcontinent. In which transformation from a princely state to a provincially administered territory occurred in 1969 with the merge. It was just before 1969 that Swat was completely different State having structural and functional administrative variations from the neighboring parts like Dir, Bajaur and Pakistan.
Judicial system of Swat is the main subject matter of the study with a transformative phase and then the contemporary one. The old traditional system of justice which was imposed by Walis of Swat from 1917-1969 had a unique structure. The Shariah (Islamic) law and Riwaj (Customary/ Traditional law) or ‘Dasturul Amal’ (code of conduct) existed as sources of law. Then a transformation took place which challenged the old system and brought the formal way of justice but having an important addition of the informal ways which existed in princely State of Swat.
The study is aimed at the Walis and contemporary justice systems of Swat. The two systems have been compared by analyzing each one independently from the data that is available and a descriptive approach has been applied in collecting the data. The most important calculation is the analysis which has been made by looking into the contemporary system with comparison to the old one. The system has still flaws that need to be revisited because a quick and effective justice is the essence of the society. With conclusion there are given some recommendations which can be applied for development and effectiveness of the justice system.

Flint River watershed is located in northern Alabama and southern Tennessee, USA and is home to several species of rare, threatened, or endangered plants and animals in a rapidly urbanizing area. Dominant land uses are forest and agricultural, with row crops and livestock production as major farm enterprises. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a deterministic hydrologic model that can predict hydrologic conditions over various temporal and spatial scales, was used to simulate the hydrologic response of the watershed to land-use/land cover (LULC) change. Analysis between observed and predicted stream flow demonstrated that the initial SWAT model run require calibration of stream parameters in order to give a more accurate output from the model. The calibration was performed with sequential uncertainty fitting, ver. 2 (SUFI-2) in the SWAT Calibration Uncertainty Program. After calibration, stream sediment yield values were compared by sub-basin between a current (2001) and three future (2030) land use scenarios, in order to identify areas in the watershed that were the most susceptible to increased sediment yield in the future. The future growth scenarios (smart, plan and sprawl) were created using the ArcGIS extension, Prescott Spatial Growth Model. Sub-basins with the greatest sensitivity for larger sediment yields were identified and prioritized for conservation efforts.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the relative potential of spatially distributed surface and root zone soil moisture estimates in calibration of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) toward improving its hydrologic predictability with reduced equifinality. The Upper Wabash and Cedar Creek, two agriculture-dominated watersheds in Indiana, USA are considered as test beds to implement this multi-objective SWAT calibration. The proposed calibration approach is performed using remotely sensed Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System surface soil moisture ($1 cm top soil) estimates (NASA's Aqua daily level-3 gridded land surface product-version 2) in sub-basin/HRU level together with observed streamflow data at the watershed's outlet. Although application of remote sensing data in calibration improves surface soil moisture simulation, other hydrologic components such as streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET) and deeper layer moisture content in SWAT remain less affected. An extension of this approach to apply root zone soil moisture estimates from limited field sensor data showed considerable improvement in the simulation of root zone moisture content and streamflow with corresponding observed data. Difference in relative sensitivity of parameters and reduced extent of uncertainty are also evident from the proposed method, especially for parameters related to the subsur-face hydrologic processes. Regardless, precise representation of vertical soil moisture stratification at different layers is difficult with current SWAT ET depletion mechanism. While the results from this study show that root zone soil moisture can play a major role in SWAT calibration, more studies including various soil moisture data products are necessary to validate the proposed approach.

This paper presents ArcGIS-SWAT, a geodata model and geographic information system (GIS) interface for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The ArcGIS-SWAT data model is a system of geodatabases that store SWAT geographic, numeric, and text input data and results in an organized fashion. Thus, it is proposed that a single and comprehensive geodatabase be used as the repository of a SWAT simulation. The ArcGIS-SWAT interface uses programming objects that conform to the Component Object Model (COM) design standard, which facilitate the use of functionality of other Windows-based applications within ArcGIS-SWAT. In particular, the use of MS Excel and MATLAB functionality for data analysis and visualization of results is demonstrated. Likewise, it is proposed to conduct hydrologic model integration through the sharing of information with a not-model-specific hub data model where information common to different models can be stored and from which it can be retrieved. As an example, it is demonstrated how the Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) - a computer application for flood analysis - can use information originally developed by ArcGIS-SWAT for SWAT. The application of ArcGIS-SWAT to the Seco Creek watershed in Texas is presented.

Five exotic rice genotypes along with a local check were evaluated for yield and yield contributing traits under the climatic conditions of Swat. Minimum days to flowering were taken by rice genotype YUNLEN2 (59.7 days) and were 14 days early in maturity ...

To design and construct mosthydraulic structures, e.g. dams, it is essential to determine watershed runoff. If a watershed lacks any gaging station, thenhydrologic models can be utilized to estimate runoff. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widelyusedcomputerwatershed models. In this model, we need to input meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity;as well as watershed data, including curvenumberandroughness coefficient, to calculate the watershed runoff. Some watershedshave weather stations, but there is a risk that the recordeddataof a station do not represent the whole watershed and the use of such data may cause error. Consequently, the error of estimated runoff error needs to be determined. This study deals with the sensitivity of runoff estimatedusing the SWAT model to the variations in meteorological parameters, such as precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity, and temperature. Results indicate that with a 30% decrease in the average monthly precipitation, sunshine, relative humidity, wind and temperature, we witness,respectively,a 64.27% decrease, 114.67% increase, 45.93% decrease, 126.12% increase, and 39.21% increase in the estimated runoff.. Runoff estimation is found to be most sensitive to wind speed and solar radiation,and least sensitive to temperature.

Intensive agricultural practices implemented to secure increased crop yields have potentially negative environmental effects due to the generation of sediment and nutrients from agricultural fields. The monsoon climate and current agricultural practices on mountainous landscapes of the Haean catchment in South Korea have significantly affected water quality by transporting sediment and nutrients to downstream water bodies. The aim of this study is to suggest strategies for a permanent reduction of sediment and nitrate from this catchment through an efficient application of best management practices (BMPs). We applied three BMPs; split fertilizer application (SF), winter cover crop cultivation (CC), and a combination of the two (SFCC) to major dryland crops (cabbage, potato, radish and soybean) in order to investigate their effectiveness at the catchment scale through the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We found that the SF scenario reduced nitrate pollution while sediment and crop yield did not change relative to the baseline (BL) scenario. The application of the CC scenario reduces both sediment and nitrate load while crop yields increased. The combination of split fertilization and cover cropping (SFCC) showed the highest positive effect on reducing sediment and nitrate and increasing crop yields compared to a single application. We estimated the variability in the effectiveness of BMPs for major crop types and could demonstrate that specific sites and crop types, such as soybean, were less influential in reducing sediment and nitrate loads. Those sites and crops could be considered for additional BMP measures to mitigate water deterioration by target pollutants. Recommendations for BMP applications should also consider minor crops and other land use types in order to reduce overall water pollution and efficiently improve crop yields in this catchment.

This study provides a unique opportunity to analyze the issue of flow forecast based on the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. In last two decades, the ANNs have been extensively applied to various water resources system problems. In this study, the ANNs were applied to the daily flow of the Pracana basin in Portugal. The comparison of ANN models and a pro- cess-based model SWAT was established based on their prediction accuracy. The ANN model was found to be more successful than the SWAT in relation to better forecast of peak flow. Nevertheless the SWAT model results revealed a better value of mean squared error. The results of this study, in general, showed that ANNs can be powerful tools in daily flow forecasts.

Keywords: Flow, Forecast, Artificial neural networks, SWAT, Portugal

Predictions about changes to the discharge and suspended sediment loads of the Bangpakong River that may occur in response to anticipated future climate change are made in this study. Rainfalls impacted by climate change for the period 2040-2069, estimated from six general circulation models (CCCMA_CGCM31, CSIRO_MK30, IPSL_CM4, NCAR_CCSM30, UKMO_HadCM3 and MPI_ECHAM5 projections under the SRES A1B emission scenario) were used as inputs to the calibrated soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model to simulate surface discharge at the outlet of Bangpakong River basin. Streamflow at gauging station was predicted well with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiencies of 0.83 and 0.80 during monthly calibration (1995-1999) and validation (2000-2004) periods. The suspended sediment loads were then estimated using suspended sediment rating curve which had been established from the measured data. The modelling results show that, for the period 2040-2069, both the monthly average discharge and suspended sediment load at the outlet of the Bangpakong River basin are expected to increase by 1% in the rainy season and to decrease by 3% and 23% respectively in the dry season when compared to the baseline period. This study represents the first attempt to apply multi-model ensemble techniques to the Bangpakong River basin using the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario.

Many problems are occurred in watershed due to human activity and economic development.  The purpose is to determine the effects of the land use change on surface runoff using land use map on 1980, 2001 and 2008 and daily weather data during January 1, 1979 to September 30, 2010 applied to SWAT.  The results can be presented that the polynomial equation is suitable to display that relationship.  These equations for land use in 1980, 2001 and 2008 are consisted of y = -0.0076x5 + 0.1914x4–1.6386x3 + 6.6324x2–8.736x + 7.8023(R2 = 0.9255), y = -0.0298x5 + 0.8794x4 - 9.8056x3 + 51.99x2 - 117.04x + 96.797; (R2 = 0.9186) and y = -0.0277x5 + 0.8132x4 - 8.9598x3 + 46.498x2–101.83x +81.108 (R2 = 0.9006), respectively.  Moreover, if the agricultural area is the largest area, it is a sensitive parameter to concern surface runoff.

A comprehension of all the components of water balance is essential for rational and durable management of the water resource. However, the direct assessment of several components of the water balance is very difficult and the use of modeling is often necessary. SWAT 2012 (Soil and Water

Torwali is a Dardic language spoken by a community of about 80,000-100,000 in the idyllic valleys of upper Swat district in north Pakistan. It is one of the Pakistan's 28 'definitely endangered languages' as categorized by UNESCO in its Atlas of World's Languages in Danger. In 2007 a team of community researchers undertook its 'preservation and promotion', organizing themselves into a local civil society organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT) – " Institute for Education and Development ". Since then the organization has made a number of revitalization initiatives, targeting youth and children. Initially IBT has developed orthography for the language; and based on that it established schools for children in their own language. The curriculum for the kids contains rhymes and poems. Secondly, IBT started a campaign in order to repackage the poetry and music so as to popularize it among all the community members relevant to all ages and genders. In Torwali music there has been only one genre of music called żo. This has been sung in one way only since centuries. This genre is very much liked by the elderly men and women but the youth and children, being influenced by modern Urdu and Pashto music, don't like this genre much. In the past, when the people of this community were less exposed to the dominant music and cultures, there used to be many poets, women and men alike, of żo, as people used to have their own cultural events and gatherings. In order to popularize the music, dances and traditional games among the youth IBT held a three-days indigenous cultural festival in 2011 with the name of Simam. In the festival youth sang Torwali songs in modern ways with modern themes. Though the way they sang was a bit of imitation of Pashto singing yet it popularized the Torwali music in the youth. In 2015 IBT undertook a Cultural Revitalization project wherein new songs are being produced and sung in a modern way where the 'modern' and 'traditional' will have a fusion. This paper is focused on the work done by IBT for Torwali music, its significance to foster identity based development; and, of course, the challenges it poses for the linguists, researchers and musicians.

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is increasingly used to quantify hydrologic and water quality impacts of bioenergy production, but crop-growth parameters for candidate perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRG) Miscanthus 9 giganteus and upland ecotypes of Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) are limited by the availability of field data. Crop-growth parameter ranges and suggested values were developed in this study using agronomic and weather data collected at the Purdue University Water Quality Field Station in northwestern Indi-ana. During the process of parameterization, the comparison of measured data with conceptual representation of PRG growth in the model led to three changes in the SWAT 2009 code: the harvest algorithm was modified to maintain belowground biomass over winter, plant respiration was extended via modified-DLAI to better reflect maturity and leaf senescence, and nutrient uptake algorithms were revised to respond to temperature, water, and nutrient stress. Parameter values and changes to the model resulted in simulated biomass yield and leaf area index consistent with reported values for the region. Code changes in the SWAT model improved nutrient storage during dormancy period and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by both switchgrass and Miscanthus. Abbreviations ACRE = agronomy center for research and education BIO_E = radiation use efficiency 9 10 BLAI = maximum leaf area index CMN = rate of humus mineralization CYLD = nutrient fraction at harvest DLAI = point of the growing season when senescence begins HEFF = harvest efficiency HI = harvest index HU = heat unit LAI = leaf area index OAT = one-at-a-time method PAR = photosynthetically active radiation PLTFR = plant nutrient fraction PLTNFR = plant nitrogen fraction PLTPFR = plant phosphorus fraction PRG = perennial rhizomatous grasses RUE = radiation use efficiency SWAT = soil and water assessment tool T_BASE = base temperature WQFS = water quality field station.

This paper presents ArcGIS-SWAT, a geodata model and geographic information system (GIS) interface for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The ArcGIS-SWAT data model is a system of geodatabases that store SWAT geographic, numeric, and text input data and results in an organized fashion. Thus, it is proposed that a single and comprehensive geodatabase be used as the repository of a SWAT simulation. The ArcGIS-SWAT interface uses programming objects that conform to the Component Object Model (COM) design standard, which facilitate the use of functionality of other Windows-based applications within ArcGIS-SWAT. In particular, the use of MS Excel and MATLAB functionality for data analysis and visualization of results is demonstrated. Likewise, it is proposed to conduct hydrologic model integration through the sharing of information with a not-model-specific hub data model where information common to different models can be stored and from which it can be retrieved. As an example, it is demonstrated how the Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) -a computer application for flood analysis -can use information originally developed by ArcGIS-SWAT for SWAT. The application of ArcGIS-SWAT to the Seco Creek watershed in Texas is presented. (KEY TERMS: watershed management; geographic information systems (GIS); water quality; hydrologic modeling; computational methods; computer interface.)

Il libro, nato dalla collaborazione scientifica tra Sapienza Università di Roma e Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, tratta del complesso buddhistico di Tokar-Dara 1 nella Valle dello Swat, architetture riferibili alla cultura del Gandhara pakistano. I manufatti, ormai allo stato di abbandono e decadimento, richiedono immediati interventi di conservazione e valorizzazione volti ad assicurare tale unica ricchezza ai tempi futuri. Si tratta di un contesto architettonico e paesaggistico di grande interesse oggi in gravi condizioni dovute alla situazione economica e sociale del Paese ma anche al disinteresse della comunità internazionale. In tale contesto è stata impostata una prima fase conoscitiva comprensiva di repertorio fotografico e rilievo metrico; si analizzano, inoltre, problematiche e possibilità conservative legate al tema delle rovine, nodo concettuale della disciplina del restauro architettonico. M aria Grazia Turco, architetto, è professore associato di Restauro architettonico presso le Facoltà di Architettura e Ingegneria, Sapienza -Università di Roma. È autrice di saggi su argomenti di storia dell'architettura (Il titulus dei Santi Nereo e Achilleo emblema della Riforma Cattolica, József Vágó (1877-1947, architetto 'europeo', e l'esperienza romana), di restauro architettonico (Le aree archeologiche tra restauro e valorizzazione. Alcune esperienze didattiche, Coloriture architettoniche: una 'malintesa' valorizzazione), nonché di aspetti tecnologici dell'architettura tradizionale, con particolare riferimento alle tecniche costruttive antiche e medievali (Il sito archeologico di Ostia Antica: tecniche costruttive, materiali, restauri, La chiesa di S. Giorgio in Velabro. Analisi delle apparecchiature murarie. Conferme e nuovi apporti). Ha svolto attività professionale nel campo del restauro: chiesa di S. Giorgio in Velabro, S. Paolo alla Regola in Roma e l'ex convento dei Domenicani a Livorno. Collabora con le riviste «Palladio» e «Bollettino del Centro di Studi per la Storia dell'Architettura». Ha tenuto conferenze in istituzioni e università nazionali e internazionali.

As changes in landuse and the demand for water accelerate, regulators and resource managers are increasingly asked to evaluate water allocation against the need for protection of in-stream habitat. In the United States, only a small number of river basins have the longterm hydrograph data needed to make these assessments. This paper presents an example of how to bridge the conceptual and physical divide between GIS-based watershed modelling of basin-discharge and in-stream hydraulic habitat models. Specifically, we used a Soil andWater Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Hillsborough River to produce data for use in a Physical HABitat SIMulation (PHABSIM) model of the same river. This coupling of models allowed us to develop long-term discharge data in ungauged river systems based on watershed characteristics and precipitation records. However this approach is not without important limitations. Results confirm that accuracy of the SWAT-predicted hydrograph declines significantly when either the DEM resolution becomes too coarse or if DEM data are resampled to a coarser or finer resolution. This is due to both changes in the size and shape of the river basin
with the varying DEMs and subsequent shifts in the proportions of land use, soils and elevation. Results show the use of 30m DEMs produced hydrographic patterns amenable for using in-stream habitat protocols like PHABSIM model, especially where little or no hydrographic and land use information exists.

In the application of models, less attention is paid to the quantitative determination of the importance of uncertainty that predicts variability and input parameter values. Hydrological models require a lot of input parameters that are not fully known. Because of this uncertainty, the models are not able to accurately describe hydro-logic and chemical processes under normal conditions. In this study, the SWAT model was used to simulate flow in the Maroon Dam basin. The model was implemented for the period 1994-2001. Moreover, uncertainty testing was through using the SUFI program. The results showed that the SWAT model could be a useful tool for simulating river flow intensity.  In this investigation we adjust and calibrate an unified hydrological model  using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) program. various elements of water resources are simulated and water quality are measured at the Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) level. The water resources are computed at subbasin level with monthly periods. The use of comprehensive, high-resolution water resources models enables steady and inclusive investigation of unified system behavior through physically-based, data-driven simulation. In this investigation we examine issues with data accessibility, calibration of large-scale distributed models, and outline methods for model calibration and uncertainty analysis. The methods technologically advanced are overall and can be practical to any large zone around the universe. Multi-objective hydrological model calibration can indicate a valorous solution to diminish model equifinality and parameter uncertainty. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is extensive used to considerate water quality and water management issues in catchment.

Keywords: Uncertainty - SWAT - Runoff Simulation - SUFI2

Hydrological simulation, based on weather inputs and the physical characterization of the watershed, is a suitable approach to predict the corresponding streamflow. This work, carried out on four different watersheds, analyzed the impacts of using three different meteorological data inputs in the same model to compare the model's accuracy when simulated and observed streamflow are compared. Meteorological data from the Daily Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN-D), National Land Data Assimilation Systems (NLDAS) and the National Operation Hydrological Remote Sensing Center's Interactive Snow Information (NOHRSC-ISI) were used as an input into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model and compared as three different scenarios on each watershed. The results showed that meteorological data from an assimilation system like NLDAS achieved better results than simulations performed with ground-based meteorological data, such as GHCN-D. However, further work needs to be done to improve both the datasets and model capabilities, in order to better predict streamflow.

This study is to evaluate the future climate change impact on the river discharge of the Brahmaputra River, a trans-boundary river entering in Bangladesh through the north from India, using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. To reduce the uncertainty, the model has been calibrated and validated using the observed daily flow data at Bahadurabad from 1998 to 2007 and soil moisture data. Hydrological predicted values matched well with the observed values by showing coefficient of determination (R2) from 0.83 to 0.85 for stream flow. Climate scenarios from the model EC-Earth under different representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) AR5 (Assessment Report 5) have been fed to the SWAT model and the river discharge for the Brahmaputra River has been estimated for three time windows, i.e. 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070) and 2080s (2071-2100). The future changes in the river discharge of the Brahmaputra River showed an...

Selecting the right model to simulate a specific watershed has always been a challenge, and field testing of watersheds could help researchers to use the proper model for their purposes. The performance of three popular Geographic Information System (GIS)-based watershed simulation models (European Hydrological System Model (MIKE SHE), Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender (APEX) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)) were evaluated for their ability to simulate the hydrology of the 52.6 km 2 Canagagigue Watershed located in the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario, Canada. All three models were calibrated for a four-year period and then validated using an independent four-year period by comparing simulated and observed daily, monthly and annual streamflow. The simulated flows generated by the three models are quite similar and closely match the observed flow, particularly for the calibration results. The mean daily/monthly flow at the outlet of the Canagagigue Watershed simulated by MIKE SHE was more accurate than that simulated by either the SWAT or the APEX model, during both the calibration and validation periods. Moreover, for the validation period, MIKE SHE predicted the overall variation of streamflow slightly better than either SWAT or APEX.