Role of Thumb of Mechanical Engineering

Turning is a most popular cutting process which is widely used in small as well as large scale industries. The selection of better combination of input parameter be means enhancement in productivity. The aim of this paper is to optimize the turning parameter (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) using Taguchi methodology for minimizing surface roughness. The experiment were performed according to the L₉ orthogonal design matrix on the lathe machine. The result shows that optimal condition of the parameters gives surface finish which is better than initial . The cylindrical turning is a popular metal cutting prceses used in the indusrties to removed unwanted material in desired workpiece material.

The logistics system is an important and stimulating process for producers. The logistics system starts with the supply of raw materials, product design, assembly and distribution to customers. A supply chain can be considered when designing this process. Therefore, modelling and optimizing supply networks related to the different processes of the logistics system and data transactions is a major challenge. On the other hand, developments in the digital environment of logistics systems are integrated with the development of Industry 4.0, including Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud computing and information systems. Therefore, this document discusses the development of information systems on different processes of logistics systems in modelling the exchange of data between elements of the supply network. The concepts of big data and cloud computing are taken into account when proposing information flow mechanisms. The result allows a complete exchange of data between the elements of the intelligent logistics system on the Internet platform. The functions and solutions of sales, transport, inventory and sales are presented in the different phases of the proposed logistics system. The need for data flow is created using a database concept for making real-time decisions

Modern vehicles are much safer, lighter, faster and drive convenient as far as older vehicles are concerned. They are more stable and having better safety features. Now a days everyone is giving more importance to the passenger safety. In order to avoid the passenger threats during vehicle crash, we need to understand the collusion effects on vehicle body and passenger cabin. It can be studied well with the help of crash test where vehicle is allowed to hit an obstacle with a particular speed and due to hitting vehicle damage and effect of collusion on the cabin is observed. But physical crash test is much costlier and consumes money, effort, material and much more things. To avoid this virtual crash test is preferred in industry. It is a simple computerised crash test simulating process in which virtual model of vehicle is allowed to hit a virtual obstacle with a known speed virtually on computer. The effects will be generated by finite element analysis module in the form of deformation and stresses on virtual parts. It also shows the bending and cracks on parts. Hence this virtual crash test is Having 95 % accurate results. It also avoids physical damage on vehicle, saves efforts and money. In this paper we have studied the various literatures available based on this crash test. Authors opinions are understood and based on their opinions a standard conclusion is drawn. This study will help to conduct virtual crash test with the help of FEA package and CAD Tool.

In this manuscript we have presented eight variation of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger (ACHE) design with internal spiral grooving, all of them are having variable number of rectangular copper fins with different distances between the fins. In the proposed design we get the value of heat transfer rate of a counter to cross flow ACHE is 7833.77 watt, 4068.13 watt, 2736.95 watt, 2161.49 watt, 1802.89 watt, 1546.44 watt, 1336.51 watt and 1165.74 watt in natural convection (without fan) for 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 4.0 cm respectively. Then again, value of rate of heat transfer in forced convection (with fan) are 8007.46 watt, 4084.81 watt, 2754.69 watt, 2205.98 watt, 1809.24 watt, 1555.39 watt, 1352.88 watt and 1172.78 watt for 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 4.0 cm respectively.

Total productive maintenance (TPM) is the methodology aims to improve the accessibility of equipment and in consequence improve the further capital investment. Objectives of TPM are zero breakdowns, zero losses, zero defects and zero health hazards and hence increase quality and productivity in industries. This paper gives a literature review of ten papers on the total productive maintenance (TPM). Calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) helps to find the machine performance. The literature review indicates that, Total Productive Maintenance is being adopted across many organizations in the India enhancing the productivity and efficiency of manufacturing.

A detailed study was carried out on crankshafts used in two wheeler made from C45 (EN 8/AISI 1042) steel. Undesirable noise was heard in crankshaft when the engine is in running. This was stated as failure of crankshaft. Material has been peeled off and seemed to be scraped at the central portion of the crankpin.  It was the bearing seating place where oil hole also provided. Under analysis the crankpin was identified as tempered. Chemical composition, micro-hardness and microstructure were studied and compared with the specified properties of the crankpin material. Reason for failure is identified as wear due to lower hardness, improper lubrication and high operating oil temperature.

In this study, we investigated natural convection heat transfer from horizontal cylinders with longitudinal plate fins adapted for dissipating heat on a LED (light emitting diode) light. The numerical results were validated with experimental results and a good agreement was found. Parametric studies are conducted to compare the effects of three geometric parameters and a single operating parameter (heat input) on the thermal resistance and the average heat transfer coefficient for the heat sink array.

Many engineering machines and mechanical components are subjected to fluctuating stresses, taking place at relatively high frequencies and under these conditions failure is found to occur. This is called fatigue failure. And this led to the invention of a fatigue testing machine. In view of effective design that will not fail accidentally, this research is conceived. This testing machine will determine the strength of materials under the action of fatigue load. Specimens are subjected to repeated varying forces or fluctuating loading of specific magnitude while the no. of cycles are counted till the breakage of specimen and results are plotted.

Now days we tend to see pedal operated tools are helpful in day to day life. In this paper we target the planning of pedal operated butter churner that will be helpful and cheap to normal milkman. This will assist to extend the productivity of worker in rural area. Many devises are available in the market for production butter for large quantity at the same time domestic mixer may be use for very low quantity and it also required electric power. Current manual process of developing butter is the long, taking several hours to complete and needs most physical efforts. The demand of butter is increases day by day. In order to meet this demand a more robust mechanism is required. This project seeks to develop butter by means that of combination using bicycle & mechanism.

In the Indian Academy, Agriculture plays a important role. Over the last few decades, Indian agriculture has recorded good growth. Implementing done in this area. The multipurpose farming robot is a fundamental a new ideas in this field is very important, although a lot of work has been major agricultural machine for full yield. A laborious technique is the conventional method of weeding, sowing seeds and spraying pesticides. In India, bullocks, horses, and buffalo are still used by many farmers for agricultural operations. This would not satisfy the need for agricultural energy needs, in comparison to other countries around the world. We assume that human and animal efforts can be replaced from an economic point of view by some advanced mechanism that will be ideal for small-scale farmers. We are therefore designing this prototype and assume that it will fulfil all requirements and problems in real life. India is a country focused on agriculture in which 70% of individuals rely on the results of farming. But if we observe that with population growth the farm is spread among the family and because of this, farmers in India kept only two acres of farm on average. Economically, farmers are still very poor because they are unable to afford tractors and other expensive machinery, so they use conventional farming methods. So, we are designing this machinery that will fulfil all this need and solve the problem of labor. The paper deals with multi-purpose agriculture machine for seed feeding, spraying pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers and cutting. Thus paving way for a more economical and multi-usable equipment for farmer which is also easy to clean and maintain, easy to handle and do not require fuel, hence cost gets reduced and helping farmers to a great extent in their fields

Many engineering machines and mechanical components are subjected to fluctuating stresses, taking place at relatively high frequencies and under these conditions failure is found to occur. This is called fatigue failure. And this led to the invention of a fatigue testing machine. In view of effective design that will not fail accidentally, this research is conceived. This testing machine will determine the strength of materials under the action of fatigue load. Specimens are subjected to repeated varying forces or fluctuating loading of specific magnitude while the no. of cycles are counted till the breakage of specimen and results are plotted.

Course is intended for Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering students involving on Understanding Kinematics of Mechanisms, simple mechanism study,  Velocity and acceleration analysis of mechanisms, Problem solving on Belt drives, Rope drives, Using Graphical analysis of generating Cam Profiles, Study of all types of gear drives and problem solving on spur gears, study on control and regulation of Governors.

Head Restraints are provided to safeguard occupant head and neck from injuries during rear impact. According to the study made by organizations like ECE (Economic commission of Europe) and NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration USA) on different accidents, many safety regulations are developed for passenger cars coming on roads. ECER17 and FMVSS202a are the regulations made to test and ensure safety of seat headrestraints. One of the most important tests according to these regulations is energy absorption test. In this test- setup the Head Form with mass 6.8kg, diameter 165mm and velocity of 24.1km/hr hits the Head restraint. The passing criteria of the test is such that the headform should not experience deceleration more than 80 times gravitation for the period more than or equal to 3ms. Also during impact, there should not be excess lifting of the headrest. Different parameters of the headrest assembly such as angle of inclination of the front face of headrest, radius of curvature of headrest rod, Notch depth of notches on headrest rod and stiffness variation of the headrest plastic part have influence on the test results. In this paper, influence of these parameters is studied on the energy absorption test mainly on the lifting of the headrest.

Laser engraving machine is used to mark various pictures and symbols on different materials. The laser engraving setup is advantageous due to its low operational cost, lightweight, portability and easy-to-learn features. The paper fabricates a low cost rapid prototype laser engraving machine. The proposed setup has been applied to Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) composites, plastics, wood, cardboard, etc., to yield desired profile, contour, information and various drawings. Moreover, developed laser engraving setup has high precision and processing efficiency. Laser engraving technique involves color change of the surface due to thermal energy emerged by the laser beam. The simulation of this machine is done using Laser GRBL software. A 2.5 W diode laser is used to engrave the various materials. Various advanced software and hardware like Inkscape, MakerBase, GRBL controllers and microcontrollers are assembled together, further leading to the execution of the final engraving. Validity of the machine has been verified by performing dimensional, dependency and co-ordinate tests. Finally, pilot experimentation has been carried out on Cardboard composites.

Wheelchairs are used by people to whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury or disability. Driving a manual wheelchair or crutches is a difficult task and past invented automatic wheelchair are not available in present market that can be bought and used for physically disable persons. The purpose of this research work is to propose of an automated wheelchair system which facilitates the users. The proposed wheelchair has been implemented with design, simulation and construction of the whole body. Automated Wheel Chair assists disabled people to become more mobile and independent. The main objective of this project is to design and fabricate a cheap, intuitive and practical automated wheelchair. Many of the disabled persons uses hand powered wheelchair who do not have the physical strength or coordination to propel themselves on the tricycle with their arms and hands. This automated wheelchair has the potential to deliver increased freedom to a considerable consumer base. The proposed system presents a user friendly tricycle which can be easily assembled to the wheelchair at any time. It has front wheel propelled mechanism with hub motor installed inside the wheel. The controller is the brain of the automated wheelchair, controlling the motor speed, start, stop. As it is connected to all other electronic parts such as battery, motor, and the throttle, display (battery indicator). The disabled people who use a normal wheelchair for mobility and navigation requires an another person for support and to move around. Mobility of disabled people is concerned social issue nowadays. Here comes the need of an automated wheelchair, which adds on power to the manual wheelchair with its user friendly tricycle.

This work is based on Design of a transport line conveyor belt for sorting and arranging products based on their height using the IR sensors for detecting the object and mechanism to drive the conveyor belt. The project is locally controlled by the use of Arduino based embedded system. The automatic sorting and arranging machine are used to sort the different types of products based on the product height. This automation significantly reduces the time required for manual sorting in the production line of small/medium scale industries and hence it also decreases the percentage of human error during sorting/arranging. The products are placed on the transport line conveyor system and as it moves on the conveyor it is scanned by the IR sensor, depending on the height of the product these will be sorted into different bins automatically.

The objective of this study is to implement some of the Kaizen and 5S principles borrowed from Toyota's operation management systems and process improvements to help smallholder farmers become more productive and efficient. The paper systematically analyses, categorises, and reviews methodically the published literature. A series of case studies were conducted in an indoor hydroponic farm located in an urban area. The Kaizen and 5S principles in the organization have been implemented and analysed. Based on the outcomes of the case studies, it can be stressed that by the introduction and implementation of the Kaizen and 5S principles brings significant changes and improvements in the organisation in terms of increasing in effectiveness and efficiency in the operational processes, improved visual management of the process, improved safety and morale of the workers, improved housekeeping, waste elimination and standardization. The outcomes of this study have demonstrated that the Kaizen and 5S principles and techniques are equally applicable for agricultural organisations rather than manufacturing sectors.

Course intended for Undergraduate and Post Graduate Level Mechanical Engineering Vibrations course including Undamped free vibrations, Damped free vibrations, Transverse vibrations, Torsional Vibrations of multi degree of freedom and geared systems, Forced Vibrations,Determining equation of Motion of Two and Multi degree freedom systems by Euler- Lagrangian Method and Vibration measurements.

This paper deals with usage of Exhaust gas from any engine there-by generating power using Thermo electric generators (TEG), turbocharger technology. Nowadays in automobile field many new innovating concepts are being developed. The electric power which is generated can be stored in battery for the later consumption. In this paper, I am demonstrating a concept of generating power in a moving vehicle by the usage of turbines, dynamo and TEG Elements.

Components press formed from layered or laminated metallic materials have wide engineering application in aerospace, automobile, electrical, electronic and process industries. High strength ferrous metals are widely used in automobile industries for utilization of its high strength to weight ratio. Such high strength metals offer poor formability. Formability of such metals can be improved by applying a layer of metal having higher formability. This paper deals with springback behavior of a laminated stainless steel and aluminum in
V bending. Investigation of bending characteristics like thickness ratio and bending angles of sheet before/after springback is carried out in this paper. First part of this paper is on numerical analysis for springback prediction of laminated sheet. In second part, experiments are performed for different cases on V bending machine. The experimental results show that springback of sheet metal laminate is greatly affected
by relative position of strong/weak layers and thickness ratio of each layer.

Course is intended for Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering students involving detailed theory and related problems in Couplings, Clutches, Brakes, Belt, rope and chain drives, Gasket and sealing, Gears - types, nomenclature, related calculations and applications, Theory of Lubrication, Bearings – types and applications.

— 3D Printing is a modern manufacturing technology. There are various types of manufacturing processes like casting, rolling, forming, molding, machining etc. In which machining process of material removal from raw material and obtaining the required shape. But 3D printing technology works on principle of material addition. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing process (AM). This technology is mainly used for making prototypes. It is a type of rapid manufacturing processes therefore production rate is fast in 3D printing.

This research deals with Energy and Exergy analysis of Sapele steam power plant in Nigeria. The key point in this paper is to identify areas where energy losses are occurring and develop a model that will ensure efficient and effective improvement in a thermal power station. This was accomplished by conducting energy analysis of the overall plant and determination of the efficiencies and energy losses of all the major parts on the power plant in light of experimental data collected from Sapele power plant in Nigeria. Areas where energy losses are being experienced in the plant were pinpointed. It was deduced that energy losses occurred fundamentally in the boiler where 105KW was lost to the surrounding while just 15.7 KW was lost from the condenser system. The rate proportion of the exergy destruction was discovered to be greatest in the boiler system (105.9%) trailed by the turbine (86.53%), and after that the condenser (62.5%). Moreover, the exergy efficiency of the power plant was 11.003% for boiler, 30.315% for turbine and 59.8% for condenser. For a moderate change in the reference environment state temperature, no exceptional change was seen in the execution of major components and the principle conclusion continued as before; the boiler is the significant wellspring of irreversibilities in the power plant. Synthetic response is the most noteworthy wellspring of exergy destruction.

TIG Welding (Tungsten Iner Gas Welding)
Didalam penggunaan las pada pekerjaan pengelasan logam masih banyak orang yang belum mengenal jenis pengelasan ini, padahal mereka sering menggunakan las tersebut, mereka hanya mengenal jenis Las Argon, sebenarnya Las Argon sama saja dengan Las TIG (Tungsten Iner Gas Welding).

Las gas tungsten (Las TIG) adalah proses pengelasan dimana busur nyala listrik ditimbulkan oleh elektroda tungsten (elektroda tak terumpan) dengan benda kerja logam. Daerah pengelasan dilindungi oleh gas pelindung (Iner gas) agar tidak berkontaminasi dengan udara luar, gas pelindung yang digunakan adalah gas mulia yaitu gas argon (Ar), makanya disebut las argon.

Primarily intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Engineering to Learn system simulations by Tool MATLAB.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To realize the importance of Computational efficiency in simulation of Real time Mechanical systems by using GUI feature.
To Implement Statics and kinematics problems.
To Implement Dynamics and control problems in Vibratory systems.
To learn vibration pattern in vibratory systems with damping and without damping for programming effectively differential equation problems with Ode solvers.
To learn the simulation of Hydraulic systems.
To learn the simulation of mechanism systems.
To implement automation systems by virtual simulation and analysis of Real Time systems.

The lean thinking accentuates on the philosophy of continuously improving performance by systematically eliminating wastes. Lean thinking [1] was introduced to extend the concept from manufacturing floor to various fields like health care, supply chain, service industries, construction, hotel industries etc. Experience shows that adopting lean thinking requires abandoning deeply engrained mainstream management thought routines and this is never easy. As various lean tools when applied to industries results in development. Now this is the time to adopt this valuable tool of development in agriculture field for changing its status. This paper is intended to provide an overview on concept of lean thinking and its applicability for implementation on farming by conferring with various lean tools.

The most important factor in food production/processing is safety and quality in terms of hygiene and nutritional value. Processing of unripe plantain into a finished product of Amala conventionally is laborious and unhygienic. This project named Design and development of an instant Amala making machine with control system integration was designed and fabricated to make Amala preparation an easy one and remove the fatigue usually experienced during manual preparation. The machine was designed for small scale use and it is capable of processing 15 fingers of unripe plantain pulp for 10 people. It has two compartments; the cooking/pounding and the electric motor/water reservoir. The machine was designed using Solidworks CAD software and computer programming using Micro C. After fabrication, the machine was tested and the result observed from the functional evaluation of the machine, shows that before implementation of control, the time recorded was 58 minutes and after incorporating control, it took 56 minutes, the overall operation time of the machine is lesser when compared to the processing of Unripe plantain into flour. It was observed that both took longer because of the thickness of the pot and the sizes to which each finger was reduced, using a kitchen knife. The machine minimizes human intervention and makes for hygienic processing of Amala. The color observed from the final product of the operation is light brown which makes it pleasant looking, instead of the darkish brown color usually observed from plantain flour. Further course of action is recommended as the machine as it is still a prototype.

Three type of CuO nanostructures were synthesis from solution route having advantage of low temperature, low cost and surfactant free synthesis. These CuO nanostructures have functional to modify GC electrode for detecting of glucose. Acidity plays important role in synthesizing these nanostructure. CuO synthesize from CuSO4have higher sensitivity, than obtained from copper nitrate over copper acetate. Morphology plays a major role in sensitivity of these CuO towards glucose oxidation. The Flower like structure having highest sensitivity toward glucose biosensor.

Regenerator is very important part of the desiccants dehumidifier system. It is used to regain the concentration of the solution by removing the moisture from the solution so that it can be reuse. The celdek pads as packing material and lithium bromide as the desiccant has been used in the regeneration system. The counter flow of air and desiccant solution is selected in the current research paper. The effect of solution flow rate and air inlet temperature  will be studied on different outlet parameter; the evaporation rate, regenerator effectiveness, out let dry bulb temperature of the air, %age change in the concentration and solution outlet temperature The results show that there is increment in the evaporation rate and regenerator effectiveness with increase these inlet parameters.

www.alliedjournals.com  Abstract-Some devices convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical power as primary objective and so are not generally referred to as electric motors. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, a traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.

This report focused on force acting on the hydraulic scissor lift when it is extended and contracted. Generally, a hydraulic scissor lift is used for lifting. Material selection plays a key role in designing a machine and also influence on several factor such as durability, reliability, strength, resistance which finally leads to increase the life of scissor lift. The following project describes the fabrication of a hydraulic scissor lift. Conventionally a scissor lift is used for lifting the body to appreciable height, and many other applications also such lifts can be used for various purposes like maintenance and many material handling operations. It can be of mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic type. The design described in the report is developed by keeping in mind that the lift can be operated by mechanical means by using pantograph shaped scissor, so that the overall cost of the scissor lift is reduced. The upward motion is achieved by the application of hydraulic cylinder which is placed vertically. In our case upward motion of the lift was to be designed in a portable manner and also which works without consuming any electric power so we decided to use a hydraulic cylinder.

— The steady state temperature distribution in a nuclear fuel rod using R-12 as coolant has been discussed in this paper. A high amount of energy is released by fission reaction within the nuclear fuel rod. This energy is then transferred by heat conduction to the surface of the fuel rod.. In this work, a model of the equivalent nuclear reactor is prepared in ANSYS design modeler and two particular sub channels are taken. The physical dimensions and the input data required during modeling as well as computation have been taken from an experimental paper; where inlet pressure is 4.63 MPa, inlet temperature is 392 K and heat flux is 33.5kW/m 2. Analysis has been done through ANSYS CFD technique to obtain steady state heat transfer in nuclear reactor fuel rod assembly and the local heat transfer coefficient of supercritical R-12 in sub channels of CANDU reactor under cooling conditions which is equivalent to a supercritical water reactor. Hence to confirm the turbulent nature of the flow, Reynolds number variation across the heated length is found out. Later; input conditions such as mass flux, heat flux, and pitch to diameter ratio and inlet pressure are varied to observe its effects on temperature distribution and local heat transfer coefficient. Hence results in the enhancement of heat transfer from the fuel rod cladding surface.

— The connecting rod is intermediate member between the piston and the crankshaft. Connecting rods are widely used in variety of engine. The function of connecting rod is to transmit the thrust of the piston to the crank shaft, and as the result the reciprocating motion of the piston is translated into rotational motion of the crank shaft. It consists of a pin-end and crank-end. Pin end and crank end holes are machined to permit accurate fitting of bearings. Connecting rods are subjected to forces generated by mass and fuel combustion. These two forces results in axial load and bending stresses. A connecting rod must be capable of transmitting axial tension, axial compression, and bending stress caused by the thrust and pull of the piston and by centrifugal force. Finite element Modal (FEM) is a modern way for analysis the modeling geometry. Existing connecting rod is manufactured by using SCM 415. The present work describes analysis of connecting rod. Structural systems of Connecting rod easily analyzed using Finite Element techniques. So firstly a 2D drawing is drafted from the calculations and the dimensions of the selected connecting rod are found using vernier calipers, screw gauge etc. According to the dimensions of model of them connecting rod, Finite Element Model is developed using CAD SOFTWARE Creo then it is imported into design modeler of ANSYS to determine the von-misses stresses and strains for the given loading conditions. Finally the static analysis is done to determine the von Misses stress, elastic strain, total deformation in the present design of connecting rod for the given loading conditions using Finite Element Analysis Software ANSYS Workbench 13.0. These analytically obtained results are compares with experimental results.

Manufacturing Firms sometimes suffers from Productivity, Low Production rate and Delivery
problems. Production time is the top priority at every manufacturing firm, and each firm wants to
minimize it as much as possible to deliver their product on time to time their valuable customers. .
Some of the biggest time eaters in the industry are Setup time, Manufacturing time, Material
handling time, and wait time. After the brief survey at VBC Hydraulics, we have conclude that
setup time, manufacturing time, and wait time can not be utilize more than current because they
are already using best possible machines and technology to manufacture Gear Pumps. But,
material handling time and man-machine utilization can be improved by some engineering
analysis. We did man-machine utilization by using man-machine utilization charts and some brief
calculations and also focused to improve the material handling in the industry by implementation of GT(Group Technology) layout as they are mainly focused to manufacturing of Gear Pumps of different specifications with bulk Production.

Springs are nothing but the elastic body which deflects when loaded and comes back in its original shape when load removed. It has wide range of an applications, mainly used in automobile sector, in brakes and clutches, in watches, toys etc. The cross sections of spring may be circular, square or rectangular. When load is applied on spring, it will deflect and shear stresses will be generated. If the length of spring is higher, spring may buckle also. This article deals with analysis of square and rectangular cross section helical spring using FE approach and validated with analytical equations. Here, free length of spring is also changed to observe effect of shear stresses in square and rectangular cross section of spring.

Weight and volume are a direct impact on diving which is an important indicator of the overall performance of the deep-sea submersible structure. In order to increase the payload, improve endurance, reduce energy consumption, improve work efficiency, and therefore must accordingly reduce the total weight of the submersible. The design of underwater vehicles with minimum buoyancy factor is a major requirement from the underwater vehicles design point of view. The composite material pressure hull is a new concept due to the excellent structural performance. Therefore, in the present study, a comparison between three different pressure hulls with the same volume and various materials subjected to the same hydrostatic pressure will be investigated. The first, model was constructed from carbon fibre, while the second one constructed from steel (HY100) and the last one constructed from Titanium alloy. The finite element analysis (FEA) was executed using ANSYS. The results illustrated that the best buoyancy factor and the minimum mass occurred in the case of the pressure hull constructed from carbon fibre.

Engineering design is an iterative process that requires to deal with all feasible design solutions in order to arrive at desired objectives. An All-terrain vehicle is an OFF road vehicle that has the ability to drive on any terrain without any difficulty. These vehicle are designed to sustain any sort of extreme loads that act during OFF-road driving. It is used to provide required torque and velocity of the vehicle according to variation of terrain and load condition. The main aim of this project is to design a gearbox that compact light weight and Coupled Constant Velocity Cup(CV). The two stage compound reduction gearbox has design which consist of an input shaft ,idler or jack shaft and output shaft which finally transmits power to the wheels through CV joints which design integrated with gear which also works as output shaft. The reduction Ratio of gear box is design by considering the all terrain Vehicle. The result of the report to deals with designing and analysis of a lighter and a more compact gearbox with integrated constant velocity cups or joints which reduces the transmission area.

Chips of porang (amorphophallus oncophyllus) is slice of tubers of porang as a main material for glucomannan flour-making. Glucomannan flour containing high glucomannan is very useful to the food industry, non-food and health. Chips of porang production among the farmers in Magelang, Central Java, still use manual method that resulting low chips quality that does not meet for further processing, namely manufacturing of flour glucomannan. This applied research is intended to design the tubers chips maker with double rotating cutters to produce chips of uniform and the same thickness. The method used is engineering design approach starting from process of machine design, manufacture engine components, and engine performance testing. The result is a slicing machine with rotating cutters for producing chips of porang with the specifications: length dimension: 1000 (mm), width 750 (mm), height 1000 (mm), the weight of the machine: 85 (kg), the drive unit: motor gasoline of 5.5 HP. It was found that best performance of cutting process of the rotating double cutters is at 120 rpm, cutter angle of inclination is of 30 o , and production capacity is of 310 kg per hour. Keywords— chips of porang, rotating double cutters

Pressure Relief Systems
Causes of Relief Situations Vol.2 of 6

This Volume 2,  is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).